Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 16132283 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 15268863 |
| MeSH ID | M0009314 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| glucagonum [inn-latin] |
| glukagon novo |
| glucagon (mesocricetus auratus) |
| glucagon (ox) |
| glucagonum |
| bovine glucagon |
| glucagon (dog) |
| glucagon [usp:inn:ban:jan] |
| glucagon, porcine, for immunoassay |
| glucagone [dcit] |
| unii-76la80ig2g |
| glucagon (saimiri sciureus) |
| l-threonine, l-histidyl-l-seryl-l-glutaminylglycyl-l-threonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-threonyl-l-seryl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-tyrosyl-l-seryl-l-lysyl-l-tyrosyl-l-leucyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-seryl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-alanyl-l-glytaminyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-phenylalany |
| 76la80ig2g , |
| glucagon (xenopus laevis) |
| glucagon, porcine, for bioassay |
| glucagon (swine) |
| glucagon (pig) |
| glucagon, pig |
| einecs 232-708-2 |
| his-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(nh2)-asp-phe-val-glu(nh2)-trp-leu-met-asp(nh2)-thr |
| hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor |
| glucagon (1-29) , |
| glukagon |
| hg-factor |
| hsdb 3337 |
| hg factor |
| proglucagon (33-61) |
| glucagon |
| glucagon, porcine |
| glucagone |
| NCGC00167140-01 |
| glucagon hcl |
| 16941-32-5 |
| big plasma glucagon |
| gut glucagon-like immunoreactants |
| glucagon-like-immunoreactivity |
| his-ser-gln-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-gln-asp-phe-val-gln-trp-leu-met-asn-thr |
| hsqgtftsdyskyldsrraqdfvqwlmnt |
| l-histidyl-l-seryl-l-glutaminylglycyl-l-threonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-threonyl-l-seryl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-tyrosyl-l-seryl-l-lysyl-l-tyrosyl-l-leucyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-seryl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-alanyl-l-glutaminyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-valyl-l-g |
| SCHEMBL15268863 |
| glucagon, acetate salt, >=97.0% (hplc) |
| human glucagon, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard |
| glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine |
| baqsimi |
| gvoke hypopen |
| DTXSID101016809 , |
| F85453 |
| l-threonine, l-histidyl-l-seryl-l-glutaminylglycyl-l-threonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-threonyl-l-seryl-l-.alpha.-aspartyl-l-tyrosyl-l-seryl-l-lysyl-l-tyrosyl-l-leucyl-l-.alpha.-aspartyl-l-seryl-l-arginyl-l-argin yl-l-alanyl-l-glutaminyl-l-.alpha.-aspartyl-l-phen |
| AKOS040741791 |
| gvoke pfs1 mg pre-filled syringe |
| his-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-ty r-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(nh2)-asp-phe-val-glu(nh2)-trp-leu-met-asp(nh2)-thr |
| glucagon (usp:inn:ban:jan) |
| glucagon (usp impurity) |
| gvoke kit |
| glucagon (usp monograph) |
| gvoke hypopen1 mg auto-injector |
| gvoke kitvial |
| gvoke pfs |
| gvoke pfs0.5 mg pre-filled syringe |
| dtxcid701475001 |
| glucagon (mart.) |
| gvoke hypopen0.5 mg auto-injector |
| glucagon injection, solution |
| glucagon1555 |
| glucagonum (inn-latin) |
| h04aa01 |
A retrospective review of the adverse events (AEs) in 78 patients during the glucagon stimulation test (GST) for the assessment of growth hormone deficiency. Data extracted included glucagon administration and its success rate, outcome of radiographic studies, and the endoscopic method of removal.
G-Pump glucagon effectively increased blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent fashion with a glucose Cmax of 183, 200, and 210 mg/dL at doses of 0. We fitted pharmacokinetic (PK) models to insulin and glucagon data using maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimation methods.
Glucagon alone or in combination with somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) was studied in female turkeys that either consumed feed ad libitum or were deprived of feed for 20 h.
Postprandial follistatin secretion is accelerated in patients after RYGB which might be explained by an accelerated protein absorption rate rather than the glucagon-to-insulin ratio. Dasiglucagon has a higher absorption rate and longer plasma elimination half-life than traditional reconstituted glucagon. However, bioavailability and stability needed to be improved before intranasal glucagon could be introduced into clinical practice.
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) form of glucagon believed to be a promising new dosage form. phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, added simultaneously with glucagon, shifts the hormone dose-response curve 2 log units to the left. Bile production was, however, increased by supplementary glucagon infusion.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Hypoglycaemia occurs most frequently as the result of a manit fest error : too sudded interruption of carbohydrate supplies or two high dosage of exogenous insulin." | ( [Glucide intolerance and its pathogenic mechanisms during parenteral feeding]. Alazia, M; Gouin, F; Pontier, R, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Additionally, dose-response curves of CF in response to injected norepinephrine, isoproterenol, glucagon, and calcium were depressed when compared to the normal group while the response of heart rate and blood pressure was not different." | ( Volume overload heart failure: length-tension curves, and response to beta-agonists, Ca2+, and glucagon. Newman, WH, 1978) | 0.26 |
| "We studied the effects of two dosage levels of glucagon infusion on systemic hemodynamic and regional blood flow measurements during experimental cardiogenic shock in monkeys." | ( Effects of glucagon on regional blood flow during cardiogenic shock. Amory, DW; Sivarajan, M, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " This view is supported by the following facts: (a) mersalyl acted with a similar dose-response curve upon an intact as well as a detergent-dispersed cyclase preparation while no effect was observed upon a solubilized Mg2+-ATPase preparation; (b) a covalent p-chloromercuribenzoate-Sephadex preparation (but not its supernatant) inhibited the cyclase from intact membranes." | ( Adenylate cyclase from rat-liver plasma membrane: inhibition by mersalyl and other mercurial derivatives. Hanoune, J; Mavier, P, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " From dose-response curves it appears that, on a molar basis, the potency of secretin was 20 times higher than that of VIP." | ( In vitro interactions of gastrointestinal hormones on cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate levels and amylase output in the rat pancreas. Christophe, J; De Neef, P; Deschodt-Lanckman, M; Labrie, F; Robberecht, P, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " Dose-response curves to hormones, fluoride, and GMP-P (NH)P were not affected by age." | ( Hormone-sensitive fat cell adenylate cyclase in the rat. Influences of growth, cell size, and aging. Cooper, B; Gregerman, RI, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " Scatchard plots of displacement dose-response curves obtained under steady state conditions of 4C were nonlinear and very similar with either [125I]bGH or [125I]hGH." | ( Characterization and modulation of growth hormone and prolactin binding in mouse liver. Posner, BI, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " Propranolol administration abolished the hemodynamic effects of isoproterenol and significantly decreased the response of plasma cyclic AMP; the same blocking dosage had little effect on plasma cyclic AMP changes induced by glucagon wheras the response in blood sugar was significantly reduced." | ( Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on plasma cyclic AMP and blood sugar responses to glucagon and isoproterenol in man. Fraysse, J; Genest, J; Hamet, P; Kuchel, O; Messerli, FH; Tolis, G, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " Dose-response curves in response to isoproterenol and ACTH-(1--24) indicated that the capacity of the lipolytic process was reduced." | ( Lipolysis and cyclic AMP levels in epididymal adipose tissue of obese-hyperglycaemic mice. Christophe, J; Dehaye, JP; Winand, J, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Dose-response curves for glucagon-mediated changes in cyclic AMP concentration and glucose output indicated that under oxidized conditions the ability of glucagon to alter each parameter was decreased without affecting the concentration of hormone at which half-maximal effects occurred." | ( Responsiveness to glucagon by isolated rat hepatocytes controlled by the redox state of the cytosolic nicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide couple acting on adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase. Clark, MG; Jarrett, IG, 1978) | 0.26 |
| " ALG in the dosage used did not show any beneficial effects and varying degrees of rejection occurred in the majority of these unmatched animal pairs." | ( Segmental pancreatic transplantation in pigs. Kyriakides, GK; Miller, J; Nuttall, FQ, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " Glipizide is well tolerated, but careful adjustment of dosage and attention to diet may be needed to avoid hypoglycaemic symptoms a few hours after a single daily dose." | ( Glipizide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Pakes, GE; Speight, TM, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response characteristics of glucagon-induced hepatic glucose output were similar in spiny and albino mice." | ( Glucose production by the perfused liver of the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): sensitivity to glucagon and insulin. Cerasi, E; Jeanrenaud, B, 1979) | 0.26 |
| "This dose-response study deals with the relative inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the acetylcholine-stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, and insulin from the isolated canine pancrease." | ( Differential sensitivity to somatostatin of pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. Hermansen, K; Schwartz, TW, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response curve to norepinephrine was shifted to the left by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro7-2956), but the dose-response curve to glucagon was unaltered." | ( Influence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the chronotropic effects of glucagon and norepinephrine in fetal mouse hearts. Wakeland, JR; Wildenthal, K, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " An intravenous dose-response curve with increasing doses of pentagastrin resulted in 30% higher MAO compared to subcutaneously administered pentagastrin (6 microgram/kg body weight)." | ( [Progress in diagnosis of gastric function: gastric secretory analysis, intragastric titration, endocrine provocation tests (author's transl)]. Becker, HD, 1978) | 0.26 |
| "In hepatocytes from 48 h-starved rats identical glucagon dose-response curves were obtained for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate, for ketogenesis and for the decreasing of the C5-dicarboxylate pool." | ( Distinctive effects of glucagon on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes isolated from normal and biotin-deficient rats. Brocks, DG; Siess, EA; Wieland, OH, 1978) | 0.26 |
| " No hormonal influence on monosaccharide resorption could be detected by means of this procedure, even in case of unphysiologic dosage of insulin, glucagon and secretin." | ( [Effects of insulin, glucagon and secretin on intestinal resorption of glucose]. Mühle, W; Müller, F, 1978) | 0.26 |
| "4 The dose-response curve to glucagon remained parallel in the presence of papaverine (2." | ( A new bioassay for glucagon. Gagnon, G; Regoli, D; Rioux, F, 1978) | 0.26 |
| " The changes produced by secretin and glucagon in the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ suggest that the inhibition might be of a non-competitive type." | ( The inhibitory effect of secretin and glucagon on pressure responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in isolated guinea-pig stomach. Gerner, T; Haffner, JF, 1978) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response relationship (deltaglucose, 15 min after injection) was linear over the range 30-200 pmol/100 g BW." | ( Hyperglycemic effect of neurotensin, a hypothalamic peptide. Carraway, RE; Demers, LM; Leeman, SE, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " Dose-response curver were different for L(+) and D(+)arginine, and the suppressor effect of glucose on the response to L(+) arginine was not detected in the presence of D(+) arginine or homoarginine." | ( Glucagon secretion induced by natural and artificial amino acids in the perfused rat pancreas. Assan, R; Attali, JR; Ballerio, G; Boillot, J; Girard, JR, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Analysis of the dose-response curves suggests that this decrease reflects depressed SM concentration." | ( Serum somatomedin activity depressed after glucagon administration in man. Binoux, M; Donnadieu, M; Schimpff, RM, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Despite an increased glucagon concentration in the dogs after partial pancreatectomy, plasma concentrations of glucagon responded (decreased) to large gulcose dosage administration." | ( Possible source and control of trauma-induced glucagonemia in dogs. Chen, CL; Ganguli, S; Kumar, MS; Zenoble, RD, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response curve for inhibition of 125I-VIP binding by VIP or secretin was biphasic and suggested that pancreatic acinar cells have two classes of binding sites: (a) a relatively small number of sites with a high affinity for VIP and a low affinity for secretin, and (b) a relatively large number of sites with a low affinity for VIP and a high affinity for secretin." | ( Interaction of porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide with dispersed pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig. Binding of radioiodinated peptide. Christophe, JP; Conlon, TP; Gardner, JD, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " In this concentration range, a dose-response relationship was established for both islet hormones." | ( Direct stimulation by growth hormone of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas. Pek, S; Tai, TY, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " The distribution of experimental points suggested a sigmoidal dose-response curve." | ( Effect of environmental temperature on glucose-induced insulin response in the newborn rat. Assan, R; Gilbert, M; Girard, JR; Jost, A; Kervran, A, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " The threshold of response was determined by administering intravenous glucagon in a graded dose-response fashion, andassessing the magnitude of change in FFA and its metabolites." | ( Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man. I. Effects in normal subjects. Eaton, RP; Schade, DS, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " At the peak of the dose-response curve, glucagon increased right ventricular isovolumic pressure 25% (39." | ( The positive inotropic effect of glucagon in the chronically failed right ventricle as demonstrated in the isolated cat heart. Lucchesi, BR; Nobel-Allen, NL; Winokur, S, ) | 0.13 |
| " We conclude that glucagon at sufficient dosage has an inhibitory effect on LES pressure." | ( Effect of glucagon on esophageal motor function. Arndorfer, RC; Dodds, WJ; Hogan, WJ; Hoke, SE; Kalkhoff, RK; Reid, DP, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " Computing the area above basal for the initial ten minutes after arginine stimulation established a dose-response relationship for the acute phases of glucagon and insulin secretion." | ( Arginine-stimulated acute phase of insulin and glucagon secretion. I. in normal man. Ensinck, JW; Palmer, JP; Walter, RM, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " Dose-response studies showed that alpha-glucose probably had a smaller apparent Km for insulin secretion, while the Vmax for the two anomers was the same-the effects of the two anomers being indistinguishable at high glucose concentrations (300 mg/dl)." | ( Interrelationships between alpha and beta-anomers of glucose affecting both insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. II. Fanska, R; Grodsky, GM; Lundquist, I, 1975) | 0.25 |
| "4 X 10(-7) PGE2, respectively; a dose-response relationship was evident for both hormones at higher concentrations of PGE2." | ( Stimulation by prostaglandin E2 of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas. Elster, A; Pek, S; Tai, TY, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " Infusion of somatostatin at a dosage of 500 mug/hr prevented glucagon responses and diminished postprandial hyperglycemia by 60%." | ( Abnormal pancreatic glucagon secretion and postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Forsham, PH; Gerich, JE; Karam, JH; Lorenzi, M; Schneider, V, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " 6 Dose-response curves to the constrictor agents were constructed before, during and after intra-arterial infusions of 25 mug/min of glucagon." | ( The inhibition by glucagon of the vasoconstrictor actions of noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin on the hepatic arterial vascular bed of the dog. Richardson, PD; Withrington, PG, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " It is concluded that glucagon, at the dosage used, leads to a higher formation rate of bilirubin monoconjugates and that the choleresis, also induced by the hormone, enhances the biliary secretion of the monoconjugates formed." | ( Glucagon enhances bile flow, bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase activity and biliary bilirubin monoconjugate excretion in the rat. De Groote, J; Fevery, J; Michiels, R; Ricci, GL, ) | 0.13 |
| " The insulin dose-response curves of the glucose metabolic clearance rates (MCR) were shifted to the right and downward both in patients with LC and NIDDM, indicating a reduced sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin." | ( Characterization of the insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis: a comparison with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Kobayashi, K; Miyakoshi, H; Miyamoto, I; Nagai, Y; Nishimura, Y; Noto, Y; Ohsawa, K, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " The infusion of amino acids produced a rightward shift in the dose-response curve of insulin's effect on suppressing hepatic glucose production, indicating decreased sensitivity in addition to blunting of the maximal responsiveness." | ( Short-term regulation of insulin-mediated glucose utilization in four-day fasted human volunteers: role of amino acid availability. Abumrad, NN; Flakoll, PJ; Hill, JO; Rice, DE; Wentzel, LS, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " The integrated glucose area dose-response was curvilinear, with little increase in glucose until 50 g fructose was ingested." | ( The metabolic response to various doses of fructose in type II diabetic subjects. Burmeister, LA; Gannon, MC; Lane, JT; Nuttall, FQ; Pyzdrowski, KL, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " Initial dosage of cyclosporine was 10 mg/kg/day, given as a single daily dose, adjusted on the basis of side effects and trough cyclosporine levels." | ( Cyclosporine in recent onset type I diabetes mellitus. Effects on islet beta cell function. Miami Cyclosporine Diabetes Study Group. Rabinovitch, A; Skyler, JS, ) | 0.13 |
| " Since endogenous TRH secretion may mask the effects of exogenous TRH, we performed, in parallel to dose-response studies, immunoneutralization experiments using anti-TRH serum to neutralize the endogenous TRH secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas." | ( Antithyrotropin-releasing hormone serum inhibits secretion of glucagon from isolated perfused rat pancreas: an experimental model for positive feedback regulation of glucagon secretion. Aratan-Spire, S; Ebiou, JC; Grouselle, D, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " In addition, in competition experiments, analogues 3-7 caused a right-shift of the glucagon stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve." | ( Synthetic glucagon antagonists and partial agonists. Hruby, VJ; Trivedi, D; Zechel, C, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " To assess the possible dose-response of such short-term bolus administration of GH, six healthy, male subjects were each studied thrice for 4 1/2 hours after an intravenous (IV) bolus of either 70, 140, or 350 micrograms GH, resulting in peak GH concentrations of 10, 15, and 34 micrograms/L." | ( Dose-response studies on the metabolic effects of a growth hormone pulse in humans. Jørgensen, JO; Møller, J; Møller, N; Pørksen, N; Schmitz, O, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " These findings demonstrate that dopamine acts on glucoregulation divergently, according to the dosage applied." | ( Comparative effects of dopamine and dobutamine on glucoregulation in a rat model. Foldenauer, A; Keck, FS; Pfeiffer, EF; Wolf, CF; Zeller, G, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Integrated insulin was plotted against insulin dose to create dose-response curves for intravenous data." | ( Intravenous insulin infusion to simulate subcutaneous absorption. Bioavailability and metabolic sequelae. Bergman, RN; Vølund, A; Watanabe, RM, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " GLP-1-related peptides were administered in a dosage of 400 pmol within 10 min into the pancreatic artery during glucose or arginine infusion and the changes in plasma insulin and glucagon in the pancreatic vein were studied." | ( The structure-function relationship of GLP-1 related peptides in the endocrine function of the canine pancreas. Kawai, K; Koizumi, F; Ohashi, S; Ohneda, A; Ohneda, K; Ohneda, M; Suzuki, S, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " The dose-response curve for whole-body glucose infusion rate against plasma insulin concentration showed diminished sensitivity and diminished maximal response in the patients." | ( Dose-response relationships for the effects of insulin on glucose and fat metabolism in injured patients and control subjects. Frayn, KN; Galasko, CS; Henderson, AA; Little, RA, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Intra-arterial dose-response curves for glucagon and norepinephrine were analyzed by nonlinear regression to estimate the maximal response (maximal dilation, 163%; maximal constriction, 110%) in terms of percent change in superior mesenteric artery conductance and dose of glucagon or norepinephrine required to produce 50% of the maximal response (0." | ( Glucagon pharmacodynamics and modulation of sympathetic nerve and norepinephrine-induced constrictor responses in the superior mesenteric artery of the cat. D'Almeida, MS; Lautt, WW, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " The dose-response curve being plateau after maximum in rats and decreased in chicken." | ( [Glucagon receptor binding and its effect on the cAMP level in isolated rat and chicken hepatocytes]. Leĭbush, BN; Ukhanova, MV, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Compared with the C test, maintenance of glucagon level had only small and inconsistent effects on glucose Rd, but induced a shift to the right of the dose-response curve to insulin of EGP (apparent ED50: C test, 10." | ( Interactions of glucagon and free fatty acids with insulin in control of glucose metabolism. Beylot, M; Chambrier, C; Cohen, R; Picard, S; Riou, JP; Vidal, H, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " However, the data regarding the dose-response relationship between the protein meal and the insulin and glucagon responses are sparse." | ( Dose-kinetics of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell responses to a protein meal in normal subjects. Kabadi, UM, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Cumulative log dose-response curves relating the change in arteriolar blood flow and vessel diameter to NE concentration were constructed for each group of arterioles and the ED50 for maximal response obtained from each dose-response relationship." | ( Intestinal microvascular responsiveness to norepinephrine in chronic portal hypertension. Benoit, JN; Granger, DN; Joh, T, 1991) | 0.28 |
| "The dose-response relationships between prestimulatory blood glucose concentration and the plasma C-peptide responses to stimulation with 1 mg of glucagon iv or a standard mixed meal were studied in 8 C-peptide positive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." | ( The effect of acute hyperglycemia on the plasma C-peptide response to intravenous glucagon or to a mixed meal in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Faber, OK; Gjessing, HJ; Pedersen, O; Reinholdt, B, 1991) | 0.28 |
| "In normal (N), 3-days starved (S), and streptozotocin-treated (65 mg/kg) 3-days diabetic (D) rats we examined the in vivo dose-response relationship between plasma insulin levels vs." | ( Whole body and hepatic insulin action in normal, starved, and diabetic rats. de Boer, SF; Frölich, M; Koopmans, SJ; Krans, HM; Radder, JK; Sips, HC, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Basal peripheral tissue glucose utilization was normal in the offspring of streptozotocin-diabetic rats, but the dose-response curve was shifted to the right:insulin concentrations causing half-maximal stimulation of glucose utilization were increased by about 60% in the offspring of diabetic rats; the maximal stimulation of glucose utilization, however, was unaltered." | ( Evidence for an insulin resistance in the adult offspring of pregnant streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Aerts, L; Holemans, K; Van Assche, FA, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Therefore, we investigated in a dose-response fashion the inhibitory effect of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist pirenzepine on the GH responses to arginine infusion (30 g infused intravenously (IV) in 30 minutes), exercise (bicycle ergometer test at an intensity of 75 W for 30 minutes), or 1-44 GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) (1 microgram/kg in an IV bolus)." | ( Reduced sensitivity to pirenzepine-induced blockade of growth hormone responses to arginine, exercise, and growth hormone-releasing hormone in type I diabetic subjects. Bianconi, L; Capretti, L; Coiro, V; Davoli, C; Fagnoni, F; Gardini, E; Maffei, ML; Passeri, M; Speroni, G; Volpi, R, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Dose-response curves were constructed for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal." | ( Insulin resistance in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: dissimilarities for glucose and intermediary metabolites. Krans, HM; Nijs, HG; Poorthuis, BJ; Radder, JK, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Insulin dosage fell in the glipizide group from 36 to 26 U day-1, as 4 patients experienced hypoglycaemic symptoms." | ( Combination of insulin with glipizide increases peripheral glucose disposal in secondary failure type 2 diabetic patients. Reckless, JP; Simpson, HC; Stirling, CA; Sturley, R, 1990) | 0.28 |
| "Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) inhibits glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and shifts to the right the dose-response curve to glucagon for ureagenesis." | ( Modulation of glucagon actions by phorbol myristate acetate in isolated hepatocytes. Effect of hypothyroidism. García-Sáinz, JA; Hernández-Sotomayor, SM; Hruby, VJ; Macías-Silva, M; Torres-Márquez, ME; Trivedi, D, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Systemic vascular reactivity was studied by constructing dose-response curves of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during infusions of increasing doses of NE and calculating NE ED50, the dose of NE that caused 50% of the maximal increase in SVR." | ( Decreased systemic vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine in portal hypertensive rats: role of hyperglucagonism. Bosch, J; Casamitjana, R; Pizcueta, MP; Rodés, J, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " This is, in part, due to the drug dosage used in clinical practice and to the inherent compensatory mechanisms built into normal endocrine function." | ( Hormonal and metabolic effects of calcium channel antagonists in man. Frishman, WH; Schoen, RE; Shamoon, H, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " CPT mRNA and transcription rate showed a clear dose-response to glucagon injection from 0 to 150 micrograms/100 g body wt." | ( Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in vivo by glucagon and insulin. Brady, LJ; Brady, PS, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " However, after a median of 13 months (range 5-34 months) at the maximum dosage, symptoms recurred and were no longer responsive to a further increase in dosage of octreotide or other therapeutic measures." | ( Resistance of metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumours after long-term treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201-995). Anderson, JV; Bloom, SR; Williams, SJ; Wynick, D, 1989) | 0.28 |
| "Both dose-response curves and time-courses of plasma glucose levels after single maximal doses showed that in vivo glycogenolytic responsiveness to glucagon and epinephrine was significantly higher in developing hypothyroid rats, whereas it remained unchanged after vasopressin and angiotensin II injections." | ( Glycogenolytic responsiveness to glucagon, epinephrine, vasopressin and angiotensin II in the liver of developing hypothyroid rats. A comparative study of in vitro hormonal binding and in vivo biological response. Ali, M; Cantau, B; Clos, J, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " In septic rats, the dose-response curve for the insulin-induced increment in glucose utilization was shifted downward and to the right." | ( In vivo insulin resistance during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis. Dobrescu, C; Lang, CH, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " Using the euglycemic clamp technique, the dose-response curves describing the effects of insulin on glucose disposal were comparable before and after GH treatment." | ( Growth hormone treatment of children with short stature increases insulin secretion but does not impair glucose disposal. Bougnères, PF; Chaussain, JL; Walker, J, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " However, the dosage of G-I infused in this investigation couldn't increase the hepatic tissue blood flow measured by hydrogen gas clearance method." | ( [Beneficial effects of glucagon-insulin infusion on hepatic protein synthesis and DNA synthesis in partial hepatic ischemia]. Kurihara, M; Miyazaki, M; Okui, K; Shimura, T; Takahashi, O, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " The higher hormonal titers to which fish liver, as compared to other target tissues, is exposed should be taken into account when a dosage of pancreatic hormones is calculated for in vivo or in vitro experiments." | ( Pancreatic and thyroid hormones in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): what concentration does the liver see? Plisetskaya, EM; Sullivan, CV, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " All six peptides potentiated the release of insulin at 10 mM D-glucose, and their effects were indistinguishable with respect to the dynamics of release, dose-response relationship, and glucose dependency." | ( Insulin release by glucagon and secretin: studies with secretin-glucagon hybrids. Andreu, D; Hansen, B; Hedeskov, CJ; Kofod, H; Lernmark, A; Merrifield, RB; Thams, P, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " Upon dose-response examination of glucagon challenge, it was observed that high doses of glucagon (greater than 16 nM) stimulate glucose production by activating the cAMP-second messenger cascade." | ( Perifused precision-cut liver slice system for the study of hormone-regulated hepatic glucose metabolism. Brendel, K; Gandolfi, AJ; Hruby, VJ; Johnson, DG; Krumdieck, CL; McKee, RL; Trivedi, DB, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " Although a full SRIF dose-response curve was not generated, the glucose data strongly suggest a reduced sensitivity of insulin-secreting cells to SRIF in pancreoprivic birds." | ( Effectiveness of somatostatin in regulating pancreatic splenic lobe hormone secretion following 99% pancreatectomy in adult chickens. Cieslak, SR; Hazelwood, RL, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " In conclusion, GNG and glycogenolysis were similarly sensitive to stimulation by glucagon in vivo, and the dose-response curves were markedly parallel." | ( Similar dose responsiveness of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to glucagon in vivo. Brown, L; Cherrington, AD; Davis, MA; Donahue, P; Hendrick, GK; Lacy, DB; Lacy, WW; Steiner, KE; Stevenson, RW; Williams, PE, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " The dose-response curve for glucose on insulin secretion was shifted to the left by 10 nM CCK8; the EC50 of glucose was 11." | ( Cholecystokinin (CCK8) regulates glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets: interaction with glucose. Ammon, HP; Verspohl, EJ, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " In the normal subjects, intranasal glucagon increased plasma glucose levels, with a dose-response effect." | ( Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose levels in healthy subjects and hypoglycaemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Basdevant, A; Desplanque, N; Freychet, L; Rizkalla, SW; Slama, G; Tchobroutsky, G; Zirinis, P, 1988) | 0.27 |
| "01, respectively), implying a shift to the right of the dose-response curve in uraemia." | ( Peripheral and hepatic resistance to insulin and hepatic resistance to glucagon in uraemic subjects. Studies at physiologic and supraphysiologic hormone levels. Schmitz, O, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " 258, 5103-5109) but did not affect the dose-response curves for norepinephrine-induced Ca2+ mobilization and phosphorylase activation in these cells." | ( Studies on the hepatic alpha 1-adrenergic receptor. Modulation of guanine nucleotide effects by calcium, temperature, and age. Blackmore, PF; Charest, R; Exton, JH; Lynch, CJ, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " In 5F, the dose-response relationships for cAMP and insulin secretion were superimposable." | ( Characteristics of the interaction of the glucagon receptor, cAMP, and insulin secretion in parent cells and clone 5F of a cultured rat insulinoma. Bhathena, SJ; Korman, LY; Oie, HK; Recant, L; Voyles, NR, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " The dose-response curves for the action of glucagon or vasopressin applied in the presence of increasing concentrations of vasopressin or glucagon, respectively, showed that each hormone increases the maximal response to the other without affecting its ED50." | ( Synergistic stimulation of the Ca2+ influx in rat hepatocytes by glucagon and the Ca2+-linked hormones vasopressin and angiotensin II. Claret, M; Mauger, JP; Poggioli, J, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " Dose-response curves for the alpha-adrenergic action of adrenaline or glucagon applied in the presence of increasing doses of glucagon or adrenaline showed that each hormone increases the maximal response to the other without affecting its ED50." | ( Effect of cyclic AMP-dependent hormones and Ca2+-mobilizing hormones on the Ca2+ influx and polyphosphoinositide metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. Claret, M; Mauger, JP; Poggioli, J, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Treatment of K loaded pancreatectomized dogs with glucagon or a B receptor blockading dosage of propranolol does not alter the proportion transferred, but treatment with glucagon and propranolol reduces it." | ( Kaluresis independent K-homeostasis: glucagon and B receptor blockade in pancreatectomized dogs. Chapman, LW; Davidson, MB; Hiatt, N; Mack, H, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Dose-response measurements indicate that the potentiation of Ca2+ influx by glucagon occurs even at low (physiological) concentrations of the hormone." | ( Synergistic stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by glucagon and Ca2+-mobilizing hormones in the perfused rat liver. A role for mitochondria in long-term Ca2+ homoeostasis. Altin, JG; Bygrave, FL, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " As total daily insulin dosage (0." | ( Metabolic effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: evidence that a rise and fall of portal vein insulin concentration with each major meal facilitates post-absorptive glycemic control. Behme, MT; Chamberlain, MJ; Dupre, J; Rodger, NW, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " This change was characterized by a rightward shift of the insulin dose-response curve (insulin concentration at which 50% of maximal stimulation occurred was 45 +/- 3 (SE) microU/mL in the base line period and 78 +/- 8 microU/mL after seven days of bed rest, P less than ." | ( Bed-rest-induced insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle. Peters, EJ; Prince, MJ; Shangraw, RE; Stuart, CA; Wolfe, RR, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " In both dosage groups, TCDD-treatment had the following effects: decreased TT4, FT4, insulin, and glucagon; mixed effects upon TT3, FT3, TSH, and GH." | ( Some endocrine and morphological aspects of the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Arceo, RJ; Gorski, JR; Iatropoulos, MJ; Muzi, G; Pereira, DW; Rozman, K; Weber, LW, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " The presence of insulin did not alter the relative sensitivities to glucagon of adipocytes from fed animals in different reproductive states, although all dose-response curves were shifted to the right." | ( Changes in the sensitivity to glucagon of lipolysis in adipocytes from pregnant and lactating rats. Zammit, VA, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " The course of the dose-response curves was significantly different in diabetics." | ( Insulin/C-peptide response to intravenous glucagon. A dose-response study in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Hasselstrøm, K; Lumholtz, IB; Siersbaek-Nielsen, K; Snorgaard, O; Thorsteinsson, B, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " Blood pressure was significantly reduced during the dosage interval of felodipine (12 h)." | ( Glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients during treatment with the calcium antagonist, felodipine. Elmfeldt, D; Hedner, T; Sjögren, E; Smith, U; Von Schenck, H, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " Six weeks after the VMH lesions, the increased insulin responsiveness of total glucose metabolism disappeared and glucose metabolism became less insulin sensitive (right, shifted dose-response curve) than that of control animals." | ( In vivo metabolic changes as studied longitudinally after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Jeanrenaud, B; Pénicaud, L; Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " While all these hormones have the potential for stimulating BAT 5'-D, the dose-response relationships suggest that norepinephrine and insulin are the most potent." | ( Hormonal regulation of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue. Larsen, PR; Silva, JE, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " The metformin dosage was 1 g twice daily in 9 of the patients and 850 mg thrice daily in the 10th subject." | ( Mechanism of metformin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Disilvio, L; Featherbe, D; Hawa, MI; Jackson, RA; Jaspan, JB; Kurtz, AB; Sim, BM, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " A variety of hemodynamic, metabolic, and endocrine responses to stepwise increases in plasma catecholamine levels were analyzed by computer-based graphical analysis of the dose-response curves." | ( Thresholds for physiological effects of plasma catecholamines in fetal sheep. Ervin, MG; Humme, JA; Jacobs, HC; Ludlow, JK; Padbury, JF, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " Persons using insulin may need to increase food intake prior to, during, and after exercise and/or decrease insulin dosage as well." | ( Exercise and the management of diabetes mellitus. Franz, MJ, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " Although the glucagon dose-response curve of normal MDCK cells resembled that of liver and kidney (Kact = 10 nM), the transformed-induced cells were 10-fold less sensitive to the hormone [activation constant (Kact) = 100 nM]." | ( Decreased potency of glucagon on transformed-induced MDCK cells does not reflect an alteration of adenylate cyclase components. Beckner, SK; Lin, MC; Wright, DE, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " These conditions have been used to generate forskolin dose-response curves of AC activation." | ( Forms of adenylate cyclase, activation and/or potentiation by forskolin. Ho, RJ; Ruiz, JA; Shi, QH, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Analogues showing no adenylate cyclase activity were examined for their ability to act as antagonists by displacing glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curves to the right (higher concentrations)." | ( Design and synthesis of glucagon partial agonists and antagonists. Gysin, B; Hruby, VJ; Johnson, DG; Trivedi, D, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " These results suggest that nifedipine, when given in standard dosage for 3 months, has minor effects on carbohydrate metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients." | ( [Effects of nifedipine on carbohydrate metabolism in the non-insulin dependent diabetic]. Abadie, E; Fiet, J; Gauville, C; Passa, P; Tabuteau, F; Villette, JM, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " To determine an optimal glyburide dosage schedule, the effects of glyburide once (every morning) or twice daily and chlorpropamide once daily (every morning) were compared in 18 men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a randomized, double-blind fashion." | ( Once-daily use of glyburide. Fajardo, F; Ginier, P; Levin, SR; Madan, S, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " Regional catheterization before and after MCP dosing in one subject showed a considerable increase in adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations 45 seconds after the MCP bolus dose." | ( Effect of metoclopramide on plasma catecholamine release in essential hypertension. Buu, NT; Hamet, P; Kuchel, O; Larochelle, P, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " Eighteen healthy volunteers participated in 22 individual recordings, divided into two separate studies--a dose-response study and a randomized, double-blind study." | ( Glucagon-evoked gastric dysrhythmias in humans shown by an improved electrogastrographic technique. Abell, TL; Malagelada, JR, 1985) | 0.27 |
| "02 min-1 the model predicted the following dose-response parameters: pulsatile EC50 = 131 pg/ml, Rmax = 119 mumol X G-1 X 90 min-1, continuous EC50 = 656 pg/ml, Rmax = 272 mumol X G-1 X 90 min-1." | ( A model for augmentation of hepatocyte response to pulsatile glucagon stimuli. Goodner, CJ; Koerker, DJ; Weigle, DS, 1985) | 0.27 |
| "Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited the stimulation of ureogenesis produced by adrenaline, but produced a minimal displacement to the right of the dose-response curve for glucagon." | ( Effects of phorbol esters on alpha 1-adrenergic-mediated and glucagon-mediated actions in isolated rat hepatocytes. García-Sáinz, JA; Martínez-Olmedo, MA; Mendlovic, F, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " Skeletal muscle vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine was assessed by constructing dose-response curves in control and portal hypertensive animals." | ( Humoral factors may mediate increased rat hindquarter blood flow in portal hypertension. Benoit, JN; Granger, DN; Korthuis, RJ; Kvietys, PR; Taylor, AE; Townsley, MI, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " Dose-response curves show that the affinity of hormones to the cyclase system was in the order: glucagon > adenocorticotropin >> epinephrine; the magnitude of cyclase activation by maximal doses of hormones had a reversed order." | ( Adenyl cyclase and hormone action. I. Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucagon, and epinephrine on the plasma membrane of rat fat cells. Bär, HP; Hechter, O, 1969) | 0.25 |
| " With the dosage used there were no undesirable side-effects apart from a feeling of slight nausea." | ( Haemodynamic effects of glucagon. Binnion, PF; Fletcher, E; Hutchison, KJ; Lal, S; Murtagh, JG, 1970) | 0.25 |
| " VIP remained more effective than glucagon in stimulating adenylate cyclase activity, but the dose-response curve was shifted to a higher concentration range when compared to that of the VIP-elevated intracellular cyclic AMP." | ( Elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP and stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon in the retinal pigment epithelium. Chader, GJ; Koh, SW, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Diabetic patients treated with salbutamol should therefore be under close surveillance and have their insulin dosage increased." | ( [Metabolic risks of salbutamol in diabetic patients. A study using somatostatin (author's transl)]. Compagnie, MJ; Dellenbach, P; Schlienger, JL; Stephan, F, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response curve for vasopressin-stimulated lipogenesis is similar to the dose-response curve for glycogenolysis and release of lactate plus pyruvate." | ( Stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by vasopressin. Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F; Denton, RM; Jeanrenaud, B, 1981) | 0.26 |
| " In dose-response studies, isoproterenol dose-dependently stimulated somatostatin secretion." | ( Effect of food deprivation on rat gastric somatostatin and gastrin release. Arnold, R; Creutzfeldt, W; Koop, H; Schwab, E, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " In purified B-cells, the intracellular concentration of glucose or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose equilibrates within 2 min with the extracellular levels, and, like in intact islets, the rate of glucose oxidation displays a sigmoidal dose-response curve for glucose." | ( Differences in glucose handling by pancreatic A- and B-cells. Gorus, FK; Malaisse, WJ; Pipeleers, DG, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " The effects of glucagon in reversing the cardiovascular depression of profound beta-blockade, including its mechanism of action, onset and duration of action, dosage and administration, cost and availability, and side effects are reviewed." | ( Glucagon therapy for beta-blocker overdose. Leeder, JS; Peterson, CD; Sterner, S, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " One group of experiments established a dose-response range." | ( Effects of morphine on glucose homeostasis in the conscious dog. Abumrad, NN; Cherrington, AD; Lacy, DB; Lacy, WW; McRae, JR; Radosevich, PM; Steiner, KE; Williams, PE, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Dose-response studies between control animal serum and hepatocyte labeling index indicate that in unoperated animals the serum contains substances stimulatory as well as inhibitory for hepatic growth, with the inhibitory effect prevailing at high concentrations." | ( Liver regeneration studies with rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Cianciulli, HD; Jirtle, RL; Kligerman, AD; Michalopoulos, G; Novotny, AR; Strom, SC, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Both peptides enhanced cAMP synthesis, although there was again a difference of 2 orders of magnitude in the dose-response curves." | ( Vasoactive intestinal peptide- and adrenocorticotropin-stimulated adenyl cyclase in cultured adrenal tumor cells: evidence for a specific vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor. Alfonzo, M; Birnbaum, RS; Kowal, J, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Binding and covalent attachment of (125)I-labeled glucagon to the M(r) 53,000 peptide were inhibited by glucagon concentrations that were within the dose-response curve for adenylate cyclase activation, and GTP specifically decreased the photoaffinity crosslinking of (125)I-labeled glucagon to the M(r) 53,000 peptides." | ( Identification of the glucagon receptor in rat liver membranes by photoaffinity crosslinking. Johnson, GL; MacAndrew, VI; Pilch, PF, 1981) | 0.26 |
| " Kinetics study however show that LPS, at lower dosage (0." | ( Bacterial toxins and glucagon in liver cAMP regulation: a physiopathological role in liver diseases? Barbarini, G; Bernardi, R; Casciarri, I; Magliulo, E; Marone, P; Scevola, D, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response for glucagon was a sigmoid-curve and the half-maximum stimulation was given by approximately 1 x 10(-2) micrometers hormone." | ( A technique for the isolation of chicken hepatocytes and their use in a study of gluconeogenesis. Mistry, SP; Schultz, P, 1981) | 0.26 |
| " Studies using the rat indicates that the dose-response relationship is of a threshold nature, with doses of 3 g/kg or greater abolishing spontaneous secretion." | ( Effect of ethanol on spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone secretion. Redmond, GP, 1981) | 0.26 |
| " As indicated by dose-response curves, receptor occupancy of each occurs to an almost equal extent at suboptimal epinephrine concentrations." | ( Cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent antagonism of insulin activation of cardiac glycogen synthase. Angelos, KL; Ramachandran, C; Walsh, DA, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "Examination of glucagon structure-activity relationships and their use for the development of glucagon antagonists (inhibitors) have been hampered until recently by the lack of high purity of semisynthetic glucagon analogs and inadequate study of full dose-response curves for these analogs in sensitive bioassay systems." | ( Structure-conformation-activity studies of glucagon and semi-synthetic glucagon analogs. Hruby, VJ, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "In view of controversial findings regarding the mechanism for the increased intracellular hepatic cyclic 3':5' adenosine monophosphate levels in diabetic rats, we studied the dose-response relationship of the adenylate cyclase to glucagon stimulation in severely diabetic and in diabetic, insulin-treated rats." | ( Increased dose-response relationship of liver plasma membrane adenylate cyclase to glucagon stimulation in diabetic rats. A possible role of the guanyl nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. Allgayer, H; Bachmann, W; Hepp, KD, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Consistent with the presumed role of cyclic AMP as a mediator of enzyme induction, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, added simultaneously with glucagon, shifts the hormone dose-response curve 2 log units to the left." | ( Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) synthesis in rat liver cells. Rapid induction of specific mRNA by glucagon or cyclic AMP and permissive effect of dexamethasone. Iynedjian, PB; Salavert, A, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Inhibition by proglumide was competitive and resulted in a parallel rightward shift of the cholecystokinin dose-response curve." | ( Cholecystokinin-induced contraction of dispersed smooth muscle cells. Collins, SM; Gardner, JD, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Bile production was, however, increased by supplementary glucagon infusion, when a submaximal dosage of insulin was given." | ( Interaction of insulin, glucagon, and DBcAMP on bile acid-independent bile production in the rat. Larsen, JA; Thomsen, OO, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "The Ca2+ content of hepatocytes from juvenile male rats (80-110 g) or adult female rats (135-155 g) displayed a biphasic dose-response curve to epinephrine." | ( Modulation of the alpha 1-adrenergic control of hepatocyte calcium redistribution by increases in cyclic AMP. Blackmore, PF; Exton, JH; Morgan, NG, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " In hepatocytes obtained from rats partially hepatectomized 3 days before experiments were performed, the dose-response curves to glucagon were shifted to the right by about two orders of magnitude as compared to those of the control cells." | ( Sensitivity of liver cells formed after partial hepatectomy to glucagon, vasopressin and angiotensin II. Corvera, S; García-Saínz, JA; Huerta-Bahena, J; Villalobos-Molina, R, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " The present study was conducted to determine the dosage of insulin needed to maintain prolonged and around-the-clock normoglycemia as well as normoglucagonemia in streptozotocin diabetic rats with the Alzet osmotic minipump which releases insulin constantly for 14 days." | ( Rate of insulin infusion with a minipump required to maintain a normoglycemia in diabetic rats. Patel, DG, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " (1) Adenosine deaminase (10 micrograms/ml) caused a rightward shift in the dose-response curve for the stimulation by insulin of 2-deoxyglucose uptake, but the enzyme did not alter either the basal or the maximally insulin-stimulated uptake rate." | ( Glucagon inhibition of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake by rat adipocytes in the presence of adenosine deaminase. Green, A, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " Glucagon did not antagonize the maximal stimulatory effect of insulin, nor did it alter the insulin dose-response curve." | ( Regulation of peripheral lipogenesis by glucagon. Inability of the hormone to inhibit lipogenesis in rat mammary acini in vitro in the presence or absence of agents which alter its effects on adipocytes. Clegg, RA; Robson, NA; Zammit, VA, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " The two effects exhibit similar kinetics and dose-response curves; they are slower and less sensitive to the glucagon concentration than the stimulatory effect on glycogenolysis." | ( Actions of glucagon on flux rates in perfused rat liver. 2. Relationship between inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of respiration by glucagon. Kimmig, R; Mauch, TJ; Scholz, R, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " Dose-response curves for glucagon and secretin were produced by administration of a wide range of glucagon and secretin doses." | ( Effect of theophylline on glucagon and secretin stimulated bile flow. Deshpande, YG; Kaminski, DL, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Our preliminary results also suggested that there was a direct glucagon effect on thyroid hormone secretion with a dose-response correlation." | ( Use of the perifusion technique on rat thyroid fragments in the study of thyroid hormone secretion: short-term effects of thyrotrophin, theophylline and glucagon. Attali, JR; Darnis, D; Sebaoun, J; Valensi, P; Weisselberg, C, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " The serum concentrations of immunoreactive glucagon during infusion of the lowest active dosage of glucagon and insulin hypoglycemia were 801 +/- 55 and 322 +/- 12 pg/ml, respectively." | ( Hormonal effects on the pylorus. Fisher, RS; Phaosawasdi, K, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " When the study was repeated during infusion of glucagon, the dose-response curve was shifted to the right." | ( Interaction of glucagon and pentagastrin on pepsin secretion in healthy subjects. Christiansen, J; Holst, JJ; Molin, J, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " The results indicate that hormonal contraception of the low dosage type may be administered to women with previously impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy without any deterioration of the glucose metabolism post partum." | ( Low dosage oral contraception in women with previous gestational diabetes. Kühl, C; Mølsted-Pedersen, L; Skouby, SO, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " This experiment established that a dose-response relationship exists between dietary intake of fatty acid and the fatty acid composition of plasma-membrane phospholipids." | ( Diet fat influences liver plasma-membrane lipid composition and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Clandinin, MT; Neelands, PJ, 1983) | 0.27 |
| "Insulin and glucagon release from monolayer pancreatic islet cell cultures were inhibited in a dose-response fashion by various enkephalins." | ( Disparate effects of enkephalin and morphine upon insulin and glucagon secretion by islet cell cultures. Ensinck, JW; Fujimoto, WY; Kanter, RA, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Growth hormone was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 1 mg, 12 h prior to study." | ( The ketotic effects of glucocorticoid and growth hormone in man. Eaton, RP; Peake, GT; Schade, DS, ) | 0.13 |
| " With a mean dosage of 15 mg, labetalol reduced both systemic arterial pressures and the heart rate by an average of 21 percent (p < ." | ( Combined alpha- and beta-blockade with labetalol in post-open heart surgery hypertension. Reversal of hemodynamic deterioration with glucagon. Allonen, H; Arola, M; Laaksonen, VO; Meretoja, OA, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Dose-response RIA studies indicated that the HMW-IRGs from both the gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel experiments were immunochemically indistinguishable from glucagon." | ( Glucagon from the bovine fetal pancreas: chromatographic and electrophoretic characterizations of high molecular weight immunoreactive species. Cockburn, E; Ruse, JL; Tung, AK, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Immediately after the removal of 90 per cent or more of the pancreas, diabetes developed, and the function of the anti-insulin system was depressed, showing a poor response of glucagon secretion to hypoglycemia after insulin load and degeneration or destruction of the islet cells and both A and B cells, and the dosage of insulin required to control blood sugar was close to that of a total pancreatectomy." | ( [Changes in glucose metabolism and endocrine function in the remnant pancreas after major pancreatectomy, with special reference to the function of the anti-insulin system in Sandmeyer's diabetes (author's transl)]. Tamaki, H, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " During the "suboptimal" control phase the daily insulin dosage averaged 38 +/- 22 (SD) U/day and the mean plasma glucose levels averaged 17." | ( The effect of chronic insulin therapy on phosphate metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Pak, CY; Raskin, P, 1981) | 0.26 |
| " The dose-response relationships to Arg of the beta- and alpha-cell appear similar." | ( Interaction of arginine and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on insulin release in man. Andersen, DK; Andres, R; Elahi, D; Hershcopf, RJ; Muller, DC; Raizes, GS; Tobin, JD, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " These results could explain that the dosage of insulin required to control blood sugar after resection of 90% or more of the entire pancreas was close to that after total pancreatectomy." | ( [Pathophysiology in diabetes after major resection of the pancreas, with special reference to insulin metabolism and glucagon secretion (author's transl)]. Iwasaki, M, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "56 mg/100 ml, a single injection of glucagon was given subcutaneously, in a dosage of 80-300 micrograms/kg of body weight." | ( The effect of glucagon on serum bilirubin levels. Constantopoulos, A; Davakis, M; Malamitsi-Pouchner, A; Matsaniotis, N, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Trifluoperazine significantly inhibited glycogenolytic effect of phenylephrine and angiotensin II by lowering maximal response, and that of vasopressin by shifting the dose-response curve to the right, while alpha-antagonist phentolamine was inhibitory only to phenylephrine." | ( Inhibition by trifluoperazine of glycogenolytic effects of phenylephrine, vasopressin, and angiotensin II. Kimura, S; Koide, Y; Kugai, N; Tada, R; Yamashita, K, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " This technique produced a reduction in glucagon dosage and an improvement in scan quality when compared with intermittent intravenous injection." | ( Use of a portable syringe pump for glucagon administration in abdominal computed tomography. Bydder, G; Kreel, L, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " Although salt effects clearly varied with the different anions, the magnitude and dose-response of stimulation of homogenates by Cl- salts were also dependent on the accompanying alkali cation (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+)." | ( Anions and cations as stimulators of liver adenylate cyclase. Gregerman, RI; Katz, MS; Kelly, TM; Piñeyro, MA, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " The data indicate a dose-response relationship between casein hydrolysate administration and effects on glycogen metabolism in the liver." | ( Physiological doses of oral casein affect hepatic glycogen metabolism in normal food-deprived rats. Gannon, MC; Nuttall, FQ, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Its potential usefulness in reversing adverse effects encountered during therapeutic dosing with beta-blockers has not been well characterized." | ( Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Daya, MR; Fernandes, CM, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " At reduced dosage (0." | ( Glucagon-like peptide I reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in IDDM. Behme, MT; Dupre, J; Hramiak, IM; McDonald, TJ; McFarlane, P; Williamson, MP; Zabel, P, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " The binding of 125I-GLP-1(7-36)amide and the intensity of the cross-linked band were similarly inhibited in a dose-response manner by increasing concentrations of unlabeled GLP-1(7-36)amide." | ( Structural characterization by affinity cross-linking of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide receptor in rat brain. Blázquez, E; Calvo, JC; Mora, F; Yusta, B, 1995) | 0.29 |
| "We evaluated the dose-response relationship between the plasma amino acid (AA) concentration and renal hemodynamics in eight normal subjects." | ( Effect of amino acid infusion on renal hemodynamics in humans: a dose-response study. Castellino, P; DeFronzo, RA; Giordano, M; McConnell, EL, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Analysis of dose-response curves showed that n-butyric acid (4 carbons in the molecule) was most effective for both insulin and glucagon secretion among the normal SCFAs tested." | ( Chemical specificity of short-chain fatty acids in stimulating insulin and glucagon secretion in sheep. Hanaki, Y; Hashizume, Y; Kato, S; Maeda, H; Mineo, H; Murata, K; Onaga, T; Yanaihara, N, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " In conclusion, glucose recovery after hypoglycemia is significantly increased when theophylline is administered in an asthma dosage before hypoglycemia is induced." | ( Theophylline enhances glucose recovery after hypoglycemia in healthy man and in type I diabetic patients. Christensen, NJ; Hilsted, J; Hvidberg, A; Rasmussen, MH, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Preincubation of broiler adipocytes with pancreatic polypeptide resulted in a dose-response and time-dependent enhancement (P < ." | ( Enhanced lipolysis from broiler adipocytes pretreated with pancreatic polypeptide. Oscar, TP, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " The plasma glucose and cardiovascular responses to dosing were monitored in the dogs and found to be in agreement with well-known effects of pancreatic glucagon." | ( Glucagon produced by recombinant DNA technology: repeated dose toxicity studies, intravenous administration to CD rats and beagle dogs for four weeks. Eistrup, C; Hjortkjaer, RK; Pickersgill, N; Virgo, DM; Woolley, AP, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " The glucagon area response was positive after ingestion of all fat containing meals except for that containing only 5 g fat, and there was a dose-response relationship." | ( Effect of added fat on plasma glucose and insulin response to ingested potato in individuals with NIDDM. Ercan, N; Gannon, MC; Nuttall, FQ; Westphal, SA, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " The insulin area response data indicated the presence of a dose-response relationship." | ( Effect of added fat on plasma glucose and insulin response to ingested potato in individuals with NIDDM. Ercan, N; Gannon, MC; Nuttall, FQ; Westphal, SA, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " While the nonmetabolizable adenosine analogue N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA) inhibited ADA-stimulated lipolysis, EGF affected neither ADA-stimulated lipolysis nor the dose-response curve for PIA." | ( Epidermal growth factor modulates the lipolytic action of catecholamines in rat adipocytes. Involvement of a Gi protein. Ramírez, I; Soley, M; Tebar, F, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "1-10 mumol/kg) produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve for the secretory rate, bicarbonate and protein outputs." | ( Effects of peptide histidine isoleucine on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anaesthetized dogs. Chiba, S; Iwatsuki, K; Ren, LM, ) | 0.13 |
| "The study objective was to determine the dose-response relationships between postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon responses and the amount of starch ingested in non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects." | ( Dose-dependency of the glycemic response to starch-rich meals in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects: studies with varying amounts of white rice. Rasmussen, O, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " the prevailing insulin concentration, all three methods yielded similar insulin dose-response curves for suppression of hepatic glucose release." | ( Hepatic and extrahepatic insulin action in humans: measurement in the absence of non-steady-state error. Butler, P; Caumo, A; Cobelli, C; Homan, M; Katz, H; Rizza, R; Zerman, A, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "Routine use of intravenous glucagon in a dosage of 1 mg does not facilitate colonoscopy by experienced examiners." | ( Does routine intravenous glucagon administration facilitate colonoscopy? A randomized trial. Cutler, CS; Hawes, RH; Lehman, GA; Rex, DK, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Finally, glucagon-stimulated insulin secretion by RIN cells expressing the mutant receptor was decreased such that the dose-response curve was shifted to the right in comparison to that obtained with cells expressing the wild type receptor." | ( The Gly40Ser mutation in the human glucagon receptor gene associated with NIDDM results in a receptor with reduced sensitivity to glucagon. Abrahamsen, N; Froguel, P; Hager, J; Hansen, LH; Jelinek, L; Kindsvogel, W; Nishimura, E, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " In competition experiments, all of the analogues caused a right shift of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve." | ( Topographical amino acid substitution in position 10 of glucagon leads to antagonists/partial agonists with greater binding differences. Azizeh, BY; Hruby, VJ; Li, G; Shenderovich, MD; Sturm, NS; Trivedi, D, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Analysis of glucose-insulin dose-response curves revealed a marked improvement of glucose sensitivity of the NOD endocrine pancreas in the presence of GLP-1 (half-maximal insulin output without GLP-1 15." | ( Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (7-36) amide improves glucose sensitivity in beta-cells of NOD mice. Federlin, K; Göke, B; Linn, T; Schneider, K, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Preincubation of adipocytes with SRIF induced a dose-response and time-dependent increase in the set-point of lipolysis." | ( Prolonged in vitro exposure of broiler adipocytes to somatostatin enhances lipolysis and induces desensitization of antilipolysis. Oscar, TP, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Preexposure of the cells to GLP-1 induced a decrease in GLP-1-mediated cAMP production, as assessed by a 3- to 5-fold rightward shift of the dose-response curve and an approximately 20 percent decrease in the maximal production of cAMP." | ( Desensitization and phosphorylation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by GLP-1 and 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Dolci, W; Thorens, B; Widmann, C, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Therefore, it is apparent that the addition of glibenclamide to insulin reduces daily insulin dosage and renders a greater uniformity to diurnal blood glucose control, most probably secondary to enhancement of insulin sensitivity." | ( More uniform diurnal blood glucose control and a reduction in daily insulin dosage on addition of glibenclamide to insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus: role of enhanced insulin sensitivity. Birkenholz, M; Kabadi, M; Kabadi, UM; McCoy, S, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " 5-Methoxytryptamine induced a significant hyperglycemia above the dosage of 1 mg/kg." | ( Hyperglycemia induced by the 5-HT receptor agonist, 5-methoxytryptamine, in rats: involvement of the peripheral 5-HT2A receptor. Horisaka, K; Sugimoto, Y; Yamada, J; Yoshikawa, T, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " All of these analogues when tested in the classical adenylate cyclase assay demonstrate antagonist properties, and in competition experiments, all caused a rightward-shift of the glucagon stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve." | ( Pure glucagon antagonists: biological activities and cAMP accumulation using phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Azizeh, BY; Hruby, VJ; Trivedi, D; Van Tine, BA, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " All three peptides increased plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations, but their dose-response relationships revealed differences between them." | ( Effects of oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin and lysine-vasopressin on insulin and glucagon secretion in sheep. Hyun, HS; Ito, M; Kamita, H; Mineo, H; Muto, H; Onaga, T; Yanaihara, N, ) | 0.13 |
| " In competitive inhibition experiments, all the analogues caused a right shift of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve." | ( The role of phenylalanine at position 6 in glucagon's mechanism of biological action: multiple replacement analogues of glucagon. Ahn, JM; Azizeh, BY; Caspari, R; Hruby, VJ; Shenderovich, MD; Trivedi, D, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " To examine the effects of interleukin 6 (IL-6), the main circulating cytokine, on glucose metabolism in man, we performed dose-response studies of recombinant human IL-6 in normal volunteers." | ( Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose regulation. Chrousos, GP; Defensor, R; Kyrou, I; Mitsiadis, CS; Papanicolaou, DA; Tsigos, C, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " Arduan dosage ought to be reduced because of it possible cumulation in blood due to hepatorenal disorders existing in this patients." | ( [Features of anesthesia in surgical removal of insulinoma]. Kostenko, AA, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " The total daily insulin dosage was not different in the two treatment periods." | ( Counterregulatory hormone responses after long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with lispro insulin. Barnie, A; Chiasson, JL; Simkins, S; Strack, T; Tildesley, H; Tsui, EY; Zinman, B, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " In the genetically obese Zucker rat, chronic dosing with GLP-1 (30 microg icv) once a day for 6 days caused significant reductions in food consumption each day and a reduction in body weight." | ( Effect of chronic central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on food consumption and body weight in normal and obese rats. Compton, DS; Davis, HR; France, CF; Graziano, MP; Hoos, LM; Mullins, DE; Pines, JM; Strader, CD; Sybertz, EJ; Van Heek, M, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " We demonstrate here a gene dosage effect for the incretin action of GLP-1, as heterozygous GLP-1R +/- mice exhibit an abnormal glycemic response to oral glucose challenge in association with reduced circulating levels of glucose-stimulated insulin." | ( Identification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) actions essential for glucose homeostasis in mice with disruption of GLP-1 receptor signaling. Brubaker, PL; Cook, SM; Drucker, DJ; Marshall, BA; Scrocchi, LA, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " The comparison of kinetic constants estimated from dose-response data for GTP and glucagon suggests that prenatal chronic irradiation prompted (i) the decrease in rate of GTP hydrolysis on Gs-protein; (ii) the reduction of glucagon potency to accelerate the exchange GDP for GTP on Gs-protein." | ( [Effect of prenatal gamma-irradiation on functional properties of rat liver adenylate cyclase]. Chubanov, VS; Konoplia, EF; Rogov, IuI; Sholukh, MV, ) | 0.13 |
| " We concluded that low dosage GLP-1 improves the ability of the beta-cell to secrete insulin in both IGT and NIDDM subjects, but that the ability to sense and respond to subtle changes in plasma glucose is improved in IGT subjects, with only a variable response in NIDDM subjects." | ( Glucagon-like peptide 1 improves the ability of the beta-cell to sense and respond to glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Arnold, R; Byrne, MM; Gliem, K; Göke, B; Katschinski, M; Polonsky, KS; Wank, U, 1998) | 0.3 |
| "Reciprocal dose-response curves for the effects of the two hormones in intestine and liver were demonstrated: glucagon 37 was one order of magnitude more potent than glucagon 29 in increasing intestinal absorption of glucose via the SGLT1." | ( Enteric glucagon 37 rather than pancreatic glucagon 29 stimulates glucose absorption in rat intestine. Hunger, A; Jungermann, K; Scholtka, B; Stümpel, F, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " Mean amplitude of contraction in the distal esophagus was further reduced with increased dosage of glucagon but did not achieve statistical significance." | ( Effect of doses of glucagon used to treat food impaction on esophageal motor function of normal subjects. Colon, V; Fass, R; Grade, A; Johnson, C; Pulliam, G, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " In the presence of 5 mM L-NAME (a concentration that did not influence basal insulin release) the insulin response was markedly increased along the whole dose-response curve and the threshold for carbachol stimulation was significantly lowered." | ( Influence of nitric oxide modulators on cholinergically stimulated hormone release from mouse islets. Aring;kesson, B; Lundquist, I, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " L-168,049 increases the apparent EC50 for glucagon stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human glucagon receptor and decreases the maximal glucagon stimulation observed, with a Kb (concentration of antagonist that shifts the agonist dose-response 2-fold) of 25 nM." | ( Characterization of a novel, non-peptidyl antagonist of the human glucagon receptor. Ber, E; Cascieri, MA; Chicchi, GG; de Laszlo, SE; Hacker, C; Hagmann, WK; Koch, GE; Louizides, D; MacCoss, M; Sadowski, SJ; Vicario, PP, 1999) | 0.3 |
| "This study evaluated the dependence of portal and mesenteric blood flow and plasma glucagon levels on octreotide dosage and its mode of application." | ( Effects of different octreotide dosages on splanchnic hemodynamics and glucagon in healthy volunteers. Brensing, KA; Göke, B; Sauerbruch, T; Schätzle, T; Schiedermaier, P, ) | 0.13 |
| " Vagal ligation but not perivagal capsaicin treatment reduced the inhibitory effect of secretin on bethanechol-stimulated contraction of isolated forestomach muscle strips, causing a right shift in the dose-response curve." | ( Vagus nerve modulates secretin binding sites in the rat forestomach. Chang, TM; Chey, WY; Kwon, HY; Lee, KY, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " In conclusion, this study suggests that short-term administration of LA at high dosage to normal and diabetic rats causes an inhibition of gluconeogenesis secondary to an interference with hepatic fatty acid oxidation." | ( Lipoic acid acutely induces hypoglycemia in fasting nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Bashan, N; Gutman, A; Khamaisi, M; Potashnik, R; Rudich, A; Tritschler, HJ, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " We performed a dose-response study [ingestion of increasing amounts of glucose and complex carbohydrates (boiled rice and wheat bread), and the nonabsorbable disaccharide lactulose] in SB patients with an intact colon." | ( Importance of colonic bacterial fermentation in short bowel patients: small intestinal malabsorption of easily digestible carbohydrate. Gudmand-Høyer, E; Holst, JJ; Jørgensen, S; Olesen, M, 1999) | 0.3 |
| " Additionally, maximum blood glucose concentrations (BG(max)), maximum absolute BG excursion (MAE), and area under the glucose concentration curve from time of dosing to return to baseline (AUC(rtb)) were calculated." | ( Pharmacokinetic and glucodynamic comparisons of recombinant and animal-source glucagon after IV, IM, and SC injection in healthy volunteers. Bowsher, RR; Graf, CJ; Holcombe, JH; Lynch, R; Seger, ME; Woodworth, JR, 1999) | 0.3 |
| "01) and supported by a significantly lower maximum serum glucose concentration (Cmax) up to 360 min after dosing (IAsp, 10." | ( Improved postprandial glycaemic control with insulin Aspart in type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin. Birkeland, K; Dejgaard, A; Hanssen, KF; Kjems, L; Madsbad, S; Rosenfalck, AM; Thorsby, P, 2000) | 0.31 |
| " Sigmoidal dose-response curves of glucose clearance versus insulin levels during the hyperglycemic clamp in the two small groups showed both a left shift and a lower maximal response in the NM group compared with the NN group, which is consistent with an increased insulin sensitivity in the NM subjects." | ( Impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin sensitivity in familial maturity-onset diabetes of the young 4 (insulin promoter factor 1 gene). Chin, GA; Clarke, WL; Clocquet, AR; Egan, JM; Elahi, D; Habener, JF; Hanks, JB; Muller, DC; Stoffers, DA; Wideman, L, 2000) | 0.31 |
| " Metoprolol was dosed to achieve a resting predobutamine heart rate below 65 beats/minute or a total intravenous dose of 20 mg." | ( Effect of intravenous metoprolol or intravenous metoprolol plus glucagon on dobutamine-induced myocardial ischemia. Ahlberg, AW; Heller, GV; Katten, D; Murthy, DR; Salloum, A; White, CM, 2000) | 0.31 |
| ") dosing was best described by a three-compartment open model." | ( Pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of triamcinolone acetonide and their possible relationships to glucocorticoid-induced laminitis in horses. French, K; Pass, MA; Pollitt, CC, 2000) | 0.31 |
| " Time course dose-response studies indicate that the p38 MAPK induced inhibitory response may involve expression of immediate early genes (IEGs); maximum repression of rINS1 activity occurred after 4 h of treatment, comparable with regulatory responses by IEGs." | ( Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) activation of insulin gene promoter inhibited by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Habener, JF; Kemp, DM, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " If the blood glucose did not increase within 30 min, the initial dosage was doubled and given at that time." | ( Mini-dose glucagon rescue for hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Haymond, MW; Schreiner, B, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " A high-dose graded glucose infusion protocol was used to explore the dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin secretion." | ( GLP-1-induced alterations in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretory dose-response curve. Arnold, R; Brandt, A; Byrne, MM; Göke, B; Katschinski, M; Polonsky, KS, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " Subchronic multiple dosing of NN2211 (200 microg/kg) twice daily for 10 days to normal and MSG-treated rats caused profound inhibition of food intake." | ( Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats. Fledelius, C; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, PJ; Tang-Christensen, M, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " The present results encourage a new study to be undertaken in a larger sample and with a multiple dosing scheme of treatment." | ( Evaluation of lanreotide effects on human exocrine pancreatic secretion after a single dose: preliminary study. Ballabio, M; Bassi, C; Contro, C; Falconi, M; Pederzoli, P; Salvia, R, 2002) | 0.31 |
| " Dosing with NN2211 was performed on day 1, and days 5-11." | ( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002) | 0.31 |
| " After subcutaneous dosing with NN2211, 48-h pharmacokinetic, and 24-h glucose, insulin and glucagon profiles were assessed." | ( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002) | 0.31 |
| "This study provides evidence that NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing in humans." | ( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002) | 0.31 |
| " However, the dose-response relationship between GLP-1 and basal and glucose-stimulated prehepatic insulin secretion rate (ISR) is currently not known." | ( The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Holst, JJ; Kjems, LL; Madsbad, S; Vølund, A, 2003) | 0.32 |
| "kg(-1) twice a week; IL-10 treated group (E): besides same dosage of CCl(4) given, intraperitoneal injection with IL-10 4 ug." | ( Effects of transmitters and interleukin-10 on rat hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Chen, ZX; Huang, YH; Li, B; Li, D; Wang, XZ; Zhang, LJ, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " A dose-response study of GLP-1 with glucose-stimulated islets showed that GLP-1 could overcome and completely restore the impaired insulin release in TPN islets, bringing about a marked increase in islet cAMP accumulation concomitant with heavy suppression of both glucose-stimulated increase in islet cGMP content and the activities of constitutive NOS (cNOS) and iNOS." | ( Total parenteral nutrition-stimulated activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat pancreatic islets is suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1. Ekelund, M; Lundquist, I; Salehi, A, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " In contrast, a hypoglycaemic coma due to a too high dosage of sulphonylurea always requests a hospitalisation in order to carefully supervise the patient and to provide a prolonged intravenous infusion of glucose." | ( [How I treat...severe hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient]. Philips, JC; Radermecker, RP; Scheen, AJ, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " 9 h after NN2211 dosing; the insulin response would then be expected to be improved (higher) in the subjects dosed with NN2211." | ( Pharmacodynamics of NN2211, a novel long acting GLP-1 derivative. Agersø, H; Vicini, P, 2003) | 0.32 |
| "5-mg dosage increased plasma insulin only in the multiple-injection experiment." | ( Metabolic responses of lactating dairy cows to single and multiple subcutaneous injections of glucagon. Ametaj, BN; Beitz, DC; Bobe, G; Sonon, RN; Young, JW, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " GLP-1 increased the dose-response relationship between glucose concentration and insulin secretion (70 +/- 26 with GLP-1 versus 38 +/- 16 pmol insulin." | ( Characterization of GLP-1 effects on beta-cell function after meal ingestion in humans. Ahrén, B; Holst, JJ; Mari, A, 2003) | 0.32 |
| "Administration of GLP-1 along with ingestion of a meal augments insulin secretion in humans by a dose-dependent potentiation of the dose-response relationship between plasma glucose and insulin secretion." | ( Characterization of GLP-1 effects on beta-cell function after meal ingestion in humans. Ahrén, B; Holst, JJ; Mari, A, 2003) | 0.32 |
| "6 g/100 ml) was administered to control fish, whereas the experimental group received 2-DG, dissolved in saline, in the dosage of 80 mg/kg (0." | ( Metabolic responses to glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in Brycon cephalus (Teleostei, Characidae). Capilla, E; Figueiredo-Garutti, ML; Gutiérrez, J; Moraes, G; Navarro, I; Souza, RH; Vicentini-Paulino, ML, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " DAB was very rapidly cleared in mice; nevertheless, a dose-dependent reduction of blood glucose of up to 9 mmol/l was seen in diabetic ob/ob mice dosed subcutaneously, with statistically significant effects evident from 30 to 120 min." | ( Pharmacokinetics and anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of a novel inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d- arabinitol, in glucagon-challenged rats and dogs and in diabetic ob/ob mice. Andersen, JV; Mackay, P; McCormack, JG; Ynddal, L, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " Data were abstracted on age, sex, body mass index, relevant prior medical history, food type ingested (meat, bread, vegetable, or other), duration of symptoms at presentation, dosage (in mg) of glucagon, outcome including success of glucagon or spontaneous passage, and endoscopic findings." | ( Assessment of the predictors of response to glucagon in the setting of acute esophageal food bolus impaction. Baron, TH; Harewood, GC; Sodeman, TC, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " Its absence, as assessed in Pax2(1Neu) mutant mice, results in a two- to threefold increase in the average pancreas volume occupied by the islets in both heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice with a gene-dependent dosage effect." | ( Pax2 mutant mice display increased number and size of islets of Langerhans but no change in insulin and glucagon content. Estreicher, A; Favor, J; Herrera, P; Meda, P; Philippe, J; Ritz-Laser, B; Zaiko, M, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " Group I: six buffaloes were given 50% glucose at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight via the jugular vein." | ( The intravenous glucose tolerance test in water buffalo. He, CH; Liu, JG; Liu, YJ; Liu, YW; Pan, CL; Sun, WD; Wang, XL; Zhao, HJ, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " HbA(1c) decreased in all but the lowest liraglutide dosage group." | ( Improved glycemic control with no weight increase in patients with type 2 diabetes after once-daily treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide (NN2211): a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Jakobsen, G; Madsbad, S; Matthews, DR; Ranstam, J; Schmitz, O, 2004) | 0.32 |
| "To determine whether the insulin dose-response curves for suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and stimulation of splanchnic glucose uptake (SGU) differ in nondiabetic humans and are abnormal in type 2 diabetes, 14 nondiabetic and 12 diabetic subjects were studied." | ( Insulin dose-response curves for stimulation of splanchnic glucose uptake and suppression of endogenous glucose production differ in nondiabetic humans and are abnormal in people with type 2 diabetes. Basu, A; Basu, R; Johnson, CM; Rizza, RA; Schwenk, WF, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " We subsequently showed that, at 2 mg/kg body weight (mg/pk) dosed intraperitoneally (i." | ( Hepatic glucagon receptor binding and glucose-lowering in vivo by peptidyl and non-peptidyl glucagon receptor antagonists. Brady, E; Candelore, MR; Dallas-Yang, Q; Fenyk-Melody, JE; Gibson, RE; Jiang, G; Parmee, ER; Qureshi, SA; Saperstein, R; Shen, X; Strowski, M; Szalkowski, D; Zhang, BB, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " Finally, when dosed in humanized mice, Cpd 1 blocked the rise of glucose levels observed after intraperitoneal administration of exogenous glucagon." | ( A novel glucagon receptor antagonist inhibits glucagon-mediated biological effects. Bansal, A; Brady, E; Chapman, KT; Cohen, SM; Ding, VD; Duffy, JL; Jiang, G; Li, Z; Miller, C; Moller, DE; Qureshi, SA; Rios Candelore, M; Saperstein, R; Tata, JR; Tota, LM; Xie, D; Yang, X; Zhang, BB, 2004) | 0.32 |
| " It was found that GLP-1 relaxed femoral artery rings in a dose-response manner." | ( Glucagon-like peptide-1 relaxes rat conduit arteries via an endothelium-independent mechanism. Gonon, AT; Nyström, T; Pernow, J; Sjöholm, A, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " Dose-response curve revealed that the half-maximal effective dose (ED(50)) of VAPG was about 55 nm (25 nm for native GLP-1)." | ( Synthesis, bioactivity and specificity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37)/polymer conjugate to isolated rat islets. Bae, YH; Kim, S; Wan Kim, S, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " In this investigation, we prepared dry powder dosage forms of glucagon, which were formulated by mixing micronized glucagon particles and excipients with larger carrier particles." | ( Erythritol-based dry powder of glucagon for pulmonary administration. Amikawa, S; Endo, K; Matsumoto, A; Onoue, S; Sahashi, N, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " This multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, double-dummy study explored the dose-response relationship of liraglutide effects on bodyweight and glycaemic control in subjects with Type 2 diabetes." | ( Effects of liraglutide (NN2211), a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, on glycaemic control and bodyweight in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. An, B; Feinglos, MN; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Saad, MF; Santiago, O, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " Increasing the dosage or activity of Sir2 extends life span in yeast, worms, and flies and promotes fat mobilization and glucose production in mammalian cells." | ( Increased dosage of mammalian Sir2 in pancreatic beta cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Bernal-Mizrachi, E; Cras-Méneur, C; Ford, E; Grimm, AA; Imai, S; Moynihan, KA; Permutt, MA; Plueger, MM, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " Rats made diabetic with streptozotocin were treated with subcutaneous insulin pellets dosed to sustain body weights and hyperglycemia or with HIGT; nondiabetic rats served as controls." | ( Hepatic insulin gene therapy prevents deterioration of vascular function and improves adipocytokine profile in STZ-diabetic rats. Boutwell, JJ; Campbell, AG; Hart, CM; Kleinhenz, DJ; Olson, DE; Sutliff, RL; Thulé, PM, 2006) | 0.33 |
| " For therapeutic study, test articles were orally dosed once a day from 21 d after STZ-dosing at 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg/5 ml dosage levels for 4 weeks." | ( Anti-diabetic activity of SMK001, a poly herbal formula in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: therapeutic study. Choi, HS; Choi, HY; Kang, SM; Kim, JD; Ku, SK; Seo, BI, 2006) | 0.33 |
| " The effects of short- and long-term and dose-response treatment with supraphysiological concentrations of leptin on circulating levels of insulin, glucagon and glucose in the blood have been evaluated." | ( Effects of leptin administration on the endocrine pancreas and liver in the lizard Podarcis sicula. Buono, S; Paolucci, M; Putti, R; Sciarrillo, R, 2006) | 0.33 |
| " Because U-shaped dose-response relationships for glucose-regulated glucagon secretion were observed in normal islets and in clonal glucagon-releasing cells, both the inhibitory and stimulatory components probably reflect direct effects on the alpha-cells." | ( Paradoxical stimulation of glucagon secretion by high glucose concentrations. Gylfe, E; Salehi, A; Vieira, E, 2006) | 0.33 |
| " Health-system pharmacists should be aware that when these drugs are used as antidotes, higher than normal dosing is needed." | ( Treatment of poisoning caused by beta-adrenergic and calcium-channel blockers. Shepherd, G, 2006) | 0.33 |
| "This randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled, 7-period crossover study assessed dose-response relationships following single oral doses (10-400 mg) of vildagliptin in 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." | ( Pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes during OGTT. Bullock, JM; Deacon, CF; Dunning, BE; Foley, JE; He, YL; Holst, JJ; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Wang, Y, 2007) | 0.34 |
| " Dose-response curves were constructed for each candidate messenger that significantly (p<0." | ( Secretion of ghrelin from rat stomach ghrelin cells in response to local microinfusion of candidate messenger compounds: a microdialysis study. de la Cour, CD; Håkanson, R; Norlén, P, 2007) | 0.34 |
| " Two distinct glucagon dose-response curves emerged." | ( Insulin-like stimulation of cardiac fuel metabolism by physiological levels of glucagon: involvement of PI3K but not cAMP. Harney, JA; Rodgers, RL, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " Our analysis of mice with 50%-reduced Sox9 gene dosage in pancreatic progenitors reveals endocrine-specific defects phenocopying CD." | ( A dosage-dependent requirement for Sox9 in pancreatic endocrine cell formation. Dubois, CL; Freude, KK; Patel, NA; Sander, M; Seymour, PA; Shih, HP, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " The dose-response relationship between insulin and KBs was demonstrated to be shifted to the right in type 2 diabetes patients." | ( Effects of insulin on ketogenesis following fasting in lean and obese men. Ackermans, MT; Duran, M; Faas, L; Fliers, E; Houten, SM; Ruiter, AF; Sauerwein, HP; Serlie, MJ; Smeenge, M; Soeters, MR; Wanders, RJ, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " Dry powder inhaler (DPI) form of glucagon is believed to be a promising new dosage form, and the present study aimed to develop a novel glucagon-DPI using absorption enhancer for improved pharmacological effects." | ( Novel dry powder inhaler formulation of glucagon with addition of citric acid for enhanced pulmonary delivery. Hirose, M; Kawabata, Y; Mizumoto, T; Onoue, S; Yamada, S; Yamamoto, K, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " We investigated the dose-response relationship for GLP-1-induced glucagon suppression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and healthy controls." | ( Preserved inhibitory potency of GLP-1 on glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asmar, M; Deacon, CF; Hare, KJ; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Madsbad, S; Vilsbøll, T, 2009) | 0.35 |
| "To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose-response effects of insulin glargine administered subcutaneously in individuals with type 2 diabetes." | ( Dose-response effects of insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes. Briscoe, VJ; Davis, SN; Gogitidze Joy, N; Hedrington, MS; Nicholson, W; Richardson, MA; Tate, DB; Wang, Z; Younk, L, 2010) | 0.36 |
| " The in vivo half-life of the construct was tuned to support nightly dosing through design and testing in cynomolgus monkeys." | ( Gcg-XTEN: an improved glucagon capable of preventing hypoglycemia without increasing baseline blood glucose. Cleland, JL; Geething, NC; Schellenberger, V; Scholle, MD; Silverman, J; Spink, BJ; Stemmer, WP; To, W; Wang, CW; Yao, Y; Yin, Y, 2010) | 0.36 |
| " We also investigated the dose-response effects of OXM on the secretion of insulin and glucose in 8 Holstein steers (401 +/- 1 d old, 398 +/- 10 kg BW)." | ( Oxyntomodulin increases the concentrations of insulin and glucose in plasma but does not affect ghrelin secretion in Holstein cattle under normal physiological conditions. Ishikawa, T; Kuwayama, H; ThanThan, S; Yannaing, S; Zhao, H, 2010) | 0.36 |
| " After the algorithm PK parameters were globally adjusted, insulin dosing was more conservative and microdose glucagon administration was very effective in reducing hypoglycemia while maintaining normal plasma glucagon levels." | ( Efficacy determinants of subcutaneous microdose glucagon during closed-loop control. Damiano, ER; El-Khatib, FH; Nathan, DM; Russell, SJ, 2010) | 0.36 |
| "7 years) were studied on two occasions following 2 days dosing with sitagliptin (100 mg/day) or placebo." | ( The effects of sitagliptin on gastric emptying in healthy humans - a randomised, controlled study. Deacon, CF; Horowitz, M; Jones, KL; Nauck, M; Rayner, CK; Stevens, JE, 2012) | 0.38 |
| "A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-response intervention study was conducted in 32 healthy males (age: 21±2years; BMI: 21." | ( Islet-cell dysfunction induced by glucocorticoid treatment: potential role for altered sympathovagal balance? Deacon, CF; Diamant, M; Heine, RJ; Holst, JJ; Karemaker, JM; Kwa, KA; Mari, A; Tushuizen, ME; van Genugten, RE; van Raalte, DH, 2013) | 0.39 |
| " In several murine models of diabetes, acute and chronic dosing with GRA1 significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations and moderately increased plasma glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1." | ( Anti-diabetic efficacy and impact on amino acid metabolism of GRA1, a novel small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist. Brady, EJ; Candelore, MR; Dallas-Yang, Q; Jiang, G; Langdon, RB; Li, Z; Miller, C; Mu, J; Muise, ES; Parmee, ER; Qureshi, SA; Wu, MS; Xiong, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, BB, 2012) | 0.38 |
| "Selecting dosing regimens for phase 2 studies for a novel glucokinase activator LY2599506 is challenging due to the difficulty in modeling and assessing hypoglycemia risk." | ( Dose selection using a semi-mechanistic integrated glucose-insulin-glucagon model: designing phase 2 trials for a novel oral glucokinase activator. Bue-Valleskey, J; Heathman, M; Schneck, K; Sinha, V; Yeo, KP; Zhang, X, 2013) | 0.39 |
| " During visits that involved closed-loop delivery, basal insulin and glucagon miniboluses were delivered according to recommendations based on glucose sensor readings and a predictive dosing algorithm at 10-minute intervals." | ( Glucose-responsive insulin and glucagon delivery (dual-hormone artificial pancreas) in adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover controlled trial. Alkhateeb, A; Boulet, B; Cheng, P; Coriati, A; Dallaire, M; Haidar, A; Legault, L; Messier, V; Millette, M; Rabasa-Lhoret, R, 2013) | 0.39 |
| " The plasma concentrations of exenatide in serial blood samples were quantified for 56 days after dosing with an exendin-4 fluorescent immunoassay kit." | ( Pharmacokinetic properties and effects of PT302 after repeated oral glucose loading tests in a dose-escalating study. Cho, SH; Gu, N; Jang, IJ; Kim, J; Lee, H; Lim, KS; Seol, E; Shin, D; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2014) | 0.4 |
| "5-mg, 1-mg, 2-mg, and 4-mg dosage groups of PT302, respectively." | ( Pharmacokinetic properties and effects of PT302 after repeated oral glucose loading tests in a dose-escalating study. Cho, SH; Gu, N; Jang, IJ; Kim, J; Lee, H; Lim, KS; Seol, E; Shin, D; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " Furthermore, compound 1, when dosed orally, was found to decrease fasting blood glucose at 30 mg/kg in a streptozotocin-treated, diet-induced obesity mouse pharmacodynamic assay and blunt exogenous glucagon-stimulated glucose excursion in prediabetic mice." | ( The discovery of N-((2H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-((R)-1-((5r,8R)-8-(tert-butyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentyl)benzamide (SCH 900822): a potent and selective glucagon receptor antagonist. Andreani, T; Belani, J; Bradley, P; Cao, Y; Chen, P; Cox, K; Dai, P; Dai, X; DeMong, D; Feng, KI; Gauuan, J; Greenlee, W; Grotz, D; Hwa, J; Kang, L; Kozlowski, J; Lachowicz, J; Lavey, B; Liang, M; Lin, P; Lin, SI; McNamara, P; Meng, T; Miller, M; Morrison, R; Patel, B; Sondey, C; Soriano, A; Stamford, A; Wong, J; Wong, M; Yang, DY; Yu, W; Zhai, Y; Zhang, H; Zhao, H; Zhou, G, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " Twenty-seven subjects received gemigliptin (50 mg once daily), metformin (1,000 mg twice a day), or both drugs for 7 days per dosing period." | ( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gemigliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Ahn, JY; Cho, JY; Cho, YM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " Sitagliptin increased active GLP-1, but caused a profound suppression of total PYY, GLP-1, and GIP when dosed alone or with GSK263." | ( Gut hormone pharmacology of a novel GPR119 agonist (GSK1292263), metformin, and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from two randomized studies. Apseloff, G; Atiee, G; Bush, MA; Collins, DA; Corsino, L; Feldman, PL; Gillmor, D; McMullen, SL; Morrow, L; Nunez, DJ, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " During visits when the patient used the single-hormone artificial pancreas, insulin was delivered based on glucose sensor readings and a predictive dosing algorithm." | ( Comparison of dual-hormone artificial pancreas, single-hormone artificial pancreas, and conventional insulin pump therapy for glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: an open-label randomised controlled crossover trial. Haidar, A; Legault, L; Leroux, C; Messier, V; Mitre, TM; Rabasa-Lhoret, R, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " With a half-life of approximately 12 h, once daily dosing might be feasible; however, significant effects on appetite and weight loss may necessitate dosage or dosing frequency reductions." | ( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy cats. Adin, CA; Borin-Crivellenti, S; Gilor, C; Hall, MJ; Lakritz, J; Rajala-Schultz, P; Rudinsky, AJ, 2015) | 0.42 |
| "14 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) did not improve clinical signs; the dosage was gradually increased over a 1-month course (1." | ( Constant rate infusion of glucagon as an emergency treatment for hypoglycemia in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Bennett, KR; Gaunt, MC; Parker, DL, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " Serum aminotransferases increased in a dose-dependent manner with multiple dosing and reversed after cessation of dosing." | ( Short-term administration of the glucagon receptor antagonist LY2409021 lowers blood glucose in healthy people and in those with type 2 diabetes. Deeg, MA; Fu, H; Garhyan, P; Kelly, RP; Lim, CN; Loh, MT; Pinaire, JA; Prince, MJ; Raddad, E, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " The dose-response relationship of the integrated insulinotropic and gastrostatic response to lixisenatide in healthy volunteers after a standardized liquid meal was investigated." | ( Lixisenatide reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia via gastrostatic and insulinotropic effects. Becker, RH; Golor, G; Pellissier, F; Stechl, J; Steinstraesser, A, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " We found that exendin-4 exerts its effect on failing human islet grafts in a bell-shaped dose-response curve." | ( The effects of exendin-4 treatment on graft failure: an animal study using a novel re-vascularized minimal human islet transplant model. Abadpour, S; Foss, A; Gorman, T; Hoeyem, M; Johansson, L; Korsgren, O; Sahraoui, A; Scholz, H; Skrtic, S; Smith, DM; Winzell, MS, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " Consistent with ATP's controlling glucagon and insulin secretion during hypo- and hyperglycemia, respectively, the dose-response relationship for glucose-induced [ATP]pm generation was left shifted in α-cells compared to β-cells." | ( Submembrane ATP and Ca2+ kinetics in α-cells: unexpected signaling for glucagon secretion. Ahooghalandari, P; Gribble, FM; Gylfe, E; Li, J; Reimann, F; Tengholm, A; Yu, Q, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " Insulin dosage was reduced by 30% from patients' usual estimates." | ( Fixed ratio dosing of pramlintide with regular insulin before a standard meal in patients with type 1 diabetes. de Bruin, TW; Herrmann, K; Kolterman, OG; Öhman, P; Riddle, MC; Xu, J; Yuen, KC, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " A low dosage of coenzyme Q was administered life-long in rats in order to try to prevent pancreatic aging-related alterations associated to some dietary fat sources." | ( Sunflower Oil but Not Fish Oil Resembles Positive Effects of Virgin Olive Oil on Aged Pancreas after Life-Long Coenzyme Q Addition. Arribas, MI; Giampieri, F; González-Alonso, A; Ochoa, JJ; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, CL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC; Roche, E; Varela-López, A, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " The GNP delivery device is a compact, highly portable, single-use nasal powder dosing device constructed of polypropylene that allows for simple, single-step administration." | ( Needle-free nasal delivery of glucagon for treatment of diabetes-related severe hypoglycemia: toxicology of polypropylene resin used in delivery device. Bendix Jensen, M; Carballo, D; Edwards, CN; Esdaile, DJ; Piché, C; Reno, FE; Török-Bathó, M; Triest, M, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " Last, we present an exercise dosing adjustment algorithm and describe parameter tuning and performance using an in silico glucoregulatory model during an exercise event." | ( Incorporating an Exercise Detection, Grading, and Hormone Dosing Algorithm Into the Artificial Pancreas Using Accelerometry and Heart Rate. Branigan, D; Castle, J; Condon, J; El Youssef, J; Jacobs, PG; Preiser, N; Reddy, R; Resalat, N, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " Daily dosing over 28 days in rats resulted in mild to moderate, unilateral or bilateral erosion/ulceration of the olfactory epithelium, frequently with minimal to mild, acute to sub-acute inflammation of the lamina propria at the dorsal turbinates of the nasal cavity in 2/10 males and 3/10 females in the high-dose group (0." | ( A novel nasal powder formulation of glucagon: toxicology studies in animal models. Carballo, D; McInally, K; Normand, P; Piché, C; Reno, FE; Silo, S; Stotland, P; Triest, M, 2015) | 0.42 |
| " Head/facial discomfort was reported during 25% of intranasal and 9% of intramuscular dosing visits; nausea (with or without vomiting) occurred with 35% and 38% of visits, respectively." | ( Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study. Ahmann, AJ; Beck, RW; Bethin, KE; DiMeglio, LA; Dulude, H; Foster, NC; Haller, MJ; Marcovina, SM; Meng, L; Nathan, BM; Piché, CA; Rampakakis, E; Rickels, MR; Ruedy, KJ; Sherr, JL; Tamborlane, WV; Wadwa, RP, 2016) | 0.43 |
| "To investigate the dose-response relationship of subcutaneous (s." | ( Effects of subcutaneous, low-dose glucagon on insulin-induced mild hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin pump treated type 1 diabetes. Holst, JJ; Madsbad, S; Nørgaard, K; Ranjan, A; Schmidt, S, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " The current study examined the safety and dose-response relationships of a needle-free intranasal glucagon preparation in youth aged 4 to <17 years." | ( Glucagon Nasal Powder: A Promising Alternative to Intramuscular Glucagon in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. Beck, RW; Bethin, KE; DiMeglio, LA; Dulude, H; Foster, NC; Fox, LA; Marcovina, SM; Meng, L; Nathan, BM; Piché, CA; Rampakakis, E; Rickels, MR; Ruedy, KJ; Schatz, DA; Sherr, JL; Tamborlane, WV; Wadwa, RP, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " There are limited data on evaluating GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes using weight-based dosing for the GST." | ( Revised GH and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: results from a prospective randomized multicenter study. Bena, J; Biller, BM; Gordon, MB; Hamrahian, AH; Pulaski-Liebert, KJ; Yuen, KC, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " Within dosage groups, total GLP-1 concentrations were similar, but intact GLP-1 concentrations were much lower when infused via the mesenteric artery because of extensive degradation of GLP-1 in the splanchnic bed." | ( The insulinotropic effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 is not affected by acute vagotomy in anaesthetized pigs. Christensen, LW; Deacon, CF; Hansen, M; Hartmann, B; Hjøllund, KR; Holst, JJ; Larsen, SA; Plamboeck, A; Veedfald, S, 2016) | 0.43 |
| " Strategies involving changes to insulin dosing and/or carbohydrate consumption in anticipation of or during different types of exercise have proved to be helpful but not sufficient to fully prevent the hypoglycaemic risk." | ( Can somatostatin antagonism prevent hypoglycaemia during exercise in type 1 diabetes? Rabasa-Lhoret, R; Taleb, N, 2016) | 0.43 |
| "In random order, 21 adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) underwent three 22-hour experimental sessions: AP with exercise dosing adjustment (APX); AP with no exercise dosing adjustment (APN); and sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy." | ( Randomized trial of a dual-hormone artificial pancreas with dosing adjustment during exercise compared with no adjustment and sensor-augmented pump therapy. Branigan, D; Castle, JR; Condon, J; Edwards, C; El Youssef, J; Jacobs, PG; Jones, M; Kuehl, K; Leitschuh, J; Preiser, N; Rajhbeharrysingh, U; Ramsey, K; Reddy, R; Resalat, N, 2016) | 0.43 |
| "Four experiments were performed in dogs: (i) dose-response effects of YKP10811 on liquid gastric emptying; (ii) effects and mechanisms of YKP10811 on solid gastric emptying delayed by glucagon; (iii) effects of low-dose YKP10811 on antral contractions; and (iv) effects of low-dose YKP10811 on gastric accommodation." | ( Prokinetic effects of a new 5-HT Chen, JD; Han, HS; Kim, HW; Song, G; Xu, X; Yin, J, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " It consists of a glucose sensor, infusion pumps, and a dosing algorithm that directs hormonal delivery." | ( Modeling Glucagon Action in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Castle, JR; Emami, A; Haidar, A; Pineau, J; Rabasa-Lhoret, R; Youssef, JE, 2017) | 0.46 |
| "LGD-6972 had linear plasma pharmacokinetics consistent with once-daily dosing that was comparable in healthy and T2DM subjects." | ( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist LGD-6972 in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armas, D; Dilzer, S; Klein, D; Lasseter, K; Li, YX; Logan, D; Marschke, KB; Pipkin, JD; Plotkin, DJ; Vajda, EG; Wei, X; Zhi, L; Zhou, R, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " The safety and pharmacological profile of LGD-6972 after 14 days of dosing supports continued clinical development." | ( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist LGD-6972 in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armas, D; Dilzer, S; Klein, D; Lasseter, K; Li, YX; Logan, D; Marschke, KB; Pipkin, JD; Plotkin, DJ; Vajda, EG; Wei, X; Zhi, L; Zhou, R, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " In the present report, we review the available animal and human data on the physiological functions of glucagon, as well as its pharmacological use, according to dosing and duration (acute and chronic)." | ( Glucagon in artificial pancreas systems: Potential benefits and safety profile of future chronic use. Gingras, V; Haidar, A; Legault, L; Messier, V; Rabasa-Lhoret, R; Taleb, N, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Autonomously adaptive dosing algorithms used data from a continuous glucose monitor to control subcutaneous delivery of insulin and glucagon." | ( Home use of a bihormonal bionic pancreas versus insulin pump therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicentre randomised crossover trial. Balliro, C; Buckingham, BA; Buse, JB; Clinton, P; Damiano, ER; DeSalvo, D; Dezube, M; Diner, J; Ekhlaspour, L; El-Khatib, FH; Esmaeili, A; Frank, E; Goley, A; Harlan, DM; Hartigan, C; Hillard, MA; Kirkman, MS; Lock, JP; Ly, T; Magyar, KL; Malkani, S; Mondesir, D; Norlander, L; Russell, SJ; Selagamsetty, RR; Sinha, M; Thompson, MJ; Wilson, DM; Young, LA; Zheng, H, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Frequent insulin dosing and boluses during daily diabetes care leads to an increased risk of dangerously low glucose levels, which can cause behavioral and cognitive disturbance, seizure, coma, and even death." | ( Insulin-Responsive Glucagon Delivery for Prevention of Hypoglycemia. Buse, JB; Gu, Z; Kahkoska, AR; Sun, W; Wang, J; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2017) | 0.46 |
| "The method was established for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon (LLOQ: 15 pg/ml) and dosed GLP-1 (LLOQ: 25 pg/ml) in human plasma, and is the first such method avoiding immunoenrichment." | ( Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS (SRM) method for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon and dosed GLP-1 from human plasma. Bloom, S; Cegla, J; Creaser, CS; Howard, JW; Jones, B; Kay, RG; Tan, T, 2017) | 0.46 |
| "The LC-MS/MS method offers a viable alternative to immunoassays for quantitation of endogenous glucagon, dosed glucagon and/or dosed GLP-1." | ( Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS (SRM) method for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon and dosed GLP-1 from human plasma. Bloom, S; Cegla, J; Creaser, CS; Howard, JW; Jones, B; Kay, RG; Tan, T, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " We developed an insulin-dependent glucagon dosing regimen for treatment of mild hypoglycaemia based on simulations." | ( Relationship between Optimum Mini-doses of Glucagon and Insulin Levels when Treating Mild Hypoglycaemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes - A Simulation Study. Holst, JJ; Jørgensen, JB; Knudsen, CB; Madsbad, S; Madsen, H; Nørgaard, K; Ranjan, A; Schmidt, S; Wendt, SL, 2018) | 0.48 |
| " Here, we demonstrate the lipid lowering effects of acute dosing with Glp1r/Gcgr dual agonist (DualAG)." | ( Glucagon like receptor 1/ glucagon dual agonist acutely enhanced hepatic lipid clearance and suppressed de novo lipogenesis in mice. Carrington, P; Chen, Y; Cumiskey, AM; Kowalik, E; Lao, J; Li, W; McLaren, DG; More, VR; Murphy, BA; Nawrocki, A; Patel, R; Pocai, A; Previs, S; Satapati, S; Stout, S; Szeto, D; Wang, L, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Actual effects, interindividual variation, dose-response relationships, and possible long-term effects of supraphysiological glucagon levels warrant further investigation." | ( Hemodynamic Effects of Glucagon: A Literature Review. Bøgevig, S; Christensen, MB; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Petersen, KM, 2018) | 0.48 |
| "5 nmol/kg of the glucagon-analogue, a 1:23 (glucagon-analogue:insulin) ratio was chosen and a dose-response was performed in diabetic rats." | ( Dual treatment with a fixed ratio of glucagon and insulin increases the therapeutic window of insulin in diabetic rats. Bouman, SD; Pedersen, C; Porsgaard, T; Roed, NK; Rosenkilde, MM, 2018) | 0.48 |
| " Our aim was to determine whether a dual-hormone closed-loop system using wearable sensors to detect exercise and adjust dosing to reduce exercise-related hypoglycemia would outperform other forms of closed-loop and open-loop therapy." | ( Randomized Outpatient Trial of Single- and Dual-Hormone Closed-Loop Systems That Adapt to Exercise Using Wearable Sensors. Branigan, D; Castle, JR; El Youssef, J; Gabo, V; Jacobs, PG; Leitschuh, J; Rajhbeharrysingh, U; Ramsey, K; Reddy, R; Resalat, N; Senf, B; Sugerman, SM; Wilson, LM, 2018) | 0.48 |
| " The serum concentration of corticosterone increased after the administration of clozapine, but no significant variation was observed with the dosage of clozapine." | ( Clozapine-Induced Acute Hyperglycemia Is Accompanied with Elevated Serum Concentrations of Adrenaline and Glucagon in Rats. Ishiwata, Y; Kimura, Y; Nagata, M; Takahashi, H; Yasuhara, M, 2018) | 0.48 |
| "Current emergency injectors of glucagon require manual reconstitution, which involves several steps that may lead to dosage errors." | ( Rapid reconstitution packages (RRPs) for stable storage and delivery of glucagon. Abad Vazquez, AN; D'hers, S; Elman, NM; Gurman, P, 2019) | 0.51 |
| " Longer term studies with multiple daily dosing will establish whether this affects body weight." | ( Intranasal glucagon acutely increases energy expenditure without inducing hyperglycaemia in overweight/obese adults. Dash, S; Floh, A; Lee, SJ; Stahel, P; Sud, SK, 2019) | 0.51 |
| " We also propose an ad-hoc rule for both the dosage and the time of delivery of insulin and glucagon." | ( Optimal regulation of blood glucose level in Type I diabetes using insulin and glucagon. Della Rossa, F; Klickstein, I; Russell, J; Shirin, A; Sorrentino, F, 2019) | 0.51 |
| " GLP-1 RA dosing varies from once weekly to twice daily, and the class is well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes." | ( Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Brooks, A; Guyton, J; Jeon, M, 2019) | 0.51 |
| " If the blood glucose did not increase within 30 min, the initial dosage was repeated at that time." | ( Mini-doses of glucagon to prevent hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes refusing food: a case series. Rabbone, I; Tinti, D, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " Novel dosage forms of glucagon that have recently been approved for marketing in the United States allow glucagon to be delivered more easily, which may positively impact effective treatment of severe hypoglycemia among older people." | ( Newly Approved Novel Dosage Forms of Glucagon for Management of Severe Hypoglycemia. Baker, DE; Borden, TJ; Gates, BJ; Levien, TL, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " In this review, we highlight the advantages and limitations of recent advances in drug formulation that improve protein stability and pharmacokinetics, prolong drug delivery, or enable alternative dosage forms for the management of diabetes." | ( Engineering biopharmaceutical formulations to improve diabetes management. Appel, EA; Buckingham, BA; d'Aquino, AI; Lal, RA; Maikawa, CL, 2021) | 0.62 |
| " We examined the dose-response relationship for GLP-1 on glucose-induced glucagon suppression in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes." | ( Glucagonostatic Potency of GLP-1 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Patients With Type 1 Diabetes, and Healthy Control Subjects. Bagger, JI; Grøndahl, MFG; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Lund, A; Vilsbøll, T, 2021) | 0.62 |
| " Post hoc analysis of the effect of glucocorticoid dosing pre-GST on AEs was examined in those receiving <20 mg hydrocortisone (group A, n = 19) vs ≥20 mg hydrocortisone (group B, n = 59)." | ( Reducing adverse events associated with the glucagon stimulation test for the assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults with a high prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiencies. Caputo, C; Derbyshire, M; Gogna, R; Hong, A; Jung, C; Kiburg, KV; Krishnamurthy, B; MacIsaac, RJ; McLachlan, K; Sachithanandan, N; Zacharin, M, 2021) | 0.62 |
| "6 mg), placebo, or reconstituted glucagon (GlucaGen; dosed per label) during insulin-induced hypoglycemia." | ( Dasiglucagon, a next-generation ready-to-use glucagon analog, for treatment of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results of a phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Bailey, T; Battelino, T; Danne, T; DiMeglio, L; Dovc, K; Melgaard, A; Tehranchi, R; von dem Berge, T; Woerner, S; Yager Stone, J, 2021) | 0.62 |
| " PG recovery was achieved in all participants in the dasiglucagon and glucagon groups within 20 min of dosing compared to 2 out of 11 patients (18%) with placebo." | ( Dasiglucagon, a next-generation ready-to-use glucagon analog, for treatment of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results of a phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Bailey, T; Battelino, T; Danne, T; DiMeglio, L; Dovc, K; Melgaard, A; Tehranchi, R; von dem Berge, T; Woerner, S; Yager Stone, J, 2021) | 0.62 |
| " The long half-life of HM15136, coupled with an increase in blood glucose for ~2 weeks, may warrant a weekly dosing regimen." | ( A double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HM15136, a novel long-acting glucagon analogue, in healthy subjects. Baek, S; Cho, YM; Choi, J; Huh, KY; Hwang, JG; Lee, H; Lee, N; Shin, W, 2022) | 0.72 |
| "The pharmacokinetics of ZT-01 and PRL-2903 were assessed following intraperitoneal or subcutaneous dosing at 10 mg/kg." | ( ZT-01: A novel somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist for restoring the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Aiken, J; Appadurai, D; Chan, O; D'Souza, NC; Farhat, R; Hull, G; Liggins, RT; Riddell, MC; Simonson, E, 2022) | 0.72 |
| " By their self-regulated mechanism, these "smart" drugs modulate their potency, pharmacokinetics and dosing depending on patients' glucose levels." | ( Medical devices, smart drug delivery, wearables and technology for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Dolan, EB; Domingo-Lopez, DA; Duffy, GP; H J Schreiber, L; Lattanzi, G; O'Sullivan, J; Wallace, EJ; Wylie, R, 2022) | 0.72 |
| "Age-appropriate dosing of this glucagon formulation was effective at 30 min in reversing plasma glucose concentrations from < 80 mg/dL in youth with T1D." | ( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a ready-to-use, room temperature, liquid stable glucagon administered via an autoinjector pen to youth with type 1 diabetes. Buckingham, B; Conoscenti, V; Prestrelski, SJ; Sherr, J, 2022) | 0.72 |
| " Total cost per dosing unit increased from $157." | ( Glucagon Prescribing and Costs Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes, 2011-2021. Galindo, RJ; Heien, HC; Herges, JR; McCoy, RG; Neumiller, JJ; Umpierrez, GE, 2023) | 0.91 |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| peptide hormone | Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.9811 | 0.2512 | 15.8432 | 39.8107 | AID504327 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 14170 (57.12) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 4406 (17.76) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 2954 (11.91) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2345 (9.45) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 931 (3.75) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 1,498 (5.75%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 2,172 (8.34%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 784 (3.01%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 19 (0.07%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 21,566 (82.82%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Regulation of Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production by Glucagon [NCT01155206] | Phase 4 | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Safety Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity of Dasiglucagon and GlucaGen® Administered Subcutaneously in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) [NCT03216226] | Phase 3 | 112 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-06-28 | Completed | ||
| [NCT01232244] | 15 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Glucagon-like Peptide 2 - a Glucose Dependent Glucagonotropic Hormone? [NCT03954873] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-31 | Completed | |||
| The Bionic Pancreas Feasibility Trial Testing the Bionic Pancreas With ZP4207 [NCT02971228] | Phase 2 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action (KS-2) [NCT03573934] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-15 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized Open-label Crossover Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of ZP-Glucagon to Injectable Glucagon in the Treatment of Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Subjects With Type-1 Diabetes [NCT02459938] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 on Postprandial Gallbladder Motility in Healthy Subjects [NCT03682172] | Early Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomised, Double-blind, Three-period Crossover Trial to Investigate the Safety and the Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Two BioChaperone® Glucagon Formulations Compared to Marketed GlucaGen® in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03176524] | Phase 1 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-06-06 | Completed | ||
| Assessing the Effects of Intranasal Glucagon on Energy Balance in Humans [NCT03650582] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-06-06 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 3 Study of Nasal Glucagon (LY900018) Compared to Intramuscular Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Japanese Patients With Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03421379] | Phase 3 | 75 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-02-21 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel Trial to Confirm the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Dasiglucagon in Rescue Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Placebo and With Reference to GlucaGen [NCT03378635] | Phase 3 | 170 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-07 | Completed | ||
| Effect of ROSE-010 on Gastrointestinal Motor Functions in Female Patients With Constipation Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (C-IBS) [NCT01056107] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 52 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Closed-Loop Glucagon Pump for Treatment of Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia [NCT03255629] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-19 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy of Glucagon In the Prevention of Hypoglycemia During Mild Exercise [NCT03217175] | 22 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-08-18 | Terminated(stopped due to Lack of appropriate funds) | |||
| Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action [NCT03574064] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-01 | Completed | |||
| A Single Center, Randomized, 4-Period Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Single or Repeated 3 mg Doses of Intranasally Administered Glucagon in Adults With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02806960] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Drug delivery was below target dose due to partial obstruction by aggregated particles.) | ||
| A Phase 2, Interventional, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Glucagon RTU in Subjects Who Experience Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia After Bariatric Surgery [NCT03770637] | Phase 2 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-05-10 | Completed | ||
| Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo/Active-controlled, Parallel-arm Trial to Assess Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Dasiglucagon Relative to Placebo/GlucaGen® as Rescue Therapy for Severe Hypoglycemia in Children With T1DM Treated With In [NCT03667053] | Phase 3 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-28 | Completed | ||
| Glucagon Enhanced Insulin Absorption in Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 [NCT05960565] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Gastric Emptying, Appetite and Insulin-glucose Homeostasis [NCT01079624] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Glucagon on Rates of Hepatic Mitochondrial Oxidation and Pyruvate Carboxylase Flux in Man Assessed by Positional Isotopomer NMR Tracer Analysis (PINTA) [NCT03965130] | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-05-22 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| G-Pen™ (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Lilly Glucagon (Glucagon for Injection [RDNA Origin]) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adults With T1D: a Phase 3 B Multi-Centered, Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind, 2-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy [NCT03439072] | Phase 3 | 81 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-23 | Completed | ||
| The Efficacy of GLP - 1 (7-36) Amide for Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Surgical Patients [NCT00798590] | Phase 2 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Terminated(stopped due to PI left JHU) | ||
| An Open-label, Randomized, Five-way, Cross-over Study to Compare the Efficacy of Single- and Dual-hormone Closed-loop Operations Combined With Either Conventional Carbohydrate Counting or a Simplified Qualitative Meal-size Estimation, and Sensor-augmented [NCT02490098] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding terminated) | ||
| Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03249506] | 25,358 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-05-12 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Liver Glycogen Content on Hypoglycemic Counterregulation [NCT03241706] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-08-02 | Recruiting | ||
| A Prospective Randomized, Placebo (Saline)-Controlled, Balanced, 3-treatment Regimen Crossover Study Comparing the Effects of Prolonged (13 h) Hyperglucagonemia With Those of Acute (3 hr) Hyperglucagonemia on Energy Expenditure and Endogenous Glucose Prot [NCT02237053] | Phase 1 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Obesity Treatment to Improve Diabetes [NCT05390307] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-04-01 | Recruiting | |||
| The Use of Mini-dose Glucagon to Prevent Exercise-induced Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02660242] | Phase 2 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Importance of Endogenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide for Postprandial Glucose Metabolism After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery [NCT03950245] | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-07-01 | Completed | |||
| A Pilot Study on the Effect of Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Co-agonism on Cardiac Function and Metabolism in Overweight Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (COCONUT) [NCT04307797] | Phase 4 | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-01-18 | Recruiting | ||
| The Effect of GIP and GLP-1 on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Patients With HNF1A-diabetes Treated With or Without Sulphonylurea [NCT03081676] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-08 | Completed | |||
| Bioequivalence of a Test Formulation of Glucagon for SC Injection Compared to Glucagon for Injection (Bedford Laboratories) Under Fasted Conditions [NCT02086227] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Dysfunction [NCT01858896] | Early Phase 1 | 28 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-07-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Development and Evaluation of a Glucagon Sensitivity Test in Individuals With and Without Hepatic Steatosis [NCT04907721] | 65 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-05-27 | Completed | |||
| Comparison of Canagliflozin vs. Alternative Antihyperglycemic Treatments on Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization and Amputation for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Subpopulation With Established Cardiovascular Disease [NCT03492580] | 714,582 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2018-02-22 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Three-way, Cross-over Study to Assess the Efficacy of a Dual-hormone Closed-loop System With XeriSol™ Glucagon vs Closed-loop System With Insulin Only vs a Predictive Low Glucose Suspend System [NCT03424044] | Phase 1 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-03-29 | Completed | ||
| G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) Compared to GlucaGen® Hypokit® (Glucagon) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adults With T1D: A Phase 3 Multi-center, Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind, 2-way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety [NCT03738865] | Phase 3 | 132 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-27 | Completed | ||
| A Pathophysiological Study of the Postprandial Human Liver (PLS) [NCT03849235] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2019-03-02 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparison of Glucagon Administered by Either the Nasal (LY900018) or Intra-muscular (GlucaGen®) Routes in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Controlled Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia [NCT03339453] | Phase 1 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-11-10 | Completed | ||
| A Once-weekly, Repeated Dose, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind, Randomised Cross-over Trial Investigating Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacodynamics of FE 203799 in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome With Intestinal Failure Requiring Parenteral Support Followe [NCT03415594] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-08 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Native GLP-1 on Glucose Metabolism in the CNS During Hyperglycemia in Healthy Young Men Assessed by PET [NCT01185119] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 on No-reflow in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [NCT02507128] | 190 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Recruiting | |||
| The Role of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in Type 2 Diabetic Hyperglucagonemia [NCT00716170] | 10 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2008-07-31 | Completed | |||
| The Effect of LY2189265 on Insulin Secretion in Response to Intravenous Glucose Infusion [NCT01300260] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-02-28 | Completed | ||
| The Diagnostic Accuracy of the Glucagon Stimulation Test for Evaluation of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis [NCT01282164] | 43 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Physiologic Hyperglucogonemia on Adipocyte Metabolism [NCT04300049] | Early Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-02-05 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blinded Trial to Investigate Glycemic Excursions Following an Oral Mixed Meal Challenge in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes When Concomitantly Treated With Insulin Alone or Co-administered Insulin and Glucagon [NCT04712266] | Early Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-09-15 | Completed | ||
| Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of a Cohort of Pediatric Patients With New-onset Type 1 Diabetes [NCT04007809] | 98 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-06-15 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| The Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Stroke Patients [NCT02829502] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Recruiting | ||
| [NCT02798250] | Phase 2 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Stable Glucagon Analog Administered by a Bihormonal Closed Loop System; a Feasibility Study [NCT05454709] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Mini-Dose Glucagon for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Mini-dose Glucagon for Treatment of Non-severe Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02411578] | Phase 2 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Role of Hyperinsulinemia in NAFLD: Dexamethasone-Pancreatic Clamp Pilot & Feasibility Study [NCT06126354] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| The Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT02129179] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Single Center, Randomized, 4-Period Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Single or Repeated 3 mg Doses of Intranasally Administered Glucagon in Adults With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02806973] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Differential Effects of Diabetes Therapy on Inflammation [NCT02150707] | 17 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2014-05-31 | Completed | |||
| High Risk Population of Cardiovascular Disease in Hubei Province (Coronary Heart Disease With Diabetes) Screening and Intervention Program [NCT05782881] | 16,000 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-01-15 | Recruiting | |||
| A Randomized, Participant-blinded Five-arm Crossover Study With Blinded Outcome Assessment Investigating Glucagon's Cardiovascular Effects With and Without Beta-blocker-induced Cardioinhibition. [NCT03533179] | Phase 4 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-01 | Completed | ||
| An Open-Label, Multi-Center, Single-Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics of Nasal Glucagon in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Aged 1 to <4 Years [NCT04992312] | Phase 1 | 9 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-24 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomised, Open, Two-Way Cross-Over, Phase I Study to Evaluate the Response to Glucagon Versus the Spontaneous Counter-Regulatory Response in T2DM Patients Treated With AZD1656 and Metformin During Hypoglycemia [NCT00817271] | Phase 1 | 8 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Mini-Dose Glucagon to Treat Fasting-induced Hypoglycemia During Ramadan [NCT03970772] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-04-15 | Completed | |||
| A Comparison of Two Sensor-Augmented Glycemic Control Systems in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin and Glucagon Delivery vs. SC Insulin Only [NCT00797823] | Phase 2 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| GLP-1 Inhibits Prandial Antro-duodeno-jejunal Motility in Humans: Native GLP-1 Compared With Analogue ROSE-010 in Vitro [NCT02731664] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Four Weeks of Near Normalisation of Blood Glucose Improves the Insulin Response to GLP-1 and GIP in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00612950] | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Combination of the Gut Hormones Neurotensin and GLP-1 on Physiological Regulation of Appetite and Food Intake [NCT04186026] | 35 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-10-01 | Recruiting | |||
| The Role of the Kidneys and Liver in the Elimination of Glucagon An Evaluation of the Metabolic Clearance Rate of Glucagon in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease and Patients With Liver Cirrhosis [NCT05056584] | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-08-01 | Completed | |||
| Evaluation of the Effects of Intranasal Glucagon on Endogenous Glucose Production in Humans [NCT02740829] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Dual-hormone Artificial Pancreas With Closed-loop Glucose Control Versus Single-hormone With Carbohydrate Recommendations Under Unannounced Exercise and Meal Challenge in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. [NCT06082973] | 15 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Near Normalisation of Blood Glucose Improves the Potentiating Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Induced Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00612625] | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-02-29 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effects of Common Cold and of Concomitant Administration of Nasal Decongestant on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Glucagon Formulation in Otherwise Healthy Subjects [NCT02778100] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Open Label, Four Way Crossover Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety After Intramuscular (IM) Administration of Mayne Glucagon for Injection With Glucagen® (Novo Nordisk) in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT00745186] | Phase 1 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Pilot Study to Determine Tolerability to Glucagon Infusion in Obese Subjects [NCT02817659] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-11-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Fixed Rate Continuous Subcutaneous Glucagon Infusion (CSGI) vs Placebo in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Recurrent Severe Hypoglycemia: Effects on Counter-Regulatory Responses to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia [NCT03490942] | Phase 2 | 49 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-03-15 | Terminated(stopped due to Primary endpoint was not met) | ||
| Effect of GLP-1 on Insulin Biosynthesis and Turnover Rates [NCT00609154] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Prognostic Value of Plasma Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Levels in Acute Myocardial Infarction [NCT03129594] | 709 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-02-28 | Completed | |||
| Second-line Therapies for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Cardiovascular Disease Risk [NCT05214573] | 500,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2021-12-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Endothelial and Metabolic Effects of GLP-1 in Coronary Circulation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00923962] | 35 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Regimens Using Targeted Learning [NCT05073692] | 270,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2021-07-01 | Recruiting | |||
| The Mechanisms Underlying the Glucagon-Induced Suppression of Ghrelin Secretion [NCT00929812] | Phase 3 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind Trial of Single Doses of ZP4207 Administered s.c. to Hypoglycemic Type 1 Diabetic Patients to Describe the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of ZP4207 as Compared to Marketed Glucagon [NCT02660008] | Phase 2 | 81 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Surgically Induced Weight Loss on Endocrine Function, Cardiovascular Function and Body Composition [NCT00686972] | Phase 2 | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to PI left JHU) | ||
| A Randomized Controlled, Open-label, Multi-center Study With 16-week Beinaglutide or Dulaglutide Assessing Effects on Glucose Control and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes With Overweight or Obesity. [NCT05005741] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-05-01 | Recruiting | ||
| GIP/GLP-1 Co-Activity in Subjects With Obesity: Lowering of Food Intake [NCT02598791] | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-01 | Completed | |||
| Incretin Action in Physiology and Diabetes [NCT04347252] | Phase 1 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-09-24 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised, Single Center, Three-period Trial to Compare the Relative Pharmacodynamic Properties of Different Glucagon Dosages at Four Different Blood Glucose Concentrations [NCT01916265] | Phase 1 | 6 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Study of Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition [NCT00005889] | 96 participants | Interventional | 1999-10-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Acute Effects of GLP-1 on Renal Hemodynamics: Simultaneous Perfusion and Oxygenation Measurements in Cortex and Medulla Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NCT04337268] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-04-01 | Completed | |||
| GLP-1 Restores Altered Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Post-transplantation Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02591849] | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Effects of Hyperglycemia on Myocardial Perfusion in Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: Modulation by Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 [NCT01021865] | 33 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-02-28 | Completed | |||
| Effects of KATP Channel Blockers on GLP-1 and Its Analogues' Mediated Microvascular Function [NCT01934816] | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Technical Issues with intervention) | |||
| The Role of Amylin and Glucagon in the Management of Normalizing Glucose Excursions in Children With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT00206258] | Phase 3 | 30 participants | Interventional | 2002-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Regulation of Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production by Glucagon Like [NCT01958775] | Phase 3 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blinded, Randomized, Two-way, Cross-over Study to Assess the Efficacy of Small Subcutaneous Glucagon Dose Against the Conventional 1 mg Dose to Treat Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01828125] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-04-30 | Withdrawn | ||
| Investigating the Incretin Effect in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT01975259] | 50 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-12-31 | Completed | |||
| GLP-1's Influence on Intestinal Blood Flow [NCT01988545] | 8 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-11-30 | Recruiting | |||
| Endogenous Glucoseproduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Oral Glucose and iv. Glucose Infusion [NCT02010827] | 20 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-11-30 | Completed | |||
| A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Dose, 3-Period, 4 Treatment Incomplete Crossover Study to Assess the Effects of Single Oral Doses of L-001241689 on Glucagon-Induced Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Male Subjects Following Intravenous A [NCT02012166] | Phase 1 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-07-31 | Completed | ||
| FLAT-SUGAR: FLuctuATion Reduction With inSULin and Glp-1 Added togetheR [NCT01524705] | Phase 4 | 102 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-08-31 | Completed | ||
| The Impact of Subcutaneous Glucagon Before, During and After Exercise a Study in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02882737] | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-30 | Completed | |||
| SAR438544 - Clinical & Exploratory Pharmacology [NCT02635243] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Withdrawn | ||
| Comparative Cardiovascular and Renal Effectiveness and Safety of Empagliflozin and Other SGLT2i in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) With and Without Baseline Kidney Disease in the United States [NCT05465317] | 30,400 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2022-08-08 | Completed | |||
| [NCT01689051] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | |||
| The Effect of 48 Hours of GLP-1 Infusion During Long-Time Fasting on Glycaemia and Counterregulatory Hormones [NCT00285896] | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | |||
| A Single-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Ascending Single Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of GSK1362885 in Healthy Normal Subjects. [NCT00823940] | Phase 1 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-13 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Glucagon and Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single Escalating Doses of SAR438544 Administered by Subcutaneous Route in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Type 1diabetes M [NCT02625636] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Low-Dose Glucagon and Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System for Prevention of Exercise-Induced Hypoglycaemia in People With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT05379686] | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-09-21 | Recruiting | |||
| Low-dose Glucagon for Prevention of Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia in People With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT05076292] | 22 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-23 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Liraglutide on Neural Responses to High Fructose Corn Syrup in Individuals With Obesity. [NCT03500484] | Phase 2 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-06 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Assess the Efficacy of Single-hormone Closed-loop Strategy, Dual-hormone Closed-loop Strategy and Sensor-augmented Pump Therapy in Regulating Glucose Levels for 15 Weeks in Free-living Outpatient Conditions [NCT02846857] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn | |||
| The Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Non-Stroke Volunteers (EGRABINS1) [NCT02838589] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Single-blind, Randomized, Two-way, Cross-over Study to Examine the Safety of Overestimation of a Meal Insulin Bolus in the Context of Dual-hormone Closed-loop Operation Combined With a Simplified Qualitative Meal-size Estimation in Adults With Type 1 Di [NCT02626936] | Phase 2 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Glucagon in the Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants of Diabetic Mothers [NCT00434772] | Phase 2 | 0 participants | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Subjects and Patients With T2DM. Part 1: A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy of Exendin(9-39)Amide as a GLP-1 Receptor Antagonist in Healthy Subjects [NCT00393445] | Phase 1 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
| FINErenone druG Utilization Study and Assessment of Temporal Changes Following Availability of Different Treatment Options in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes [NCT05526157] | 50,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2022-10-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| The Effect of Lifestyle-induced Hepatic Steatosis on Glucagon-stimulated Amino Acid Turnover [NCT04859322] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-02-08 | Completed | |||
| Reducing Hypoglycemic, Pro-coagulant and Pro-atherothrombotic Responses and Preventing Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure in Type 1 DM. The Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 [NCT04355832] | Early Phase 1 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-06-24 | Recruiting | ||
| Subcutaneous Dasiglucagon Use During Exercise In People With Type 1 Diabetes: Effects On Plasma Glucose And Exercise Metabolism [NCT04192019] | Early Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2023-04-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Prioritization of other projects) | ||
| Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Danish Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Initiate Empagliflozin Versus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RA): A Danish Nationwide Comparative Effectiveness Study [EMPLACEtm] [NCT03993132] | 57,000 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2018-10-01 | Completed | |||
| Delineation of the Diabetogenic Role of Extrapancreatic Glucagon in Totally Pancreatectomised Patients Using Glucagon Receptor Antagonism [NCT02944110] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Enrolling by invitation | |||
| Mechanisms of Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia [NCT04428866] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2020-02-26 | Recruiting | |||
| Randomised, Sequential, Cross-over Trial Assessing PK and PD Responses After Micro-doses of ZP4207 Administered s.c. to Patients With T1D Under eu- and Hypoglycemic Conditions and With Reference to Freshly Reconstituted Lyophilized Glucagon [NCT02916251] | Phase 2 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-12-01 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-dose, 2-Treatment, 2-Period, 2-Sequence Crossover Bioequivalence Study Comparing Two Formulations of Insulin Glulisine (Insulin Glulisine 300 Units/mL Versus Insulin Glulisine 100 Units/mL Marketed as Apidra® 100 Units/m [NCT02910518] | Phase 1 | 44 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-17 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Glucagon on Hepatic Metabolism [NCT05500586] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-10-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of Dapagliflozin (DAPA) and Once-weekly Exenatide (EQW), Co-administered or Alone, DAPA/ Glucophage (DAPA/MET ER) and Phentermine/Topiramate (PHEN/TPM) ER on Metabolic Profiles and Body Composition in Obese PCOS Women [NCT02635386] | Phase 3 | 119 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-22 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Uptake in the CNS and Heart in Healthy Subjects During Normoglycaemia Assessed by Positron Emission Tomografi [NCT00256256] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action (GA-8) [NCT03159741] | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-05-16 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study of CSI-Glucagon™ (Continuous Subcutaneous Glucagon Infusion) to Prevent Hypoglycemia With Lower Intravenous Glucose Infusion Rates in Children up to One Year of Age With Congenital Hyperinsulinism [NCT02937558] | Phase 2 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-10-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Uptake in the Brain and Heart in Healthy Subjects During Hypoglycemia Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography [NCT00418288] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 2, Open-label, Randomised, Dose-Finding Study of XW003, Once-Weekly Human Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogue, Compared With Once-Daily Liraglutide 3 mg in Adult Participants With Obesity [NCT05111912] | Phase 2 | 206 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Role of Glucagon in Outpatient Colonoscopy? A Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02078726] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00155376] | Phase 4 | 100 participants | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Role of Hyperinsulinemia in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Pathogenesis: Pancreatic Clamp Pilot & Feasibility Study [NCT05724134] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-08-29 | Recruiting | ||
| Virtual Clinical Study Exploring Remote Collection of Glycaemic and Behaviometric Data Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Different Treatment Regimens [NCT04809311] | 500 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2023-11-13 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Effect of GLP-1 and GIP on the Maximal Insulin Secretory Capacity in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00603031] | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Improving Metabolic Assessments in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Trials [NCT00105352] | 120 participants | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Glucagon, Ghrelin and Growth Hormone as Counterregulatory Hormones [NCT01795235] | 6 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-12-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Effectiveness and Persistence of Therapy With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Clinical Practice. A Multicenter Retrospective Study [NCT03959865] | 6,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2018-12-19 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Pharmacogenetics of Ace Inhibitor-Associated Angioedema:Aim 1 [NCT01413542] | 44 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | |||
| A Comparison of the Haemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Intravenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1, Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1:Glucagon Co-agonism in Healthy Male Participants [NCT03835013] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-02-11 | Recruiting | |||
| Pilot Study of the Effects of LY2409021 in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01640834] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study of Sensor-Guided, Clinician-Administered Delivery of G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) From an OmniPod® to Prevent Post-Prandial Hypoglycemia in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients [NCT02733588] | Phase 2 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1b, Single-Blind Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Activity of Three Separate Dose Levels of Very Low Dose-Glucagon Administered Subcutaneously Overnight for 6, 9 or 12 Hours in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes M [NCT00304538] | Phase 1 | 10 participants | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Gut Peptides and Bone Remodeling in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury [NCT05181150] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-11-16 | Recruiting | |||
| The iLet Introduction Study: A Feasibility Study of the iLet, a Fully Integrated Bihormonal Bionic Pancreas [NCT02701257] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated prior to completing the planned cohorts and analysis because of problems with the infusion set resulting in inadequate insulin delivery) | |||
| Phase II Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of 2 Dose Levels of a Novel Glucagon Formulation Compared to Commercially Available Glucagon in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Following Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia [NCT01556594] | Phase 2 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Investigating Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Humans [NCT01935791] | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Modulation of Human Myocardial Metabolism by GLP-1 Dose Response [NCT01607450] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 33 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Assessment of Intranasal Glucagon in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01997411] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Equivalence of A Stable Liquid Glucagon Formulation With Freshly Reconstituted Lyophilized Glucagon [NCT02018627] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of the Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated With Exenatide Versus Basal Insulin in People With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02987348] | 18,000 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2015-06-30 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Glucose Response of G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03091673] | Phase 3 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-27 | Completed | ||
| In-depth Studies of Glucagon Resistance on Hepatic Glucose, Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Kinetics and Generation of Toxic Lipid Intermediates in NAFLD and NASH. [NCT04042142] | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-10-05 | Completed | |||
| Closed-Loop Glucagon Administration for the Automated Prevention and Treatment of Hypoglycemia [NCT02181127] | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-11-30 | Completed | |||
| A Simulation Study Comparing Successful Administration, Time to Administer, and User Experience of Ready-to-Use Nasal Glucagon With Reconstitutable Injectable Glucagon [NCT03765502] | Phase 1 | 99 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-11-19 | Completed | ||
| Closed-Loop Glucagon Administration For The Automated Treatment Of Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia [NCT02966275] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Prolonged (72 Hour) Glucagon Administration on Energy Expenditure in Healthy Obese Subjects [NCT03139305] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-10-24 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03195257] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-17 | Completed | |||
| G-Pen™ (Glucagon Injection) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adult Patients With T1D [NCT02423980] | Phase 2 | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Metabolic Adaptation to High-frequent Hypoglycaemia in Type 1 Diabetes - the HypoADAPT Study [NCT05095259] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-12-16 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Phase 1-2 Trial of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (GLP-2) in Infants and Children With Intestinal Failure [NCT01573286] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to GLP-2 Drug product stability concerns) | ||
| Copeptin After a Subcutaneous Stimulation With Glucagon in Adults (Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Diabetes Insipidus or Primary Polydipsia) - The Glucacop-Study [NCT04550520] | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-09-28 | Completed | |||
| Carbohydrates Under Target for Type 1 Diabetes Management [NCT04758858] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-03-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Not approved by REB) | |||
| Integration of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Into a Bi-Hormonal Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas for Automated Management of Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01161862] | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-31 | Completed | |||
| [NCT01507597] | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-12-31 | Completed | |||
| CORDIALLY® - CEE: Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Modern Antidiabetic Drugs. A Real World Data Collection of Patient Baseline Characteristics, Treatment Patterns and Comorbidities in Central Eastern European (CEE) Countries [NCT03807440] | 4,083 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2019-08-26 | Completed | |||
| The Effect of Repeated Doses of Subcutaneous Glucagon on Hepatic Glycogen Stores in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01986231] | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Response to Glucagon in Patients With Metabolic-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: a Feasibility Study [NCT06154096] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2024-03-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Evaluation of L-Cell Activity in the Small Intestine as Biliopancreatic Loop Extension in Obese Patients With DM2 Submitted to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass [NCT05446415] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-02-05 | Recruiting | |||
| A Single Site, Randomized, Four-Way, Four-Period PK/PD Crossover Phase 1 Clinical Study in 16 Fasted Healthy Adult Volunteers Receiving 3 Dose Levels of Intranasally Administered Glucagon and One Dose Level of Glucagon Administered by Subcutaneous Injecti [NCT02778113] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Ethanol Intoxication on the Anti-hypoglycemic Action of Glucagon [NCT02516150] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-31 | Completed | ||
| G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Lilly Glucagon (Glucagon for Injection [RDNA Origin]) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adult Patients With T1DM: A Phase 3, Multi-center, Randomized, Blinded, 2-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety [NCT02656069] | Phase 3 | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-15 | Completed | ||
| A Multiple Center, Open Label, Prospective, Observational Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Ease-of-Use of AMG504-1 Administered in the Home or Work Environments for Treating Episodes of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02171130] | Phase 3 | 129 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-05-31 | Completed | ||
| The Hepatic Glucose Response to Glucagon at Varying Insulin Levels: Implications for Closed Loop Glycemic Control. [NCT01483651] | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Metabolic and Central Nervous System Characterisation of the Phenotype of Non-suppressed (Rising) Glucagon After Glucose Challenge [NCT03061227] | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-10 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-blinded Trial of Single Ascending Doses of ZP4207 Administered s.c. or i.m. to HV and a SD of ZP4207 Administered s.c. to Hypoglycemic T1D to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, PKs and PDs of ZP4207 as Compared to an Active Comparator [NCT02367053] | Phase 1 | 111 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label, Randomized, Five-way, Cross-over Study to Compare the Efficacy of Single- and Dual-hormone Closed-loop Operations Combined With Either Conventional Carbohydrate Counting or a Simplified Qualitative Meal-size Estimation, and Sensor-augmented [NCT02416765] | Phase 2 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Single Center, Randomized, Parallel Safety Study To Evaluate The Immunogenicity Of A Novel Glucagon Formulation Compared To Commercially Available Glucagon Administered By Intramuscular Injection In Adults With Type 1 OR Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01959334] | Phase 3 | 75 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Pilot Study in Testing State of the Art Remote Glucose Monitoring at Diabetes Camp [NCT01680653] | 57 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Phase 2a, Blinded, 3-Way Crossover Dose-Ranging Study With G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) [NCT02081014] | Phase 2 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Incretin Regulation of Insulin Secretion in Monogenic Diabetes [NCT01795144] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Exenatide on Motor Function and the Brain [NCT03456687] | Phase 1 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-05 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Moringa Leaf Capsules on Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetic Patients- an Interventional Study [NCT06125873] | Phase 2 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-03-15 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of XW003 Injection in Healthy Adult Participants [NCT04389775] | Phase 1 | 64 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-03-29 | Completed | ||
| A RANDOMIZED, PHASE 2, DOUBLE-BLIND, 3-WAY CROSSOVER STUDY WITH G-PEN™ (GLUCAGON INJECTION) TO EVALUATE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY AND COMPARATIVE PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS TO LILLY GLUCAGON™ (GLUCAGON FOR INJECTION [rDNA ORIGIN]) IN HEALTHY VOLUNTE [NCT01972152] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Dual-hormone Closed-loop Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT04053712] | Phase 4 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-07-16 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised, Double-blinded, Single Subcutaneous Dose Escalation Trial Investigating the Safety and Tolerability of NNC9204-1513 in Healthy Subjects [NCT03444467] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-02-05 | Completed | ||
| In Vivo Assessment of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux in the Muscle and Splanchnic Bed of Humans: A Pilot Study [NCT02748369] | Phase 1 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Nasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Diabetes [NCT01994746] | Phase 3 | 77 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Treatment of Hypoglycemia With Glucagon Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02232971] | Phase 4 | 8 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-09-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Hepatic Metabolic Changes in Response to Glucagon Infusion [NCT03526445] | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-01 | Completed | |||
| A PET/CT Study to Assess the Receptor Occupancy by SAR425899 After Repeat Dosing Using Radiolabelled Tracers for the Glucagon and GLP-1 Receptor in Overweight to Obese T2DM Patients [NCT03350191] | Phase 1 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-20 | Completed | ||
| Phase 2 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Parallel Study to Evaluate Glucagon RTU (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Standard of Care for Prevention of Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia During Regular Aerobic Exercise in Adults With T1D [NCT03841526] | Phase 2 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-08-22 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Glucagon on Uterine Contractility at the Time of Embryo Transfer in in Vitro Fertilization [NCT01674283] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Uterine contractility not possible to visualize with our ultrasound machines) | ||
| Phase 3 Study of the Effect of Glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonism on Renal Outcomes in Humans With Diabetic Kidney Disease [NCT01847313] | Phase 3 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Hyperglucagonaemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes - Role of Glucagon Clearance [NCT02475421] | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Pilot Study of the Effect of Weight Loss by Pharmacotherapy on Chronic Pro-tumor Inflammatory Cells [NCT05756764] | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2023-05-23 | Recruiting | |||
| Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BIOD-961 vs. Glucagon for Injection (Eli Lilly) and GlucaGen® (Novo Nordisk) Administered by Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Injection in Normal, Healthy Volunteers [NCT02403648] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Dual-Hormone Closed-Loop Glucose Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT04949867] | Phase 4 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-05-20 | Completed | ||
| A Multiple Center, Open Label, Prospective Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Ease-Of-Use of AMG504-1 Administered in the Home or School Environments for Treating Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents With T1D [NCT02402933] | Phase 3 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparison of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) vs. GlucaGen® Delivered Subcutaneously to Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) [NCT02081001] | Phase 2 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
(NCT00797823)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | percent of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Comparator: Insulin Alone | 2.8 |
| Active Comparator: Insulin Plus Glucagon | 1.15 |
Effectiveness of closed loop diabetes control will be measured by mean glucose. (NCT00797823)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Comparator: Insulin Alone | 136.9 |
| Active Comparator: Insulin Plus Glucagon | 149.5 |
The scintigraphic method is used to measure colonic transit. An isotope is adsorbed on activated charcoal particles and delivered to the colon in a delayed release capsule. Anterior and posterior gamma images are taken hourly. The geometric center (GC) is the weighted average of counts in the different colonic regions. The scale ranges from 1 to 5; a high GC implies faster colonic transit, a GC of 1 implies all isotope is in the ascending colon, and a GC of 5 implies all isotope is in the stool. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 24 hours (Visit 3 = Day 1)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 2.39 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 2.37 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 2.02 |
| Placebo | 1.76 |
Ascending colon emptying half-time will be estimated by power exponential analysis of the proportionate emptying over time of counts from the colon. The primary data for this analysis will be the proportion of decay and depth-corrected counts in the ascending colon on the hourly scans on the first day of transit measurement and the 48 hour data. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 48 hours (Visit 4 = Day 2)
| Intervention | hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 14.5 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 14.8 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 17.1 |
| Placebo | 19.3 |
The scintigraphic method is used to measure colonic transit. An isotope is adsorbed on activated charcoal particles and delivered to the colon in a delayed release capsule. Anterior and posterior gamma images are taken hourly. The geometric center (GC) is the weighted average of counts in the different colonic regions. The scale ranges from 1 to 5; a high GC implies faster colonic transit, a GC of 1 implies all isotope is in the ascending colon, and a GC of 5 implies all isotope is in the stool. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 48 hours (Visit 4 = Day 2)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 3.69 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 3.79 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 3.36 |
| Placebo | 2.67 |
"A noninvasive SPECT method was used to measure gastric volume during fasting and 32 min after a liquid nutritional supplement meal. Subjects reported to the clinic after an overnight fast. 99mTC was giving by an intravenous injection in the forearm. The first fasting scan was obtained, and the study medication was given s.c. After 10 min, a 2nd fasting post medication scan was obtained, and the meal consumed; then two serial postprandial scans were obtained. Each scan required 9-12 min. Tomographic images of the gastric wall were obtained throughout the long axis of the stomach using a dual-head gamma camera that rotates around the body. This allows assessment of the radiolabeled circumference of the gastric wall, rather than the intragastric content. For this outcome measure, the scans for the fasting volume and 2 postprandial volumes were used. The 2 postprandial (PP) volumes were averaged. Change was calculated as (PP - Fasting = gastric accommodation)." (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: approximately 1 hour after 99mTC injection, approximately 30 min after liquid meal (Visit 5 = approximately 2-10 days after Visit 4)
| Intervention | mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 532.2 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 575.6 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 515.2 |
| Placebo | 532.8 |
Percent of the radio-labeled meal that reached the colon at 6 hours, indirectly reflecting small bowel transit time. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 6 hours (Visit 2 = Day 0)
| Intervention | percentage of meal (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 47.6 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 54.4 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 48.0 |
| Placebo | 53.5 |
The gastric residual will be calculated as the proportion of isotope remaining in the stomach (at 2 and 4 hours). (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 2 hours, 4 hours (Visit 2 = Day 0)
| Intervention | proportion of isotope in the stomach (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gastric residual at 2 hours | Gastric residual at 4 hours | |
| Placebo | 0.59 | 0.12 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 0.76 | 0.16 |
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 0.66 | 0.14 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 0.86 | 0.30 |
"The scintigraphic method is used to measure colonic transit. An isotope is adsorbed on activated charcoal particles and delivered to the colon in a delayed release capsule. Anterior and posterior gamma images are taken hourly. The geometric center (GC) is the weighted average of counts in the different colonic regions. The scale ranges from 1 to 5; a high GC implies faster colonic transit, a GC of 1 implies all isotope is in the ascending colon, and a GC of 5 implies all isotope is in the stool. (Note: when there is no radio isotope in the colon (e.g., at 4 hours) the geometric center values are recorded as zero, thus the mean values can be less than one.)" (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 4 hours (Visit 2 = Day 0)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 0.70 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 0.47 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 0.57 |
| Placebo | 0.53 |
Stool frequency was self reported in a Bowel Pattern Diary. The bowel pattern diary was dispensed at the screening visit, and the completed bowel pattern diary was collected at the completion of the study. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: screening visit (Visit 1), 34 days (Visit 6)
| Intervention | Stools/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 0.75 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 1.13 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 0.88 |
| Placebo | 0.70 |
"The subjects rated their stool consistency using the 7-point Bristol Stool Scale. The Bristol Stool Scale is a medical aid designed to classify the form of human feces into seven categories or types. Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5-7 tending towards diarrhea. The Bristol stool form was part of the bowel pattern diary, which was dispensed at the screening visit, and the completed bowel pattern diary was collected at the completion of the study." (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: 34 days (Visit 6)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 2.93 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 2.96 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 2.93 |
| Placebo | 3.05 |
Half time (t1/2) of gastric emptying (GE) of solids is the time for half of the ingested solids or liquids to leave the stomach. The scintigraphy for GE t1/2 was done on Visit 2 (Day 0 of the study), the first day of scintigraphy. (NCT01056107)
Timeframe: approximately 2 hours after radiolabeled meal is ingested (Visit 2 = Day 0)
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| ROSE-010 30 Mcg | 151.8 |
| ROSE-010 100 Mcg | 172.6 |
| ROSE-010 300 Mcg | 210.7 |
| Placebo | 136.9 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | Carbohydrate Interventions (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bi-hormonal With Meal Priming Bolus | 12 |
| Bi-hormonal Without Meal Priming Bolus | 10 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | percentage of total time (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | Adolescents | |
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 5.1 | 0.3 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 3.6 | 0.4 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | percentage of total time (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | Adolescents | |
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 80 | 68 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 70 | 60 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 65.9 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 66.4 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | Number of events (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bi-hormonal With Meal Priming Bolus | 59 |
| Bi-hormonal Without Meal Priming Bolus | 48 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | u/kg/day (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | Adolescents | |
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 0.6 | 1.1 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 0.7 | 1.2 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | Adolescents | |
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 132 | 162 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 146 | 175 |
(NCT01161862)
Timeframe: 48 hours
| Intervention | percentage of total time (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adults | Adolescents | |
| Bionic Pancreas With Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 2.3 | 0.1 |
| Bionic Pancreas Without Automated Meal-priming Bolus | 1.4 | 0.1 |
The peak cortisol levels during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in healthy volunteers. (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ug/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control Group- ITT | 22.1 |
| Control Group- Fixed-dose GST | 18.0 |
| Control Group- Weight-based GST | 22.7 |
The peak growth hormone (GH) during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in patients with adult onset hypothalamic-pituitary disease and 1-2 pituitary hormone deficiency (PHD) other than growth hormone (GH) deficiency. (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ng/mL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Insulin Tolerance Test | 0.9 |
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Fixed Dose GST | 0.6 |
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Weight Based GST | 0.7 |
The peak growth hormone (GH) during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in healthy volunteers (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ng/mL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control Group- ITT | 14.0 |
| Control Group- Fixed-dose GST | 4.5 |
| Control Group- Weight-based GST | 5.8 |
The peak cortisol level during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in patients with adult onset hypothalamic-pituitary disease and three or more pituitary hormone deficiency (PHD) other than growth hormone (GH) deficiency. (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ug/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Insulin Tolerance Test | 6.3 |
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Fixed Dose GST | 2.3 |
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Weight Based GST | 2.5 |
The peak growth hormone (GH) during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in patients with adult onset hypothalamic-pituitary disease with three or more pituitary hormone deficiency (PHD) other than growth hormone (GH) deficiency. (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ng/mL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Insulin Tolerance Test | 0.1 |
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Fixed Dose GST | 0.1 |
| Patients With 3 or More PHD- Weight Based GST | 0.1 |
The peak cortisol level during Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), fixed- dose glucagon stimulation test (GST) and weight-based GST in patients with adult onset hypothalamic-pituitary disease and 1-2 pituitary hormone deficiency (PHD) other than growth hormone (GH) deficiency. (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ug/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Insulin Tolerance Test | 22.2 |
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Fixed Dose GST | 19.5 |
| Patients With 1-2 PHD- Weight Based GST | 22.7 |
The peak cortisol level during ACTH stimulation test in 3 patients with adult onset hypothalamic-pituitary disease who were older than 65 years of age and could not under go insulin tolerance test (ITT). (NCT01282164)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | ug/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Patients Older Than 65 | 10 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. On Day 3 of each treatment period, participants underwent a 6-hour insulin infusion, followed by an intravenous (IV) dextrose 50% bolus to stimulate insulin secretion. Three hours later, participants were administered a second dextrose bolus, followed by an infusion of 20% dextrose and, 15 minutes after the start of the 20% dextrose infusion, a 1-mg glucagon bolus was administered. Maximum plasma insulin concentration from 0 to 10 minutes (INSCmax[0-10]) following the first dextrose bolus (the first phase response) was corrected for baseline, where baseline was the mean of the insulin concentrations obtained between -30 and 0 minutes relative to the first dextrose bolus. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: 0-10 minutes after dextrose bolus on Day 3 postdose
| Intervention | picomole per liter (pmol/L) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 233 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 689 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 74.3 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 401 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. Maximum plasma insulin concentration from -2 to 20 minutes following the glucagon bolus (INSCmaxG) is presented. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: After glucagon bolus on Day 3 postdose
| Intervention | picomole per liter (pmol/L) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 996 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 1215 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 1088 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 1514 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. On Day 3 of each treatment period, participants underwent a 6-hour insulin infusion, followed by an intravenous (IV) dextrose 50% bolus to stimulate insulin secretion. Three hours later, participants were administered a second dextrose bolus, followed by an infusion of 20% dextrose and, 15 minutes after the start of the 20% dextrose infusion, a 1-mg glucagon bolus was administered. Maximum plasma insulin concentration from 10 to 180 minutes (INSCmax[10-180]) following the first dextrose bolus (the second phase response) was corrected for baseline, where baseline was the mean of the insulin concentrations obtained between -30 and 0 minutes relative to the first dextrose bolus. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: 10-180 minutes after dextrose bolus on Day 3 postdose
| Intervention | picomole per liter (pmol/L)] (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 89.2 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 370 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 95.9 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 363 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. On Day 3 of each treatment period, participants underwent a 6-hour insulin infusion, followed by an intravenous (IV) dextrose 50% bolus to stimulate insulin secretion. Three hours later, participants were administered a second dextrose bolus, followed by an infusion of 20% dextrose and, 15 minutes after the start of the 20% dextrose infusion, a 1-mg glucagon bolus was administered. Area under the plasma insulin concentration time curve from 10 to 180 minutes (INSAUC[10-180]) following the first dextrose bolus (the second phase response) was corrected for baseline, where baseline was the mean of the insulin concentrations obtained between -30 and 0 minutes relative to the first dextrose bolus. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: 10-180 minutes after dextrose bolus on Day 3 post dose
| Intervention | picomole times hour per liter (pmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 68.8 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 141 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 147 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 357 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. On Day 3 of each treatment period, participants underwent a 6-hour insulin infusion, followed by an intravenous (IV) dextrose 50% bolus to stimulate insulin secretion. Three hours later, participants were administered a second dextrose bolus, followed by an infusion of 20% dextrose and, 15 minutes after the start of the 20% dextrose infusion, a 1-mg glucagon bolus was administered. Area under the plasma insulin concentration time curve from 0 to 10 minutes (INSAUC[0-10]) following the first dextrose bolus (the first phase response) was corrected for baseline, where baseline was the mean of the insulin concentrations obtained between -30 and 0 minutes relative to the first dextrose bolus. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: 0-10 minutes after dextrose bolus on Day 3 postdose
| Intervention | picomole times hour per liter (pmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 22.9 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 70.7 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 5.06 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 40.1 |
On Day 1 of each treatment period, all participants (healthy or with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) received a single subcutaneous dose of either LY2189265 or placebo. Area under the plasma insulin concentration-time curve from -2 to 20 minutes following the glucagon bolus (INSAUCG) is presented. (NCT01300260)
Timeframe: After glucagon bolus on Day 3 postdose
| Intervention | picomole times hour per liter (pmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Participants: Placebo | 239 |
| Healthy Participants: LY2189265 | 341 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Placebo | 236 |
| Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): LY2189265 | 414 |
(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of norepinephrine (NE) release was obtained 60 minutes after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and after each assessment of FBF (see primary outcome measure)
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change NE AV Gradient with SP after placebo | Change NE AV Gradient with SP after ACEinhibition | Change NE AV Gradient with SP after DPP4inhibition | Change NE AV with SP after ACE+DPPinhibition | |
| Group 1 | -43.18 | -52.18 | -37.27 | 23.45 |
(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Heart rate was measured every 5 minutes throughout the study day (and thus during each dose of peptide infusion)
| Intervention | beats per minute (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in Pulse after SP during Placebo | Change in Pulse after SP w/ACE inhibition | Change in Pulse after SP w/DPP4inhibition | Pulse change after SP w/ACE+DPP4inhibition | |
| Group 1 | -1.8 | 2.55 | 0.45 | 4.55 |
Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by strain gauge plethysmography at the completion of each dose of intra-arterial peptide. A dose response curve was therefore constructed for each vasoactive peptide substrate. The effect of sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and enalaprilat (ACE inhibition) vs. vehicle on the forearm blood flow response to each peptide could then be determined. (NCT01413542)
Timeframe: 60 minutes post-placebo or sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) and over last 2 minutes of each 5 min infusion per peptide dose (30 min washout between peptides); sequence repeated with enalaprilat (ACE inhibition) or vehicle
| Intervention | estimate of difference(ml/min/100ml FBF) (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect ACE inhibition on FBF response to Peptide 1 | Effect DPP4 inhibition on FBF Response to Peptide1 | Effect ACE/DPP4 inhibit on FBF response Peptide 1 | Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. ACEinhib (FBF to Pep1) | Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. DPP4inhib (FBF to Pep1) | Effect ACE inhibition on FBF response to Peptide 2 | Effect DPP4 inhibition on FBF response to Peptide2 | Effect ACE/DPP4 inhibition on Peptide 2 FBF | Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. ACEinhib (FBF to Pep2) | Effect DPP4/ACEinhib vs. DPP4inhib (FBF to Pep2) | |
| Group 1 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 5.9 | -0.6 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.6 | -0.3 | 0.4 |
| Group 2 | NA | -5.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | -3.2 | NA | NA | NA |
(NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of GLP-1 levels was obtained one hour after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo administration and after each dose of GLP-1
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Venous GLP-1 levels 1 hour after placebo | Venous GLP-1 Levels after Max Dose GLP-1 (Placebo) | Venous GLP-1 levels 1 hour after DPP4 inhibition | Venous GLP-1 levels Max Dose GLP-1 (DPP4inhibiton) | |
| Group 2 | 5.13 | 15.44 | 5.39 | 30.63 |
Following measurement of FBF, samples will be obtained to determine the effect of ACE inhibition and/or DPP4 inhibition on tPA release in response to bradykinin and substance P (SP) (group 1) (NCT01413542)
Timeframe: Blood for analysis of tPA release was obtained 60 minutes after sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibition) vs. placebo and after each assessment of FBF (see primary outcome measure)
| Intervention | estimate of difference (ng/min/100mL) (Number) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect ACE inhibition on bradykinin tPA release | Effect of DPP4 inhibition on bradykinintPA release | Effect of ACE/DPP4 inhibitio on bradykinin tPA | effect ace/dpp4 vs. aceinhibi on bradykinin tpa | effect ace/dpp4 vs. dpp4inhib on bradykinin tpa | Effect of ACE inhibition on SP tPA release | Effect of DPP4 inhibition on SP tPA | Effect of ACE+DPP4 inhibition on SP tPA | effect ace/dpp4 vs. aceinhibi on SP tpa | effect ace/dpp4 vs. dpp4inhibi on SP tpa | |
| Group 1 (Females) | 145.5 | 12.9 | 132.1 | -13.4 | 119.3 | 43.9 | -29.0 | 3.8 | -40.1 | 32.8 |
| Group 1 (Males) | 118.6 | 1.6 | 90.9 | -27.8 | 89.3 | -15.3 | -25.8 | 0.8 | 16.1 | 26.6 |
The change in the rate of glucose appearance will be assessed by measuring the stable glucose isotope (dideuterated glucose, D2) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. The units of the area under the curve are defined as milligrams per kilogram of glucose, since the dependent variable is a rate of glucose production [mg/kg/min] measured over time [min]. The time variable therefore cancels out. Additionally, this area under the curve is being normalized per microgram of glucagon delivered. (NCT01483651)
Timeframe: 60 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | mg/kg glucose per mcg glucagon (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Low Insulin Infusion Rate | 0.623 |
| Medium Insulin Infusion Rate | 0.59 |
| High Insulin Infusion Rate | 0.03 |
Weight in kg at 26 weeks minus weight at baseline. (NCT01524705)
Timeframe: Baseline vs 26 weeks
| Intervention | kg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Exenatide | -4.8 |
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Prandial Insulin | 0.7 |
Severe hypoglycemia-documented glucose <50mg/dl (participant journal), and hypoglycemic attacks requiring hospitalization, or treatment by emergency personnel. (NCT01524705)
Timeframe: 26 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Exenatide | 0 |
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Prandial Insulin | 0 |
The change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of continuous glucose readings, as assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) (NCT01524705)
Timeframe: At baseline, 6 months of intervention
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Exenatide | -2.43 |
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Prandial Insulin | 0.44 |
% of glycosylated hemoglobin in whole blood at 26 weeks (NCT01524705)
Timeframe: Baseline vs 26 weeks
| Intervention | % of HbA1C (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Exenatide | 7.1 |
| Insulin Glargine, Metformin, Prandial Insulin | 7.2 |
Participants with a blood glucose increment of ≥1.5 millimole per liter [mmol/L) within 15 of nadir (5 minutes post dose) and for at least 10 minutes following nadir. (NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 30 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 83.3 |
| NG 1 mg | 25 |
| NG 2 mg | 50 |
| NG 3 mg | 75 |
(NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 0.33 |
| NG 1 mg | 0.25 |
| NG 2 mg | 0.33 |
| NG 3 mg | 0.29 |
(NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 1.5 |
| NG 1 mg | 0.67 |
| NG 2 mg | 1.0 |
| NG 3 mg | 1.0 |
Safety and tolerability evaluated through the assessment of adverse events. An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation subject administered the investigational product and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. A summary of other nonserious AEs, and all SAE's, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section. (NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Within 3 hours post glucagon administration
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 16 |
| NG 1 mg | 9 |
| NG 2 mg | 15 |
| NG 3 mg | 8 |
(NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | millimole per liter (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 5.68 |
| NG 1 mg | 2.41 |
| NG 2 mg | 3.46 |
| NG 3 mg | 3.11 |
(NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 3930 |
| NG 1 mg | 504 |
| NG 2 mg | 2370 |
| NG 3 mg | 1360 |
(NCT01556594)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | hour*picogram per millilitre (hr*pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| SC Glucagon | 2390 |
| NG 1 mg | 95.2 |
| NG 2 mg | 886 |
| NG 3 mg | 720 |
Achieved GLP-1 concentrations at the end of the 12 hour treatment exposure (NCT01607450)
Timeframe: After 12 hours of GLP-1 exposure
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lean Saline | 61.7 |
| Lean GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 302.1 |
| Type 2 DM GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 307.8 |
Impedance cardiography-derived measurement of cardiac index, assessed following 12 hour exposure to treatment condition concurrent with the PET measurements. (NCT01607450)
Timeframe: After 12 hours of GLP-1 exposure
| Intervention | L/min/m^2 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lean Saline | 3.00 |
| Lean GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 2.88 |
| Type 2 DM GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 2.90 |
Myocardial perfusion derived from acetate kinetics (NCT01607450)
Timeframe: After 12 hours of GLP-1 exposure
| Intervention | ml/min/100g (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lean Saline | 34.66 |
| Lean GLP-1 Low Dose | 44.44 |
| Type 2 DM GLP-1 Low Dose | 47.61 |
| Lean GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 35.30 |
| Type 2DM GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 51.19 |
Myocardial glucose uptake measured using 18FDG PET, quantified using a 3-compartment model with a lumped constant of 1.0. (NCT01607450)
Timeframe: After 12 hours of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) exposure
| Intervention | umol/min/100g (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lean Saline | 7.46 |
| Lean GLP-1 Low Dose | 7.22 |
| Type 2 DM GLP-1 Low Dose | 0.05 |
| Lean GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 20.89 |
| Type 2DM GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 5.57 |
MVO2 derived from acetate kinetics (NCT01607450)
Timeframe: After 12 hours of GLP-1 exposure
| Intervention | ml/min/100g (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lean Saline | 15.25 |
| Lean GLP-1 Low Dose | 30.21 |
| Type 2 DM GLP-1 Low Dose | 65.30 |
| Lean GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 18.57 |
| Type 2DM GLP-1 1.5 Pmol/kg/Min | 59.85 |
The mean absolute change in total insulin dose over 24 hours (Day 2, 24-hour insulin dose - Day 1, 24-hour insulin dose) is reported. (NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), Day 2
| Intervention | insulin units (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 1.85 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 0.80 |
| Placebo | 7.69 |
The Cmax of glucose following a single dose of glucagon (1 mg) administered via an intramuscular injection is reported. (NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Day 3
| Intervention | milligrams per deciliter (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 154.9 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 141.3 |
| Placebo | 201.8 |
The percentage change in total insulin dose over 24 hours (Day 2, 24-hour insulin dose - Day 1, 24-hour insulin dose) is reported. (NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), Day 2
| Intervention | percentage of insulin units (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 5.71 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 3.12 |
| Placebo | 22.75 |
Area under the glucose concentration curve from time 0 through 2 hours after a single dose of glucagon (1 milligram) administered via an intramuscular injection is reported. (NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Day 3
| Intervention | milligrams * minutes per deciliter (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 15534.3 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 14885.5 |
| Placebo | 20189.7 |
Exposure in terms of AUC of LY2409021 from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf) is reported. (NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Predose (Day 2) through 120 hours postdose (Day 7)
| Intervention | nanograms * hours per milliliter (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 209000 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 506000 |
(NCT01640834)
Timeframe: Predose (Day 2) through 120 hours postdose (Day 7)
| Intervention | nanograms per milliliter (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100 mg LY2409021 | 2620 |
| 300 mg LY2409021 | 6090 |
Prolonged hypoglycemia is defined as glucose readings of either <70 mg/dL for greater than one hour on and off the device, <70 mg/dL for greater than 2 hours on and off the device, <50 mg/dL that lasted longer than 30 minutes on and off the device and readings of <50 mg/dL for longer than an hour, again for both the control and the subjects that were remotely monitored with the device. Each camper had Remote Monitoring nights and Control nights. (NCT01680653)
Timeframe: 8 hours at night
| Intervention | events (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events <70 mg/dL >1 hour | Events <70 mg/dL >2hr | Events <50 mg/dL >30 mins | Events <50 mg/dL >1hr | |
| Control | 33 | 12 | 9 | 6 |
| Remote Monitoring | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Number of minutes with glucose reading < 50 mg/dL. Each camper had Remote Monitoring nights and Control nights. (NCT01680653)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Remote Monitoring | 12.5 |
| Control | 15 |
Number of minutes with glucose reading < 70 mg/dL. Each camper had Remote Monitoring nights and Control nights. (NCT01680653)
Timeframe: 8 Hours
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Remote Monitoring | 30 |
| Control (no Remote Monitoring) | 35 |
Spot urine sample for MCP-1 and creatinine (NCT01847313)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks
| Intervention | ng/mmol (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Liraglutide | 27.9 |
| Control | 24.3 |
Serum sample for sCD163 (NCT01847313)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks
| Intervention | ng/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Liraglutide | 82 |
| Control | 84 |
Spot urine sample for MCP-1 and creatinine (NCT01847313)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks
| Intervention | pg/mmol (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Liraglutide | 27.9 |
| Control | 24.3 |
Albuminuria as Measured by 24 Hour Albumin Excretion Rate (NCT01847313)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks
| Intervention | µg/min (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Liraglutide | 144.1 |
| Control | 132.4 |
Period 1 Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) activation measured using metabolic rate of glucose (MR[gluc]) during F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET-CT) for Cold PET-CT Vehicle vs Warm PET-CT Vehicle vs warm PET-CT Glucagon. (NCT01935791)
Timeframe: 2hours
| Intervention | MR[gluc] umol/kg/min (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Period 1 Cold PET-CT Vehicle | 0.074 |
| Period 1 Warm PET-CT Vehicle | 0.010 |
| Period 1 Warm PET(CT) Glucagon | 0.029 |
Period 2 Increase in energy expenditure measured using indirect calorimetry for Cold control vs Warm Control vs Warm Glucagon. (NCT01935791)
Timeframe: 2hours
| Intervention | increase in energy expenditure kcal/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Period 2 - Cold Control | 193.0 |
| Period 2 - Warm Control | 41.1 |
| Period 2 -Warm Glucagon | 230.8 |
(NCT01959334)
Timeframe: Baseline through study completion (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon IM | 0 |
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 0 |
"Safety parameters assessed included the occurrence of adverse events, the measurement of clinical laboratory parameters; vital signs, ECGs, physical examination, blood glucose, and examination of the injection site (following the IM administration). An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation subject administered the investigational product and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment~A summary of other nonserious AEs, and all SAE's, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section." (NCT01959334)
Timeframe: First dose of study drug through the post-study completion (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon IM | 21 |
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 49 |
Glucagon anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were assessed at baseline through study completion. Percentage of participants (Pts) with ADA=(number of Pts with treatment-emergent ADA/number of Pts assessed)*100. Treatment-Emergent ADA includes treatment-induced ADA and treatment boosted ADA. Treatment-induced is defined as participants with 'Not Detected' ADA at baseline (drug-naive) and at least one post-baseline ADA 'Detected' sample with a corresponding titer that is one 2-fold dilution higher than the MRD (minimal required dilution) of the assay. For the nasal glucagon Tier 1-3 ADA screening assay, the MRD is 1:20. Treatment-boosted is defined as Patient with ADA 'Detected' at baseline (drug-naive) and at least one post-baseline ADA 'Detected' sample with a corresponding titer that is at least (>or=) 4-fold higher than the baseline titer. (NCT01959334)
Timeframe: Baseline through study completion (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon IM | 0 |
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 2.0 |
Number of serious adverse events (SAEs) per treatment group (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: From first dose until completion of the post-treatment follow-up visit, up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | events (Number) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 0 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 0 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 0 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | pg/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 2055.4 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 1318.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 4429.9 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Time to maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 37.6 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 33.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 18.9 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Earliest reported time of MAE, based on within-subject changes from baseline (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 48.2 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 61.6 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 68.8 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Maximum absolute glucose excursion from baseline (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 50.8 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 42.5 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 53.2 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Time to Maximum Glucose Concentration (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 48.2 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 44.5 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 46.5 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucose (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 148.04 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 140.32 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 154.9 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Glucose area under the curve from baseline to 240 minutes post-treatment (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | min*mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 481.1 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 467 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 473.5 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Area Under the Glucose Excursion Curve (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | min*mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 228.5 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 197.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 223 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Glucagon area under the curve from baseline to 240 minutes post-treatment (NCT01972152)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | min*pg/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen(TM) 1 mg | 3259.9 |
| G-Pen(TM) 0.5 mg | 2105.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon(TM) 1 mg | 4781.7 |
The mean difference in estimated hepatic glycogen will be assessed using Carbon 13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy before vs. after glucagon administration in the fed state. (NCT01986231)
Timeframe: Baseline and 41 hours
| Intervention | g/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Open-Label Glucagon | 10.6 |
The mean difference in estimated hepatic glycogen will be assessed using Carbon 13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy before vs. after glucagon administration in the fasting state. (NCT01986231)
Timeframe: Baseline and 41 hours
| Intervention | g/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Open-Label Glucagon | 6.5 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 1.5 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 1.5 |
"Symptoms of runny nose, nasal congestion and/or itching, sneezing, watery and/or itchy eyes, redness of eyes, and itching of ears and/or throat were assessed. This was done via the Nasal Non-nasal Score Questionnaire. Each of the 9 symptoms is assigned an integer value from 0 to 3; higher values indicate more severe symptoms (a score of 0 indicates no symptoms). The reported results indicate the cohort median out of a possible maximum value of 27 (summing all 9 questions for each subject and reporting the median/IQR across participants)." (NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 15, 30, 60, and 90 post glucagon administration
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-dose | 15 minutes post glucagon administration | 30 minutes post glucagon administration | 60 minutes post glucagon administration | 90 minutes post glucagon administration | |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 0.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hour*picograms per milliliter (hr*pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 1882.48 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 2521.87 |
Increase in blood glucose to ≥70 mg/dL or an increase of ≥20 mg/dL from glucose nadir within 30 minutes after receiving study glucagon, without receiving additional actions to increase the blood glucose level defines treatment success. Due to the residual activity of circulating insulin, glucose nadir was defined as the minimum glucose measurement at the time of, or within 10 minutes following glucagon administration. (NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon at both dosing visits (glucose was measured at pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes following glucagon administration)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 98.7 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 100 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 3025.37 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 3553.43 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 114.80 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 130.72 |
The mean time from glucagon administration to blood glucose >/=70 mg/dL or an increase ≥20 mg/dL in blood glucose from nadir. (NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | minutes (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 16.2 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 12.2 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 0.33 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 0.25 |
Recovery from hypoglycemia symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Hypoglycemia Scale. The Edinburgh Hypoglycemia Symptom Scale measures the intensity of 15 commonly experienced hypoglycemic symptoms on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = not present, 7 = very intense). The higher the score, the more intense the hypoglycemia symptoms. The sum of each symptom score would yield a range of 15 to 105 (i.e., 15 x 7 =105). The total score was calculated as the sum of each symptom score minus 15, and summarized at each time point by treatment group. (NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose;15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-dose | 15 minutes post glucagon administration | 30 minutes post glucagon administration | 45 minutes post glucagon administration | 60 minutes post glucagon administration | |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 7.8 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 8.0 | 8.8 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
(NCT01994746)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hr*mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 106.39 |
| Intramuscular (IM) Glucagon | 124.47 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 6290.33 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 3463.55 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 3958.58 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 4743.00 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 2776.27 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 5664.33 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 4277.25 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 3103.25 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 138.17 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 118.18 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 137.50 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 130.50 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 125.09 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 132.82 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 123.17 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 102.33 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 1.00 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 0.67 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 1.00 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 1.50 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 1.00 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 1.00 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 1.00 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 1.00 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hours (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.29 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 0.25 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.29 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.29 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 0.25 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.25 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.29 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.33 |
Time (in minutes) when all participants experienced a rise in glucose >=25mg/dL. This is an absolute number and is not a calculated statistic. There is no distribution per cohort. (NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | minutes (Number) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 10 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 20 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 15 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 20 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 20 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 15 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 20 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 20 |
"Symptoms of runny nose, nasal congestion and/or itching, sneezing, watery and/or itchy eyes, redness of eyes, and itching of ears and/or throat were assessed prior to administering glucagon and at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes following administration of glucagon. This was done via the Nasal Non-nasal Score Questionnaire. Each of the 9 symptoms is assigned an integer value from 0 to 3; higher values indicate more severe symptoms (a score of 0 indicates no symptoms). The reported results indicate the cohort median out of a possible maximum value of 27 (summing all 9 questions for each participant and reporting the median/IQR across participants)." (NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose;15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-dose | 15 minutes post glucagon administration | 30 minutes post glucagon administration | 60 minutes post glucagon administration | 90 minutes post glucagon administration | |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 0.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 0.00 | 3.00 | 2.50 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10,15, 20, and 30 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 100 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 100 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 100 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 100 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 100 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 100 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 100 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 100 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 6 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 11 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 12 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 6 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 11 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 12 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 12 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 12 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hour*picogram per millilitre (hr*pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 4078.68 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 1744.36 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 2472.40 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 3635.77 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 1506.23 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 2939.31 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 3110.22 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 1999.69 |
(NCT01997411)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes following glucagon administration
| Intervention | hr*mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 4 to<8 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 145.86 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 118.82 |
| 4 to<8 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 142.38 |
| 8 to <12 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 132.42 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 2.0 mg | 128.82 |
| 8 to<12 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 138.12 |
| 12 to <17 Years Old IM Glucagon Visit | 126.94 |
| 12 to<17 Years Old NG Visit 3.0 mg | 101.46 |
"Quantitation of adverse events related to glucagon injection for Xeris vs. Lilly:~-Maximal nausea within 1 hour of injection on a 10 cm VAS: no nausea = 0, vomiting = 10" (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: within 1 hour of injection
| Intervention | cm (Number) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 1.0 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 2.3 |
"Quantitation of adverse events related to glucagon injection for Xeris vs. Lilly:~-Injection site erythema or other local reaction, maximum diameter within 1 hour of injection" (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: within 1 hour of injection
| Intervention | cm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 0 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
"Quantitation of adverse events related to glucagon injection for Xeris vs. Lilly:~-average Injection pain on a 10 cm standard VAS: 0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable pain reported immediately after injection of glucagon" (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: immediately after injection
| Intervention | cm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 13.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 7.6 |
tmax for Xeris vs. Lilly (non-inferiority) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: every 2 minutes for 1 hour post-dose of each glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 23.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 15.7 |
Area over the curve for glucose infusion rate in the hour following administration (AOCGIR) for Xeris vs. Lilly (non-inferiority) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: every 2 minutes for 1 hour post-dose of each glucagon
| Intervention | mg*min/kg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 201.1 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 132.2 |
Average grade on the erythema and eschar formation portion of the Draize scale for dermal response (0 being the lowest, 4 being the highest) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: within 1 hour of injection
| Intervention | score on draize scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 0 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
Average grade on the edema formation portion of the Draize scale for dermal response (0 being the lowest, 4 being the highest) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: within 1 hour of injection
| Intervention | score on draize scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 0 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
Glucagon t½max for Xeris vs. Lilly (non-inferiority) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: every 2 minutes for 1 hour post-dose of each glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 11.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 5.9 |
Minimal glucose infusion rate (GIRmin) for Xeris vs. Lilly (non-inferiority) (NCT02018627)
Timeframe: every 2 minutes for 1 hour post-dose of each glucagon
| Intervention | dextrose mg/kg/min (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Xeris Glucagon | 2.9 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 2.9 |
ADR was defined as the percentage of participants with at least one traditional adenoma (including tubular or villous adenomas, and adenomas with high grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma) of any size. (NCT02078726)
Timeframe: During colonoscopy procedure (an average of 1139 seconds for Glucagon Arm and 1353 seconds for Placebo Arm)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon | 43.75 |
| Placebo | 33.33 |
The speed of absorption was assessed by determining the time in minutes required to achieve 50% of the maximum plasma concentration of glucagon following each dose of glucagon. (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 12.2 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 12.4 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 13.9 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 7.6 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 10.5 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 11.0 |
Time to maximum plasma concentration of glucagon (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 24.5 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 27.3 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 31.9 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 23.3 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 23.9 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 23.9 |
Maximum plasma concentration of glucagon (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | pg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 168.1 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 328.2 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 440.6 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 140.2 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 229.3 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 446.9 |
Area under the plasma concentration time curve for glucagon (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | (pg/dl)*minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 12104 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 21177 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 27595 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 11070 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 15781 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 27355 |
Area under the plasma concentration time curve for glucose (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | (mg/dl)*minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 22296 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 26251 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 27360 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 21005 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 24079 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 25845 |
The onset of action was assessed by determining the time in minutes required to achieve 50% of the maximum plasma concentration of glucose following each dose of glucagon. (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 17.2 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 21.9 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 21.3 |
| 0.3μg/kg GlucaGen | 7.6 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 14.5 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 22.8 |
Maximum plasma concentration of glucose (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 177.6 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 198.8 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 212.6 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 162.0 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 183.3 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 200.6 |
Time to maximum plasma concentration of glucose (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: From 0 to 150 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 38.2 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 49.5 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 49.4 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 25.9 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 31.2 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 52.8 |
Infusion site discomfort was assessed by the subjects using a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire at 10 minutes following the initiation of dosing. Subjects were asked to draw a vertical line across the horizontal scale to indicate their current level of discomfort from 0 = no discomfort to 100 = worst possible discomfort. The distance in mm from the left hand anchor to the the first point where the subject's mark crossed the horizontal scale was measured and reported as the infusion site discomfort score. (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: At 10 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | mm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 7.8 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 18.9 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 22.7 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 2.2 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 0.3 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 0.3 |
Infusion site discomfort was assessed by the subject using a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire at 30 minutes following the initiation of dosing. Subjects were asked to draw a vertical line across the horizontal scale to indicate their current level of discomfort from 0 = no discomfort to 100 = worst possible discomfort. The distance in mm from the left hand anchor to the the first point where the subject's mark crossed the horizontal scale was measured and reported as the infusion site discomfort score. (NCT02081001)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes post-dosing
| Intervention | mm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 0.3 μg/kg G-Pump | 1.9 |
| 1.2 μg/kg G-Pump | 1.5 |
| 2.0 μg/kg G-Pump | 3.8 |
| 0.3 μg/kg GlucaGen | 0 |
| 1.2 μg/kg GlucaGen | 0.7 |
| 2.0 μg/kg GlucaGen | 0.3 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: baseline adjusted area under the glucose concentration curve from 0-120 minutes (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | (mg/dl)*minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 2263.2 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 2408.1 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 3928.5 |
Number of serious adverse events (SAEs) per treatment (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: From first dose until follow-up call, up to 7 weeks per subject
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 0 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 0 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 0 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Time to reach maximum concentration of glucose (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 53.5 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 69.5 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 57.4 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Time to reach maximum concentration of glucose (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 81.5 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 80.7 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 67.8 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucose (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 155.1 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 186.2 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 213.5 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: baseline adjusted area under the glucagon concentration curve from 0 to 120 minutes (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | (mg/dl)*minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 4872.0 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 8565.2 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 12420.0 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Time to reach maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 24 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 33.1 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 34.1 |
Pharmacodynamic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucose (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 99.7 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 105.7 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 122.6 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Area under the glucagon concentration curve from 0 to 120 minutes (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | (pg/ml)*hour (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 265.4 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 389.6 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 735.3 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Area under the glucagon concentration curve from 0 to 120 minutes (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | (pg/ml)*hour (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 277.4 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 386.8 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 635.3 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Time to reach maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 29.2 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 29.8 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 36.5 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | pg/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 233.8 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 380.7 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 663.6 |
Pharmacokinetic parameter: Maximum concentration of glucagon (NCT02081014)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 and 0 minutes before each injection and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection
| Intervention | pg/ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 75 ug | 253.4 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 150 ug | 335.4 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) 300 ug | 561.7 |
"Adverse events solicited through the Nasal Score Questionnaire included: runny nose, nasal congestion (nostrils plugged), nasal itching, sneezing, watery eyes, itchy eyes, redness of eyes, itching of ears, itching of throat, and other.~A summary of other nonserious AEs, and all Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section." (NCT02171130)
Timeframe: Within 2 hours of full recovery from a hypoglycemic event
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon | 82.8 |
"Responses to questions completed by the caregiver were used to assess this outcome.~An episode of severe hypoglycemia was defined as an episode wherein the person with diabetes is clinically incapacitated to the point where the person requires third-party assistance to treat the hypoglycemia. An episode of moderate hypoglycemia episode was defined as an episode wherein the person with diabetes was showing signs of neuroglycopenia and had a glucometer reading of approximately 60 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (3.3 millimoles per liter [mmol/L]) or less based on a blood sample taken at or near the time of treatment." (NCT02171130)
Timeframe: Within 30 minutes after each drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon | 95.7 |
Treatment-Emergent ADA includes treatment-induced ADA ('Not Detected' ADA at baseline and at least one post-baseline 'Detected' ADA sample with a corresponding titer of (1:20) and treatment-boosted ADA (with 'Detected' ADA at baseline and at least one post-baseline 'Detected' ADA sample with a corresponding titer that is at least 4-fold higher than the baseline titer. (NCT02171130)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Study (6 months)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon | 0 |
Measurement for Degree of difficulty: opening the kit, Degree of difficulty: understanding the instructions on how to use the kit, Degree of difficulty: administering the medication into the nostril, Degree of satisfaction is 1 (Very Difficult) to 7 (Very Easy). Measurement for Dry Mist Nasal Glucagon will be easy to teach other caregivers, Nasal formulation of glucagon is less intimidating for caregivers, Nasal Glucagon is easy to carry and would be willing to carry it, nasal delivery of glucagon is preferable. Level of agreement 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). (NCT02171130)
Timeframe: After each drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | Total Number of Events (Count of Units) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty: opening the kit (Very Difficult) | Difficulty: opening the kit (Average) | Difficulty: opening the kit (Relatively Easy) | Difficulty: opening the kit (Easy) | Difficulty: opening the kit (Very Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Very Difficult) | Difficulty: instructions (Average) | Difficulty: instructions (Relatively Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Very Easy) | Difficulty: administering (Very Difficult) | Difficulty: administering (Relatively Difficult) | Difficulty: administering (Average) | Difficulty: administering (Relatively Easy) | Difficulty: administering (Easy) | Difficulty: administering (Very Easy) | Time to administer (<30 seconds) | Time to administer (30-<60 seconds) | Time to administer (1-<2 minutes) | Time to administer (2-<5 minutes) | Degree of satisfaction (Relatively Difficult) | Degree of satisfaction (Average) | Degree of satisfaction (Relatively Easy) | Degree of satisfaction (Easy) | Degree of satisfaction (Very Easy) | Compare to Injectable (Not Applicable) | Compare to Injectable (Much Easier) | Compare to Injectable (Easier) | Compare to Injectable (Missing) | Ease to teach other (Neither Agree nor Disagree) | Ease to teach other (Somewhat Agree) | Ease to teach other (Mostly Agree) | Ease to teach other (Strongly Agree) | |
| Nasal Glucagon | 2 | 4 | 4 | 26 | 143 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 36 | 127 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 16 | 42 | 102 | 126 | 40 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 21 | 48 | 100 | 108 | 47 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 3 | 47 | 127 |
The participants' blood glucose level was measured by the caregiver using a glucometer at baseline (just prior to dosing and right after the study drug administration), 15, 30 and 45 minutes after nasal glucagon administration. (NCT02171130)
Timeframe: Baseline (just prior to dosing or right after study drug administration) , 15, 30 and 45 minutes after drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 15 minutes drug administration | 30 minutes drug administration | 45 minutes drug administration | |
| Nasal Glucagon | 47.9 | 84.4 | 112.8 | 123.1 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | episodes of nausea per day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 1.1 |
| Placebo | 0.4 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 13 |
| Placebo | 11 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | mcg/kg/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 6.84 |
| Placebo | 9.8 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of episodes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 8.95 |
| Placebo | 12.68 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of events (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 0.73 |
| Placebo | 2.59 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 4.4 |
| Placebo | 4.2 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: From t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl/min (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 1015 |
| Placebo | 4375.68 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | grams per day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 23.90 |
| Placebo | 36.29 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to stud stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGMG < 70 mg/dl | CGMG 70-120 mg/dl | CGMG 70-180 mg/dl | CGMG > 180 mg/dl | CGMG > 250 mg/dl | |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 3.11 | 33.32 | 68.91 | 27.98 | 9.05 |
| Placebo | 8.73 | 30.53 | 61.89 | 29.38 | 9.83 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucagon - daytime | Glucagon - overnight | Placebo - daytime | Placebo - overnight | |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 3.92 | 1.50 | 7.94 | 10.25 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of interventions per day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 1.25 |
| Placebo | 1.89 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: From t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of episodes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 1.73 |
| Placebo | 5.0 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of episodes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 4.14 |
| Placebo | 8.86 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | number of values (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 1.45 |
| Placebo | 4.23 |
Paired values between the blood glucose measurements and CGM glucose measurements were compared, and the percent difference was recorded. The mean of the absolute value of all the differences is reported here, and reflects the accuracy of the CGM glucose measurements relative to the capillary blood glucose measurements. (NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | percent difference (Mean) |
|---|---|
| All Participants | 15.20 |
(NCT02181127)
Timeframe: from t=0 to study stop after 2 weeks
| Intervention | units per day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas | 38.7 |
| Placebo | 37.0 |
"Assess ease-of-use of intranasal administered glucagon in the hands of caregivers of participants who may be called upon to treat episodes of hypoglycemia.~Measurement for Degree of difficulty: opening the kit, Degree of difficulty: understanding the instructions on how to use the kit, Degree of difficulty: administering the medication into the nostril, Degree of satisfaction is 1 (Very Difficult) to 7 (Very Easy). Measurement for Dry Mist Nasal Glucagon will be easy to teach other caregivers, Nasal formulation of glucagon is less intimidating for caregivers, Dry Mist Nasal Glucagon is easy to carry and would be willing to carry it, Intranasal delivery of glucagon is preferable: level of agreement 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree)." (NCT02402933)
Timeframe: After each drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | Hypoglycemic Events (Count of Units) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty: opening the kit (Easy) | Difficulty: opening the kit (Very Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Average) | Difficulty: instructions (Relatively Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Easy) | Difficulty: instructions (Very Easy) | Difficulty: administering (Average) | Difficulty: administering (Easy) | Difficulty: administering (Very Easy) | Time to administer (<30 seconds) | Time to administer (30-<60 seconds) | Time to administer (1-<2 minutes) | Degree of satisfaction (Average) | Degree of satisfaction (Relatively Easy) | Degree of satisfaction (Easy) | Degree of satisfaction (Very Easy) | Compare to Injectable (Not Applicable) | Compare to Injectable (Much Easier) | Compare to Injectable (Easier) | Compare to Injectable (About the Same) | Ease to teach other (Easy) | Ease to teach other (Very Easy) | |
| Nasal Glucagon | 6 | 27 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 2 | 11 | 20 | 20 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 22 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 29 |
"Adverse events solicited through the Nasal Score Questionnaire included: runny nose, nasal congestion (nostrils plugged), nasal itching, sneezing, watery eyes, itchy eyes, redness of eyes, itching of ears, itching of throat, and other.~A summary of other non-serious AEs, and all SAE's, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section." (NCT02402933)
Timeframe: Within 2 hours of full recovery from a hypoglycemic event
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon | 100 |
Responses to questions completed by the caregiver are used to assess this outcome. An episode of severe hypoglycemia is generally defined as an event associated with severe neuroglycopenia usually resulting in coma or seizure and requiring parenteral therapy (glucagon or intravenous glucose) administered by a third party. In this study moderate hypoglycemia is defined as an episode wherein the child/adolescent with diabetes has symptoms and/or signs of neuroglycopenia and has a blood glucose ≤3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (70 milligram per deciliter [mg/dL]) based on a blood sample taken at or close to the time of treatment. (NCT02402933)
Timeframe: Within 30 minutes after each drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon | 14 |
Glucometer-based measurements of blood glucose after the studied drug administration. The participants' change in blood glucose level from baseline (just prior to dosing or right after the study drug administration) was measured by the caregiver using a glucometer at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after NG administration. The change in glucose was calculated from each time point (15, 30 and 45 minutes) minus the baseline. (NCT02402933)
Timeframe: Baseline (just prior to dosing or right after study drug administration), 15, 30 and 45 minutes after drug administration for an episode of hypoglycemia
| Intervention | milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 minutes drug administration | 30 minutes drug administration | 45 minutes drug administration | |
| Nasal Glucagon | 58.2 | 106.8 | 124.1 |
Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 120 Minutes
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 20 |
| Glucose Tabs | 19 |
Coefficient of Variation from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
| Intervention | percentage coefficient of variation (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 35 |
| Glucose Tabs | 36 |
Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 120 Minutes
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 79 |
| Glucose Tabs | 79 |
Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 71 |
| Glucose Tabs | 71 |
Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 Minutes
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 35 |
| Glucose Tabs | 33 |
Percentage of time <70 mg/dL from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 5 |
| Glucose Tabs | 4 |
2 graders, blinded to treatment arm, independently graded each hypoglycemic event as a clinical failure or success based on all available BG concentrations within 1 hour of initial treatment. All BG values, along with corresponding time elapsed since treatment, were reviewed to determine whether the response would be considered a treatment success, in a clinical setting. There were no specific cut points; rather than basing the success criteria on whether the BG was above specific cutpoints by specific times, the grader decided whether the event would be considered a success in a clinical setting (i.e. if the BG increased after treatment and reached and maintained a satisfactory level after the treatment). The graders to achieve a consensus grading adjudicated discordant gradings (6% of events). The number of events graded as a treatment success were reported out of the total number of hypoglycemic events, for each treatment arm. (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 minutes
| Intervention | Hypoglycemic Events (Count of Units) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 66 |
| Glucose Tabs | 63 |
Minimum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 120 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 57 |
| Glucose Tabs | 56 |
Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 79 |
| Glucose Tabs | 87 |
Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 120 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 95 |
| Glucose Tabs | 108 |
Median (IQR) reported for mean glucose from CGM data computed over entire 3 weeks of treatment period (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 143 |
| Glucose Tabs | 149 |
Maximum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 102 |
| Glucose Tabs | 116 |
Maximum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first 2 hours after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 120 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 122 |
| Glucose Tabs | 139 |
2 graders, blinded to treatment arm, independently graded each hypoglycemic event as a clinical failure or success based on all available BG concentrations within 1 hour of initial treatment. All BG values, along with corresponding time elapsed since treatment, were reviewed to determine whether the response would be considered a treatment success, in a clinical setting. There were no specific cut points; rather than basing the success criteria on whether the BG was above specific cutpoints by specific times, the grader decided whether the event would be considered a success in a clinical setting (i.e. if the BG increased after treatment and reached and maintained a satisfactory level after the treatment). The graders to achieve a consensus grading adjudicated discordant gradings (6% of events). The number of events graded as a treatment success were reported out of the total number of hypoglycemic events, for each treatment arm. (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 minutes
| Intervention | Hypoglycemic Events (Count of Units) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 84 |
| Glucose Tabs | 88 |
Percentage of time 70-180 mg/dL from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 Minutes
| Intervention | percentage of time (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 62 |
| Glucose Tabs | 67 |
2 graders, blinded to treatment arm, independently graded each hypoglycemic event as a clinical failure or success based on all available BG concentrations within 1 hour of initial treatment. All BG values, along with corresponding time elapsed since treatment, were reviewed to determine whether the response would be considered a treatment success, in a clinical setting. There were no specific cut points; rather than basing the success criteria on whether the BG was above specific cutpoints by specific times, the grader decided whether the event would be considered a success in a clinical setting (i.e. if the BG increased after treatment and reached and maintained a satisfactory level after the treatment). The graders to achieve a consensus grading adjudicated discordant gradings (6% of events). The number of events graded as a treatment success were reported out of the total number of hypoglycemic events, for each treatment arm. (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 minutes
| Intervention | Hypoglycemic Events (Count of Units) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 57 |
| Glucose Tabs | 54 |
Minimum glucose from CGM data, following each hypoglycemic event with starting BG 50-69 mg/dL, during first hour after start of hypoglycemic event (NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 60 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 59 |
| Glucose Tabs | 56 |
(NCT02411578)
Timeframe: 30 minutes
| Intervention | Hypoglycemic Events (Count of Units) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 58 |
| Glucose Tabs | 53 |
For 90 minutes following treatment, plasma glucose was measured every 5 minutes, with an increase in plasma glucose to >70 mg/dL within 30 minutes of treatment being considered a positive response. (NCT02423980)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | participants with positive response (Number) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon 1 mg | 7 |
| Glucagon 0.5 mg | 6 |
Following treatment, plasma glucose was measured every 5 minutes. The first such measurement at which plasma glucose concentration was observed to be >70 mg/dL was reported as the time to response. (NCT02423980)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon 1 mg | 15 |
| Glucagon 0.5 mg | 15 |
Prior to and every 5 minutes after treatment, subjects were asked to rate the severity of each of 8 symptoms on a scale from 1 to 6, with 1 indicating the symptom was absent and 6 indicating the symptom was severe. The sum of the scores for the 8 individual symptoms was reported as the total hypoglycemia symptom score, which ranged from 8-48. The first time point post-treatment at which total hypoglycemia symptom score = 8 (i.e., all symptoms were absent) was considered the time to resolution. One and two subjects were unevaluable for response to the 1 mg and 0.5 mg doses of glucagon, respectively, as they reported no symptoms (i.e., total symptom score = 8) prior to treatment. (NCT02423980)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon 1 mg | 20 |
| Glucagon 0.5 mg | 27.5 |
This outcome is measuring the maximum change in the glucose infusion rate from the GIR at the time of the injection through the 90 minutes after the glucagon injection in the presence and absence of ethanol. The glucose infusion rate is adjusted up to every two minutes throughout the clamp, and for 90 minutes total after the glucagon injection. (NCT02516150)
Timeframe: 1 Day Visit (approximately 8 to 11 hours)
| Intervention | ml/hour (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon With Ethanol | 83.0 |
| Glucagon Without Ethanol | 101.7 |
Area over the curve for the glucose infusion rate in the hour following a subcutaneous glucagon dose with a blood alcohol content of 0 vs 0.1% (NCT02516150)
Timeframe: 1 Day Visit (approximately 8 to 11 hours)
| Intervention | mg*minute/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon With Ethanol | 1996 |
| Glucagon Without Ethanol | 1981 |
Treatment effect on DBP after 24 weeks (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mmHg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 81 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 79.8 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 76 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 82 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 83.6 |
Treatment effect on the ratio HOMA-IR which is insulin resistance measure derived from fasting blood glucose and insulin and is calculated by insulin (mU/ml)*glucose (mmol/L)/22,5. The higher thenumber the more insulin resistant. (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | index score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 3.7 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 3.6 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 2.6 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 3.3 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 3.4 |
Treatment effect on FAI calculated from total testosterone divided by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels. A higher score indicates a worse outcome. (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | index score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 5.3 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 4.7 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 5.2 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 5.7 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 5 |
The SI IOGTT is a measure of peripheral insulin sensitivity derived from the values of Insulin (microunits per milliliter) and Glucose (milligrams per deciliter) obtained from the OGTT and the corresponding fasting values. SI (OGTT) = 10,000/ [(G fasting x I fasting) x (G OGTTmean x I OGTTmean)], where fasting glucose and insulin data are taken from time 0 of the OGTT and mean data represent the average glucose and insulin values obtained during the entire OGTT. The square root is used to correct for nonlinear distribution of insulin, and 10,000 is a scaling factor in the equation. The higher value, the more sensitive to insulin. (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | index score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 3.1 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 3.6 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 3.9 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 4.8 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 4.7 |
Treatment effect on MBG measured during the oral glucose tolerance test (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 118 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 126.4 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 112 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 119 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM ER | 113 |
An estimation of β-cell compensatory function, the insulin secretion-sensitivity index (IS-SI) will be derived by applying the concept of the oral disposition index to measurements obtained during the 2-h OGTT and calculated as the index of insulin secretion factored by insulin sensitivity (ΔINS/ΔPG 30 x Matsuda SIOGTT) from the OGTT. A higher score shows improved pancreatic insulin responsiveness relative to resistance. (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | index score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 471 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 311 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 503 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 395 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 545 |
Treatment effect on SBP after 24 weeks of treatment (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks treatment
| Intervention | mmHg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 123.6 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 123 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 122 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 128 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 124 |
Treatment impact on percent total body fat by DEXA (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | percent fat mass (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 46.1 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 46.4 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 45.8 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 46.1 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 45.2 |
Treatment effect on blood concentrations of total cholesterol (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 189 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 186 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 185 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 192 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 178 |
Treatment impact on total fat mass by DEXA (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | kilogram (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 47.6 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 47.8 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 45.9 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 48 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 44.5 |
Treatment effect on blood concentrations of total testosterone (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | ng/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 38.8 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 35 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 42.6 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 39.5 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 45.5 |
Treatment impact on trunk/limb ratio (measure of central adiposity) by DEXA (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 1.03 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | .95 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | .93 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | .98 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | .99 |
Treatment impact on central adiposity after 24 weeks (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | .83 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | .79 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | .86 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | .83 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | .81 |
Treatment impact on WHtR which is a measure of central adiposity (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | .64 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | .61 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | .65 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | .61 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | .59 |
Treatment impact on fasting concentration of glucose in the blood (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 91 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 93 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 86.5 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 89 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM ER | 91.4 |
Treatment effect on body weight at 24 weeks of treatment (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | kilogram (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 100.4 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 102.6 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 99 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 101.2 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 97 |
treatment impact on measure of central adiposity as determined by android/gynoid ratio (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 1.07 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 1.02 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 1.04 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 1.04 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 1.03 |
Treatment efficacy in reducing body mass at 24 weeks of treatment (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | kilogram/meter squared (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 37.3 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 37.4 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 36.7 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 37 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 35.3 |
Treatment effect on loss of central adiposity after 24 weeks (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | centimeters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 104 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 101 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 106 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 101.3 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 97 |
Treatment effect on change in percent body weight from baseline (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: Change from baseline (time 0) to study end (24 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage change in body weight (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 3.8 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 1.5 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 6.9 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 1.7 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 8.1 |
Treatment effect on insulin secretion from 0 to 30 minutes after glucose load corrected for by fasting insulin sensitivity. A higher score shows improved first phase insulin secretion in response to glucose (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | index score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 1.03 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 0.6 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 0.91 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 0.7 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 1.1 |
Treatment effect on blood concentrations of DHEA-S (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mcg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 165 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 187 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 169 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 189 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 201 |
Treatment effect on blood concentrations of triglycerides (NCT02635386)
Timeframe: 24 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Exenatide Once Weekly (EQW ) | 130 |
| Dapagliflozin (DAPA) | 132 |
| EQW Plus DAPA | 112 |
| Dapagliflozin Plus Glucophage (MET ER) | 105 |
| Phentermine /Topiramate (PHEN/ TPM) ER | 110 |
Pharmacodynamic endpoint of time to achieve a plasma glucose concentration > 70 mg/dL following administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At -5, 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 19.9 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 14.2 |
Pharmacodynamic endpoint of plasma glucose Cmax from baseline to 4 hours following administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At -5, 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 202.7 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 193.5 |
Time to resolution of the overall sensation of hypoglycemia following administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 16.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 15.7 |
Pharmacodynamic endpoint of plasma glucose AUC from baseline to 90 minutes following administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At -5, 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | mg*min/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 11651.4 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 12260.4 |
Time to resolution of mean autonomic, mean neuroglycopenic and mean total hypoglycemia symptom scores from baseline through 90 minutes following administration of glucagon. (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomic Symptoms | Neuroglycopenic Symptoms | All Symptoms | |
| G-Pen | 16.0 | 16.7 | 19.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 14.2 | 14.3 | 17.0 |
Number of subjects with an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 50 mg/dL to greater than 70 mg/dL within 30 minutes after administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 74 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 78 |
Pharmacodynamic endpoint of plasma glucose Tmax from baseline to 4 hours following administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At -5, 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes following administration of glucagon
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 111.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 100.4 |
Number of subjects with an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 50 mg/dL to greater than 70 mg/dL within 30 minutes after administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 74 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 79 |
Number of subjects with either an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 50 mg/dL to greater than 70 mg/dL or resolution of all neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia within 30 minutes after administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 78 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 79 |
Number of subjects with either an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 50 mg/dL to greater than 70 mg/dL or an increase in from baseline in plasma glucose concentration of at least 20 mg/dL within 30 minutes after administration of glucagon (NCT02656069)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 76 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 79 |
Comparison of occurrence of hyperglycemia (≥250 mg/dL from blood glucose) during exercise and early recovery between each exercise strategy. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 0 to 75 minutes following exercise initiation
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Control | 0 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 0 |
| Glucose Tabs | 5 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 1 |
Comparison of the coefficient of variation from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control | 32 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 35 |
| Glucose Tabs | 36 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 33 |
Comparison of mean glucose from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control | 129 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 139 |
| Glucose Tabs | 130 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 147 |
Comparison of peak glucose from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control | 241 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 239 |
| Glucose Tabs | 267 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 269 |
Comparison of percentage of time < 54 mg/dL from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Control | 3 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 3 |
| Glucose Tabs | 3 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 2 |
Comparison of percentage of time < 70 mg/dL from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Control | 10 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 8 |
| Glucose Tabs | 8 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 6 |
Comparison of percentage of time > 180 mg/dL from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Control | 16 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 21 |
| Glucose Tabs | 23 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 26 |
Comparison of percentage of time > 250 mg/dL from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Control | 1 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 4 |
| Glucose Tabs | 9 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 5 |
Comparison of percentage of time in range (70-180 mg/dL) from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Control | 73 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 71 |
| Glucose Tabs | 69 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 67 |
Comparison of nadir glucose from CGM between the exercise strategies. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 90 min after the standard meal until 1200 noon the day after each exercise session
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Control | 45 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 44 |
| Glucose Tabs | 49 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 51 |
Comparison of glycemic response (from blood glucose) during exercise and early recovery between each exercise strategy. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 0 to 75 minutes following exercise initiation (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 50, 55, 60, 75 min)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma Glucose Concentration (End of Exercise) | Plasma Glucose Concentration (End Early Recovery) | |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 85 | 92 |
| Control | 86 | 90 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 161 | 163 |
| Glucose Tabs | 174 | 222 |
Comparison of occurrence of hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL from blood glucose) during exercise and early recovery between each exercise strategy. (NCT02660242)
Timeframe: 0 to 75 minutes following exercise initiation
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Control | 6 |
| Basal Insulin Reduction | 5 |
| Glucose Tabs | 0 |
| G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) | 0 |
The average percentage of successfully issued glucagon doses that are then delivered successfully by the pump. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 96.6 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 100.0 |
The average percentage of successfully delivered insulin doses. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 94.0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 95.8 |
The average percentage of successfully issued insulin doses that are then delivered successfully by the pump. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 98.5 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 96.1 |
"The percentage of time (measured in 5 minute steps) that the bionic pancreas is working, indicated by the presence of a CGM reading, a successful dose calculation and successful issuing of a dose. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments." (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of 5 minute steps (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 88.9 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 75.1 |
"The percentage of time (measured in 5 minute steps) that the bionic pancreas is working even without a CGM reading being present, indicated by a successful dose calculation and successful issuing of a dose. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments." (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of 5 minutes steps (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 94.6 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 99.8 |
A measure of CGM reliability, indicating the percentage of values the CGM displayed out of the total values it should have displayed in that time. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of CGM values (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 94.1 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 75.1 |
This applies only to the infusion set sub-study (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: Baseline Fasted State and 90 Minutes
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iLet Infusion Set | -3.7 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | -6.7 |
This applies to the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments and the infusion set sub-study experiments. The draize scale assess erythema, eschar and edema using a score from 0-4, with 4 meaning a worse outcome. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Infusion Set | 0 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | 0 |
"This applies only the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments. Subjects were given a visual analog scale measuring 100 mm and asked to draw a line to indicate their level of nausea at timepoints during the study with 100 being the worst possible nausea and 0 being no nausea." (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 3.47 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 6.93 |
This applies only to the infusion set sub-study (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: Pre-meal PG value and peak PG value during the 3.5 hours following the meal.
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iLet Infusion Set | 176.3 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | 73.9 |
The average total glucagon delivered by the bionic pancreas. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | mcg/kg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0.60 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 1.12 |
The average total insulin delivered by the bionic pancreas. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | units/kg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0.22 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0.23 |
Number of time subjects experienced symptoms of hypoglycemia and reported that to study staff. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | number of episodes (Number) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
The number of severe hypoglycemic events subjects experience. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | events (Number) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
The number of subjects who achieved a mean CGM glucose < 154 mg/dl, which correlates to an estimated hemoglobin a1c of 7%, which is the ADA goal for therapy. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 1 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 1 |
This applies only to the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | number of sensor changes (Number) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
This applies to the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments and the infusion set sub-study experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | number of infusion set changes (Number) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 1 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Infusion Set | 0 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | 0 |
This applies only to the infusion set sub-study (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 3.5 hours following the meal
| Intervention | mg*min/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iLet Infusion Set | 15512740 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | 8359871 |
The total grams of carbohydrates given to subjects for treatment of hypoglycemia. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | number of grams of carbohydrates (Number) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0 |
Percentage of time subjects spent in each of these ranges based on continuous glucose monitor readings. This only applies to the iPhone vs iLet BP visits. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| CGM glucose < 60 | CGM glucose > 180 | |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0.36 | 67.5 |
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 0.0 | 39.0 |
The average glucose according to continuous glucose monitor readings. This only applies to the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 179.2 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 251.2 |
"This applies to the iPhone vs. iLet BP experiments and the infusion set sub-study experiments. Subjects were given a visual analog scale measuring 100 mm and asked to draw a line to indicate their level of pain at timepoints during the study with 100 being the worst possible pain and 0 being no pain." (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 1.49 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 6.61 |
| iLet Infusion Set | 0.54 |
| Contact Detach Infusion Set | 2.42 |
Average percent dose amounts calculated by the bionic pancreas control algorithm that are successfully delivered by the pump (aggregate of both insulin and glucagon doses) - primary outcome for iPhone-based BP using Lilly glucagon vs. iLet BP using Lilly glucagon (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses delivered (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 94.6 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 95.0 |
Average percent dose amounts calculated by the bionic pancreas control algorithm that are successfully delivered by the pump (glucagon doses) - - primary outcome for iLet BP using Lilly glucagon vs. iLet BP using Xeris Xerisol glucagon (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 96.6 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 100.0 |
The average percentage of successfully delivered glucagon doses. This applies only to the iPhone vs iLet BP experiments. (NCT02701257)
Timeframe: 8 hours
| Intervention | percentage of doses (Mean) |
|---|---|
| iPhone Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 96.6 |
| iLet Bionic Pancreas - Lilly Glucagon | 100.0 |
Time glucose remains in goal range, 60-180 mg/dl, reported in minutes (NCT02733588)
Timeframe: 0 - 120 minutes following dosing
| Intervention | Minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) | 113 |
Frequency of rebound hyperglycemia defined as glucose levels above 180 mg/dl. Reported as the number of subjects with rebound hyperglycemia. (NCT02733588)
Timeframe: 0 - 120 minutes following dosing
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) | 0 |
Frequency of severe hypoglycemia defined as glucose levels below 60 mg/dl. Reported as the number of subjects with severe hypoglycemia. (NCT02733588)
Timeframe: 0 - 120 minutes following dosing
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) | 3 |
Frequency with which the device controller software correctly identifies impending hypoglycemia (glucose < 75 mg/dl) and notifies the investigator to initiate treatment. Reported as the number of successful identifications. (NCT02733588)
Timeframe: 0 - 120 minutes following dosing
| Intervention | successful events (Number) |
|---|---|
| G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) | 9 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 0.3 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 0.3 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 0.3 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 1145.4 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 745.6 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 811.5 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | pg*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 1108.9 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 669.3 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 1064.3 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picogram*hour per millilitre (pg*hr/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 1039.7 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 631.8 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 868.4 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour*millimoles per liter(hr*mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 4.3 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 3.8 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 4.2 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Median) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 0.5 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 0.6 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 0.7 |
(NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 2.9 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 2.7 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 3.4 |
"Safety and tolerability evaluated through the assessment of adverse events.~A SAE (serious adverse event) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered the investigational product and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment.~A summary of other non-serious AEs, and all SAE's, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section." (NCT02778100)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Study Completion (Day 30)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| NG - Common Cold | 0 |
| NG - Symptom-Free | 0 |
| NG - Common Cold+Oxymetazoline | 0 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | picogram*hour per milliliter (pg*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | NA |
| NG 1 mg | 38.9 |
| NG 2 mg | 293 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 2060 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | hour (h) (Median) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | 0.17 |
| NG 1 mg | 0.25 |
| NG 2 mg | 0.25 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 0.33 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | picogram per milliliter (pg/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | NA |
| NG 1 mg | 217 |
| NG 2 mg | 1000 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 3260 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | hour (h) (Median) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | 0.33 |
| NG 1 mg | 0.36 |
| NG 2 mg | 0.50 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 0.37 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | millimole*hour per liter (mmol*h/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | -0.168 |
| NG 1 mg | 0.0617 |
| NG 2 mg | 0.566 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 0.448 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | millimole per liter (mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | 0.811 |
| NG 1 mg | 1.92 |
| NG 2 mg | 3.20 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 3.28 |
"Safety and tolerability evaluated through the assessment of adverse events. A SAE (serious adverse event) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation, which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment.~A summary of other non-serious AEs, and all SAE's, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events section." (NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Baseline through Study Completion (Day 23)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| NG 0.5 mg | 0 |
| NG 1 mg | 0 |
| NG 2 mg | 0 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 0 |
(NCT02778113)
Timeframe: Day 1: -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 hours post dose for each treatment
| Intervention | pg*h/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| NG 1 mg | NA |
| NG 2 mg | 589 |
| SC Glucagon 1 mg | 2250 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 0.17 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 0.33 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 0.50 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 0.33 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 4960 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 7140 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 8080 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 6650 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | pg*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 2730 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 4440 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 4940 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 3900 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picogram*hour per millilitre (pg*hr/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 2470 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 4100 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 4640 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 3610 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour*millimoles per liter(hr*mmol/L) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 157 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 168 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 190 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 194 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 0.75 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 1.00 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 1.00 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 1.00 |
(NCT02806973)
Timeframe: -0.5, -0.25, 0.00, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00 hours after glucagon administration
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Treatment 1 | 89.5 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 2 | 98.4 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 3 | 108 |
| Nasal Glucagon - Treatment 4 | 105 |
Change from baseline in glucose infusion rate (GIR) will be determined for each subject at the end of open-label treatment. Subjects with a decrease in GIR ≥ 33% will be considered to have had a clinically meaningful treatment response. (NCT02937558)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of open-label treatment at 72 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CSI-Glucagon | 4 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Change from baseline in glucose infusion rate (GIR) will be determined for each subject at 24 and 48 hours from the start of blinded treatment. Subjects with a decrease in GIR ≥ 20% at 24 hours, and ≥ 33% at 48 hours will be considered to have had a clinically meaningful treatment response. (NCT02937558)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of blinded treatment at 24 or 48 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CSI-Glucagon | 2 |
| Placebo | 0 |
The groups will be compared for mean percent change in GIR from baseline to the end of the open-label study phase. (NCT02937558)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of treatment at 72 hours
| Intervention | % change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CSI-Glucagon | -51.2 |
The groups will be compared for mean percent change in GIR from baseline to the end of the double-blind study phase. (NCT02937558)
Timeframe: Baseline to the end of blinded treatment at 24 or 48 hours
| Intervention | % change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CSI-Glucagon | -50.1 |
| Placebo | 1.9 |
MARD is computed using the difference between the CGM readings and the values measured at the same time by the reference measurement system. The mean (or average) of all the absolute relative deviations produces the MARD. In this study, the reference measurement system was the StatStrip Xpress meter, to which the CGM values were compared. (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percent difference (Mean) |
|---|---|
| All Randomized Participants | 14.2 |
Calculated from daily email survey (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | grams (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 24.09 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 22.56 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 112.3 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 110.2 |
Number of carbohydrate interventions for hypoglycemia per day calculated from daily email survey (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | interventions/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1.17 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 1.32 |
Number of days with nausea calculated from daily survey (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1.1 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 1.1 |
Number of symptomatic hypoglycemia events per day calculated from daily email survey (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | events per day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1.37 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 1.56 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | mcg/kg/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 8.34 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 10.1 |
The visual analog scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale which can be used in questionnaires. We used a simple VAS is a straight horizontal line of fixed length measuring 0-100mm with subscale markings every 10mm. The ends are defined as the extreme limits of the parameter to be measured (nausea) orientated from the left (least severity or 0) to the right (most severity or 100mm). Subjects can mark their response anywhere from 0 to 100mm. The mean severity of nausea for the group in each arm was calculated by averaging all responses in either arm. (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | millimeters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 0.5 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 0.5 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 0.93 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 3.95 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1.43 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 1.47 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 92.67 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 89.31 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 66.53 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 63.41 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1.9 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 1.4 |
The measure for area over the curve is used when an integrated assessment (e.g., a measurement of something over a specific amount of time) is more useful in understanding a phenomenon. To calculate this measure, a method of approximation is often used. One way would be to estimate the curve via curve-fitting techniques. For this outcome, using area over the curve and <60mg/dl provides a more robust method of calculating amount of hypoglycemia (by including more severe degrees of hypoglycemia in the product of mg/dl*min as opposed to percentage of time below 60mg/dl. (NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | mg/dl *minute (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 1066.30 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 2004.80 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 0.35 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 0.10 |
(NCT02966275)
Timeframe: 14 days
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Glucagon | 4.27 |
| Glucagon-only Bionic Pancreas - Placebo | 4.81 |
The VAS scale was used to measure pain at the end of the visit (16 hours) for patients in both treatment groups. The VAS was a psychometric response scale used to measure subjective characteristics of pain. Patients marked a location on a 0 to 10-cm line that corresponded to the amount of pain being experienced, with low scores (cm) indicating no feelings of pain and high scores (cm) indicating high feelings of pain. Actual values are shown. The maximum value in the Lilly glucagon group was recorded at hour 3. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | cm (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 | Hour 4 | Hour 5 | Hour 6 | Hour 7 | Visit end (16 hours) | |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | percentage of recorded values (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 97.55 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 97.94 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | Percentage of treatment delivered (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 96.73 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 97.01 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | Percentage of treatment delivered (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 98.36 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 97.73 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | percentage of time functioning nominally (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 95.41 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 94.26 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | percentage of time functioning nominally (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 97.86 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 96.31 |
"Safety and tolerability of ZP4207 in the BP using either the iPhone or the iLet platform, as measured by adverse events (AEs), local tolerability of infusion site reactions, and clinical laboratory parameters.~See adverse events section for results on AEs by system organ class and preferred term. Clinical laboratory parameters in terms of overall 'investigations' AEs and abnormal hematology parameters that did not resolve by the follow-up visit are presented below. LLN = lower limit of the normal range. Investigations and vital signs AEs by preferred term are presented in the AE section.~Participants with infusion site pain and nausea measured by visual analog scales (VAS) are presented below; mean values are presented under secondary outcomes. For the VAS, individuals marked on a 10-cm line corresponding to the amount of pain or nausea being experienced, with low scores (cm) indicating no feelings of pain or nausea and high scores (cm) indicating high feelings of pain or nausea." (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: Up to 50 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants with AEs | Participants with antibodies | Participants with edema infusion site reactions | Participants with erythema infusion site reactions | Participants with investigations AEs | Participants with erythrocytes | Participants with hematocrit | Participants with hemoglobin | Participants with lymphocytes | Participants with infusion site pain (VAS) | Participants with nausea (VAS) | Participants with vascular disorders | | |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
Secondary endpoint of bionic pancreas function, presented by treatment group. The analysis of bionic pancreas function endpoints was on an intention-to-treat basis. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 12.6 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 12.7 |
Measure glycemic regulation, including hypoglycemia exposure (percent of time spent with continuous glucose monitor [CGM] glucose<60mg/dL) (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | percentage of time points (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 12.78 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 17.60 |
Technical faults in terms of calibration issues were listed by patient. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 9 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 11 |
Technical faults related to connectivity issues were listed (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 3 |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 2 |
The VAS scale was used to measure nausea at the end of the visit (16 hours) for patients in both treatment groups. The VAS was a psychometric response scale used to measure subjective characteristics of nausea. Patients marked a location on a 0 to 10-cm line that corresponded to the amount of nausea being experienced, with low scores (cm) indicating no feelings of nausea and high scores (cm) indicating high feelings of nausea. Actual values are shown. The maximum values in both groups were recorded at hour 6, the start of the exercise period. (NCT02971228)
Timeframe: 16 hours
| Intervention | cm (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 | Hour 4 | Hour 5 | Hour 6 | Hour 7 | Visit end (16 hours) | |
| Part 1, Lilly Glucagon | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Part 1, ZP4207 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
Plasma glucagon area under the curve (AUC) for each age cohort will be analyzed descriptively. (NCT03091673)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | min*mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Subjects 2 to <6 Years of Age | 14440.8 |
| Subjects 6 to <12 Years of Age | 14392.3 |
| Subjects 12 to <18 Years of Age | 13105.5 |
Plasma glucagon maximum concentration for each age cohort will be analyzed descriptively. (NCT03091673)
Timeframe: 0-180 minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Subjects 2 to <6 Years of Age | 202.3 |
| Subjects 6 to <12 Years of Age | 216.3 |
| Subjects 12 to <18 Years of Age | 199.0 |
Plasma glucagon time to maximum concentration for each age cohort will be analyzed descriptively. (NCT03091673)
Timeframe: 0-180 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Subjects 2 to <6 Years of Age | 66.6 |
| Subjects 6 to <12 Years of Age | 68.5 |
| Subjects 12 to <18 Years of Age | 81.2 |
Time for plasma glucose to increase by ≥25 mg/dL from baseline will be analyzed descriptively for each age cohort. (NCT03091673)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Subjects 2 to <6 Years of Age | 16.4 |
| Subjects 6 to <12 Years of Age | 16.2 |
| Subjects 12 to <18 Years of Age | 26.6 |
The primary endpoint for this study is an evaluation of change in plasma glucose following treatment with G-Pen, with an emphasis on the increase from baseline to 30 minutes post-dosing. (NCT03091673)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Subjects 2 to <6 Years of Age | 81.4 |
| Subjects 6 to <12 Years of Age | 84.2 |
| Subjects 12 to <18 Years of Age | 54.0 |
An increase in the plasma glucose concentration of ≥20 mg/dL within 30 minutes after treatment at visit 2 and visit 4. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 30 minutes
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 072481699 | Day 072481700 | Day 1472481699 | Day 1472481700 | |||||
| No | Yes | |||||||
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 54 | |||||||
| GlucaGen | 51 | |||||||
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 3 | |||||||
| GlucaGen | 3 | |||||||
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 51 | |||||||
| GlucaGen | 47 | |||||||
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 1 | |||||||
| GlucaGen | 2 | |||||||
Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma PK concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 90 minutes
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 1390 | 1820 |
| GlucaGen | 1490 | 1430 |
Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) 0-90 minutes at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma PK concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | h*pmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 1560 | 1640 |
| GlucaGen | 1290 | 1290 |
Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) 0-30 minutes at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma PK concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10 and 30 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | h*pmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 425 | 499 |
| GlucaGen | 548 | 546 |
Time to maximum plasma glucose concentration (Tmax) at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 90 minutes
| Intervention | hours (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| GlucaGen | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Change from baseline plasma glucose to maximum plasma glucose (CEmax) at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 90 minutes
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 6.25 | 6.88 |
| GlucaGen | 6 | 6.21 |
Plasma glucose profiles, area under the effect curve (AUE) 0-90 minutes at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes
| Intervention | h*mmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 5.9 | 6.47 |
| GlucaGen | 5.86 | 6.04 |
Plasma glucose profiles, area under the effect curve (AUE) 0-30 minutes at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10 and 30 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | h*mmol/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 0.799 | 0.869 |
| GlucaGen | 0.886 | 0.895 |
Time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) at visit 2 and 4 (days 0 and 14). Plasma PK concentrations were measured before dosing and at 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after dosing. (NCT03216226)
Timeframe: 90 minutes
| Intervention | hours (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 14 | |
| Dasiglucagon (ZP4207) | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| GlucaGen | 0.483 | 0.5 |
Nadir plasma glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 67.4 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 58.5 |
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time sensor glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0.987 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 0.815 |
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for percent time plasma glucose in range (180-65mg/dL) after the final dose, which was either 1 or 2 doses depending on patient response (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0.852 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 0.645 |
Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the second administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores from the second administration of study drug vs. second administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits).
| Intervention | pain score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 1.14 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 1.31 |
Pain score was assessed verbally, 1 is the least pain (none), 10 is the most severe pain. Pain score at the time of the first administration was compared for the visit where the participant received the study drug vs. the visit where the participant received the placebo. A participant could receive 2 doses of the study drug or placebo at each visit. All 12 participants completed both the study drug phase and the placebo phase. The pain scores for the first administration of study drug vs. first administration of placebo for these two visits were compared. Whether the participant was assigned to the study drug glucagon (vs. placebo) at the first or second MMTT was determined by randomization. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: The two study visits where participants were administered either study drug or placebo took place over 2 weeks (there was a 1 to 2 week washout period between visits).
| Intervention | pain score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 4.00 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 3.83 |
Compare outcomes for glucagon versus vehicle infusions for prevention of rebound hyperglycemia (defined as glucose levels above 180 mg/dl). (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge will be conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 0 |
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below <60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 1 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 3 |
This is the sensor glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose < 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 134 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 139 |
A primary endpoint for this study is prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below <65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 1 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 4 |
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below <55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 0 |
Nadir sensor glucose (mg/dl) during meal testing, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 72.7 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 65.3 |
This is the capillary glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose < 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 94.2 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 91.7 |
This is the capillary glucose at which time the first alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose < 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 98.1 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 109 |
A primary endpoint for this study is the prevention of meal provoked hypoglycemia, defined as sensor glucose levels below <65 mg/dl, comparing study drug to control. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 1 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 5 |
Time to delivery (min) of study drug during mixed meal testing (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 94 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 89.3 |
This is the sensor glucose at which time the second alarm occurred during the mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose < 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 85.7 |
| Placebo / Control Arm | 70.1 |
Time to alarm represents the time for the first alarm to occur during mixed meal testing. Alarms are triggered by hypoglycemia (sensor glucose < 65 mg/dL), or by the algorithm predicting that hypoglycemia will occur in less than 30 minutes (taking into account current sensor glucose level (between 65-150 mg/dL) and the rate of change of a rapidly falling sensor glucose level). In the latter case, the alarm is activated even if glucose levels are within the normoglycemic range to allow early detection and response. During both glucagon and vehicle treatment visits, all participants received either 300 μg of glucagon or the equivalent volume of vehicle with the first alarm. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 89.9 |
| Placebo / Control Arm | 87.7 |
(NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 138 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 125 |
(NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 156 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 134 |
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below <60 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 3 |
Prevention of meal / provoked hypoglycemia, defined as plasma glucose levels below <55 mg/dl, comparing vehicle to control (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 5 |
Protocol-specified rescue delivery of IV glucose was performed if plasma glucose <55 mg/dL and/or significant neuroglycopenia developed. (NCT03255629)
Timeframe: Measured following 2 challenges: 1 with glucagon and 1 with vehicle. The second challenge was conducted within two weeks of the first.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug (Glucagon) Phase | 0 |
| Placebo / Control Phase | 7 |
(NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 minutes after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 1.00 |
| IM Glucagon | 1.50 |
(NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 240 minutes after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 6130 |
| IM Glucagon | 3750 |
(NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 240 minutes after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Hour (hr) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 0.25 |
| IM Glucagon | 0.25 |
(NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 240 minutes after glucagon administration
| Intervention | picogram*hour per millilitre (pg*hr/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 2740 |
| IM Glucagon | 3320 |
(NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 minutes after glucagon administration
| Intervention | Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 132 |
| IM Glucagon | 161 |
Treatment success is defined as an increase in plasma glucose to greater than or equal to (≥) 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or an increase of ≥20 mg/dL from plasma glucose nadir, without receiving additional actions to increase the plasma glucose concentration. Nadir is defined as the minimum plasma glucose concentration at the time of or within 10 minutes following glucagon administration. (NCT03339453)
Timeframe: Pre-dose up to 30 minutes post each glucagon administration
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 66 |
| IM Glucagon | 66 |
Plasma glucose changes from baseline at 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes and 10 minutes after study drug injection without administration of rescue intravenous glucose (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes after dosing: assessed at 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after study drug injection
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 30 minutes | At 20 minutes | At 15 minutes | At 10 minutes | |
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 90.9 | 59.7 | 43.5 | 23.9 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 88.5 | 58.4 | 44.1 | 22.0 |
| Placebo | 19.1 | 8.7 | 6.65 | -0.14 |
Number of patients receiving administration of rescue infusion of IV glucose during the hypoglycemic clamp procedure. IV = intravenous (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0 |
Time to maximum plasma drug concentration (tmax). Median Tmax was determined as the time point where the maximum of all valid plasma dasiglucagon/glucagon concentration measurements for each measurement series was observed. Samples were collected pre-dose, and at 15, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after dosing. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-120 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 0.670 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0.250 |
Maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax). Maximum plasma drug concentration was determined as the maximum of all valid plasma dasiglucagon/glucagon concentrations. Samples were collected pre-dose, and at 15, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after dosing. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-120 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | pmol/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1280 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1490 |
Area under the drug concentration curve from time zero to 90 minutes, AUC0-90min. To calculate the AUC the standard trapezoidal method was used, based on actual rather than nominal time points. Samples were collected pre-dose, and at 15, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after dosing. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-90 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | pmol*h/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1430 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1300 |
Area under the drug concentration curve from time zero to 120 minutes, AUC0-120min. To calculate the AUC the standard trapezoidal method was used, based on actual rather than nominal time points. Samples were collected pre-dose, and at 15, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after dosing. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-120 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | pmol*h/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1770 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1490 |
Plasma glucose response as area under the effect curve (AUE) above baseline from time zero to 30 minutes. Samples were collected pre-dose, and at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after dosing. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | mg*h/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 21.0 |
| Placebo | 3.57 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 20.4 |
Plasma glucose recovery within 30 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 15 minutes, and within 10 minutes after study drug injection without administration of rescue IV glucose. Plasma glucose recovery was defined as the first increase in plasma glucose of ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) from baseline without administration of rescue intravenous glucose. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes after dosing: assessed at 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after study drug injection
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose recovery at 30 minutes | Glucose recovery at 20 minutes | Glucose recovery at 15 minutes | Glucose recovery at 10 minutes | |
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 82 | 81 | 81 | 53 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 43 | 42 | 41 | 21 |
| Placebo | 20 | 6 | 1 | 0 |
Occurence of antibodies against dasiglucagon/GlucaGen (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 28 days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-drug antibodies at follow-up day 28 | Anti-drug antibodies at second follow up | |
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1 | 0 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0 | 0 |
Plasma glucose recovery is defined as first increase in plasma glucose of ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) from baseline without administration of rescue intravenous glucose. The outcome measure used a Kaplan-Meier estimate with 95% confidence interval. Treatment groups without censoring utilized a distribution free method to compute the confidence interval for median time. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 10 |
| Placebo | 40 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 12 |
Time to first plasma glucose concentration ≥70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) without administration of rescue intravenous glucose. The outcome measure used a Kaplan-Meier estimate with 95% confidence interval. Treatment groups without censoring utilized a distribution free method to compute the confidence interval for median time. (NCT03378635)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 8 |
| Placebo | 25 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 8 |
Percentage of participants who achieved treatment success during the controlled insulin-induced hypoglycemia in participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Treatment success is defined as an increase in plasma glucose to greater than or equal to (≥) 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or an increase of ≥20 mg/dL from plasma glucose nadir, without receiving additional actions to increase the plasma glucose concentration. Nadir is defined as the minimum plasma glucose concentration at the time of or within 10 minutes following glucagon administration. (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose up to 30 minutes post each glucagon administration
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 100 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 100 |
PK assessment measured the change from baseline in Tmax of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM. (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 240 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | hour (h) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 0.25 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 0.17 |
PK assessment measured the change from baseline in maximal concentration (Cmax) of glucagon nasal powder and glucagon hydrochloride IM. (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 240 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | picogram/milliliter (pg/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 9520 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 3290 |
PK assessment measured the change from baseline in the area under the concentration versus time curve from time zero to time t, where t is the last time point with a measurable concentration of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM. (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 240 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | Picogram*hour/milliliter (pg*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 4830 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 3240 |
PD assessment measured the change from Baseline in maximal blood glucose (BGmax) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride intramuscular (IM). (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 240 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 113 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 119 |
PD assessment measured the time to maximal concentration (Tmax) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM. (NCT03421379)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 240 minutes after each glucagon administration
| Intervention | hour (Median) |
|---|---|
| Glucagon Nasal Powder | 1.00 |
| Glucagon Hydrochloride Solution | 1.50 |
Assess the percent of time that the Dexcom G5 or G6 reported sensor glucose values greater than 180 mg/dl using Dexcom sensor across all three arms. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: entire 76 hour study
| Intervention | percentage of 76 hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 28.2 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 25.1 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 34.7 |
Assess the percent of time that the Dexcom G5 or G6 reported sensor glucose values between 70-180 mg/dl using Dexcom sensor across all three arms. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: entire 76 hour study
| Intervention | percentage of 76 hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 71.0 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 72.6 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 63.4 |
Assess the number of rescue carbohydrate treatments across all three arms per day. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: 24 hours
| Intervention | number of carbohydrate treatments/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 0.6 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 1.7 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 1.4 |
Assess the mean amount of XeriSol glucagon delivered in mcg/kg as documented through the artificial pancreas controller in dual hormone arm. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: 24 hours
| Intervention | mcg/kg/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed Loop | 4.5 |
Assess the mean amount of insulin delivered in units/kg as documented through the artificial pancreas controller across all three arms. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: 24 hours
| Intervention | units/kg/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 42.3 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 41.1 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 44.0 |
Assess the percent of time that the Dexcom G5 or G6 reported sensor glucose values less than 54 mg/dl using Dexcom sensor across all three arms. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: entire 76 hour study
| Intervention | percentage of 76 hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 0 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 0.2 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 0.1 |
Assess the percent of time that the Dexcom G5 or G6 reported sensor glucose values less than 70 mg/dl using Dexcom sensor across all three arms. (NCT03424044)
Timeframe: 4 hours post exercise on Day 1
| Intervention | percentage 4 hrs post exercise on Day 1 (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dual Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 0 |
| Single Hormone Closed-loop Arm | 8.3 |
| Predictive Low Glucose Suspend Arm | 4.2 |
Time from administration of glucagon to complete resolution of 4 autonomic symptoms of hypoglycemia. Symptoms included: sweating, tremor, palpitations and feeling of nervousness. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 13.8 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 12.0 |
Time from administration of glucagon to complete resolution of 4 neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia. Four symptoms were assessed: dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty in thinking and faintness. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 14.2 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 12.2 |
"Time from administration of glucagon to resolution of the overall sensation of hypoglycemia. Subjects were asked to answer yes/no to the question, Do you feel hypoglycemic? The time point as which the subject first answered no was considered the time of resolution." (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 11.6 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 13.1 |
Time from administration of glucagon for plasma glucose to rise from below 50.0 mg/dL to above 70.0 mg/dL (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 12.17 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 8.58 |
Area under the curve for plasma glucose. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose - Blood samples for assessment of blood glucose concentration were collected every 5 minutes post-dose to 90 minutes, and then at 120, 150 and 180 minutes post dose.
| Intervention | mg∙min/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 33686.04 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 33538.60 |
"Time required to prepare and inject glucagon as measured between a decision to dose and completion of the injection" (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 5 minutes pre-dose
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 27.3 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 97.2 |
Maximum concentration of plasma glucose. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose - Blood samples for assessment of blood glucose concentration were collected every 5 minutes post-dose to 90 minutes, and then at 120, 150 and 180 minutes post dose.
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 238.32 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 228.11 |
Time to maximum concentration of plasma glucose. Blood samples for assessment of blood glucose concentration were collected every 5 minutes post-dose to 90 minutes, and then at 120, 150 and 180 minutes post dose. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 125.67 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 113.89 |
Increase in plasma glucose by ≥ 20.0 mg/dL within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 minutes post dose
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 76 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 78 |
Increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 50.0 mg/dL to greater than 70.0 mg/dL within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 minutes post dose
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 76 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 78 |
A positive response for this endpoint is a return of plasma glucose to > 70 mg/dL or an increase in plasma glucose by ≥20 mg/dL within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 minutes post dose
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 76 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 78 |
A positive response for this endpoint is a return of plasma glucose to > 70 mg/dL or clearance of all neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon. Four symptoms were assessed: dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty in thinking and faintness. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 minutes post dose
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 76 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 78 |
Clearance of all neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia within 30 minutes after receiving glucagon. Four symptoms were assessed: dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty in thinking and faintness. (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 30 minutes post dose
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 74 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 77 |
Time from administration of glucagon for plasma glucose to increase by ≥20 mg/dL from baseline (NCT03439072)
Timeframe: 0 to 180 minutes post dose
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 11.36 |
| Lilly Glucagon | 8.02 |
Plasma epinephrine concentration after 30 minutes of induced hypoglycemia. Change from baseline to the end of treatment will be assessed. (NCT03490942)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | Pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CSGI High Infusion Rate | 100.0 |
| CSGI Low Infusion Rate | 144.4 |
| Placebo High Infusion Rate | 167.3 |
Time to maximum of plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen concentration measurements. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 0.35 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0.333 |
"Plasma glucose recovery was defined as first increase in plasma glucose of ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) from baseline during the hypoglycemic clamp procedure without administration of rescue intravenous (IV) glucose. Patients who received rescue IV glucose before 45 minutes and patients not recovering within 45 minutes after dosing were censored at 45 minutes. Time to plasma glucose recovery was summarized for each treatment group using Kaplan Meier (KM) estimates together with the 95% confidence interval.~Note that the upper confidence limit for the placebo median was not estimable, but is set to 45 minutes (censored value) here." (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes after dosing
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 10.00 |
| Placebo | 30.00 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 10.00 |
Plasma glucose recovery within 30 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 15 minutes, and within 10 minutes after study drug injection without administration of rescue intravenous (IV) glucose. Plasma glucose recovery was defined as the first increase in plasma glucose of ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) from baseline without administration of rescue intravenous glucose. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes after dosing: assessed at 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after study drug injection
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose recovery at 30 minutes | Glucose recovery at 20 minutes | Glucose recovery at 15 minutes | Glucose recovery at 10 minutes | |
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 20 | 20 | 19 | 13 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 10 | 10 | 10 | 6 |
| Placebo | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Plasma glucose changes from baseline within 30 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 15 minutes, and within 10 minutes after trial product injection or at the time of rescue intravenous (IV) glucose (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes after dosing: assessed at 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after study drug injection
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 30 minutes | At 20 minutes | At 15 minutes | At 10 minutes | |
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 98.459 | 65.369 | 45.342 | 27.225 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 85.225 | 58.000 | 40.631 | 20.919 |
| Placebo | 17.510 | 7.322 | 0.835 | -3.405 |
Time to first IV rescue glucose administration for hypoglycemia after administration of IMP. IV = intravenous. IMP = investigational medicinal product. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 12 |
Number of patients receiving IV rescue glucose administration for hypoglycemia after administration of IMP. IV = intravenous. IMP = investigational medicinal product. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-45 minutes
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 0 |
| Placebo | 1 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0 |
Plasma glucose response as area under the effect curve above baseline from time 0 to 30 minutes (AUE0-30min). Plasma glucose was determined at pre-dose and at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 30, and 45 minutes (and at 60 minutes if the patient weighed ≥21 kg) after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | mmol*h/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 22.83 |
| Placebo | 1.81 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 19.66 |
Volume of distribution of plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | litres (Geometric Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 86.4 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 373 |
Area under the plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen concentration versus time curve from 0 to 300 minutes post-dose. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | h*pmol/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1810 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1370 |
Area under the plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen concentration versus time curve from 0 to infinitely post-dose. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | h*pmol/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1850 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1530 |
Total body clearance of plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | L/h (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 96.1 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 188 |
Maximum of all valid plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen concentration measurements from 0 to 300 minutes post-dose. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | pmol/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1160 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1120 |
Mean residence time of plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | hours (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1.27 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1.86 |
Area under the plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen concentration versus time curve from 0 to 30 minutes post-dose. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-30 minutes
| Intervention | h*pmol/L (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 376 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 376 |
Terminal elimination rate constant of plasma dasiglucagon or GlucaGen. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | 1/hour (Geometric Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 1.11 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 0.504 |
Terminal plasma elimination half-life of dasiglucagon or GlucaGen. Samples were collected before dosing and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 140, 220, and 300 minutes after dosing. (NCT03667053)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes
| Intervention | hours (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dasiglucagon 0.6 mg | 0.623 |
| GlucaGen® 1.0 mg | 1.38 |
Mean time (minutes) to administer study drug from a decision to dose (NCT03738865)
Timeframe: At 0-10 minutes from a decision to administer study drug
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 0.79 |
| Novo Glucagon | 1.76 |
Number of subjects with an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 54 mg/dL (3 mmol/L) to greater than 70 mg/dL (3.89 mmol/L) within 30 minutes of a decision to dose (NCT03738865)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following a decision to administer study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 127 |
| Novo Glucagon | 123 |
Number of subjects with an increase in plasma glucose concentration from below 54 mg/dL (3 mmol/L) to greater than 70 mg/dL (3.89 mmol/L) or an increase in plasma glucose concentration > 20 mg/dL (> 1.11 mmol/L) within 30 minutes after administration of glucagon (NCT03738865)
Timeframe: At 30 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 127 |
| Novo Glucagon | 123 |
Number of subjects with an increase in plasma glucose concentration > 20 mg/dL (> 1.11 mmol/L) after administration of glucagon. (NCT03738865)
Timeframe: At 0-30 minutes following a decision to administer study drug
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 127 |
| Novo Glucagon | 123 |
Mean time (minutes) to complete resolution of the overall sensation of hypoglycemia from a decision to dose (NCT03738865)
Timeframe: At 0-90 minutes following administration of study drug
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| G-Pen | 15.69 |
| Novo Glucagon | 15.32 |
Preference was measured by the PWD overall feeling of being safer during a severe low blood sugar event using Rescue Device Preference-Associated Person (RDP-AP). Participants rated their preference for NG or GEK by choosing one of five radio buttons: Strongly prefer NG, prefer NG, no preference, prefer GEK, strongly prefer GEK. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part A: Days 15 - 17
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Prefer Nasal Glucagon | Prefer Nasal Glucagon | No Preference | Prefer Injectable Glucagon | Strongly Prefer Injectable Glucagon | |
| Participant With Diabetes (PWD) | 78.1 | 12.5 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 6.3 |
Percentage of untrained users who found both devices and performed a successful administration of both rescue devices for both simulations. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part B: Day 1 and Days 8-9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 90.9 |
| Glucagon Emergency Kit (GEK) | 0 |
Percentage of trained users who found both devices and performed a successful administration of both rescue devices for both simulations. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part A: Days 8 - 9 and Days 15 - 17
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 90.3 |
| Glucagon Emergency Kit (GEK) | 15.6 |
Average time for untrained users who found both devices to successfully administer one rescue device over the other in Part B. To successfully administer either NG or GEK, a participant must complete all of the critical steps for each device, and administer a complete dose. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part B: Day 1 and Days 8-9
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon Device (NG) | 44.5 |
| Glucagon Emergency Kit (GEK) | NA |
Ease of use was measured via the Individual Rescue Device Ease of Use (RDEU) Questionnaire by Trained and Untrained Participants. Participants answered three questions about ease of use for each device by choosing one of five radio buttons: Strongly disagree, disagree, neither disagree nor agree, agree, strongly agree. Data here represents pooling of Simulation 1 for Part A and Part B. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part A: Days 15 -17 and Part B: Days 8 - 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Prefer Nasal Glucagon | Prefer Nasal Glucagon | No Preference | Prefer Injectable Glucagon | Strongly Prefer Injectable Glucagon | |
| Part A (Trained) | 48.4 | 29.0 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 3.2 |
| Part B (Untrained) | 80.6 | 16.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
Overall preference was measured via the Rescue Device Preference (RDP) questionnaire completed by Trained and Untrained participant users. Participants rated their preference for NG or GEK by choosing one of five radio buttons: Strongly prefer NG, prefer NG, no preference, prefer GEK, strongly prefer GEK. Data here represents pooling for Part A and Part B. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part A: Days 8-9; Day 15-17 and Part B: Day 1; Days 8-9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Prefer Nasal Glucagon | Prefer Nasal Glucagon | No Preference | Prefer Injectable Glucagon | Strongly Prefer Injectable Glucagon | |
| Part A (Trained) | 58.1 | 22.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Part B (Untrained) | 71.0 | 22.6 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
Average time for trained users who found both devices to successfully administer one rescue device over the other in Part A. (NCT03765502)
Timeframe: Part A: Day 8 and Days 15-17
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Nasal Glucagon (NG) | 47.3 |
| Glucagon Emergency Kit (GEK) | 81.8 |
"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 30.8 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 29.9 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 25.8 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 30.7 |
"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 33.3 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 31.3 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 36.7 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 34.3 |
"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 61.5 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 65.3 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 55.8 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 62.0 |
"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 63.0 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 67.2 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 59.2 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 62.3 |
"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 64.4 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 70.9 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 54.0 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 65.0 |
"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 33.3 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 31.0 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 36.2 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 32.8 |
Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrinologist | Diabetologist | Other cardiologist | Nephrologist | General practitioner | Others | None | |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 19 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 45 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 7.0 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 7.0 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 5.4 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 6.5 |
"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 8.9 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 9.4 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 5.0 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 3.8 |
"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 6.4 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 5.6 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 4.3 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 6.0 |
Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrinologist | Other diabetologist | Cardiologist | Nephrologist | General practitioner | Others | None | |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 0 | 35 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 577 |
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 3 | 74 | 35 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 953 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 257 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 0 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 300 |
"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 6.7 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 9.7 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 6.0 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 10.9 |
Number of patients with documentation of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3175 |
Number of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 886 |
Number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status - according to prescribing specialist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist | 508 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist | 358 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist | 20 |
Number of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is reported. Patients with cardiovascular disease were considered patients for whom 'History of acute myocardial infarction', 'History of cardiology intervention', 'Ischemic heart disease', 'Congestive heart failure', 'History of stroke' or 'Peripheral arterial disease', were documented as comorbidities. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 1485 |
Clinical parameter relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 8.5 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 8.1 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 8.2 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 8.5 |
Clinical parameter relevant for type 2 diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 8.2 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 7.9 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 8.4 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 8.6 |
Clinical parameter relevant for type 2 diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist | 7.9 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist | 8.1 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist | 7.4 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist | 8.5 |
Number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by physician's assessment (patients for whom CKD was reported as a comorbidity) is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 586 |
Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other endocrinologist | Diabetologist | Cardiologist | Nephrologist | General practitioner | Others | None | |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 36 | 0 | 25 | 8 | 33 | 5 | 439 |
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 56 | 0 | 81 | 8 | 46 | 3 | 697 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 76 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 11 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 209 |
"Number of patients in each category of different types of cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication initiated at study index date 1 is reported.~The following types of cardiovascular diseases are reported:~Myocardial infarction~Cardiology intervention (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG))~Ischemic heart disease~Congestive heart failure~Stroke~Peripheral arterial disease~The categories reported for each type of cardiovascular disease are:~Yes~No~Unknown" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myocardial infarction72022152 | Myocardial infarction72022153 | Myocardial infarction72022154 | Myocardial infarction72022155 | Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022153 | Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022152 | Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022155 | Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022154 | Ischemic heart disease72022152 | Ischemic heart disease72022153 | Ischemic heart disease72022154 | Ischemic heart disease72022155 | Congestive heart failure72022152 | Congestive heart failure72022153 | Congestive heart failure72022154 | Congestive heart failure72022155 | Stroke72022152 | Stroke72022153 | Stroke72022154 | Stroke72022155 | Peripheral arterial disease72022152 | Peripheral arterial disease72022153 | Peripheral arterial disease72022154 | Peripheral arterial disease72022155 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 276 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 91 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1667 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 1039 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 334 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 518 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 328 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 98 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1614 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 1024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 324 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 509 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 631 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 265 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 141 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1312 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 860 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 305 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 433 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 252 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 104 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1664 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 997 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 337 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 513 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 43 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1819 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 1056 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 342 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 547 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 171 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 118 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 46 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 1767 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 1008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 339 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 529 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
"Number of patients in each category of the different types of cardiovascular disease is reported.~The following types of cardiovascular diseases are reported:~Myocardial infarction~Cardiology intervention (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG))~Ischemic heart disease~Congestive heart failure~Stroke~Peripheral arterial disease~The categories reported for each type of cardiovascular disease are:~Yes~No~Unknown" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myocardial infarction72022150 | Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022150 | Ischemic heart disease72022150 | Congestive heart failure72022150 | Stroke72022150 | Peripheral arterial disease72022150 | |||||||||||||
| Yes | No | Unknown | ||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 450 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3558 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 47 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 525 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3471 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 59 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 1087 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 2910 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 58 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 421 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3511 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 123 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 248 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3764 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 43 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 350 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 3643 | |||||||||||||||||
| T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe | 62 | |||||||||||||||||
"Number of patients initiated on a modern type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication who also received concomitant T2D medications at study index date 1 according to prescribing specialist is reported.~The concomitant T2D medications reported are:~Metformin~Sulfonylurea~Acarbose~Pioglitazone~Insulin~Others" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Sulfonylurea | Acarbose | Pioglitazone | Insulin | Others | |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist | 81 | 17 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 7 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist | 1794 | 513 | 49 | 91 | 658 | 91 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist | 1349 | 626 | 3 | 3 | 342 | 59 |
"Number of patients initiated on a modern type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication who also received concomitant cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) medication at study index date 1 according to prescribing specialist is reported.~The reported concomitant CVD and/or chronic CKD medications are:~Antihypertensive angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)~Statins~Low dose aspirin~Beta blockers~Diuretics~Others" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antihypertensive ACEi or ARBs | Statins | Low dose aspirin | Beta blockers | Diuretics | Others | |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist | 87 | 82 | 64 | 73 | 44 | 29 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist | 1536 | 1327 | 622 | 922 | 732 | 455 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist | 1256 | 983 | 555 | 580 | 471 | 160 |
Number of patients for each type of physician specialties involved in decision for T2D therapy discontinuation according to prescribing specialist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 2 (= one year ± 2 months after index date 1 (study index date 1 was between September 2018 and December 2018)).
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrinologist | Diabetologist | Cardiologist | General practitioner | Other | None | |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist | 0 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 3 | 185 |
| Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist | 26 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 102 |
"Time to discontinuation of type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment according to study medication is reported.~Time to discontinuation of T2D medication was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patients who did not discontinue study medication at study index date 2 were censored." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: From date of first prescription (study index date 1) to stop date of initial type 2 diabetes (T2D)) medication (documented at index date 2), up to 14 months..
| Intervention | months (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin | 19.46 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i | 18.28 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA | 20.61 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i | 14.04 |
"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist | 9.1 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist | 9.1 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist | 9.2 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist | 9.8 |
"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).
| Intervention | Years (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist | 10.7 |
| Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist | 10.4 |
| Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist | 10.1 |
| Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist | 10.1 |
"Mean incidence rate of hypoglycemia during or after moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise at each CRC Phase visit. With crossover, each subject had 2 exercise sessions; 1 visit and exercise session with each treatment (the combined data are presented in the Overall category) and assessed at the group level.~Incidence rate is defined as the number of hypoglycemic events divided by the total number of qualified exercise sessions, assessed at group level.~Qualified exercise session is: (1) confirmed blood glucose of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) study drug administered no more than 10 min prior to exercise (5 min target), (3) conducted exercise of moderate to high intensity for at least 30 min and no longer than 75 min, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during session.~Hypoglycemic event defined as any hypoglycemic event occurring within 30 (+2) min after completion of a qualified exercise session." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Day 1) and Visit 4 (Day 3 or any day up to Day 29); At each visit, the associated hypoglycemia events were assessed continuously throughout the 30 (+2) minute period following a qualified exercise session.
| Intervention | events/session (Number) |
|---|---|
| CRC Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.02 |
| CRC Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.19 |
| CRC Phase: Overall | 0.11 |
"CRC Phase: Mean number of hypoglycemic events associated with the qualified exercise sessions at each CRC Phase visit. With crossover, each subject had 2 exercise sessions; 1 visit and exercise session with each treatment (the combined data are presented in the Overall category) assessed at group level.~A qualified exercise session is: (1) confirmed blood glucose of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) study drug administered no more than 10 min prior to exercise (5 min target), (3) conducted exercise of moderate to high intensity for at least 30 min and no longer than 75 min, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during session.~A hypoglycemic event defined as any hypoglycemic event occurring within 30 (+2) min after completion of a qualified exercise session." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Day 1) and Visit 4 (Day 3 or any day up to Day 29); At each visit, the associated hypoglycemia events were assessed continuously throughout the 30 (+2) minute period following a qualified exercise session.
| Intervention | number of events/participant (Number) |
|---|---|
| CRC Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.02 |
| CRC Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.19 |
| CRC Phase: Overall | 0.21 |
"Mean incidence rate of hypoglycemia during and after sessions of moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise in 12-week Outpatient Phase. Incidence rate is defined as the number of hypoglycemic events divided by the total number of qualified exercise sessions, assessed at group level.~Qualified exercise session is: (1) confirmed blood glucose of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) self-administered study drug no more than 10 min prior to exercise (5 min target), (3) conducted a protocol allowed exercise of moderate to high intensity for at least 30 min and no longer than 75 min, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during session.~Exercise sessions were to occur at least 2-3 times per week. Only 1 qualified exercise session/subject/day was included in the analysis (the first if >1).~Hypoglycemic event defined as any hypoglycemic event occurring within 30 (+2) min after completion of a qualified exercise session." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Daily; During the 12-week Outpatient Phase qualified exercise sessions were assessed daily and associated hypoglycemia events were assessed continuously during and within the 30 (+2) minute period following a qualified exercise session.
| Intervention | events/session (Number) |
|---|---|
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.12 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.39 |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.16 |
| Outpatient Phase: Overall | 0.24 |
"Outpatient Phase: Mean number of hypoglycemic events associated with the qualified exercise sessions, assessed at group level.~A qualified exercise session was defined as one were (1) a confirmed blood glucose value of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) self-administered the study drug no more than 10 minutes prior to exercise (5 minutes was the target), (3) conducted a protocol allowed exercise for moderate to high intensity for at least 30 minutes and no longer than 75 minutes, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during the session.~A hypoglycemic event was defined as any hypoglycemic event occurring during or within 30 (+2) minutes after completion of a qualified exercise session.~Exercise sessions were expected to occur at least 2 to 3 times per week. Only 1 qualified exercise session per subject per day was included in the analysis (the first if >1)." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Daily; During the 12-week Outpatient Phase qualified exercise sessions were assessed daily and associated hypoglycemia events were assessed continuously throughout the 30 (+2) minute period following a qualified exercise session.
| Intervention | mean number of events/participant (Number) |
|---|---|
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 1.94 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 8.43 |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 2.86 |
| Outpatient Phase: Overall | 4.3 |
"Outpatient Phase: Mean number of qualified exercise sessions, assessed at group level.~A qualified exercise session was defined as one were (1) a confirmed blood glucose value of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) self-administered the study drug no more than 10 minutes prior to exercise (5 minutes was the target), (3) conducted a protocol allowed exercise for moderate to high intensity for at least 30 minutes and no longer than 75 minutes, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during the session.~Exercise sessions were expected to occur at least 2 to 3 times per week. Only 1 qualified exercise session per subject per day was included in the analysis (the first if >1)." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Daily; During the 12-week Outpatient Phase the occurrence of qualified exercise sessions were assessed daily.
| Intervention | mean number of sessions/participant (Number) |
|---|---|
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 15.69 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 21.64 |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 17.36 |
| Outpatient Phase: Overall | 18.11 |
"Analysis of interstitial glucose (IG) was performed by treatment, independent of the order of treatment during the randomized cross-over CRC Phase. The number of participants are categorized by the following IG levels:~Below range, as defined by IG <= 70 mg/dl (<=3.89 mmol/L); Between range, as defined by IG between 54 to 70 mg/dL (3 to 3.89 mmol/L); Below range, as defined by IG <54 mg/dL (<3 mmol/L)" (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Day 1) and Visit 4 (Day 3 or any day up to Day 29); Assessed continuously 0-300 minutes following the start of the exercise session corresponding to each of the treatments during the corresponding in-clinic visit during the CRC Phase.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Below range (<=70 mg/dL) | Between range (54-70 mg/dL) | Below range (<54 mg/dL) | |
| CRC Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| CRC Phase: Overall | 9 | 9 | 2 |
| CRC Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 5 | 5 | 1 |
"Change from Baseline to End of the Outpatient Phase in Score on Barriers to Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes (BAPAD-1) Questionnaire A total of 12 factors were scored from 1=unlikely (min.) to 7=extremely likely (max.) for their propensity to keep the subject from practicing regular physical exercise during the next 6 months. Lower scores are considered better, while higher scores are considered worse outcomes. The higher the score (1 to 7), the less likely the subject was to engage in exercise.~The mean of the scores of the 12 factors were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 1 to 7." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline BAPAD-1 (Study Visit 3) | Change from Baseline at Follow-up in BAPAD-1 (Study Visit 11) | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 2.25 | 0.01 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 2.17 | -0.38 |
"Change from Baseline in Score on Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II)~A total of 33 items were scored from 0=never (min.) to 4=almost always (max.) for how often in the past 6 months they had done the following:~Behavior (15 items): things that people with diabetes often do to avoid low blood sugar.~Worry (18 items): things that people with diabetes often worry about because of low blood sugar.~Lower scores are considered better outcomes, higher scores are considered worse outcomes.~The higher the score (0 to 4), the greater the subject's fear of hypoglycemia. The mean of the scores of the 33 items were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 0 to 4." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Follow-up (Visit 11) | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 1.28 | -0.19 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 1.16 | -0.01 |
"Change from Baseline in Score on Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II)~A total of 33 items were scored from 0=never (min.) to 4=almost always (max.) for how often in the past 6 months they had done the following:~Behavior (15 items): things that people with diabetes often do to avoid low blood sugar.~Worry (18 items): things that people with diabetes often worry about because of low blood sugar.~Lower scores are considered better outcomes, higher scores are considered worse outcomes.~The higher the score (0 to 4), the greater the subject's fear of hypoglycemia. The mean of the scores of the 33 items were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 0 to 4." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Follow-up (Visit 11) | Change from Baseline at Early Termination | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 1.50 | -0.03 | -0.60 |
"Change from Baseline in Score on Hypoglycemia Confidence Scale (HCS)~The 9-item scale assessed a subject's confidence about safety regarding hypoglycemia. The questionnaire had 4 responses possible for each question, ranging from 1=not confident at all (min.) to 4=very confident (max.). Higher scores are considered better outcomes, while lower scores are considered worse outcomes. The lower the score (1 to 4), the less likely the subject was to engage in exercise.~The mean of the scores of the 9 items were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 1 to 4." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Follow-up (Visit 11) | |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 3.34 | 0.17 |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 3.23 | 0.07 |
"Mean number of high intensity aerobic exercise sessions at each CRC Phase visit. With crossover, each subject was to have 2 exercise sessions; 1 visit and exercise session with each treatment (the combined data are presented in the Overall category) and assessed at the group level.~A qualified exercise session was defined as one where (1) confirmed blood glucose of 100-180 mg/dL prior to start of exercise, (2) study drug administered no more than 10 min prior to exercise (5 min target), (3) conducted exercise of moderate to high intensity for at least 30 min and no longer than 75 min, and (4) achieved a target heart rate of 80% of maximum calculated heart rate at least once during session." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Day 1) and Visit 4 (Day 3 or any day up to Day 29); At each visit, the number of qualified exercise sessions that occurred.
| Intervention | mean number of sessions/participant (Number) |
|---|---|
| CRC Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 1 |
| CRC Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 1 |
| CRC Phase: Overall | 1.94 |
"Change from Baseline in Score on Hypoglycemia Confidence Scale (HCS)~The 9-item scale assessed a subject's confidence about safety regarding hypoglycemia. The questionnaire had 4 responses possible for each question, ranging from 1=not confident at all (min.) to 4=very confident (max.). Higher scores are considered better outcomes, while lower scores are considered worse outcomes. The lower the score (1 to 4), the less likely the subject was to engage in exercise.~The mean of the scores of the 9 items were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 1 to 4." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Follow-up (Visit 11) | Change from Baseline at Early Termination | |
| Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 3.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 |
Insulin use as reported by subject as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12 (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Insulin use measured continuously from Study Baseline to End of Study and assessed during Outpatient Phase as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12
| Intervention | units of insulin (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 0.10 | 6.20 | 3.20 | -0.85 | -2.85 |
Insulin use as reported by subject as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12 (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Insulin use measured continuously from Study Baseline to End of Study and assessed during Outpatient Phase as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12
| Intervention | units of insulin (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | -2.80 | -7.60 | 0.90 | 0.60 | -2.43 | -0.15 | -0.05 |
Insulin use as reported by subject as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12 (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Insulin use measured continuously from Study Baseline to End of Study and assessed during Outpatient Phase as Change from Outpatient Phase Baseline at Study Weeks 4, 8, and 12
| Intervention | units of insulin (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Fiasp (Insluin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Humalog (Insulin Lispro) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 4 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 8 | NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart) - Change from Baseline at Week 12 | |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 2.60 | -2.10 | -1.70 | 3.05 | 7.20 | 1.05 | -1.57 | -2.85 | -4.20 |
"Analysis of interstitial glucose (IG) was performed by treatment, during the randomized Outpatient Phase. The number of participants are categorized by the following IG levels:~Below range, as defined by IG <= 70 mg/dl (<=3.89 mmol/L); Between range, as defined by IG between 54 to 70 mg/dL (3 to 3.89 mmol/L); Below range, as defined by IG <54 mg/dL (<3 mmol/L)" (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Day 1) and Visit 4 (Day 3 or any day up to Day 29); Assessed continuously 0-300 minutes following the start of each qualified exercise session corresponding to each of the treatments during the Outpatient Phase.
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Below range <=70 mg/dL | Between Range 54-70 mg/dL | Below range <54 mg/dL | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 14 | 14 | 11 |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 12 | 12 | 9 |
| Outpatient Phase: Overall | 40 | 40 | 34 |
| Outpatient Phase: Vehicle for Glucagon RTU With Insulin Pump Reduction | 14 | 14 | 14 |
"Change from Baseline to End of the Outpatient Phase in Score on Barriers to Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes (BAPAD-1) Questionnaire A total of 12 factors were scored from 1=unlikely (min.) to 7=extremely likely (max.) for their propensity to keep the subject from practicing regular physical exercise during the next 6 months. Lower scores are considered better, while higher scores are considered worse outcomes. The higher the score (1 to 7), the less likely the subject was to engage in exercise.~The mean of the scores of the 12 factors were calculated for each subject and the overall mean for the subjects was calculated at a group level with overall mean and standard deviation calculated at Baseline (Visit 3) and Follow-up/Early Termination (Visit 11) to calculate change from Baseline. Subject level and overall means could range from 1 to 7." (NCT03841526)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Study measured at Outpatient Phase Baseline (Visit 3, Day 1) and Follow-up (Visit 11, 14-21 days after last exercise session, up to Day 134) or Early Termination (at time of discontinuation)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline BAPAD-1 (Study Visit 3) | Change from Baseline at Follow-up in BAPAD-1 (Study Visit 11) | Change from Baseline at Early Termination in BAPAD-1 | |
| Outpatient Phase: Glucagon RTU Without Insulin Pump Reduction | 2.59 | -0.34 | -1.00 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alpha-ketoisovalerate alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid | |
| 2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative | human metabolite |
| 2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease. | 7.16 | 29 | 1 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 4-carbon, branched hydroxy fatty acid and intermediate in the metabolism of valine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | |
| acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent. | 7.34 | 32 | 4 | 3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body | metabolite |
| phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative | human metabolite |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 14.62 | 44 | 4 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring. | 7.06 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; plant metabolite |
| aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid | antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. | 7.75 | 17 | 1 | hydroxytryptophan | human metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 3.92 | 13 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. | 9.16 | 5 | 0 | aldehyde | carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 5.49 | 22 | 0 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| adenine [no description available] | 7.48 | 24 | 1 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | guanidines; primary amino compound | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. | 11.18 | 72 | 7 | azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant |
| quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor |
| beta-alanine [no description available] | 4.81 | 7 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid | agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter |
| benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring. | 8.06 | 5 | 0 | benzyl alcohols | antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent |
| betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aryl phosphate | |
| bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic bromine | |
| 1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent |
| butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group. | 4.22 | 18 | 0 | fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| cadaverine [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | alkane-alpha,omega-diamine | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| carbamates [no description available] | 6.91 | 12 | 2 | amino-acid anion | |
| carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING). | 2 | 1 | 0 | acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound | biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent |
| formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent |
| aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| carnitine [no description available] | 10.04 | 53 | 2 | amino-acid betaine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| catechol [no description available] | 2.89 | 1 | 0 | catechols | allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC). | 5.57 | 5 | 1 | alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound | bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas |
| choline [no description available] | 5.62 | 25 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 6.4 | 13 | 1 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 9.76 | 69 | 1 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. | 5.54 | 17 | 1 | chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride | mouse metabolite |
| salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | 8.22 | 6 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid. | 5.31 | 13 | 1 | medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| 3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics. | 16.41 | 239 | 38 | (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | human metabolite |
| bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 7.6 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | N-acylglycine | human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin |
| 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid | |
| methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | C4-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group. | 4.29 | 7 | 0 | 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| creatine [no description available] | 3.74 | 11 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| alanylalanine alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide | |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 17.49 | 380 | 48 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| dihydroxyacetone [no description available] | 10.74 | 21 | 1 | ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | 4.16 | 17 | 0 | sulfoxide; volatile organic compound | alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger |
| formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | aldehyde; one-carbon compound | allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative | algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 11.78 | 68 | 6 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. | 4.2 | 18 | 0 | aldotriose | fundamental metabolite |
| glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 18.73 | 509 | 47 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
| alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available] | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | glycerol monophosphate | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 12.35 | 110 | 2 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histamine [no description available] | 11.55 | 149 | 1 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| homogentisic acid Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; hydroquinones | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. | 12.89 | 9 | 3 | elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity | antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite |
| hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group. | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | hydroxylamines | algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent |
| imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | imidazole | |
| iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge.. | 5.81 | 18 | 0 | diatomic iodine | nutrient |
| potassium liver regeneration factor 1: a leucine-zipper protein that is rapidly & highly induced in regenerating liver; MW 21 kDa; amino acid sequence given in first source. potassium(1+) : A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | alkali metal cation; elemental potassium; monoatomic monocation; monovalent inorganic cation | cofactor; human metabolite |
| dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring. | 4.65 | 9 | 0 | hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative | human metabolite |
| kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline | human metabolite |
| thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid | fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo aldehyde; propanals | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 4.74 | 7 | 1 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | inositol phosphate | |
| inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration. | 12.11 | 18 | 2 | cyclitol; hexol | |
| melatonin [no description available] | 8.3 | 17 | 0 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. | 3.83 | 12 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom | epitope; micronutrient |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 9.22 | 36 | 3 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 3.76 | 11 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 6.49 | 8 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 5.56 | 5 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
| nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. | 6.41 | 5 | 2 | gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide | analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent |
| orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. | 3.45 | 8 | 0 | pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid | geroprotector; metabolite |
| 4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion | allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 4-nitrophenols | human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. | 8.26 | 47 | 1 | long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| phenol [no description available] | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | phenols | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids | allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin |
| phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. | 5.62 | 25 | 0 | carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid | fundamental metabolite |
| phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family. | 4.79 | 10 | 0 | phosphocholines | allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound | algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. | 5.75 | 3 | 2 | glycol; propane-1,2-diols | allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent |
| 1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.45 | 8 | 0 | propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | metabolite; protic solvent |
| propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. | 5.44 | 15 | 1 | saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid | antifungal drug |
| purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine. | 6.99 | 1 | 0 | purine | |
| putrescine [no description available] | 8.83 | 12 | 0 | alkane-alpha,omega-diamine | antioxidant; fundamental metabolite |
| pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | pyrazole | |
| pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'. | 7.01 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines | environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| pyridoxal [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate | coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 4.31 | 6 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 16.81 | 106 | 9 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | |
| sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | |
| spermidine [no description available] | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | polyazaalkane; triamine | autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| spermine [no description available] | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | polyazaalkane; tetramine | antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent |
| sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | sulfur oxide | Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant |
| taurine [no description available] | 6.36 | 12 | 1 | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 5.71 | 6 | 1 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound | cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent |
| trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine oxide | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte |
| tryptamine [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 10.12 | 35 | 5 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 16.18 | 286 | 20 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | xanthine | Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | tetralins | |
| 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins | serotonergic antagonist |
| alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies. | 2.73 | 3 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4. | 2 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound | |
| ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. | 3.31 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | neurotoxin |
| gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | catecholamine | |
| sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393 | 2 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound | |
| vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. | 11.43 | 15 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols | human metabolite |
| 1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | phenanthroline | EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor |
| 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone. | 2 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine | drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic |
| 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8. | 12.34 | 100 | 7 | aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid | fluorescent probe |
| 2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | dinitrophenol | allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor |
| mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation. | 3.04 | 5 | 0 | alkanethiol; primary alcohol | geroprotector |
| 2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | serotonergic agonist |
| 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | organoboron compound; primary amino compound | calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener |
| meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol | anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent |
| enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | oxopurine | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| (4-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 4-aminopyridine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; aromatic amine | avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker |
| 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 13.02 | 23 | 1 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a). | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
| 5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | tryptamines | |
| hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5. | 5.29 | 10 | 0 | indole-3-acetic acids | drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines | 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist |
| 7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 4.44 | 5 | 1 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 10.08 | 29 | 8 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group. | 4.29 | 6 | 0 | acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 12.7 | 21 | 1 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 3.89 | 4 | 0 | organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| aluminum fluoride [no description available] | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | aluminium coordination entity | |
| diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 4.76 | 10 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | N-acylglycine | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| theophylline [no description available] | 12.51 | 379 | 2 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 8.53 | 2 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | pyrazolone | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug |
| arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine | metabolite; muscarinic agonist |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 9.28 | 32 | 4 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 6.25 | 11 | 1 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups. | 7.11 | 1 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite |
| baclofen [no description available] | 3.34 | 1 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
| bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
| benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; carboxamidine | serine protease inhibitor |
| benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite |
| benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| berberine [no description available] | 9.48 | 4 | 1 | alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker |
| beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| betaxolol [no description available] | 4.61 | 6 | 1 | propanolamine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention. | 11.24 | 7 | 2 | carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscarinic agonist |
| 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | hydroquinones | |
| bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| buformin Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; radiosensitizing agent |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| bunazosin bunazosin: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | quinazolines | |
| bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| caffeine [no description available] | 11.3 | 62 | 4 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 9.46 | 56 | 2 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | glycerol monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite |
| calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | imidazolium ion | apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist |
| camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor |
| candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | quinolone; secondary alcohol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| carvedilol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| chloral hydrate [no description available] | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound | general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic |
| chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 8.98 | 14 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 11.92 | 23 | 1 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 9.67 | 33 | 6 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate | acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic |
| ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; thiazolidinone | antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure | 7.42 | 2 | 0 | quinolines | |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 8.54 | 15 | 3 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofibrate [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | antilipemic drug |
| cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere. | 3.6 | 3 | 0 | benzamides | |
| clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 7.35 | 21 | 1 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 12.34 | 66 | 6 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 4.09 | 16 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| cystamine [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | organic disulfide; primary amino compound | EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor |
| dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione | muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist |
| dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | indoles | fluorochrome |
| decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid. | 3.82 | 2 | 1 | medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component |
| deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
| amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
| eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid | trypanocidal drug |
| r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 8.39 | 18 | 4 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 12.74 | 146 | 5 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans. | 8.53 | 2 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide | bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant |
| pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | pentacarboxylic acid | copper chelator |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 3.46 | 8 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 8.21 | 6 | 0 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene | environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 4.7 | 2 | 1 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
| doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones | central nervous system stimulant |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoselenazole | anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger |
| edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | phenols; quaternary ammonium ion | antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | anaesthetic |
| erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. | 5.37 | 14 | 1 | ||
| etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine | alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor |
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 4.47 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ether; volatile organic compound | inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group. | 3.66 | 10 | 0 | aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound | ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore |
| felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 4.45 | 5 | 1 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 5.96 | 8 | 1 | anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 12.08 | 11 | 1 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 7.41 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 9.28 | 4 | 1 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fp 83 FP 83: structure given in first source | 3.53 | 1 | 1 | organic molecular entity | |
| flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 3.49 | 2 | 0 | pyrazoles | antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 6.2 | 27 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | benzoate ester | |
| gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. | 6.51 | 13 | 4 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger |
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 7.89 | 12 | 7 | sulfonamide | |
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 14.11 | 20 | 5 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5. | 8.2 | 6 | 0 | dialdehyde | cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative |
| glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 13.69 | 116 | 25 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. | 8.21 | 6 | 0 | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available] | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | isoquinolines; sulfonamide | |
| 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group. | 3.59 | 9 | 0 | isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 3.75 | 11 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| halothane [no description available] | 3.74 | 11 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide | agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant |
| hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool. | 4.12 | 16 | 0 | quaternary ammonium salt | |
| hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| hexoprenaline Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent. | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | phenanthridines | fluorochrome; intercalator |
| hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 11.38 | 7 | 2 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; thiazide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 4.45 | 5 | 1 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 7.88 | 16 | 1 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA. | 4.81 | 4 | 0 | amphetamines | |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 7.4 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 6.76 | 15 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 10.08 | 59 | 5 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iodoacetamide [no description available] | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. | 4.6 | 3 | 2 | benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide | radioopaque medium |
| 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively. | 7.81 | 136 | 0 | 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | |
| isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. | 7.52 | 3 | 3 | organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| 2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol | protic solvent |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 16.27 | 572 | 4 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
| ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. | 5.86 | 7 | 1 | cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 3.09 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 3.34 | 1 | 1 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| 3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 5.43 | 8 | 2 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. | 11.08 | 6 | 5 | medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite |
| lomustine [no description available] | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative | |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 3.82 | 2 | 1 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles | anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source | 4.43 | 8 | 0 | chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound | autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone | antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 2 | 1 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter. | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | primary aliphatic amine | |
| mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent |
| meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| memantine [no description available] | 5.81 | 3 | 2 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain. | 5.76 | 8 | 3 | ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself. | 3.96 | 14 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 17.49 | 108 | 44 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid | |
| methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates | flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite |
| methyl methanesulfonate [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 10.16 | 25 | 3 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 8.74 | 24 | 9 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. | 12.02 | 25 | 1 | aromatic ketone | antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 3.56 | 2 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine. | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol | alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| milrinone [no description available] | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide | |
| molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion | antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent |
| muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita. | 4.31 | 4 | 1 | alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound | fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug |
| n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative | |
| ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | 4.31 | 20 | 0 | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | catecholamine | |
| fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | membrane transport modulator |
| apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. | 7.38 | 2 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS. | 5.51 | 21 | 0 | ||
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. | 7.96 | 15 | 1 | quaternary ammonium ion | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 4.61 | 6 | 1 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
| niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections. | 2.54 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide | anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 8.87 | 27 | 3 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. | 4.45 | 5 | 1 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent |
| nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 15.9 | 18 | 5 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | nitrobenzoic acid | |
| octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; tyramines | neurotransmitter |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 4.18 | 5 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease). | 3.68 | 10 | 0 | benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound | drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin |
| oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | muscarinic agonist |
| oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine | |
| oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. | 11.07 | 6 | 2 | aromatic ether | |
| oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 4.73 | 5 | 1 | acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic |
| oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols | alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 3.96 | 2 | 0 | phenols; pyrazolidines | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite |
| quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). | 2.85 | 4 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones | cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin. | 4.56 | 8 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative | |
| pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 7.35 | 21 | 1 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 4.2 | 18 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 10.72 | 6 | 1 | oxopurine | |
| perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. | 7.65 | 3 | 0 | piperidines | cardiovascular drug |
| perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3. | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | metabolite; sympathomimetic agent |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 7.4 | 22 | 1 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone | acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator |
| phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. | 13.73 | 77 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | arsine oxides | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor |
| phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | central nervous system drug |
| phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position. | 4.47 | 4 | 0 | pyrazolidines | antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
| phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | acyl fluoride | serine proteinase inhibitor |
| phloretin [no description available] | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | benzaldehydes; dialdehyde | epitope |
| moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; pyrimidines | |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 4.96 | 15 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 14.94 | 19 | 5 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
| pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients. | 10.53 | 9 | 2 | pyridobenzodiazepine | anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. | 7.1 | 27 | 1 | inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt | fertilizer |
| 4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion | Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde | purinergic receptor P2X antagonist |
| practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 5.27 | 10 | 0 | acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 12.26 | 32 | 1 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic. | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide | anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 4.94 | 7 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
| proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine. | 8.36 | 7 | 0 | benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate | anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite |
| promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. | 14.18 | 17 | 7 | xanthenes | |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 16.64 | 520 | 12 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxybenzoic acid | |
| pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative | H1-receptor antagonist |
| quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic. | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | piperazines; pyridines | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine | antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
| ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides | EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| rolipram [no description available] | 8.09 | 5 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 9.29 | 4 | 1 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite |
| sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups. | 6.02 | 3 | 2 | ether; organofluorine compound | central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | |
| sodium fluoride [no description available] | 11.57 | 66 | 0 | fluoride salt | mutagen |
| iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound | alkylating agent |
| sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid. | 3.97 | 4 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| sulfanilamide [no description available] | 2.62 | 3 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination. | 8.45 | 8 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols | dye |
| sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent. | 5.26 | 5 | 0 | imidazopyridine; sulfoxide | adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 6.47 | 17 | 3 | phenylethanolamines; resorcinols | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia. | 3.65 | 10 | 0 | benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound | local anaesthetic |
| tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90) | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator. | 3.96 | 4 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| 2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4. | 4.3 | 3 | 0 | thiazolidenedione | |
| 8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxybenzoic acid | |
| tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker |
| tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 16.23 | 459 | 5 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | triglyceride | adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent |
| triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | pteridines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 8.98 | 14 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxybenzoic acid | |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 4.6 | 8 | 0 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| tyramine [no description available] | 5.76 | 29 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| urethane [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester | fungal metabolite; mutagen |
| vigabatrin [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor |
| w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | ||
| xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. | 4.46 | 7 | 0 | 1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions. | 3.38 | 2 | 0 | inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity | astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid |
| hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 7.87 | 4 | 0 | cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
| mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | mitomycin | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect. | 5.13 | 3 | 1 | acylcholine | |
| corticosterone [no description available] | 12.26 | 220 | 2 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 9.49 | 30 | 5 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid | estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine. | 3.44 | 2 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist |
| reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. | 9.62 | 28 | 0 | alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic |
| phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. | 13.19 | 246 | 5 | imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 7.78 | 23 | 1 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups. | 7.51 | 73 | 0 | pyrimidone | hyperglycemic agent; metabolite |
| thymidine [no description available] | 11.4 | 33 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines | mutagen |
| dichloroisoproterenol dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 | ||
| hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. | 11.38 | 13 | 1 | 4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 12.94 | 188 | 5 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | ||
| carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS. | 7.07 | 108 | 0 | ammonium salt; carbamate ester | cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 3.96 | 4 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| aldosterone [no description available] | 12.46 | 53 | 2 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | tartrate salt | antihypertensive agent |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 13.81 | 29 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 7.35 | 10 | 4 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension. | 10.53 | 7 | 0 | phenylethanolamines | alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 13.99 | 237 | 5 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen |
| methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM. | 3.65 | 10 | 0 | dialkyl phosphate | |
| biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton. | 13.26 | 20 | 1 | guanidines | |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 4.12 | 16 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 18.23 | 464 | 25 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. | 7.13 | 49 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone. | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 9 | 42 | 2 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 13.45 | 109 | 6 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 11.73 | 60 | 5 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. | 4.25 | 19 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor |
| chlorobutanol [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | tertiary alcohol | |
| physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 4.31 | 6 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 12.09 | 54 | 14 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 6.4 | 13 | 1 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 7.65 | 3 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. | 9.4 | 22 | 0 | pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound | antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone | anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent |
| adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | 9.67 | 62 | 1 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| uridine [no description available] | 5.87 | 13 | 2 | uridines | drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. | 4.07 | 15 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose. | 11.62 | 87 | 4 | D-galactose; galactopyranose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 8.4 | 178 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease | 14.57 | 32 | 2 | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 6.25 | 48 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid. | 4.73 | 2 | 1 | butyrate ester; triglyceride | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent |
| p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed) | 3.2 | 6 | 0 | azobenzenes | |
| tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 8.51 | 69 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 4.27 | 19 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| phlorhizin [no description available] | 5.88 | 39 | 0 | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine . | 6.29 | 16 | 0 | amphetamines | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent |
| adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | 7.25 | 43 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. | 4.17 | 5 | 0 | organic chloride salt | acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer |
| bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt | adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 16.13 | 304 | 17 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116) | 5.02 | 5 | 2 | quaternary ammonium salt | |
| 2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. | 4.05 | 15 | 0 | 2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine | |
| dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | nitrosamine | geroprotector; mutagen |
| androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads. | 4.46 | 5 | 1 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid | androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 3.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 6.52 | 14 | 0 | lactose | |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 8.03 | 40 | 2 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 11.84 | 94 | 11 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE | 9.43 | 7 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 7.74 | 37 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198) | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cytidine [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | cytidines | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde | |
| cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. | 8.48 | 151 | 0 | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively. | 4.88 | 36 | 0 | diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid | chelator |
| 3,5-dimethylpyrazole 3,5-dimethylpyrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | chloromethanes; one-carbon compound | carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen. | 3.97 | 4 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | isoindoles | |
| tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| mannitol [no description available] | 8.62 | 30 | 3 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
| dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide | indicator |
| ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5. | 8.22 | 29 | 2 | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine | algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite |
| dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound | agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent |
| asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. | 5.02 | 13 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. | 8.37 | 60 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine. | 12.69 | 50 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group. | 5.51 | 22 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| mestranol [no description available] | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound | prodrug; xenoestrogen |
| methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188) | 3.44 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cordycepin [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 10.87 | 96 | 7 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine. | 8.14 | 31 | 1 | aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound | antioxidant |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 20.76 | 1,072 | 38 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | alkene; gas molecular entity | plant hormone; refrigerant |
| methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine. | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | iodomethanes; methyl halides | fumigant insecticide |
| methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine | mouse metabolite |
| acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent |
| carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound | |
| bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | fluoroalcohol | |
| tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | alkyl hydroperoxide | antibacterial agent; oxidising agent |
| trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine. | 8.34 | 7 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent |
| triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; piperidines | anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug |
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | mercaptopropanoic acid | algal metabolite |
| triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts. | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| acrylamide [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin |
| dichloroacetic acid [no description available] | 5.62 | 10 | 2 | monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | astringent; marine metabolite |
| pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | pantothenic acid; vitamin B5 | antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite |
| bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. | 3.89 | 3 | 0 | bisphenol | endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen |
| bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | bisphenol; sulfone | endocrine disruptor; metabolite |
| cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | peroxol | environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent |
| dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | 12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid | gastrointestinal drug |
| taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals. | 10.99 | 27 | 1 | amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite |
| pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 6.84 | 21 | 1 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
| isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | penicillanic acids | |
| xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues. | 8.47 | 26 | 3 | ||
| n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | |
| thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | monoterpenoid; phenols | volatile oil component |
| quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4. | 5.98 | 4 | 2 | mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene | |
| 3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls; substituted aniline | histological dye |
| tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | xanthene | |
| propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872) | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; paraben; phenols | antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent |
| soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | phosphonic ester | |
| phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | 5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration. | 5.07 | 7 | 0 | 5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | algal metabolite |
| trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | trehalose | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | sulfamic acids | environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium salt | |
| phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate | allergen; reagent |
| betazole Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | primary amino compound; pyrazoles | diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug; histamine agonist |
| caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | caprolactams | human blood serum metabolite |
| dimethyl succinate dimethyl succinate: potent insulin secretagogue | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | fatty acid methyl ester | |
| allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. | 4.39 | 1 | 1 | alkylamine | |
| allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | primary allylic alcohol; propenol | antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite |
| isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | alkanesulfonic acid | human metabolite |
| 1,3-butylene glycol 1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | butanediol; glycol | |
| 3-chloropropionic acid 3-chloropropionic acid: structure | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans | allergen |
| cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton. | 4.05 | 3 | 1 | cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol | solvent |
| n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | plant metabolite |
| pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. | 6.57 | 18 | 1 | pyrrole; secondary amine | |
| thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 6.39 | 6 | 2 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | fatty acid ester | |
| heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | heptanol; primary alcohol | flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. | 9.02 | 15 | 0 | peptide ergot alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis. | 7.15 | 29 | 1 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
| tecnazene tetrachloronitrobenzene: sprout suppressant for potatoes; can be either the 1,2,4,5- and/or the 1,2,3,5-tetrachloro isomer; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. tecnazene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the four hydrogens located ortho- and para- to the nitro group have been replaced by chlorines. A fungicide used to control dry rot, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; tetrachlorobenzene | antifungal agrochemical |
| diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser |
| framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 4.96 | 9 | 1 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid anion | radioopaque medium |
| meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | hexosamine; secondary amino compound | |
| iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound | |
| uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism. | 6.35 | 8 | 2 | UDP-D-glucose | fundamental metabolite |
| dextrothyroxine Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | D-tyrosine derivative; thyroxine | |
| nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | NTA; tricarboxylic acid | carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent |
| hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt | EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor |
| pregnenolone [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. | 7.38 | 36 | 1 | methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| 3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. | 8.77 | 19 | 5 | D-aldohexose derivative | |
| 2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | dithiocarbamic acids | chelator; copper chelator |
| potassium cyanide [no description available] | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt | EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin |
| dydrogesterone [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid | progestin |
| thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt; vitamin B1 | |
| homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine. | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite |
| quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives. | 7.83 | 7 | 2 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines | |
| indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | indazole | |
| benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton. | 4.96 | 2 | 1 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent | |
| adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. | 14.62 | 41 | 24 | adamantanes; polycyclic alkane | |
| cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution. | 4.16 | 5 | 0 | cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom. | 4.45 | 5 | 1 | 1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 8.72 | 31 | 1 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. | 14.65 | 52 | 23 | diazine; pyrazines | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL). | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines | |
| calcium gluconate [no description available] | 4.71 | 9 | 0 | calcium salt | nutraceutical |
| ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 4.99 | 13 | 0 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monosaccharide | |
| hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups. | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | azane; hydrazines | EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor |
| benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide: An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.. N-{5-carbamimidamido-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl}benzamide : A member of the class of N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamides that is 5-carbamimidamido-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)pentanamide in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a benzamido group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | arginine derivative; benzamides; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide | |
| aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. | 9.33 | 45 | 3 | mixture | bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug |
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| 6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells. | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent |
| carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277) | 10.25 | 10 | 0 | benzenes; sulfonamide | |
| aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4. | 4.34 | 7 | 0 | aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide | mouse metabolite |
| methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches. | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position. | 4.4 | 22 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; citrulline | Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| perfluorobutyric acid perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | chromatographic reagent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| triphenyltin fluoride triphenyltin fluoride: induces hypertriglyceridemia in rabbits | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound | blood substitute; radioopaque medium |
| cyproterone acetate [no description available] | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester | androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin |
| lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid | human metabolite |
| hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | monofluorobenzenes | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nitrite esters | vasodilator agent |
| dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound | antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 10.21 | 6 | 2 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | bile acid glycine conjugate | human metabolite |
| cdta CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organooxygen compound | |
| emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate | colour indicator; human metabolite |
| bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines | agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin |
| kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. | 5.45 | 8 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist |
| phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid | plant metabolite |
| isomaltose [no description available] | 4.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1). | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols | agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component |
| indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | quinone imine | dye |
| alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. | 8.17 | 8 | 1 | ||
| thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. | 4.56 | 5 | 1 | thiazolidine | |
| cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes. | 4.03 | 15 | 0 | ||
| oleanolic acid [no description available] | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | plant metabolite |
| tetranitromethane [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound | |
| dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 8.06 | 5 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| medroxyprogesterone [no description available] | 8.75 | 3 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid | androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | gluconic acid | chelator; Penicillium metabolite |
| copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters. | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | organic chloride salt; vitamin B1 | |
| methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | methoxybenzenes; phenols | |
| methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; secondary amine | central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic |
| tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | octanoate ester; triglyceride | anticonvulsant; plant metabolite |
| aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine. | 2.89 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muscone muscone: structure in first source | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 3.77 | 10 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| aceturic acid aceturic acid: structure. N-acetylglycine : An N-acylglycine where the acyl group is specified as acetyl. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | N-acetyl-amino acid; N-acylglycine | human metabolite |
| myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite |
| poldine poldine: major descriptor (66-86); on-line search BENZILATES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search POLDINE (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; organobromine compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| 1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate | insecticide |
| neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator |
| 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound | |
| 1-butyrylglycerol monobutyrin : A 1-monoglyceride resulting from the formal esterification of butyric acid with one of the primary hydroxy groups of glycerol. The R enantiomer is bioactive. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 1-monoglyceride; butyrate ester; diol; fatty acid ester | |
| glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | glycerophosphocholine | |
| 2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| 3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | flavonols; monohydroxyflavone | |
| potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbonate salt; potassium salt | catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant |
| butylurea butylurea: CNS depressant | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-chloropropionic acid 2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| methyl pyruvate methyl pyruvate : A pyruvate ester resultinf grom the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyruvic acid with the hydroxy group of methanol. | 7.41 | 2 | 0 | methyl ester; pyruvate ester | |
| triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; tertiary phosphine | NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent |
| alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| galactitol [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | hexitol | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dibrompropamidine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 8.39 | 7 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 10.98 | 5 | 2 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| isocaproic acid isocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocaproic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentanoic acid with a methyl group substituent at position 4. It is a metabolite of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain saturated fatty acid; medium-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid | human metabolite |
| dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone. | 6.17 | 9 | 4 | 17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados. | 4.27 | 19 | 0 | D-manno-heptulose | |
| homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine. | 7.87 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; homoserine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 6.49 | 3 | 3 | delta-lactam; piperidones | EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor |
| methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent |
| ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups. | 2 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen |
| levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol | drug metabolite |
| deoxycytidine [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pentadecanoic acid pentadecanoic acid: in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat. pentadecanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing fifteen-carbon atoms. | 4.48 | 3 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite |
| ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt) | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | organooxygen compound | |
| tetradecyltrimethylammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal hydroxide | |
| thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | thorium molecular entity | |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 4.17 | 5 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| tocopherols [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | aliphatic nitrile | |
| 1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| selenomethionine [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | selenoamino acid; selenomethionines | plant metabolite |
| digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol | hapten; plant metabolite |
| azacyclonol azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine . | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide | |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 4.86 | 11 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 7.87 | 4 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
| methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate | |
| thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo. | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | organic chloride salt | fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye |
| flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | thioxanthenes | |
| ioglycamic acid Ioglycamic Acid: A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract. | 3.75 | 2 | 1 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| acadesine [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester | metabolite |
| fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques. | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | fluorescein isothiocyanate | |
| sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species. | 3.45 | 1 | 1 | thujene | plant metabolite |
| mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose. | 10.29 | 18 | 0 | D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose | metabolite |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 3.9 | 13 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| ecdysone [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid | prohormone |
| tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 4 | 4 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
| dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor |
| fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement. | 6.01 | 10 | 3 | ||
| metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. | 4.67 | 5 | 0 | catecholamine | |
| norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions. | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | diadenosyl tetraphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 14-methylhexadecanoic acid 14-methylhexadecanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 14-methylhexadecanoic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 14. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid | mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite |
| n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration. | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound | neurotransmitter agent |
| 3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension. | 6.63 | 9 | 2 | sulfonium compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| lanthanum [no description available] | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom | |
| lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4. | 10.11 | 46 | 0 | elemental manganese; manganese group element atom | Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient |
| mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | elemental mercury; zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
| molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | chromium group element atom | micronutrient |
| osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA. | 5.56 | 5 | 1 | copper group element atom; elemental silver | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | vanadium group element atom | |
| technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years. | 8.75 | 11 | 0 | manganese group element atom | |
| terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. | 4.89 | 2 | 1 | titanium group element atom | |
| cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom | |
| cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. | 6.34 | 12 | 1 | chromium group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts. | 10.36 | 19 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental gold | |
| uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium | |
| vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom | micronutrient |
| xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. | 3.2 | 6 | 0 | monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom | |
| ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom | |
| magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt | anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent |
| acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre. | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine | epitope |
| galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine. | 9.1 | 16 | 0 | D-galactosamine; primary amino compound | toxin |
| phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | sodium phosphate | |
| nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nickel coordination entity | calcium channel blocker; hapten |
| bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | diatomic bromine | |
| barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite. | 12.12 | 59 | 16 | barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate | radioopaque medium |
| monoethylglycinexylidide monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function. | 3.8 | 2 | 1 | amino acid amide | drug metabolite |
| zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity | fertilizer |
| calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite | 2 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | |
| calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05 | 2 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | fertilizer |
| tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. | 2 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | |
| copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | metal sulfate | emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser |
| zinc phosphate zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. | 11.38 | 42 | 7 | dihydrogen | |
| fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. | 3.2 | 6 | 0 | diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity | bleaching agent |
| deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. | 2.95 | 4 | 0 | deuterated compound; water | NMR solvent |
| chlorosulfonic acid [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sulfonyl chloride [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | sulfuryl halide | |
| ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. | 8.88 | 33 | 1 | ||
| vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates. | 10.44 | 12 | 0 | ||
| ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs. | 5.15 | 3 | 1 | elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer |
| aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation. | 3.8 | 1 | 1 | aluminium sulfate | |
| sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 6.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt | nutraceutical |
| trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | anabolic agent; androgen |
| ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. | 4.21 | 18 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic chloride | ferroptosis inhibitor |
| ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. | 4.92 | 12 | 0 | S-ethylhomocysteine | antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent |
| sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones. | 2 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | reagent |
| tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
| tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methyl acetimidate methyl acetimidate: affords intermediate protection for amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | iron chelate | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. | 7.56 | 105 | 0 | acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator |
| fluorides [no description available] | 8.71 | 191 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic fluorine | |
| hypnorm Hypnorm: contains fentanyl & fluanisone | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 5.02 | 5 | 2 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
| metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7. | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid | dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist |
| 1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. | 5.05 | 5 | 2 | 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| iodine [no description available] | 3.45 | 8 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic iodine | human metabolite |
| 3-deoxypentonic acid 3-deoxypentonic acid: endogenous sugar acid from serum of fasted rats acting as satiety factor; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine | Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen |
| bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 8.84 | 12 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 8.77 | 86 | 2 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat. | 5.55 | 4 | 4 | chloride salt; organic chloride salt | antiseptic drug; surfactant |
| triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections. | 5.91 | 20 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | chloroolefin | |
| fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 5.86 | 7 | 1 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | ||
| du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. | 4.26 | 4 | 1 | benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. | 6.45 | 57 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound | antidepressant; protein kinase agonist |
| transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states. | 8.57 | 16 | 2 | ||
| tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | morpholines; tertiary amino compound | antifungal agrochemical |
| alkenes [no description available] | 3.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 7.22 | 48 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate | |
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays. | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen |
| azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3. | 3.83 | 12 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor |
| adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins. | 5.02 | 13 | 0 | ADP-sugar | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| mixidine mixidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | polycyclic ether | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore |
| ioxitalamic acid ioxitalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; Telebrix 38 contains both sodium ioxitalamate & meglumine ioxitalamate; structure. iooxitalamic acid : An organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | sulfonium betaine | human metabolite |
| tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 5.21 | 3 | 1 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5. | 7 | 1 | 0 | formamidines; tertiary amino compound | acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic |
| u 40481 U 40481: RN given refers to parent cpd. N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine : A member of the class of formamidines that is N-methylimidoformamide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by a 2,4-dimethylphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the insecticide amitraz. | 2 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; formamidines | marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| etoposide [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| substance p [no description available] | 9.35 | 91 | 0 | peptide | neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent |
| acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6. | 4.37 | 1 | 1 | organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid | antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin |
| dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 7.38 | 15 | 1 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| carbuterol carbuterol: sympathomimetric specific for beta2 receptors; proposed bronchodilator agent; minor descriptor (78-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (78-86); RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ureas | |
| penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines | |
| phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
| fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| bezafibrate [no description available] | 4.28 | 4 | 1 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol. | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 4.95 | 12 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine | antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. | 6.94 | 27 | 1 | alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound | agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide |
| pyriminil pyriminil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED). | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436 | 3.99 | 4 | 0 | ||
| heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes | anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME. | 4.49 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN. | 7.31 | 20 | 1 | ||
| dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study. | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | ||
| nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible). | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ketone; nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 5.32 | 7 | 2 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| pirogliride pirogliride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 8.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide | potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent |
| bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. | 8.05 | 214 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol | adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist |
| encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker |
| trioxifene trioxifene: RN given refers to parent cpd | 3.34 | 1 | 1 | ||
| pipecuronium Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications. | 3.36 | 1 | 1 | oligopeptide | |
| carbizocaine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya. | 9.04 | 14 | 2 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols | agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| fosfedil fosfedil: structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxine; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | pyrazoloquinoline | dopamine agonist |
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| iopentol [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| detomidine detomidine: structure given in first source | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina. | 3.37 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol | |
| fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues. | 4 | 14 | 0 | ||
| esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 4.55 | 1 | 1 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| englitazone englitazone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
| gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
| atorvastatin [no description available] | 7.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| 3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase. | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | organoiodine compound | |
| relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | proline derivative | |
| capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 9.07 | 86 | 1 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| 4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | pentenoic acid | |
| gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone | 2 | 1 | 0 | gadolinium coordination entity | TRP channel blocker |
| vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms. | 4.28 | 19 | 0 | trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion | EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor |
| acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt | |
| ici 63197 ICI 63197: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | triazolopyrimidines | |
| octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside | plant metabolite |
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 8.85 | 16 | 12 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene | |
| efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages. | 15.09 | 56 | 14 | D-glucopyranose | epitope; mouse metabolite |
| mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | 2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite |
| 2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether | antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol. | 3.89 | 2 | 1 | anhydro sugar | human metabolite |
| thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt | colorimetric reagent; dye |
| 3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring. | 6.57 | 7 | 3 | L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| baicalin [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| diacetylfluorescein [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ethyl acetimidate ethyl acetimidate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenylalanylphenylalanine phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| leucine methyl ester leucine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. methyl L-leucinate : The methyl ester of L-leucine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; L-leucine derivative; methyl ester | |
| chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative. | 4.2 | 6 | 0 | 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole | cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | deoxyribonucleoside | |
| metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | iodine oxoacid | |
| fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative | |
| fructose-1-phosphate fructose-1-phosphate: RN in Chemline for alpha-D-fructopyranose-cpd:126-25-0; RN given refers to (D)-isomer. D-fructose 1-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of fructose 1-phosphate.. keto-D-fructose 1-phosphate : The open chain form of D-fructose 1-phosphate. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | D-fructose 1-phosphate | |
| o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | methylguanine | mutagen |
| surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. | 2 | 1 | 0 | glutathione derivative; organic disulfide | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration. | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate | |
| cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | fungal metabolite |
| tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound | |
| caroverine caroverine: structure | 3.43 | 1 | 1 | quinoxaline derivative | |
| tretoquinol Tretoquinol: An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| lercanidipine [no description available] | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| repaglinide [no description available] | 11.55 | 8 | 2 | piperidines | |
| telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| methacycline [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-diglyceride | |
| synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions. | 7.87 | 4 | 0 | guanidines | hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin |
| 1,7-phenanthroline [no description available] | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | phenanthroline | |
| triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms. | 13.8 | 37 | 14 | 1,2,3-triazole | |
| ethylthiol trifluoroacetate [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | anthocyanidin chloride | |
| ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | benzoate ester; phenols | |
| methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate: structure | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162) | 6.93 | 11 | 1 | 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose | |
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | isourea | |
| midaglizole midaglizole: orally effective hypoglycemic agent structurally unrelated to known hypoglycemics; RN given for parent cpd | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | ||
| artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial |
| beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency. | 4.45 | 1 | 1 | 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite |
| fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position. | 4.33 | 6 | 0 | D-fructose 6-phosphate | |
| tyrosyltyrosine tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration. | 5.23 | 6 | 2 | tyrosyltyrosine | Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| n-acetylglutamic acid N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group. | 3.75 | 11 | 0 | N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-glutamic acid | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. | 4.27 | 4 | 1 | ||
| flerobuterol flerobuterol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent compound | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dapoxetine [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | naphthalenes | |
| tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | nordihydroguaiaretic acid | antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite |
| trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond. | 5.85 | 2 | 2 | disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | P450 inhibitor |
| bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzofurans | |
| 2-tetradecylglycidic acid 2-tetradecylglycidic acid: structure | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
| efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans | |
| terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function. | 7.42 | 2 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| belfosdil belfosdil: structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tolmesoxide tolmesoxide: structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively. | 2 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| honokiol [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | methoxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| uroporphyrin i uroporphyrin I: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| leupeptin [no description available] | 7.89 | 4 | 0 | aldehyde; tripeptide | bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor |
| skyrin skyrin: main pigment of toxin rice fungus Penicillium islandicum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 7 | 1 | 0 | biaryl; trihydroxyanthraquinone | |
| tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines | |
| gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter). | 8.51 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound | plant metabolite |
| 2,5-anhydromannitol 2,5-anhydromannitol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | ||
| glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | tripeptide | chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary |
| ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | cerium molecular entity; metal oxide | |
| 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group. | 4.45 | 7 | 0 | alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | human urinary metabolite |
| tri-n-butylmethylammonium tri-n-butylmethylammonium: RN given refers to iodide | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| monomethyl succinate monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate | |
| ribose-5-phosphate ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | D-ribose 5-phosphate | |
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 4.73 | 5 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| 2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion | |
| fluorescein dilaurate fluorescein dilaurate: used in pancreatic function test | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-bromopalmitate 2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 2-bromocarboxylic acid; bromo fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid | fatty acid oxidation inhibitor |
| 4-nitrophenylglucuronide 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; C-nitro compound | chromogenic compound |
| tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide | pyrethroid ester insecticide |
| we 201 We 201: synthetic lysolecithin analog; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| coenzyme a [no description available] | 5.39 | 20 | 0 | adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate | coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fenozan fenozan: do not confuse with the phenothiazine phenosan | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 6.09 | 9 | 1 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid | |
| niludipin niludipin: bis(2-propoxyethyl) analog of nifedipine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol. | 6.76 | 23 | 3 | iditol | fungal metabolite |
| 5-bromouridine 5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | uridines | mutagen |
| 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | catechols; tetrol | metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration. | 10.89 | 7 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid | fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group. | 4.33 | 20 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound | protein kinase agonist |
| 4-n,n-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride: chromophoric labelling reagent for amino acids, peptides, proteins; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| succinyl-coenzyme a [no description available] | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | omega-carboxyacyl-CoA | Escherichia coli metabolite; inhibitor; mouse metabolite |
| adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | nucleoside diphosphate analogue | |
| lopinavir [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate | luciferin |
| glutamic acid dimethyl ester glutamic acid dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | glutamic acid derivative | |
| stearoyl-coenzyme a [no description available] | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | 11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| n-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-acetyltryptophanamide [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; L-tryptophan derivative; primary carboxamide; secondary carboxamide | |
| diprotin a [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | peptide | |
| glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | D-glucuronic acid | algal metabolite |
| 2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 8-bromoadenosine [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| 5-iodotubercidin 7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | organoiodine compound | |
| s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | glutathione conjugate | |
| 2-bromostearic acid [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007 | 7.48 | 2 | 0 | diterpenoid | |
| s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available] | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | ||
| arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | glycoside; lignan | |
| n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| histidylglycine histidylglycine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. His-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and glycine residues. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide | metabolite |
| histidinoalanine histidinoalanine: cross-linking amino acid in calcified tissue collagen; RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide | metabolite |
| 1,2-distearin 1,2-distearin: structure given in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 5.57 | 24 | 0 | cobalt group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | metabolite |
| u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides | EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor |
| arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source | 7.89 | 4 | 0 | ||
| sr141716 [no description available] | 8.84 | 3 | 0 | amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist |
| bicuculline methiodide [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene | TRP channel blocker |
| 1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | imidazo[2,1-i]purine | mutagen |
| fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre. | 8.02 | 49 | 0 | D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N). | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | indoles | fluorochrome |
| pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure | 3.84 | 2 | 1 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | 1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane | antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic |
| fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbonyl compound | |
| 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate | |
| pentoxyresorufin [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available] | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways. | 3.1 | 4 | 0 | proanthocyanidin | |
| sr 95531 [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative | biomarker |
| (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,9-dideoxyforskolin [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound | plant metabolite |
| parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | octadecatetraenoic acid | |
| cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol | 2 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | |
| pentacaine pentacaine: pentacaine is the (trans-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound | EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor |
| 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. | 3.99 | 4 | 0 | 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent |
| deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. | 10.33 | 109 | 2 | ||
| tadalafil [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| beta-lumicolchicine Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units. | 3.85 | 2 | 1 | beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion | animal metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| hydroxybenzylpindolol hydroxybenzylpindolol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters. | 4.97 | 3 | 1 | short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | plant metabolite |
| u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose | |
| thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | disaccharide derivative; glycoside | detergent |
| zinc coproporphyrin iii coproporphyrin III: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; see also record for coproporphyrin I | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alpha-hydroxymetoprolol alpha-hydroxymetoprolol: pharmacologically active urinary metoprolol metabolite 5 to 10X less potent than metoprolol; cpd is alpha-hydroxymetoprolol; structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| monobutyryl cyclic amp monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; butanamides | protein kinase agonist |
| epomediol epomediol: marked choleretic activity in Wistar rats; mechanism of action may be related to increases in both the bile salt dependent & independent fractions of bile | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | oxanes | |
| 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid: has antineoplastic activity; structure. 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid : A member of the class of furans that is 2-furoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a tetradecyloxy group. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; furoic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor; PPARalpha agonist |
| 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
| chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-mercaptopicolinic acid 3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase | 3.84 | 12 | 0 | ||
| meglumine iotroxinate meglumine iotroxinate: Contrast media for intravenous cholecystography | 4.6 | 3 | 2 | ||
| caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis. | 7.9 | 35 | 2 | fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| muricholic acid muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-hydroxy steroid; 7-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | |
| mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine. | 8.47 | 1 | 1 | aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | |
| emeriamine emeriamine: derived from fungal metabolite emericedin; structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source | 4.32 | 4 | 1 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid | |
| ly 134046 LY 134046: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginine alpha-(difluoromethyl)arginine: irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| beta-casomorphin 7 beta-casomorphin 7: opioid peptide isolated from casein peptone; corresponds to sequence 60-66 of beta-casein; from a variety of organisms; see also record for general term beta-casomorphin | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
| methylthio-adp [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sri 63-675 SRI 63-675: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-n-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine 2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine: an azi-ethyl-benzoyl-propylamine with mannose attached at two locations of the propylamine | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rc 3095 bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide: structure in first source | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; indoles | melatonin receptor antagonist |
| peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES). | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
| imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. | 5.49 | 4 | 1 | methanesulfonate salt | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| gefitinib [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
| diadenosine 5',5''''-p1,p6-hexaphosphate diadenosine 5',5''''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate: inhibits the action of ribonuceotide reductase on ADP. P(1),P(6)-bis(5'-adenosyl)hexaphosphate : A diadenosyl hexaphosphate in which the two adenosin-5'-yl groups are attached at the P(1) and P(6) positions. | 2 | 1 | 0 | diadenosyl hexaphosphate | vasoconstrictor agent |
| angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| 3-iodopindolol 3-iodopindolol: RN given refers to 125I-labeled cpd(-)-isomer; structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar | metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist |
| 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols | eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule |
| rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure | 3.33 | 2 | 0 | ||
| enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)- [no description available] | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 4.17 | 5 | 0 | carbonyl compound | |
| alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide | metabolite |
| zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-(3-deazaadenosyl)homocysteine S-(3-deazaadenosyl)homocysteine: structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| disuccinimidyl tartarate disuccinimidyl tartarate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*)-isomer); structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | ||
| 2-nitro-4-azidophenylsulfenyl chloride 2-nitro-4-azidophenylsulfenyl chloride: heterobifunctional photoaffinity reagent; structure in first source | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glutathione maleimide [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glicentin Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying. | 13.54 | 72 | 7 | ||
| 1,5-anhydrofructose 1,5-anhydrofructose: structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3-pyrones; anhydrohexose; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; organic heterocyclic compound; triol | |
| methotrexate [no description available] | 4.31 | 6 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| phe-cyclo(cys-tyr-trp-lys-val-cys)thr-nh2 RC 121: RN given refers to (D-Trp)-isomer | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminoarabinitol 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminoarabinitol: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha))-isomer; structure given in first source | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | ||
| s 20928 [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sulbactam [no description available] | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | penicillanic acids | |
| 3-pyridylalanine [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sl 84.0418 SL 84.0418: potential antidiabetic for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes; structure given in first source | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | ||
| omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent. | 4.49 | 5 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-ergocryptine ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid | |
| aspartame [no description available] | 14.15 | 12 | 9 | carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester | apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7 | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source | 7.36 | 20 | 2 | D-xylose | |
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 14.26 | 23 | 2 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ici 118233 ICI 118233: structure given in first source | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| proglycosyn proglycosyn: structure given in first source; proglycosyn is short for promotes glycogen synthesis | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid: endogenous sugar acid from serum of fasted rates acting as satiety factor in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid : A omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is butyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy fatty acid; omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid | human metabolite |
| 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-diglyceride | |
| jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). | 3.57 | 9 | 0 | diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent | |
| cyanopindolol [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| thielavin b thielavin B: from Thielavia terricola; MF C29-H30-O10; partial structure given in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | |
| 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species | |
| gemcabene [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-ketocaproic acid alpha-ketocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-oxohexanoic acid : A straight-chain fatty acid consisting of hexanoic acid having an oxo group at position 2. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; medium-chain fatty acid; oxo fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid | human blood serum metabolite |
| desmethylcyproheptadine desmethylcyproheptadine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | carbodiimide | |
| saccharopine L-saccharopine : The N(6)-(1,3-dicarboxypropan-1-yl) derivative of L-lysine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid opine; L-lysine derivative | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| inositol 2-monophosphate 1D-myo-inositol 2-phosphate : A myo-inositol monophosphate in which the phosphate group is located at the 2-position.. 1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 5 by a phosphate group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 8-bromo-2'-amp [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dihydrocyclosporin d dihydrocyclosporin D: RN given refers to (3R,4R)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholecystokinin 9 cholecystokinin 9: nonapeptide | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| l 659066 vatinoxan: structure given in first source | 4.02 | 2 | 1 | ||
| (de-nh2)phe(19)-ala(24)-pro(26)psi(ch2nh)-phe(27)-grp (19-27) BW 10: potently inhibits bombesin evoked release of gastrointestinal hormones in vitro & in vivo | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol. | 3.01 | 3 | 0 | ||
| sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ketoheptose phosphate; sedoheptulose derivative | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| calcium pyrophosphate [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation | |
| histidinol L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer). | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol; imidazoles | EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 1,2-didecanoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-didecanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to parent compound | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid | anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| angiotensin ii, sar(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to L-Val | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. | 4.95 | 12 | 0 | biotins; vitamin B7 | coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| carbobenzyloxyleucyl-tyrosine chloromethyl ketone [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V). | 11.94 | 156 | 2 | amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II | human metabolite |
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 15.41 | 187 | 19 | ||
| lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure. | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sb 203580 [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide | EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid. | 4.14 | 5 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion | |
| psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | very long-chain fatty acid | |
| n(alpha)-benzoylarginineamide N(alpha)-benzoylarginineamide: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| deflazacort deflazacort: structure | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| maltotriose Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom.. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | maltotriose trisaccharide | human metabolite |
| glycyl-proline-1-naphthylamide glycyl-proline-1-naphthylamide: dipeptidyl peptidase substrate | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon (1-6) glucagon (1-6): has lipolytic & adenyl cyclase stimulating activity | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| isethionyl acetimidate [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| somatostatin, octapeptide-trp(8)- [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| arginine chloromethyl ketone [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cp 424391 CP 424391: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source | 2.76 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| erythritol [no description available] | 11.06 | 9 | 1 | butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol | antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human blood serum metabolite |
| cortisone [no description available] | 9.02 | 62 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | ||
| corticosterone acetate [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| wortmannin [no description available] | 4.45 | 22 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent |
| taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. | 3.13 | 5 | 0 | ||
| lanatosides Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670) | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | ||
| povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| permanganate [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | manganese oxoacid | |
| leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins. | 3.48 | 8 | 0 | ||
| carboplatin [no description available] | 5.04 | 2 | 1 | ||
| lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. | 3.6 | 9 | 0 | inorganic chloride; lithium salt | antimanic drug; geroprotector |
| s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide | cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite |
| glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | mouse metabolite |
| glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues. | 18.78 | 598 | 12 | ||
| xylulose-5-phosphate, (d)-isomer D-xylulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of xylulose 5-phosphate. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | xylulose 5-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| arabinose [no description available] | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | L-arabinose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | N-acetylneuraminic acids | antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | peptide | |
| bradykinin [no description available] | 6.64 | 30 | 0 | oligopeptide | human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite |
| amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2. | 5.54 | 17 | 1 | D-glucosamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid. | 5.4 | 8 | 0 | 3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid | |
| raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide | mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. | 8.96 | 86 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
| d-tagatose D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | D-tagatose | |
| inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. | 4.38 | 21 | 0 | myo-inositol trisphosphate | mouse metabolite |
| ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. | 8.82 | 69 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| puromycin [no description available] | 6.48 | 36 | 0 | puromycins | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| isomaltulose 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane. | 4.4 | 1 | 1 | glycosylfructose | animal metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent |
| desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid | |
| monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide | human metabolite |
| nicotinamide-beta-riboside N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position. | 4.51 | 1 | 1 | N-glycosylnicotinamide; pyridine nucleoside | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| n-glycolylneuraminic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid: RN given refers to (all-D)-isomer | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | N-acylneuraminic acid | |
| nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group. | 4.64 | 6 | 0 | guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; mouse metabolite |
| cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units. | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 10.6 | 10 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal | antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore |
| digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 5.4 | 8 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzazocine | |
| miglitol [no description available] | 4.88 | 4 | 2 | piperidines | |
| phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | |
| ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa. | 3.61 | 9 | 0 | ||
| ginsenoside rg1 [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent |
| phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | |
| stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid. | 4.48 | 5 | 1 | beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent |
| genipin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | iridoid monoterpenoid | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative | Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| cyclopamine [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor |
| lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed) | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | tripeptide | |
| devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. | 4.75 | 7 | 1 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug |
| teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide |
| ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | 6.5 | 6 | 3 | organic molecular entity | |
| betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. | 5.23 | 3 | 1 | cyclodextrin | |
| maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | butenedioic acid | algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. | 5.28 | 10 | 0 | acyl-CoA | acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 6.87 | 12 | 1 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. | 3.76 | 11 | 0 | icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid | Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol | mouse metabolite |
| phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | 10.51 | 5 | 1 | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 12.35 | 7 | 2 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) | |
| cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | microcystin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | hexadec-9-enoic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite |
| oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 13.27 | 42 | 3 | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
| tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. | 4.65 | 6 | 1 | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid. | 7.11 | 1 | 0 | ferulic acids | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite |
| pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | D-galactopyranuronic acid | |
| 1,5-dihydro-fad 1,5-dihydro-FAD: chromophore component of E coli DNA photolyase | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | flavin adenine dinucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. | 5.36 | 4 | 1 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations. | 4.26 | 18 | 0 | butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone | calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide | anxiogenic; human metabolite |
| lycopene [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | acyclic carotene | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| valine-pyrrolidide valine-pyrrolidide: structure given in first source | 4.43 | 8 | 0 | ||
| drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | ||
| adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer). | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | prostaglandins D | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. | 4.59 | 6 | 1 | olefinic compound; polyphenol | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen |
| roflumilast [no description available] | 4.37 | 1 | 1 | aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound | anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor |
| h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 4.03 | 14 | 0 | N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide | |
| thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one. | 2.93 | 4 | 0 | carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol | EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 8.64 | 123 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties. | 8.77 | 40 | 1 | pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion | analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite |
| benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide | proteasome inhibitor |
| maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol | laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent |
| 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | potassium salt | |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 7.12 | 16 | 1 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | organic sodium salt | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | organic sodium salt | algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic. | 4.26 | 4 | 1 | organic sodium salt | anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug |
| bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process. | 6.27 | 28 | 0 | 2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | |
| 2-bromooctanoic acid 2-bromooctanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | triterpenoid | |
| glycosides [no description available] | 3.66 | 10 | 0 | ||
| sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | sinapic acid | MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite |
| isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 4.16 | 17 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
| stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene. | 6.24 | 6 | 2 | stilbene | |
| picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | penicillinate anion | |
| alpha-cyanocinnamate alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ricinoleic acid ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration.. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid | |
| flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) | 4.49 | 4 | 0 | flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group |
| cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols | antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite |
| malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid. | 6.21 | 19 | 0 | malonyl-CoAs | EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE. | 3.75 | 11 | 0 | cyclic peptide | |
| arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 11.66 | 108 | 2 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
| pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. | 4.84 | 11 | 0 | diphosphate ion | |
| palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| s 1033 [no description available] | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine | 4.69 | 9 | 0 | phosphocholines | detergent |
| butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine: RN given refers to bromide(3(S)-endo)-isomer; structure. butropium bromide : An organic bromide salt of butropium. It is a drug which suppresses spasm of smooth muscles of internal organs, inhibits gastric acid secretion and relieves abdominal pain. It is used in the treatment of spasmodic pains associated with gastritis, gastric ulcers and cholelithiasis. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766 | 8.36 | 7 | 0 | ||
| polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | hydroxypolyether | hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent |
| tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | S-glycosyl compound | |
| leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty. | 2 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist |
| dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 6.88 | 20 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | chlorprothixene | |
| etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 3.36 | 1 | 1 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| bemesetron [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503) | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | thioureas | EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor |
| cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid | antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. | 2.79 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger |
| rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | thiazolidinone | |
| thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound | antithyroid drug; metabolite |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers. | 5.33 | 13 | 1 | capsaicinoid | non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 11.8 | 5 | 2 | cinnamate ester; tannin | food component; plant metabolite |
| benzotript benzotript: anti-gastrinic; active group is amide; structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas | antioxidant; chromophore |
| sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions. | 3.78 | 2 | 1 | organic sodium salt | antifungal drug; food preservative |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 15.61 | 160 | 13 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | thiocarboxamide | hepatotoxic agent |
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 9.84 | 11 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 4.22 | 5 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite |
| nadp [no description available] | 6.24 | 28 | 0 | ||
| 17-iodoheptadecanoic acid 17-iodoheptadecanoic acid: RN given refers to (123)I-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd not in Chemline 7/84 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains. | 3.46 | 8 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle | antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore |
| thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic |
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| thiamine disulfide thiamine disulfide: structure | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; formamides; homoallylic alcohol; organic disulfide | |
| u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source | 2.94 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent |
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 7.69 | 30 | 1 | alkali metal atom | |
| cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants. | 8.2 | 6 | 0 | cobalt salt; inorganic chloride | allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator |
| nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | nitrogen oxide | |
| orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. | 6.31 | 6 | 2 | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| quinine [no description available] | 11.65 | 6 | 3 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| asperlicin asperlicin: cholecystokinin antagonist; isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bentiamine [no description available] | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | benzoate ester | |
| cystine [no description available] | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | ||
| u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine | analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist |
| glucitol hexanicotinate glucitol hexanicotinate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | |
| 2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon (19-29) [no description available] | 6.79 | 21 | 0 | ||
| 2',3'-di-o-nitro-(5'-n-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine 2',3'-di-O-nitro-(5'-N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine: structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholecystokinin (26-33) cholecystokinin (26-33): cholecystokinin receptor antagonists | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dakh peptide DAKH peptide: from the blowfly Phormia terraenovae & Drosophila melanogaster; charged adipokinetic-hormone-family peptide | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thyronamine thyronamine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cactinomycin cactinomycin: a mixture of dactinomycin, actinomycin C2, and actinomycin C3 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives. | 2.97 | 4 | 0 | ||
| zamifenacin zamifenacin: zamifenacin is the (R)-isomer; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. | 8.66 | 10 | 0 | ||
| 3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine 3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine: structure in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. | 3.57 | 9 | 0 | organic sodium salt | detergent; protein denaturant |
| 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ncs 382 NCS 382: structure given in first source | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | organic sodium salt | allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant |
| 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | quinoxaline derivative | |
| 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure in first source | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | tetralins | |
| alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. | 7.47 | 39 | 0 | ||
| tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17. | 8.65 | 10 | 0 | ||
| jhw 015 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | indolecarboxamide | |
| osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
| cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C. | 7.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | ||
| 2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid anion | |
| sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | sphing-4-enine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| quercetin [no description available] | 3.01 | 4 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| bilirubin [no description available] | 6.55 | 27 | 2 | biladienes; dicarboxylic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. | 8.48 | 63 | 2 | prostaglandins E | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic |
| dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | 6.29 | 14 | 1 | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| formononetin [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones | phytoestrogen; plant metabolite |
| linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 11.82 | 11 | 2 | octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 7.79 | 7 | 2 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene | antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A |
| leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent |
| thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation. | 8.61 | 9 | 0 | epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A | mouse metabolite |
| retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis. | 5.79 | 4 | 2 | all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid | fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical |
| 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin e2 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2 : The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | |
| alprostadil [no description available] | 7.82 | 32 | 2 | prostaglandins E | anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
| cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. | 7.26 | 7 | 1 | D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone | geroprotector; human metabolite |
| prostaglandin b2 prostaglandin B2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins B | human metabolite |
| 6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position. | 5.43 | 8 | 2 | prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid. | 3.82 | 4 | 0 | linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | harmala alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| genistein [no description available] | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 4.31 | 4 | 1 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species. | 6.98 | 1 | 0 | macrolide; resorcinols | fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen |
| amentoflavone [no description available] | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| baicalein [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger |
| fisetin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite |
| mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | C-glycosyl compound; xanthones | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| daidzein [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite |
| ellagic acid [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol | antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | ubiquinones | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite |
| anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4 | human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent |
| cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide | antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor |
| cilnidipine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug |
| glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol. | 3.56 | 2 | 0 | 2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid | human metabolite |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form. | 4.34 | 2 | 2 | ||
| dothiepin hydrochloride Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dothiepin | |
| zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol | anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent |
| thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | thromboxanes B | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1 | EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| 1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol | plant metabolite |
| menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate | mouse metabolite |
| hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| codeine [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete. | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 10.93 | 52 | 4 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092) | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 7.31 | 13 | 1 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units. | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclodextrin | |
| menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | menaquinone | bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| brefeldin a [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | Penicillium metabolite |
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 8.32 | 31 | 1 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| 2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source | 3.77 | 3 | 0 | ||
| 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor | 7.94 | 13 | 7 | pyrazinecarboxylic acid | |
| adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family | 3.5 | 2 | 0 | ||
| atosiban [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. | 5.53 | 9 | 2 | heterodetic cyclic peptide | diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| dexmedetomidine [no description available] | 8.56 | 1 | 1 | medetomidine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative |
| herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects. | 7.4 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle | antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | peptide | |
| goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. | 8.36 | 1 | 1 | organic molecular entity | |
| lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class. | 7.15 | 1 | 0 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | |
| lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl. | 8.57 | 9 | 0 | 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. | 4.1 | 16 | 0 | cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound | actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 6.01 | 10 | 3 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI. | 3.37 | 7 | 0 | ||
| neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
| kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | piperazines | |
| 2-oleoylglycerol 2-oleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is (9Z)-octadecenoyl. | 4.41 | 1 | 1 | 2-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol | |
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source | 3.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
| lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb. | 10.7 | 6 | 1 | carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom | neurotoxin |
| bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; sulfone | apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells. | 7.38 | 2 | 0 | 1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide) | |
| 15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | metalloid atom; pnictogen | |
| barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. | 4.4 | 22 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium | |
| rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. | 3.76 | 11 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. | 8.06 | 5 | 0 | boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom | |
| strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. | 8.21 | 6 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom | |
| arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 5.37 | 4 | 1 | metalloid atom; pnictogen | micronutrient |
| indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | boron group element atom | |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 7.71 | 3 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry. | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol | bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore |
| butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
| candoxatril candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
| sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. | 9.57 | 8 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | macronutrient |
| geldanamycin [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | alkatriene | fluorochrome |
| veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid | |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl). | 4.57 | 8 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester | antigen; mouse metabolite |
| fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-) | 3.33 | 7 | 0 | butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate | human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen | adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 5.54 | 23 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | thyronine | |
| phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. | 7.96 | 40 | 1 | monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen | macronutrient |
| trierucate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor |
| norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| br-x 537a bromolasalocid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer). | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neuromedin c neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | ||
| 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| bombesin nonapeptide bombesin nonapeptide: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | triglyceride | Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite |
| guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | dichlorobenzene | |
| phenyldehydroalanine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-(4'-carboxyethyl)-6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene 1-(4'-carboxyethyl)-6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene: fluorescence donor in membrane fusion | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| st 638 [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt | fertilizer |
| ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups. | 3.04 | 5 | 0 | ||
| 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| mastoparan [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | mastoparans; peptidyl amide | antimicrobial agent |
| saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels. | 10.15 | 18 | 0 | azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid | animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE. | 4.94 | 12 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | micronutrient |
| oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure. | 4.44 | 7 | 0 | ||
| pyroantimonate pyroantimonate: RN from 9th CI, Chem Subs Index & given refers to ion; see also potassium antimonate: 16210-51-8, sodium antimonate: 20602-01-1 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | 4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one | fungal metabolite; plant metabolite |
| dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid. | 2 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant | anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison. | 4.44 | 7 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| pregnanediol [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule. | 6.99 | 1 | 0 | polyterpene | |
| simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base. | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid | apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin |
| himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid | muscarinic antagonist |
| 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available] | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | 1,2-diglyceride | |
| brl 26830a BRL 26830A: structure given in first source | 7.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-cyano-3-(1-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate 2-cyano-3-(1-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate: inhibits pyruvate transport into mitochondria | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 17,17-dimethylprostaglandin e2 17,17-dimethylprostaglandin E2: prostaglandin E antag | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| everolimus [no description available] | 8.53 | 1 | 1 | cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| zy 17617b CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| axitinib [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
| i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine | |
| cyclosporin g cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| linogliride linogliride: structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| beta-escin [no description available] | 4.57 | 8 | 0 | ||
| s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS. | 7.41 | 2 | 0 | nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | naphthyridine derivative | |
| butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract. | 15.88 | 37 | 18 | ||
| gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706) | 3.33 | 2 | 0 | gadolinium coordination entity | MRI contrast agent |
| morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid | |
| ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors. | 8.21 | 6 | 0 | diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound | |
| adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer). | 4.12 | 16 | 0 | nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate | |
| sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes. | 4.18 | 5 | 0 | cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid | calcium ionophore; metabolite |
| enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ginsenoside rb2 [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6 | 9.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| lergotrile lergotrile: RN given refers to parent cpd(8beta)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | |
| vildagliptin [no description available] | 13.15 | 30 | 19 | amino acid amide | |
| tm 723 TM 723: similar in chem struct to kassein R, component of pueraria root (popular in China & Japan as crude drug) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bentiromide bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | dipeptide | diagnostic agent; indicator; reagent |
| staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine. | 3.77 | 11 | 0 | ammonium ion derivative | |
| chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group. | 6.15 | 12 | 1 | phosphagen; phosphoamino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| triacsin c triacsin C: from Streptomyces No. 1228; structure given in first source; an acyl-CoA synthetase antagonist. triacsin C : A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; nitroso compound; olefinic compound | antimalarial; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.64 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer). | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. | 9.31 | 86 | 2 | oligopeptide | |
| vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| etomoxir [no description available] | 3.35 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| bay r3401 BAY R3401: prodrug for BAY W1807 for inhibition of glycogenolysis; structure in first source | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | ||
| cp 91149 CP 91149: inhibits liver glycogen phosphorylase; structure in first source | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | ||
| ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. | 12.41 | 142 | 4 | organic molecular entity | |
| mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
| 3-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-methyl-n-(pentylsulfonyl)-3 h-benzimidazole-5-carboxamide 3-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-methyl-N-(pentylsulfonyl)-3 H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamide: a benzimidazole derivative | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| l 779976 L 779976: a somatostatin 2 receptor agonist. L-779976 : A member of the class of indoles that is (betaS)-beta-methyl-D-tryptophan in which the primary amino group undergoes formal condensation with the carboxy group of 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid and the carboxy group undegoes formal condensation with the amino group of (1R,3S)-cyclohexane-1,3-diyldimethanamine. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-2 (SST2) receptor with Ki of 0.05 nM. | 2 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; indoles; piperidinecarboxamide; primary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | neuroprotective agent; somatostatin receptor agonist |
| dapagliflozin [no description available] | 12.8 | 29 | 8 | aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor |
| sr 59230a 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source | 2.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| shu 9119 SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ginsenoside rb1 [no description available] | 7.61 | 2 | 0 | ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
| ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ptr 3173 PTR 3173: amino acid sequence in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sorbitan monooleate [no description available] | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | fatty acid ester | |
| (2s,3as,7as)-1-(((r,r)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2-((thiazolidin-3-yl)carbonyl)octahydro-1h-indole S 17092-1: structure in first source; inhibits proline endopeptidase | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neuromedin n neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease. | 9.46 | 14 | 8 | homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | antineoplastic agent |
| pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | organochlorine compound | |
| g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide | |
| cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A | 3.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| adrenorphin adrenorphin: opioid octapeptide from human & bovine adrenal medulla & human phaeochromocytoma tumor; H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH2 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 8-(methylthio)cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate 8-(methylthio)cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes. | 7.38 | 6 | 3 | aminopiperidine; quinazolines | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3) | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | cysteine derivative | |
| 2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1h-indole 2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-indole: an imidazoline compound; structure given in first source | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. | 3.04 | 4 | 0 | ||
| eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364) | 3.96 | 4 | 0 | peptide | |
| angiotensin amide Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| ipragliflozin [no description available] | 3.8 | 1 | 1 | glycoside | |
| etc-1002 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid: inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACL); has anti-atherosclerotic activity. bempedoic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentadecanedioic acid which is substituted by methyl groups groups at positions 2 and 14, and by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a drug used for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol, which is sometimes referred to as 'bad cholesterol'. | 4.48 | 3 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| isotocin isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms. | 6.85 | 5 | 2 | ||
| ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose. | 8.2 | 6 | 0 | D-ribose; ribopyranose | |
| urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration. | 5.42 | 8 | 2 | alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose | |
| lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. | 4.1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | cyanate salt; one-carbon compound | herbicide |
| karwinskia toxin t-514 Karwinskia toxin T-514: structure given in first source; isolated from Karwinskia humboldtiana | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ||
| technetium tc 99m disofenin Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes. | 7.75 | 3 | 0 | nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| psn 632408 PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| arginine aspartate arginine aspartate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer of aspartic acid with L-arginine (1:1) | 8.77 | 2 | 1 | ||
| sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES. | 14.56 | 47 | 22 | ||
| veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal. | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group. | 7.25 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; organochlorine compound | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant |
| losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. | 6.1 | 13 | 0 | ||
| xenopsin xenopsin: peptide containing 8 amino acids from Xenopus laevis and other organisms | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source | 3.9 | 2 | 1 | ||
| empagliflozin [no description available] | 10.5 | 12 | 4 | aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor |
| lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes | 6.49 | 3 | 3 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| octanoylcarnitine octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | O-octanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | human metabolite |
| palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. | 6.51 | 62 | 0 | benzoxazole | |
| sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 7.14 | 6 | 3 | ||
| pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). | 15.97 | 369 | 7 | ||
| podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glycoursodeoxycholic acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine | human blood serum metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rifamycins [no description available] | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ginsenoside rc [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. | 5.69 | 27 | 0 | ||
| felypressin Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide | vasoconstrictor agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | ||
| icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety. | 13.91 | 57 | 1 | organophosphate oxoanion | cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| l 054522 L 054522: somatostatin receptor subtype 2 agonist; structure in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| azd1656 AZD1656: a glucokinase activator | 9.43 | 2 | 2 | ||
| cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 3.84 | 3 | 0 | ||
| calcitonin [no description available] | 9.47 | 5 | 1 | ||
| cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency. | 7.25 | 12 | 1 | ||
| melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes. | 5.54 | 13 | 0 | ||
| cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. | 20.96 | 488 | 44 | ||
| ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. | 9.85 | 63 | 1 | oligopeptide | diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug |
| motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. | 12.25 | 88 | 4 | ||
| dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. | 4.34 | 6 | 0 | ||
| atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS. | 13.51 | 27 | 2 | polypeptide | |
| magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human) | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cecropin p1-li cecropin P1-LI: antibacterial peptide isolated from porcine intestine; has immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of duodenum & glucagon cells of the pancreas | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mating factor alpha-factor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): Refseq NM_001184001.1 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cgp 23996 CGP 23996: nonreducible analog of somatostatin; used to test binding sites for somatostatin | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| adrenocorticotropin zinc [no description available] | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | ||
| somatostatin, tyr(11)- [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neuropeptide f neuropeptide F: amino acid sequence given in first source; MW 4433 Da; from tubellarian Artioposthia triangulata | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| xenin 25 xenin 25: 25 amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin; amino acid sequence given in first source | 8.29 | 10 | 4 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37) [no description available] | 8.85 | 12 | 0 | ||
| chromogranin a-derived peptide, we-14 chromogranin A-derived peptide, WE-14: amino acid sequence given in first source; MW 1649.5 kDa; human & bovine peptides are homologous; human, rat, mouse and porcine WE-14 exhibit 93% homology; isolated from midgut carcinoid tumor | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nociceptin [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity; polypeptide | human metabolite; rat metabolite |
| somatostatin, trp(8)-cys(14)- [no description available] | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| neurotensin, trp(11)- neurotensin, Trp(11)-: analog of neurotensin in which Tyr(11) has been replaced with Trp; neurotensin antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas | 25.85 | 351 | 57 | ||
| gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters. | 19.73 | 709 | 20 | ||
| urotensin i urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glucagon (1-21) glucagon (1-21): RN given refers to all-L isomer | 6.86 | 13 | 6 | ||
| big gastrin big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin | 4.5 | 4 | 0 | ||
| anthopleurin-a anthopleurin-A: cardiotonic agent from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC). | 11.07 | 63 | 3 | ||
| somatostatin-28 prosomatostatin: see also preprosomatostatins: 75037-28-4 | 6.92 | 13 | 1 | ||
| sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones. | 10.59 | 71 | 1 | ||
| heliodermin heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties | 3.59 | 9 | 0 | ||
| helospectin i helospectin I: 38 residue peptide from Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) venom; amino acid sequence given in first source | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| helospectin ii helospectin II: 37 amino acid residue peptide from Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) venom; identical to helospectin I except for serine 38 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems. | 12.24 | 25 | 0 | ||
| pancreastatin pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin | 6.9 | 22 | 1 | ||
| angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. | 8.48 | 8 | 0 | ||
| ac 187 [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide | corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent |
| cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source | 4.9 | 2 | 1 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) [no description available] | 15.13 | 55 | 2 | ||
| tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oligonucleotides [no description available] | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| liraglutide [no description available] | 16.83 | 74 | 25 | lipopeptide; polypeptide | glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent |
| glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake. | 28.64 | 2,156 | 386 | ||
| insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 5.86 | 2 | 1 | ||
| gastrin releasing peptide (14-27) gastrin releasing peptide (14-27): C-terminal portion of gastrin-releasing peptide | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alpha-endorphin alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17). | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diapep 277 DiaPep 277: a 24-mer laboratory-made peptide derived from Hsp60(437-460) | 5.83 | 2 | 2 | ||
| incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially. | 19.36 | 170 | 39 | ||
| c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin. | 25.21 | 1,350 | 323 | ||
| gastrin 17 gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence. | 4.77 | 7 | 1 | gastrin | antineoplastic agent |
| exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4 | 14.33 | 88 | 10 | ||
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 7.91 | 15 | 5 | glycoside | |
| endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63) | 9.64 | 6 | 1 | ||
| phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety. | 11.78 | 32 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | ||
| chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | chlorophyll; methyl ester | cofactor |
| adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium salicylate [no description available] | 3.46 | 8 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. | 4.3 | 4 | 1 | ||
| calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | organic lithium salt | fluorochrome |
| azaspiracid azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chitosan [no description available] | 5.28 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available] | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | ||
| s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA. | 3.93 | 2 | 1 | ||
| bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP. | 10.72 | 384 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide | |
| sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | bleaching agent; disinfectant |
| sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | lactate salt; organic sodium salt | food acidity regulator; food preservative |
| stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | monosodium glutamate | flavouring agent |
| sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | ||
| sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | ||
| phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine. | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | organic cation; sulfonium compound | coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2. | 8 | 8 | 3 | C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor |
| imeglimin imeglimin: a tetrahydrotriazine-containing oral antidiabetic | 4 | 2 | 1 | ||
| insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn. | 7.25 | 11 | 4 | ||
| combivent respimat Albuterol, Ipratropium Drug Combination: A combined pharmaceutical preparation of Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate that is used to treat the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tak-875 [no description available] | 7.48 | 2 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| l 817818 L 817818: somatostatin 5 receptor agonist. L-817818 : A benzoindole that is 1H-benzo[g]indole substituted by naphthalen-2-yl and 2-({(2R)-6-amino-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropoxy]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}amino)-2-oxoethyl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-5 (SST5) receptor with Ki of 0.4 nM. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ar 231453 [no description available] | 3.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles | central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist |
| egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available] | 2.75 | 3 | 0 | BODIPY compound | |
| quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | fumarate salt | |
| cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. | 5.42 | 6 | 0 | ||
| dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11) | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| hylambatin hylambatin: isolated from skin of African frog Hylambates maculatus | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91 | 15.14 | 113 | 9 | peptide hormone | human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary |
| fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mannans [no description available] | 6.37 | 9 | 5 | ||
| peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed) | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
| triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine. | 5.65 | 15 | 0 | 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion | |
| cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545) | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| glycolipids [no description available] | 6.07 | 9 | 1 | ||
| l 366948 L 366948: oxytocin antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 8.98 | 30 | 3 | ||
| thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| galactocerebroside galactocerebroside: a NITROGEN containing sphingolipid | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells. | 9.36 | 8 | 5 | ||
| anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound | 8.59 | 1 | 1 | amino acid amide | |
| hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | benzoxazole | |
| p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate. | 2 | 1 | 0 | organophosphate oxoanion | |
| exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent. | 18.93 | 197 | 23 | ||
| srt3025 SRT3025: a sirtuin 1 inhibitor | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
| gsk4112 GSK4112: a Rev-erbalpha agonist; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE). | 16.22 | 364 | 5 | ||
| natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS. | 3.27 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. | 6.57 | 9 | 1 | ||
| sr 8278 SR 8278: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord | 7.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 10.48 | 16 | 1 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 7.89 | 4 | 0 | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 4.76 | 10 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
| roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | aromatic amide | |
| acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 8.96 | 4 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| antimycin [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chromium tripicolinate chromium tripicolinate: chromium complex of tripicolinate; increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cultures | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | chromium coordination entity | anti-obesity agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; nutraceutical |
| epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form. | 10.45 | 95 | 1 | ||
| gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. | 6.75 | 33 | 0 | ||
| calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aluminosilicate mineral; mixture | antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient |
| vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)- vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | ||
| transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. | 6.59 | 21 | 0 | ||
| phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| semaglutide [no description available] | 6.83 | 3 | 1 | lipopeptide; polypeptide | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent |
| okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. | 3.86 | 12 | 0 | ketal | |
| somatostatin 25 somatostatin 25: extracted from ovine hypothalamus; more potent inhibitor of in vitro growth hormone secretion than somatostatin-14 | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | ||
| sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine | fluorescent dye |
| (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate: a GPR119 agonist | 5.83 | 2 | 2 | ||
| pyrethrins [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 2-methylthio-n6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine: structure in first source | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| catosal butaphosphan, cyanocobalamin drug combination: 10% Butaphosphan+cyanocobalamin: used to prevent or treat deficiencies of vitamin B12 and phosphorus in farm animals in the United States. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION. | 4.28 | 5 | 0 | ||
| maitotoxin [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties. | 6.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| davalintide davalintide: a synthetic amylin-mimetic peptide with appetitie suppresant activity | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ephrin-a5 Ephrin-A5: A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in developing tectum. It has been shown to mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. It is found in a variety of adult tissues of BRAIN; HEART; and KIDNEY. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glutaminase [no description available] | 7.79 | 21 | 1 | ||
| ginsenoside rg5 ginsenoside Rg5: a major constituent of steamed Ginseng; structure in first source | 7.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms. | 7.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones. | 11.9 | 67 | 7 | ||
| sdz co 611 SDZ CO 611: structure given in first source; an Amadori compound of octreotide | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | ||
| hg-9-91-01 HG-9-91-01: inhibits salt-inducible kinases; structure in first source. HG-9-91-01 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is a potent inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2, a potential target protein for therapy in ovarian cancer. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; dimethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; salt-inducible kinase 2 inhibitor |
| oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X). | 4.75 | 10 | 0 | ||
| g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide | mouse metabolite |
| 6,6-dideuteroglucose [no description available] | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | ||
| nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | ||
| bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide | antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide |
| carboxypeptidase b Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source | 10.6 | 6 | 3 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis. | 15.13 | 101 | 6 | ||
| snx 482 SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3. | 7.65 | 3 | 0 | angiotensin; peptide zwitterion | human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent |
| hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS. | 4.66 | 9 | 0 | ||
| ly2409021 adomeglivant: a glucagon receptor antagonist | 7.83 | 7 | 4 | ||
| chromostatin chromostatin: composed of first 20 N-terminal amino acids of chromogranin A; inhibits chromaffin cell secretion | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| mesotocin [no description available] | 3.98 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat) | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone. | 4.26 | 4 | 1 | ||
| vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | ||
| tropenziline bromide tropenziline bromide: RN given refers to bromide; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes. | 7.94 | 6 | 1 | ||
| insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 10.11 | 11 | 6 | ||
| norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. | 5.36 | 4 | 1 | ||
| sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH). | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | ||
| oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms. | 23.16 | 819 | 77 | ||
| transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR. | 9.19 | 5 | 0 | ||
| insulin, desoctapeptide- [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| insulin, 3-iodo-tyr(a14)- insulin, 3-iodo-Tyr(A14)-: used with (125)I for receptor assay | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). | 8.21 | 20 | 5 | ||
| silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | ||
| peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence. | 16.62 | 129 | 29 | ||
| lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon, n(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-his(1)-homo-arg(12)- glucagon, N(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-His(1)-homo-Arg(12)-: potent antagonist of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase system; lowers blood sugar | 3.57 | 9 | 0 | ||
| cholecystokinin 39 cholecystokinin 39: contains 39 amino acids; 6 amino acid residues added on to cholecystokinin | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies. | 3.91 | 13 | 0 | ||
| catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92 | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | ||
| apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. | 6.27 | 29 | 0 | ||
| amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined | 2.96 | 4 | 0 | ||
| lutetium lu 177 dotatate 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| somatostatin, trp(8)- [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| exendin 3 exendin 3: from the gila monster lizard (Heloderma horridum); amino acid sequence given in first source | 4.01 | 5 | 0 | ||
| promega Promega: refined fish-oil product concentrated in long-chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids; principal fatty acids are 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid & 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. | 12.08 | 123 | 4 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| deoxyguanosine [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 7.36 | 21 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 8.65 | 146 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| guanine [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | fundamental metabolite |
| hypoxanthine [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | fundamental metabolite |
| inosine [no description available] | 5.08 | 8 | 0 | inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer). | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin | coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 3.96 | 4 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| 3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes. | 4.58 | 26 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| 7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 7-methylguanine | |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 4.89 | 2 | 1 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 9.94 | 12 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| ganciclovir [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 4.85 | 7 | 1 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6. | 6.99 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolopyrimidine | drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 9.67 | 9 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor |
| guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+). | 5.59 | 74 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available] | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | nucleoside diphosphate analogue | |
| nn 414 NN 414: a hypoglycemic agent with insulin release modulating and potassium channel activating activities; structure in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quazinone [no description available] | 3.98 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro. | 3.59 | 9 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound | muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist |
| trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid). | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | nitroso compound | alkylating agent |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | guanosines | biomarker |
| antipyrylazo iii antipyrylazo III: a metallochromic indicator | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | ||
| 3,7-dihydro-6-(4-(2-(n'-(5-fluoresceinyl)thioureido)ethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylimidazo-(1,2-a)pyrazin-3-one 3,7-dihydro-6-(4-(2-(N'-(5-fluoresceinyl)thioureido)ethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylimidazo-(1,2-a)pyrazin-3-one: used for the detection of superoxide anion in the red tide alga Chattonella antiqua | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| eye [no description available] | 5.3 | 17 | 0 | ||
| fructooligosaccharide [no description available] | 4.31 | 1 | 1 | oligosaccharide | |
| maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds. | 3.89 | 2 | 1 | ||
| acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses. | 4.61 | 1 | 1 | ||
| tauromuricholate tauromuricholic acid: RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta,6 beta,7 beta)-isomer | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures. | 4.92 | 12 | 0 | ||
| trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 4.66 | 9 | 0 | ||
| metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. | 5.94 | 20 | 0 | ||
| phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. | 6.33 | 31 | 0 | ||
| preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor | 3.77 | 3 | 0 | ||
| wy 41747 Wy 41747: combines selective inhibition of growth hormone & glucagon release | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. | 16.72 | 210 | 22 | ||
| pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal. | 0 | 25.13 | 1,047 | 158 |
| Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level. | 0 | 25.13 | 1,047 | 158 |
| Morbid Obesity [description not available] | 0 | 15.22 | 56 | 17 |
| Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2. | 0 | 15.22 | 56 | 17 |
| Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 10.41 | 40 | 3 |
| Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast. | 0 | 27.02 | 1,837 | 234 |
| Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH. | 1 | 29.02 | 1,837 | 234 |
| Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 32.11 | 1,486 | 301 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 29.79 | 2,254 | 478 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 1 | 29.11 | 1,486 | 301 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 1 | 31.79 | 2,254 | 478 |
| Hyperpotassemia [description not available] | 0 | 4.95 | 15 | 0 |
| Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 4.95 | 15 | 0 |
| Alloxan Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 17.61 | 988 | 2 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 20.87 | 425 | 82 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 16.17 | 276 | 11 |
| Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance. | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. | 1 | 26.8 | 1,508 | 55 |
| Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available] | 0 | 18.28 | 182 | 40 |
| Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 18.28 | 182 | 40 |
| Leanness [description not available] | 0 | 10.09 | 23 | 6 |
| Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). | 1 | 26.4 | 931 | 97 |
| Insulin Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 23.32 | 720 | 97 |
| Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. | 0 | 23.32 | 720 | 97 |
| Colorectal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 9.26 | 11 | 4 |
| Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. | 0 | 9.26 | 11 | 4 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 6.94 | 40 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 6.94 | 40 | 0 |
| Weight Reduction [description not available] | 0 | 17.02 | 117 | 26 |
| Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT. | 0 | 17.02 | 117 | 26 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 20.24 | 747 | 37 |
| Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 11.29 | 18 | 2 |
| Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse. | 0 | 6.29 | 18 | 2 |
| Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like. | 0 | 16.07 | 71 | 8 |
| Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin. | 0 | 17.93 | 339 | 20 |
| Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS. | 0 | 17.93 | 339 | 20 |
| Cancer of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 19.32 | 714 | 13 |
| Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA). | 0 | 19.32 | 714 | 13 |
| Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat. | 0 | 14.29 | 42 | 25 |
| Adolescent Obesity [description not available] | 0 | 7.92 | 9 | 2 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 13.36 | 42 | 7 |
| Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.46 | 8 | 0 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 9.58 | 17 | 4 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 0 | 9.58 | 17 | 4 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 17.05 | 77 | 34 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 17.05 | 77 | 34 |
| Cancer of Colon [description not available] | 0 | 5.88 | 24 | 1 |
| Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON. | 0 | 5.88 | 24 | 1 |
| Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 7.36 | 31 | 0 |
| Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development. | 0 | 7.36 | 31 | 0 |
| Inadequate Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 5.77 | 7 | 1 |
| Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available] | 0 | 9.86 | 45 | 1 |
| Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 14.57 | 228 | 18 |
| Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 14.57 | 228 | 18 |
| Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. | 0 | 9.86 | 45 | 1 |
| Polydipsia, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst. | 0 | 13.04 | 21 | 1 |
| Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 5.38 | 5 | 1 |
| Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 5.38 | 5 | 1 |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available] | 0 | 7.68 | 5 | 4 |
| Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. | 0 | 7.68 | 5 | 4 |
| Atherogenesis [description not available] | 0 | 9.73 | 11 | 4 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 8.24 | 7 | 4 |
| Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 18.02 | 177 | 30 |
| Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 18.02 | 177 | 30 |
| Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA. | 0 | 14.73 | 11 | 4 |
| Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) | 0 | 8.24 | 7 | 4 |
| Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 19.37 | 153 | 57 |
| Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 19.37 | 153 | 57 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 21.57 | 718 | 61 |
| Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight. | 0 | 8.22 | 44 | 0 |
| Liver Steatosis [description not available] | 0 | 11.44 | 55 | 5 |
| Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS. | 0 | 11.44 | 55 | 5 |
| Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 6.98 | 16 | 1 |
| 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available] | 0 | 10.46 | 15 | 9 |
| Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Recurrent cutaneous manifestation of GLUCAGONOMA characterized by necrolytic polycyclic migratory lesions with scaling borders. It is associated with elevated secretion of GLUCAGON by the tumor. Other conditions with elevated serum glucagon levels such as HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS may also result in similar skin lesions, which are referred to as pseudoglucagonoma syndrome. | 0 | 3.92 | 11 | 0 |
| Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available] | 0 | 11.96 | 161 | 1 |
| Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. | 0 | 9.37 | 80 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 8.22 | 11 | 4 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 8.22 | 11 | 4 |
| Prediabetes [description not available] | 0 | 15.87 | 108 | 10 |
| Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 15.87 | 108 | 10 |
| Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 11.65 | 36 | 4 |
| Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION. | 0 | 11.65 | 36 | 4 |
| Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available] | 0 | 20.43 | 199 | 55 |
| Liver Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 13.36 | 111 | 5 |
| Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER. | 0 | 13.36 | 111 | 5 |
| Preterm Birth [description not available] | 0 | 2.59 | 2 | 0 |
| Nanism [description not available] | 0 | 5.88 | 24 | 0 |
| Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height. | 0 | 5.88 | 24 | 0 |
| Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION). | 0 | 2.59 | 2 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS. | 0 | 12.32 | 93 | 4 |
| Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available] | 0 | 8.98 | 24 | 3 |
| Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS. | 0 | 8.98 | 24 | 3 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 15.11 | 78 | 11 |
| Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION. | 0 | 6.35 | 22 | 0 |
| Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Ovine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 4.38 | 8 | 0 |
| Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available] | 0 | 11.11 | 180 | 2 |
| Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA. | 0 | 11.11 | 180 | 2 |
| Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst. | 0 | 4.85 | 4 | 2 |
| Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum. | 0 | 4.85 | 4 | 2 |
| Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles. | 0 | 8.68 | 2 | 0 |
| Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY. | 0 | 9.1 | 30 | 2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. | 0 | 9.1 | 30 | 2 |
| Cancer of Rectum [description not available] | 0 | 5.84 | 23 | 1 |
| Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM. | 0 | 5.84 | 23 | 1 |
| Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition. | 0 | 8.55 | 38 | 1 |
| Familial Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia 1 [description not available] | 0 | 9.03 | 16 | 2 |
| Congenital Hyperinsulinism A familial, nontransient HYPOGLYCEMIA with defects in negative feedback of GLUCOSE-regulated INSULIN release. Clinical phenotypes include HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; SEIZURES; COMA; and often large BIRTH WEIGHT. Several sub-types exist with the most common, type 1, associated with mutations on an ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (subfamily C, member 8). | 1 | 11.03 | 16 | 2 |
| Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 9.2 | 21 | 2 |
| Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 9.2 | 21 | 2 |
| Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 13.44 | 115 | 14 |
| Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 13.44 | 115 | 14 |
| Chronic Bronchitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Obesity [description not available] | 0 | 6.65 | 6 | 3 |
| Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Body Weight, Fetal [description not available] | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
| Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available] | 0 | 4.24 | 18 | 0 |
| Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH. | 0 | 4.24 | 18 | 0 |
| Anoxemia [description not available] | 0 | 10.87 | 76 | 1 |
| Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms. | 0 | 10.87 | 76 | 1 |
| Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 18.47 | 317 | 33 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 16.15 | 254 | 35 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 10.7 | 53 | 2 |
| Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis. | 0 | 18.47 | 317 | 33 |
| Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 11.28 | 32 | 10 |
| Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. | 0 | 13.62 | 51 | 24 |
| Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 16.28 | 32 | 10 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 8.19 | 8 | 4 |
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 8.7 | 27 | 2 |
| Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage. | 0 | 8.98 | 44 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 8.19 | 8 | 4 |
| Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available] | 0 | 13.09 | 68 | 4 |
| Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. | 0 | 18.09 | 68 | 4 |
| Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 11.96 | 22 | 0 |
| Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 8.44 | 32 | 2 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 11.57 | 105 | 1 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 11.57 | 105 | 1 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 7.49 | 17 | 1 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 12.49 | 17 | 1 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available] | 0 | 11.64 | 29 | 8 |
| Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA. | 0 | 11.64 | 29 | 8 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 9.35 | 57 | 3 |
| Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 9.35 | 57 | 3 |
| Diseases, Metabolic [description not available] | 0 | 9.11 | 42 | 0 |
| Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) | 0 | 9.11 | 42 | 0 |
| Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. | 0 | 7.48 | 49 | 1 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 19.25 | 107 | 4 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 14.25 | 107 | 4 |
| Cancer of Prostate [description not available] | 0 | 4.9 | 8 | 1 |
| Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE. | 0 | 4.9 | 8 | 1 |
| Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment. | 0 | 9.11 | 2 | 1 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 11.31 | 47 | 6 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 11.31 | 47 | 6 |
| Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available] | 0 | 5.84 | 4 | 2 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 12.03 | 154 | 6 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 12.03 | 154 | 6 |
| Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. | 0 | 5.84 | 4 | 2 |
| Atheroma [description not available] | 0 | 9.99 | 3 | 1 |
| Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available] | 0 | 4.12 | 3 | 1 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. | 0 | 4.12 | 3 | 1 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 10.51 | 75 | 5 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 10.51 | 75 | 5 |
| Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available] | 0 | 6.62 | 3 | 2 |
| Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. | 0 | 6.62 | 3 | 2 |
| Deaf Mutism [description not available] | 0 | 5.03 | 3 | 1 |
| Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears. | 0 | 10.03 | 3 | 1 |
| Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 6 | 0 |
| Injuries, Radiation [description not available] | 0 | 2.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Genetic Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Esophageal Varices [description not available] | 0 | 11.08 | 11 | 3 |
| Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea. | 0 | 7.02 | 17 | 2 |
| Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS. | 0 | 9.51 | 52 | 3 |
| Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). | 0 | 6.08 | 11 | 3 |
| Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. | 0 | 7.02 | 17 | 2 |
| Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN. | 0 | 9.51 | 52 | 3 |
| Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA). | 0 | 8.14 | 33 | 1 |
| Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero. | 0 | 3.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied. | 0 | 2.81 | 3 | 0 |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available] | 0 | 4.67 | 11 | 0 |
| Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available] | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
| Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. | 0 | 4.67 | 11 | 0 |
| Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 0 | 4.6 | 10 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available] | 0 | 6.9 | 11 | 1 |
| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS. | 0 | 11.9 | 11 | 1 |
| Dyslipidemia [description not available] | 0 | 8.52 | 18 | 1 |
| Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. | 0 | 8.52 | 18 | 1 |
| Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 11.69 | 21 | 0 |
| Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death. | 0 | 6.69 | 21 | 0 |
| Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 10.49 | 51 | 3 |
| Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. | 0 | 10.49 | 51 | 3 |
| Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available] | 0 | 4.88 | 2 | 1 |
| Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. | 0 | 4.88 | 2 | 1 |
| Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES. | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available] | 0 | 6.97 | 12 | 1 |
| Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA. | 0 | 6.97 | 12 | 1 |
| Psychoses [description not available] | 0 | 2.61 | 2 | 0 |
| Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 2.61 | 2 | 0 |
| Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 17.53 | 89 | 56 |
| Coronary Heart Disease [description not available] | 0 | 15.14 | 68 | 19 |
| Hyperlipemia [description not available] | 0 | 12.11 | 67 | 4 |
| Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. | 0 | 15.14 | 68 | 19 |
| Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood. | 0 | 12.11 | 67 | 4 |
| Cancer of Kidney [description not available] | 0 | 8.82 | 16 | 4 |
| Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Circulatory Collapse [description not available] | 0 | 8.61 | 55 | 0 |
| Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY. | 0 | 8.82 | 16 | 4 |
| Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) | 0 | 7.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs. | 0 | 8.61 | 55 | 0 |
| Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA. | 0 | 10.48 | 5 | 1 |
| Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available] | 0 | 6.05 | 10 | 1 |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available] | 0 | 5.66 | 19 | 1 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 14.53 | 183 | 9 |
| Acute Brain Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 6.94 | 19 | 0 |
| Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. | 0 | 6.94 | 19 | 0 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 14.53 | 183 | 9 |
| Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 14.18 | 49 | 3 |
| Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available] | 0 | 5.68 | 2 | 1 |
| Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Infections, Coronavirus [description not available] | 0 | 9.85 | 10 | 9 |
| Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 5.5 | 3 | 1 |
| Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Ductal Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available] | 0 | 4.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Bone Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 5.28 | 2 | 2 |
| Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION. | 0 | 8.79 | 5 | 5 |
| Lung Injury, Acute [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues. | 0 | 4.87 | 2 | 1 |
| Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years. | 0 | 9.83 | 10 | 9 |
| Allergic Rhinitis [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available] | 0 | 11.91 | 9 | 1 |
| Asthma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 8.77 | 27 | 5 |
| Amaurosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.69 | 2 | 1 |
| Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available] | 0 | 7.18 | 16 | 1 |
| Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 6.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 10.21 | 13 | 11 |
| Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms. | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available] | 0 | 6.3 | 4 | 2 |
| Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available] | 0 | 7.66 | 5 | 4 |
| Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. | 0 | 6.76 | 14 | 1 |
| Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Anasarca [description not available] | 0 | 7.12 | 15 | 1 |
| Cutis Elastica [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| E coli Infections [description not available] | 0 | 6.92 | 27 | 1 |
| Cancer of Esophagus [description not available] | 0 | 10.29 | 19 | 2 |
| Exanthem [description not available] | 0 | 5.89 | 5 | 1 |
| Glial Cell Tumors [description not available] | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available] | 0 | 5.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Bleeding [description not available] | 0 | 13.21 | 36 | 1 |
| Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 8.22 | 8 | 4 |
| Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Hypermobility, Joint [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| B16 Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscle Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 5.86 | 9 | 1 |
| Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 11.19 | 54 | 4 |
| Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available] | 0 | 8.2 | 10 | 4 |
| Cancer of Ovary [description not available] | 0 | 6.55 | 11 | 1 |
| Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma. | 0 | 6.63 | 6 | 2 |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.54 | 3 | 2 |
| Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available] | 0 | 7.43 | 13 | 1 |
| Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available] | 0 | 8.18 | 35 | 1 |
| Cancer of Skin [description not available] | 0 | 6.32 | 5 | 1 |
| Blood Clot [description not available] | 0 | 5.85 | 5 | 1 |
| Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available] | 0 | 8.53 | 35 | 1 |
| Pulmonary Consumption [description not available] | 0 | 4.99 | 3 | 1 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available] | 0 | 6.3 | 5 | 1 |
| Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used. | 0 | 12.46 | 52 | 3 |
| Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available] | 0 | 7.55 | 4 | 4 |
| Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available] | 0 | 5.73 | 7 | 1 |
| Hangman Fracture [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available] | 0 | 9.94 | 12 | 9 |
| Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus. | 0 | 6.53 | 11 | 1 |
| Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 13.49 | 18 | 3 |
| Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. | 0 | 6.91 | 9 | 1 |
| Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). | 0 | 8.77 | 27 | 5 |
| Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE. | 0 | 4.69 | 2 | 1 |
| Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. | 0 | 6.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 10.21 | 13 | 11 |
| Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy. | 0 | 6.3 | 4 | 2 |
| Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma. | 0 | 7.66 | 5 | 4 |
| Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER. | 0 | 4.69 | 2 | 1 |
| Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. | 0 | 7.12 | 15 | 1 |
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI. | 0 | 6.92 | 27 | 1 |
| Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 10.29 | 19 | 2 |
| Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. | 0 | 5.89 | 5 | 1 |
| Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21) | 0 | 9.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. | 0 | 5.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. | 0 | 8.21 | 36 | 1 |
| Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. | 0 | 8.22 | 8 | 4 |
| Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE. | 0 | 5.86 | 9 | 1 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 11.19 | 54 | 4 |
| Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 10.99 | 6 | 1 |
| Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis. | 0 | 13.2 | 10 | 4 |
| Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS. | 0 | 6.55 | 11 | 1 |
| Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation. | 0 | 6.63 | 6 | 2 |
| Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection. | 0 | 10.04 | 11 | 9 |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA. | 0 | 5.54 | 3 | 2 |
| Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 7.43 | 13 | 1 |
| Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN. | 0 | 6.32 | 5 | 1 |
| Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel. | 0 | 5.85 | 5 | 1 |
| Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. | 0 | 8.53 | 35 | 1 |
| Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung. | 0 | 4.99 | 3 | 1 |
| Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 5.56 | 3 | 2 |
| Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406) | 0 | 11.3 | 5 | 1 |
| Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. | 0 | 12.46 | 52 | 3 |
| Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. | 0 | 7.55 | 4 | 4 |
| Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS. | 0 | 4.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE). | 0 | 9.85 | 10 | 9 |
| Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 0 | 5.5 | 3 | 1 |
| Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS. | 0 | 5.73 | 7 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA). | 0 | 4.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones. | 0 | 5.28 | 2 | 2 |
| Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological). | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 13 | 0 |
| Dysphagia [description not available] | 0 | 7.7 | 11 | 2 |
| Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 7.7 | 11 | 2 |
| Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available] | 0 | 9.09 | 15 | 2 |
| Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). | 0 | 9.09 | 15 | 2 |
| Lactic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 9.03 | 5 | 0 |
| Alcohol Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 10.99 | 63 | 6 |
| Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available] | 0 | 14.06 | 121 | 8 |
| Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE. | 0 | 4.03 | 5 | 0 |
| Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4) | 0 | 10.99 | 63 | 6 |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA. | 0 | 14.06 | 121 | 8 |
| Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. | 0 | 3.24 | 6 | 0 |
| Auricular Flutter [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Dizzyness [description not available] | 0 | 4.18 | 3 | 1 |
| A-V Dissociation [description not available] | 0 | 5.7 | 33 | 0 |
| Drop Attack [description not available] | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. | 0 | 4.18 | 3 | 1 |
| Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.5 | 8 | 2 |
| Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229) | 0 | 10.5 | 8 | 2 |
| Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON. | 0 | 7.18 | 12 | 2 |
| Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL. | 0 | 3.47 | 8 | 0 |
| Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 9.5 | 52 | 1 |
| Allodynia [description not available] | 0 | 2.55 | 2 | 0 |
| Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325) | 0 | 9.5 | 52 | 1 |
| Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows. | 0 | 4.73 | 3 | 2 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 22 | 0 |
| Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 11.88 | 76 | 6 |
| Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 10.49 | 50 | 0 |
| Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease. | 0 | 11.74 | 88 | 4 |
| Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 11.88 | 76 | 6 |
| Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure. | 0 | 6.12 | 22 | 0 |
| Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 15.49 | 50 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 5.8 | 22 | 0 |
| Germinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 1 |
| Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 1 |
| Island Cell Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 12.56 | 406 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM. | 0 | 12.56 | 406 | 0 |
| Calcification, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 3.84 | 12 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.64 | 9 | 0 |
| Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. | 0 | 3.84 | 12 | 0 |
| Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. | 0 | 3.64 | 9 | 0 |
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 7.02 | 11 | 3 |
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading. | 0 | 7.02 | 11 | 3 |
| Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 5.65 | 6 | 0 |
| Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Acetonemia [description not available] | 0 | 11.3 | 55 | 3 |
| Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available] | 0 | 6.12 | 19 | 0 |
| Appendiceal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.09 | 5 | 0 |
| Appendiceal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX. | 0 | 3.09 | 5 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 6.8 | 45 | 0 |
| Grippe [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer. | 0 | 6.8 | 45 | 0 |
| Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS. | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer. | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 10.28 | 31 | 3 |
| Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures. | 0 | 10.28 | 31 | 3 |
| Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. | 0 | 10.32 | 9 | 0 |
| Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. | 0 | 3.79 | 11 | 0 |
| Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results. | 0 | 8.46 | 24 | 1 |
| Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 13.71 | 218 | 1 |
| Blood Pressure, Low [description not available] | 0 | 9.98 | 48 | 2 |
| Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. | 0 | 9.98 | 48 | 2 |
| Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available] | 0 | 5.22 | 4 | 1 |
| Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow. | 0 | 5.22 | 4 | 1 |
| Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 11.56 | 59 | 2 |
| Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 11.56 | 59 | 2 |
| Complication, Postoperative [description not available] | 0 | 13.89 | 74 | 8 |
| Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. | 0 | 13.89 | 74 | 8 |
| Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used. | 0 | 5.6 | 17 | 0 |
| Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypernutrition [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available] | 0 | 9.43 | 32 | 1 |
| Viral Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 6.97 | 11 | 0 |
| Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES. | 0 | 9.43 | 32 | 1 |
| Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses. | 0 | 6.97 | 11 | 0 |
| Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroid [description not available] | 0 | 9.53 | 81 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE. | 0 | 9.53 | 81 | 0 |
| Atrophy, Muscle [description not available] | 0 | 5.21 | 7 | 0 |
| Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. | 0 | 16.62 | 19 | 9 |
| Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. | 0 | 5.21 | 7 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available] | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction. | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| ARPKD [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Bovine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 9.34 | 29 | 6 |
| Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES. | 0 | 3.61 | 3 | 0 |
| Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Icterus [description not available] | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction. | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Nervous System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 5.62 | 10 | 0 |
| Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. | 0 | 5.62 | 10 | 0 |
| Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 7.12 | 17 | 0 |
| Nerve Pain [description not available] | 0 | 3.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION. | 0 | 9.24 | 24 | 1 |
| Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. | 0 | 3.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. | 0 | 11.16 | 20 | 0 |
| Amyloid Deposits [description not available] | 0 | 2.54 | 2 | 0 |
| Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions. | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context. | 0 | 4.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 4.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. | 1 | 11.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY. | 0 | 4.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available] | 0 | 3.53 | 1 | 1 |
| Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL. | 0 | 3.53 | 1 | 1 |
| Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.13 | 5 | 0 |
| Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4) | 0 | 3.13 | 5 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available] | 0 | 9.57 | 15 | 8 |
| Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 9.57 | 15 | 8 |
| Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA). | 0 | 20.03 | 91 | 21 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 10.27 | 79 | 2 |
| Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395) | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
| Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13). | 0 | 5.75 | 14 | 0 |
| Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age. | 0 | 5.01 | 5 | 0 |
| Equine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.26 | 6 | 0 |
| Stunted Growth [description not available] | 0 | 9.48 | 56 | 5 |
| Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. | 0 | 9.48 | 56 | 5 |
| Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available] | 0 | 3.09 | 1 | 0 |
| Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME. | 0 | 3.09 | 1 | 0 |
| Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Marasmus [description not available] | 0 | 6.71 | 26 | 0 |
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses. | 0 | 6.71 | 26 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994) | 0 | 6.12 | 17 | 2 |
| Diabetes Insipidus and Mellitus with Optic Atrophy and Deafness [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Wolfram Syndrome A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. | 0 | 2.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 8.05 | 31 | 1 |
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products. | 0 | 4.92 | 14 | 0 |
| Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. | 0 | 8.05 | 31 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) | 0 | 4.17 | 6 | 0 |
| Cancer of Intestines [description not available] | 0 | 5.87 | 17 | 0 |
| Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES. | 0 | 5.87 | 17 | 0 |
| Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 5.42 | 6 | 0 |
| Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall. | 0 | 5.42 | 6 | 0 |
| Pericementitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology) | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Prodromal Characteristics [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Addison's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 5.29 | 9 | 0 |
| Infection [description not available] | 0 | 12.41 | 31 | 0 |
| Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES. | 0 | 5.29 | 9 | 0 |
| Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. | 0 | 7.41 | 31 | 0 |
| Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA. | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 7.49 | 22 | 1 |
| Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry. | 0 | 12.49 | 22 | 1 |
| Amentia [description not available] | 0 | 3.83 | 4 | 0 |
| Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. | 0 | 8.83 | 4 | 0 |
| Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal. | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body. | 0 | 9.65 | 36 | 3 |
| Protein Folding Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 7 | 0 |
| Cancer of Duodenum [description not available] | 0 | 4.76 | 12 | 0 |
| Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available] | 0 | 12.2 | 84 | 4 |
| Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80) | 0 | 12.2 | 84 | 4 |
| Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. | 0 | 2.55 | 2 | 0 |
| Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts. | 0 | 12.41 | 62 | 4 |
| Adipocere [description not available] | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
| Malnourishment [description not available] | 0 | 3.14 | 5 | 0 |
| Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. | 0 | 3.14 | 5 | 0 |
| Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process. | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 0 |
| Cushing's Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 7.68 | 46 | 0 |
| Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent. | 0 | 7.68 | 46 | 0 |
| Basedow Disease [description not available] | 0 | 11.14 | 12 | 1 |
| Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy). | 0 | 11.14 | 12 | 1 |
| Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns. | 0 | 11.99 | 54 | 4 |
| Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM. | 0 | 11.99 | 54 | 4 |
| Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.85 | 2 | 0 |
| Chemical Dependence [description not available] | 0 | 4.6 | 6 | 0 |
| Brain Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 4.58 | 10 | 0 |
| 47,XX,+21 [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Dementia Praecox [description not available] | 0 | 13.68 | 36 | 1 |
| Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM. | 0 | 4.58 | 10 | 0 |
| Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213) | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. | 0 | 13.68 | 36 | 1 |
| Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. | 0 | 3.85 | 2 | 0 |
| Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. | 0 | 4.6 | 6 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 7.97 | 23 | 0 |
| Apnea, Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types. | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Bradyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 6.28 | 26 | 0 |
| Colicky Pain [description not available] | 0 | 6.32 | 5 | 3 |
| Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. | 0 | 6.28 | 26 | 0 |
| Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. | 0 | 6.32 | 5 | 3 |
| Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089) | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM. | 0 | 7.69 | 14 | 1 |
| Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Autonomic Failure, Pure [description not available] | 0 | 10.71 | 17 | 0 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 6.86 | 14 | 2 |
| Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. | 0 | 4.42 | 8 | 0 |
| Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 8.63 | 21 | 3 |
| Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Asystole [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 15 | 0 |
| Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation. | 0 | 9.04 | 15 | 0 |
| Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST. | 0 | 8.46 | 8 | 0 |
| Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200 | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Absence Status [description not available] | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30) | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 8.16 | 34 | 2 |
| Deficiency, Protein [description not available] | 0 | 5.07 | 17 | 0 |
| Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS. | 0 | 7.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Acinar Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575) | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperinsulinism, Familial, with Pancreatic Nesidioblastosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Nesidioblastosis An inherited autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the disorganized formation of new islets in the PANCREAS and CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM. It is due to focal hyperplasia of pancreatic ISLET CELLS budding off from the ductal structures and forming new islets of Langerhans. Mutations in the islet cells involve the potassium channel gene KCNJ11 or the ATP-binding cassette transporter gene ABCC8, both on CHROMOSOME 11. | 1 | 11.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available] | 0 | 7.01 | 13 | 1 |
| Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals. | 0 | 12.01 | 13 | 1 |
| Anemia, Cooley's [description not available] | 0 | 6.61 | 7 | 3 |
| beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. | 0 | 6.61 | 7 | 3 |
| Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. | 0 | 11.94 | 48 | 5 |
| Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 14.56 | 103 | 5 |
| Dysesthesia [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 7.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression. | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR). | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available] | 0 | 3.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients. | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179) | 0 | 7.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates). | 0 | 2.73 | 3 | 0 |
| Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226) | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS). | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 7 | 0 |
| Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. | 0 | 9.26 | 7 | 0 |
| Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 5.81 | 16 | 0 |
| Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 5.81 | 16 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation). | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Pre-Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 7.58 | 30 | 2 |
| Endotoxin Shock [description not available] | 0 | 6.77 | 34 | 0 |
| Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status. | 0 | 6.77 | 34 | 0 |
| Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK. | 0 | 7.58 | 30 | 2 |
| Lassitude [description not available] | 0 | 5.42 | 8 | 2 |
| Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. | 0 | 5.42 | 8 | 2 |
| Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. | 0 | 13.04 | 17 | 6 |
| Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available] | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. | 0 | 4.49 | 9 | 0 |
| ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.46 | 5 | 1 |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94) | 0 | 9.46 | 5 | 1 |
| Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Dysembryoma [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642) | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Disbacteriosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes. | 0 | 7.99 | 56 | 0 |
| Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN. | 0 | 6.15 | 23 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. | 0 | 4.12 | 3 | 0 |
| Hepatic Failure [description not available] | 0 | 5.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed) | 0 | 5.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. | 0 | 9.12 | 3 | 0 |
| Glycogenosis [description not available] | 0 | 9.58 | 89 | 1 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. | 0 | 9.58 | 89 | 1 |
| Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 7.05 | 24 | 0 |
| Cholera Infantum [description not available] | 0 | 7.75 | 27 | 0 |
| Cancer of Pituitary [description not available] | 0 | 10.81 | 35 | 2 |
| Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available] | 0 | 6.83 | 6 | 1 |
| Central Nervous System Cysts Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement. | 0 | 4.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50) | 0 | 6.83 | 6 | 1 |
| Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA. | 0 | 10.81 | 35 | 2 |
| Acute Porphyria [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Disease [description not available] | 0 | 8.52 | 34 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. | 0 | 8.52 | 34 | 0 |
| Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER. | 0 | 9.23 | 9 | 5 |
| Anoxia, Fetal [description not available] | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD. | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators. | 0 | 5.59 | 6 | 1 |
| Gastric Stasis [description not available] | 0 | 4.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS. | 0 | 4.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. | 0 | 9.78 | 7 | 1 |
| Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY. | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5) | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available] | 0 | 3.47 | 8 | 0 |
| Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.47 | 8 | 0 |
| Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Refeeding Syndrome A condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. Usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; and DIARRHEA. | 0 | 3.09 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available] | 0 | 3.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 3.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Abdominal Migraine [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Farsightedness [description not available] | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Nearsightedness [description not available] | 0 | 3.63 | 9 | 0 |
| Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness. | 0 | 8.63 | 9 | 0 |
| Hypotension, Postural [description not available] | 0 | 6.06 | 11 | 1 |
| Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE. | 0 | 6.06 | 11 | 1 |
| Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75) | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available] | 0 | 4.06 | 3 | 0 |
| Metabolic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 8.39 | 77 | 0 |
| Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. | 0 | 13.39 | 77 | 0 |
| Cancer of Digestive System [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Adrenal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 12.15 | 82 | 3 |
| Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available] | 0 | 12.76 | 97 | 3 |
| Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298) | 0 | 12.76 | 97 | 3 |
| Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 4.96 | 9 | 0 |
| von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant. | 0 | 4.96 | 9 | 0 |
| Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.27 | 4 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes. | 0 | 4.27 | 4 | 0 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 12.45 | 128 | 6 |
| Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant [description not available] | 0 | 4.79 | 7 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Islet Cell A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively. | 0 | 4.79 | 7 | 0 |
| Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865) | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM. | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION. | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.52 | 6 | 1 |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause. | 0 | 5.52 | 6 | 1 |
| Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment. | 0 | 4.64 | 6 | 1 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available] | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 1 |
| Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 1 |
| Action Tremor [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available] | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Gastric Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 5.44 | 15 | 1 |
| Aprosodia [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Day Blindness [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body. | 0 | 3.25 | 6 | 0 |
| Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 9 | 0 |
| Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 5.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available] | 0 | 5.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. | 0 | 5.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7) | 0 | 5.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Hypovolemic [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK). | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue. | 0 | 4.27 | 7 | 0 |
| Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy. | 0 | 3.66 | 10 | 0 |
| Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available] | 0 | 5.53 | 6 | 1 |
| Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available] | 0 | 5.84 | 8 | 0 |
| Closed Head Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available] | 0 | 5.26 | 12 | 0 |
| Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS. | 0 | 5.26 | 12 | 0 |
| Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 5.13 | 11 | 0 |
| Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA). | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| De Morsier Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available] | 0 | 7.07 | 38 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 8.33 | 29 | 2 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING. | 0 | 8.33 | 29 | 2 |
| Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Eczema, Atopic [description not available] | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema. | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Child Development Deviations [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed) | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 4 | 0 |
| Gastrin-Producing Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 4.49 | 5 | 0 |
| Somatostatinoma A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS. | 0 | 5.82 | 10 | 0 |
| Gastrinoma A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1). | 0 | 9.49 | 5 | 0 |
| Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Mixed Tumor, Malignant A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Abdominal Compartment Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.45 | 1 | 1 |
| Laron Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR, and failure to generate INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I by GROWTH HORMONE. Laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DWARFISM) but the result of mutation of the human GHR gene on chromosome 5. | 0 | 3.45 | 1 | 1 |
| Bone Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 4.06 | 3 | 1 |
| Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES. | 0 | 4.06 | 3 | 1 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 12.87 | 45 | 1 |
| Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS). | 0 | 7.87 | 45 | 1 |
| Esophageal Stricture [description not available] | 0 | 4.96 | 6 | 0 |
| Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital. | 0 | 4.96 | 6 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available] | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown. | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment. | 0 | 4.47 | 5 | 1 |
| Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH. | 0 | 3.61 | 3 | 0 |
| Embryopathies [description not available] | 0 | 5.97 | 10 | 1 |
| Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 0 | 20.73 | 51 | 18 |
| Sicca Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis. | 0 | 8.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Helicobacter [description not available] | 0 | 3.84 | 4 | 0 |
| Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. | 0 | 3.84 | 4 | 0 |
| Cystine Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| (pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright. | 0 | 3.23 | 6 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 8.23 | 6 | 0 |
| Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| American Trypanosomiasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON. | 0 | 7.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Infections, Plasmodium [description not available] | 0 | 4.63 | 3 | 2 |
| Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia. | 0 | 4.63 | 3 | 2 |
| Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Indigestion [description not available] | 0 | 5.19 | 4 | 1 |
| Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating. | 0 | 5.19 | 4 | 1 |
| Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 1 |
| Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation. | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 1 |
| Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. | 0 | 5.08 | 6 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries. | 0 | 6.34 | 18 | 0 |
| Primary Peritonitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age. | 0 | 4.57 | 10 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 7.03 | 79 | 0 |
| Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA. | 0 | 5.25 | 20 | 0 |
| Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS. | 0 | 4.82 | 13 | 0 |
| Argentaffinoma [description not available] | 0 | 7.33 | 42 | 0 |
| Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182) | 0 | 7.33 | 42 | 0 |
| Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available] | 0 | 5.42 | 24 | 0 |
| Aura [description not available] | 0 | 4.27 | 7 | 0 |
| Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) | 0 | 4.27 | 7 | 0 |
| Tachyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 8.72 | 24 | 2 |
| Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. | 0 | 8.72 | 24 | 2 |
| Esophageal Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 8.17 | 15 | 3 |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER. | 0 | 8.17 | 15 | 3 |
| Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES). | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Cancer of Cecum [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Aberrant Tissue [description not available] | 0 | 3.58 | 9 | 0 |
| Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE. | 0 | 6.22 | 7 | 2 |
| Diverticulum, Meckel [description not available] | 0 | 4.14 | 6 | 0 |
| Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. | 0 | 4.05 | 15 | 0 |
| Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. | 0 | 5.93 | 41 | 0 |
| Cardiac Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 10.98 | 51 | 2 |
| Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. | 0 | 10.98 | 51 | 2 |
| Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Cranial Nerve X Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy. | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Enlarged Liver [description not available] | 0 | 4.57 | 10 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available] | 0 | 5.04 | 43 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood. | 0 | 10.04 | 43 | 0 |
| Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused. | 0 | 5.59 | 30 | 0 |
| Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Encephalitis, Polio [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5) | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Death [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Allergic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 4.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. | 0 | 9.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 7.93 | 35 | 0 |
| Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 7.93 | 35 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 14 | 0 |
| Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER. | 0 | 8.29 | 39 | 1 |
| Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. | 0 | 10.35 | 14 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available] | 0 | 4.25 | 4 | 0 |
| Granulomas [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. | 0 | 6.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Acne [description not available] | 0 | 6.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. | 0 | 6.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Bilharziasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA). | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Central Hypothyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 10.72 | 87 | 1 |
| Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction. | 0 | 10.72 | 87 | 1 |
| Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy. | 0 | 14.43 | 34 | 2 |
| Elevated Cholesterol [description not available] | 0 | 6.69 | 12 | 2 |
| Broad Beta Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population. | 0 | 6.69 | 12 | 2 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 0 |
| Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants. | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase [description not available] | 0 | 5.51 | 6 | 1 |
| Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Cramp [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type V Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise. | 0 | 5.51 | 6 | 1 |
| Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398) | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Caries, Dental [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| ALDOB Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Spasmophilia [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 8.44 | 52 | 1 |
| Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866) | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Cancer of Cervix [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA. | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergy, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 4.89 | 14 | 0 |
| Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. | 0 | 4.89 | 14 | 0 |
| Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available] | 0 | 2.85 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 4 | 0 |
| Bouillaud Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia. | 0 | 3.77 | 4 | 0 |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM. | 0 | 4.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Erythrocytosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Endocardial Fibroelastosis A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS. | 0 | 4.47 | 9 | 0 |
| Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES. | 0 | 2.63 | 3 | 0 |
| Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Mental [description not available] | 0 | 4.36 | 8 | 0 |
| Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28) | 0 | 4.36 | 8 | 0 |
| Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes. | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders. | 0 | 5.61 | 10 | 0 |
| Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected. | 0 | 4.71 | 7 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe INSULIN RESISTANCE and LIPODYSTROPHY. The latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL GENERALIZED). | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Insect Bites [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer, Second Primary [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE. | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Ametropia [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. | 0 | 2.93 | 4 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure. | 0 | 4.27 | 7 | 0 |
| Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT. | 0 | 3.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available] | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma. | 0 | 4.13 | 6 | 0 |
| HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.24 | 4 | 1 |
| HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors. | 0 | 5.24 | 4 | 1 |
| Congenital Errors of Steroid Metabolism [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Autism [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category. | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Flatus [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 1 |
| Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 1 |
| Binge Eating [description not available] | 0 | 5.39 | 5 | 1 |
| Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger. | 0 | 5.39 | 5 | 1 |
| HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2. | 0 | 4.73 | 2 | 1 |
| Gastric Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 7.93 | 27 | 1 |
| Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 7.93 | 27 | 1 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available] | 0 | 5.41 | 6 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein. | 0 | 5.41 | 6 | 0 |
| Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 4 | 0 |
| Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients. | 0 | 3.82 | 4 | 0 |
| Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Brain Swelling [description not available] | 0 | 4.92 | 6 | 0 |
| Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6) | 0 | 4.92 | 6 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Nutritional Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 9.58 | 27 | 3 |
| Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition. | 0 | 9.58 | 27 | 3 |
| Gallstone Disease [description not available] | 0 | 7.54 | 18 | 2 |
| Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS). | 0 | 7.54 | 18 | 2 |
| Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus. | 0 | 8.22 | 25 | 1 |
| Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention. | 0 | 4.98 | 3 | 1 |
| Angor Pectoris [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 14 | 0 |
| Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION. | 0 | 5.35 | 14 | 0 |
| Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. | 0 | 4.51 | 9 | 0 |
| Bewilderment [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Daytime Sleepiness [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates. | 0 | 4.6 | 6 | 1 |
| Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant. | 0 | 4.6 | 6 | 1 |
| Porphyria [description not available] | 0 | 9.93 | 6 | 0 |
| Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues. | 0 | 4.93 | 6 | 0 |
| Prinzmetal Angina [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age. | 0 | 7.45 | 21 | 1 |
| Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 6.55 | 48 | 0 |
| Constriction, Pathological [description not available] | 0 | 5.67 | 7 | 1 |
| Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Sigmoid Colon Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. | 0 | 5.67 | 7 | 1 |
| Bertielliasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Celiac Sprue [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 16 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 5.8 | 16 | 0 |
| Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). | 0 | 6.75 | 14 | 5 |
| Muscle Spasm [description not available] | 0 | 6.78 | 18 | 4 |
| Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE. | 0 | 6.78 | 18 | 4 |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 7.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism. | 0 | 9.97 | 29 | 2 |
| Steatorrhea A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS. | 0 | 3.42 | 1 | 1 |
| Perforated Appendicitis [description not available] | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Cancer of ILEUM [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated. | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Cystadenoma, Serous A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| MODS [description not available] | 0 | 4.29 | 7 | 0 |
| Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. | 0 | 4.29 | 7 | 0 |
| Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available] | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders. | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. | 0 | 6.47 | 13 | 4 |
| Panic Attacks [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1. | 0 | 10.49 | 91 | 0 |
| Disomy, Uniparental [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Dead [description not available] | 0 | 3.61 | 9 | 0 |
| Food Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS). | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Dementias, Transmissible [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 2 | 1 |
| Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND. | 0 | 5.46 | 11 | 0 |
| Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 14.69 | 40 | 2 |
| Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms. | 0 | 8.18 | 69 | 0 |
| Pyrexia [description not available] | 0 | 6.2 | 13 | 1 |
| Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. | 0 | 11.2 | 13 | 1 |
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Microglossia [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. | 0 | 4.16 | 17 | 0 |
| Apudoma A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification. | 0 | 5.05 | 10 | 0 |
| Labor, Premature [description not available] | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Acute Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 13.13 | 23 | 1 |
| Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions. | 0 | 8.13 | 23 | 1 |
| Cancer of Testis [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.). | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs). | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg. | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS). | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available] | 0 | 12.12 | 44 | 4 |
| Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. | 0 | 4.95 | 3 | 0 |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5) | 0 | 12.12 | 44 | 4 |
| Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Disgerminoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurilemoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082) | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Clerambault Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available] | 0 | 7.26 | 18 | 0 |
| Cancer of the Thymus [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI. | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Abdominal Cramps [description not available] | 0 | 7.05 | 9 | 4 |
| Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome. | 0 | 7.59 | 13 | 1 |
| Adult Rickets [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| CKD-MBD [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Rachitis [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone. | 0 | 7.59 | 13 | 1 |
| Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY. | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Auricular Fibrillation [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 1 |
| Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 1 |
| Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation. | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 1 |
| Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| EHS Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 7 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals. | 0 | 4.25 | 7 | 0 |
| Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 6.3 | 6 | 1 |
| Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 6.3 | 6 | 1 |
| Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthus Phenomenon [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Mucositis, Oral [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Atypical Lipoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury. | 0 | 3.56 | 9 | 0 |
| Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed) | 0 | 4.95 | 9 | 0 |
| Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion. | 0 | 5.59 | 8 | 0 |
| Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available] | 0 | 5.73 | 21 | 0 |
| Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 5.28 | 9 | 0 |
| Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. | 0 | 5.73 | 21 | 0 |
| Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available] | 0 | 5.36 | 10 | 0 |
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN. | 0 | 10.36 | 10 | 0 |
| Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Addison's Anemia [description not available] | 0 | 5.64 | 7 | 0 |
| Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494) | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis. | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix. | 0 | 3.67 | 10 | 0 |
| Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES. | 0 | 3.67 | 10 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available] | 0 | 4.92 | 6 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7) | 0 | 4.92 | 6 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936) | 0 | 7.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Injuries, Knee [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Albright Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome. | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Eye [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104) | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI. | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cyst [description not available] | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN. | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Bullous Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA. | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Xanthoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Neurosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Heroin Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available] | 0 | 5.6 | 13 | 0 |
| Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNIA, UMBILICAL); MACROGLOSSIA; and GIGANTISM; and secondarily by visceromegaly; HYPOGLYCEMIA; and ear abnormalities. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 4.37 | 8 | 0 |
| Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS. | 0 | 4.37 | 8 | 0 |
| Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE). | 0 | 3.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits. | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6) | 0 | 3.57 | 9 | 0 |
| Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic. | 0 | 10.65 | 7 | 1 |
| Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula. | 0 | 4.36 | 3 | 0 |
| Besnoitiasis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID. | 0 | 4.45 | 5 | 1 |
| Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronze Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 4.89 | 14 | 0 |
| Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed) | 0 | 4.89 | 14 | 0 |
| Decerebrate Posturing [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Mitral Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 3.96 | 5 | 0 |
| Mitral Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 7.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation. | 0 | 3.96 | 5 | 0 |
| Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Macroglossia The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age. | 0 | 4.25 | 7 | 0 |
| Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Parathyroid Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body. | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| BCKD Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Active Hyperemia [description not available] | 0 | 5.3 | 7 | 2 |
| Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous). | 0 | 5.3 | 7 | 2 |
| Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI. | 0 | 6.33 | 8 | 2 |
| Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Emaciation Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION). | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both. | 0 | 7.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy. | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. | 0 | 8.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure. | 0 | 4.25 | 4 | 0 |
| Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 7 | 0 |
| Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 6.23 | 8 | 1 |
| Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM. | 0 | 6.23 | 8 | 1 |
| Kidney Stones [description not available] | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi. | 0 | 4.03 | 3 | 0 |
| Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE. | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. | 0 | 6.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 8 | 20 | 1 |
| Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 8 | 20 | 1 |
| Bronchospasm [description not available] | 0 | 8.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Sex Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Colon Diverticula [description not available] | 0 | 4.72 | 4 | 0 |
| Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON. | 0 | 4.72 | 4 | 0 |
| Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage. | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Calculi [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin. | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Edema, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 10 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening. | 0 | 5.35 | 10 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available] | 0 | 9.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Infection, Wound [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Hemorrhage [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. | 0 | 9.96 | 9 | 1 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Familial Periodic Paralysis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available] | 0 | 3.66 | 10 | 0 |
| Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2. | 0 | 3.66 | 10 | 0 |
| Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Thalassemias [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 7 | 0 |
| Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. | 0 | 3.34 | 7 | 0 |
| Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalitis, Equine [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. | 0 | 7.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). | 0 | 5.28 | 7 | 2 |
| Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 1 |
| Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES. | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 1 |
| Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH. | 0 | 3.82 | 12 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS. | 0 | 3.97 | 14 | 0 |
| Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Colitis Gravis [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN. | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Abnormality, Heart [description not available] | 0 | 4.37 | 8 | 0 |
| Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. | 0 | 4.37 | 8 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Angioneurotic Edema [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| Cold Panniculitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 0 |
| Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA). | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Delayed Puberty [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Auricular Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Stiff-Person Syndrome A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available] | 0 | 4.2 | 2 | 0 |
| Diverticula [description not available] | 0 | 4.69 | 2 | 0 |
| MELAS [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available] | 0 | 5.52 | 6 | 3 |
| Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D). | 0 | 5.52 | 6 | 3 |
| Esophageal Spasm [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| AIRE Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Berger Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 2 | 1 |
| Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. | 0 | 3.78 | 2 | 1 |
| Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available] | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Precordial Catch [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Struma Ovarii A rare teratoid tumor of the ovary composed almost entirely of thyroid tissue, with large follicles containing abundant colloid. Occasionally there are symptoms of hyperthyroidism. 5-10% of struma ovarii become malignant, the only absolute criterion for which is the presence of metastasis. (Dorland, 27th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 6.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| ADDH [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Injuries, Multiple [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies. | 0 | 4.37 | 8 | 0 |
| Thrombopenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS. | 0 | 7.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Digestive System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS). | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Varices [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Aortic Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 7.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Malignant Neurilemmoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016) | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI A hepatic GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE, LIVER FORM) activity. | 0 | 7.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available] | 0 | 4.12 | 6 | 0 |
| Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. | 0 | 9.12 | 6 | 0 |
| Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7) | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus). | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| SC Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemoglobin SC Disease One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cot Death [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364) | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Infarct [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984) | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Classic Galactosemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3) | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Chylopericardium [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS). | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibroid [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of the Uterus [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. | 0 | 7.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Health Care Associated Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available] | 0 | 4.05 | 3 | 0 |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS. | 0 | 4.05 | 3 | 0 |
| Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 0 |
| Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE. | 0 | 7.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 7.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Sterility, Female [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available] | 0 | 2.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS. | 0 | 2.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL). | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Fungal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Bowel Incontinence [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 1 |
| Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent. | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 1 |
| Familial Turner Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Noonan Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Cataract, Membranous [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Anoxia, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Antral Vascular Ectasia [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Malaria [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypercoagulability [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Protein S [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Anophthalmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Barrett Epithelium [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Appetite Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Low Bone Density [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Achalasia [description not available] | 0 | 5.26 | 9 | 0 |
| Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus). | 0 | 5.26 | 9 | 0 |
| Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Larynx [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 4.72 | 7 | 0 |
| Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY. | 0 | 4.72 | 7 | 0 |
| Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145) | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Muscular Dystrophy [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Amyotonia Congenita [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Bulbar Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Hexosediphosphatase [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Fat Necrosis A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene. | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Rubeola [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Cronobacter Infections [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoid Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| HbS Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Hernia [description not available] | 0 | 7.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cretinism [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Aldosteronism [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Candida Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 6.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 5 | 0 |
| Complication, Intraoperative [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Anorectal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion. | 0 | 7.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Paralysis, Legs [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23). | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS. | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 1 |
| Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. | 0 | 3.34 | 1 | 1 |
| Candidiasis, Genital [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Impotence [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Sterility, Male [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Blunt Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available] | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Hay Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Abortion, Tubal [description not available] | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference. | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Cor Pulmonale [description not available] | 0 | 4.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING. | 0 | 7.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer, Embryonal [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholangioma [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA. | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Black Death [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| P carinii Pneumonia [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Carditis [description not available] | 0 | 9.7 | 4 | 0 |
| Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies. | 0 | 9.7 | 4 | 0 |
| Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest). | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| High T4 Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Kahler Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Consciousness, Loss of [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Fasciola Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Crisis, Thyrotoxic [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS. | 0 | 6.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Air Sickness [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness. | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Jejunum [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| BH4 Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171) | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Diphyllobothriasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Complex IV Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850). | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Infection, Puerperal [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. | 0 | 8.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Anus Prolapse [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Gangliocytoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Acidophil A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Friedreich Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available] | 0 | 6.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213) | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Nematode [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC). | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Constrictive Pericarditis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Fasciolopsiasis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Exomphalos [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Astrocytosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pappataci Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Bleb [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Malignant Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy without Multiple Hormone Resistance [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Aortic Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root). | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Sclerema Neonatorum A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible. | 0 | 6.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Extra-Mammary Paget Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Paget Disease, Extramammary A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Intertrigo A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Malignant Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445) | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Duodenal Obstruction Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Bladder Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY). | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1. | 0 | 6.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Bilirubinemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Breathlessness [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney, Polycystic [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Androgenization [description not available] | 0 | 2.85 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Spleen [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Pelvis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Vessel Anomalies Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypophosphatasia A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Polyarthritis [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Angiokeratoma A vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by TELANGIECTASIS and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Infantile Diarrhea [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chloasma [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Femur Neck Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumoretroperitoneum [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's). | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chicken Pox [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Granulosa Cells [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Koch's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |