Compounds > lycopene
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

lycopene

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Occurs in Manufacturing Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID446925
CHEMBL ID501174
CHEBI ID15948
MeSH IDM0064500

Synonyms (95)

Synonym
AC-13571
LS-15428
psi,psi-carotene
(6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e,26e)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene
lycopene all-trans-
CHEBI:15948 ,
LMPR01070257
BSPBIO_003389
.psi.,.psi.-carotene
trans-lycopene
lycopene 7
nsc-407322
c.i. 75125
lycopene, all-trans-
NSC407322 ,
all-trans-lycopene
lycopene ,
502-65-8
C05432
LYC ,
lycopene, >=90%, from tomato
NCGC00166291-01
ci 75125
ccris 7925
nsc 407322
lycopene (van)
einecs 207-949-1
NCGC00166291-02
lyc-o-mato
redivivo
lycopene from blakeslea trispora
fema no. 4110
e-160d(iii)
mexoryl saq
ateronon
(all-trans)-lycopene
e160d
solanorubin
lycored
aec lycopene
CHEMBL501174
tomato lycopene
tomat-o-red
blakeslea trispora
(all-e)-lycopene
lycopene preparation
ins no.160d(iii)
ins-160d(iii)
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene
sb0n2n0wv6 ,
unii-sb0n2n0wv6
dtxsid2046593 ,
dtxcid0026593
cas-502-65-8
tox21_112395
cis-lycopene
S3943
AKOS015961276
lycopene preparation [usp-rs]
lycopene [mart.]
ci 75125 [inci]
lycopene [mi]
lycopene [vandf]
lycopene from blakeslea trispora [fcc]
lycopene [inci]
(all-e)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
lycopene [who-dd]
tomato lycopene [fhfi]
2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene, 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-, (all-e)-
2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene, 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-, (6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e,26e)-
AC-33932
Q-100561
FD10111
mfcd00017350
lycopene, analytical standard
lycopene, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
lyco vit
(6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e,26e)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
lycopene, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
lycopene, >=98% (hplc), from tomato
HY-N0287
CS-6378
DB11231
lyocpenepowder
Q208130
y,y-carotene
NCGC00166291-03
psi, psi-carotene
all trans lycopene
NCGC00166291-04
psi-psi-carotene
L0257
(all-e)-lycopene (constituent of lycopene and tomato extract containing lycopene)
lycopene (mart.)
lycopene preparation (usp-rs)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lycopene (LYC) is a pigment belonging to the group of carotenoids. It is among the most carefully studied antioxidants found especially in fruit and vegetables. Lycopene is a nonprovitamin A carotene found in red fruits and vegetables, and its role as a potent antioxidant is well known.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lycopene (LYC) is a type of fat-soluble natural carotenoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular and detoxifying effects."( Lycopene attenuates zearalenone-induced oxidative damage of piglet sertoli cells through the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 signaling pathway.
Cao, L; Chen, J; Feng, S; Li, Y; Ma, L; Rahman, SU; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xu, J; Zhao, J, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene is a pigment belonging to the group of carotenoids and it is among the most carefully studied antioxidants found especially in fruit and vegetables. "( Multifaceted Effects of Lycopene: A Boulevard to the Multitarget-Based Treatment for Cancer.
Capasso, A; Marzocco, S; Singla, RK, 2021)		2.37
"Lycopene (Ly) is a kind of hydrocarbon, which belongs to the family of tetraterpene carotene and exists in red fruits and vegetables. "( Lycopene ameliorates insulin resistance and increases muscle capillary density in aging via activation of SIRT1.
Cheng, Y; Hong, D; Li, J; Tang, L; Yang, X; Zeng, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)		3.61
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural carotene that has the potential to prevent chronic diseases."( The novel role of the aquaporin water channel in lycopene preventing DEHP-induced renal ionic homeostasis disturbance in mice.
Bian, YF; Cui, JG; Jiang, FW; Li, JL; Yang, ZY; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)		1.6
"Lycopene (LYC) is a potent antioxidant synthesized by red vegetables or plants. "( Lycopene prevents DEHP-induced testicular endoplasmic reticulum stress
Cui, JG; Cui, LG; Li, JL; Talukder, M; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene is a common dietary supplement with antioxidant and mitochondrial-lipid homeostasis modulating abilities."( Lycopene Regulates Dietary Dityrosine-Induced Mitochondrial-Lipid Homeostasis by Increasing Mitochondrial Complex Activity.
Lu, Y; Shi, W; Tang, X; Wang, J; Zeng, F; Zheng, Y; Zhou, P, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene is a carotenoid and antioxidant with potent singlet oxygen quenching ability that reduces oxidative stress and promotes bone health. "( Lycopene nanoparticles promotes osteoblastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Ardawi, AMS; Ardawi, MSM; Badawoud, MH; Hassan, SM; Mousa, SA; Qari, MH; Rouzi, AA, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene is a nonprovitamin A carotenoid found in red fruits and vegetables, and its role as a potent antioxidant is well known."( Lycopene Ameliorates Liver Inflammation and Redox Status in Mice Exposed to Long-Term Cigarette Smoke.
Bezerra, FS; Cangussú, SD; Castro, TF; Costa, GP; Machado-Junior, PA; Rocha, DFA; Souza, ABF; Talvani, A, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene is an orange-red carotenoid, which confers a visual phenotype to assess genetic transformation of microorganisms. "( Measurement of lactose concentration in milk by using engineered bacteria producing lycopene.
Du, G; Guo, Q; Li, R; Li, Y; Wang, C; Yang, H; Zhang, T, 2022)		2.39
"Lycopene is a nutrient mostly found in tomatoes."( Lycopene treatment improves intrahepatic fibrosis and attenuates pathological angiogenesis in biliary cirrhotic rats.
Chang, CC; Chuang, CL; Hou, MC; Hsu, SJ; Huang, HC; Kao, YC; Lee, FY, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene (LYC) is a member of the carotenoid family with immune restoration and anti-apoptotic function."( Lycopene Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Spleen Apoptosis and Immunosuppression via Inhibiting the Notch Signaling Pathway in Rats.
Chen, Y; Cui, H; Fan, H; Li, L; Song, M; Sun, N; Wang, C; Yang, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene is a fat-soluble carotenoid with proved protective effects in different condition."( Therapeutic effect of lycopene in lipopolysaccharide nephrotoxicity through alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Baluchnejadmojarad, T; Ghorbanpour, A; Marefati, N; Roghani, M; Salari, S, 2022)		1.76
"Lycopene is a natural red compound with potent antioxidant activity that can be utilized both as pigment and as a raw material in functional food, and so possesses good commercial prospects. "( Advances in engineering the production of the natural red pigment lycopene: A systematic review from a biotechnology perspective.
Liu, H; Tan, GF; Wang, GL; Wang, YH; Xiong, AS; Yin, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, RR; Zhuang, FY; Zhuang, J, 2023)		2.59
"Lycopene is a carotenoid found in tomatoes that has potent antioxidant activity. "( Atherosclerosis Plaque Reduction by Lycopene Is Mediated by Increased Energy Expenditure through AMPK and PPARα in ApoE KO Mice Fed with a High Fat Diet.
Altavilla, D; Bitto, A; Irrera, N; Mannino, F; Pallio, G; Squadrito, F; Vermiglio, G, 2022)		2.44
"Lycopene (Lyc) is a natural carotenoid pigment, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties."( Lycopene alleviates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced splenic injury by activating P62-Keap1-NRF2 signaling.
Chen, J; Dai, XY; Li, JL; Li, MZ; Talukder, M; Zhao, Y; Zhu, SY, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene is a carotenoid component that is distinguished by the high absorption of light around 488 nm."( Carotenoderma due to lycopenemia: A case report and evaluation of lycopene deposition in the skin.
Hata, H; Iwata, H; Kitamura, S; Miyauchi, T; Tanaka, A; Ujiie, H, 2022)		1.76
"Lycopene is a group of phytochemicals found in nature, primarily in fruits and vegetables. "( Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19).
Chauhan, PK; Dulta, K; Ighalo, JO; Khongthaw, B; Kumar, V, 2022)		3.61
"Lycopene (LYC) is a possible preventive and therapeutic agent for male infertility owing to its antioxidant properties."( Connexin-43 is a promising target for lycopene preventing phthalate-induced spermatogenic disorders.
Chen, MS; Cui, JG; Li, JL; Li, XN; Wang, JX; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2023)		1.9
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural antioxidant agent that has been recognized as a possible therapeutic option for treating male infertility."( Phthalate-induced testosterone/androgen receptor pathway disorder on spermatogenesis and antagonism of lycopene.
Chen, MS; Cui, JG; Li, JL; Li, XN; Wang, JX; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2022)		1.66
"Lycopene (LYC) is a carotenoid compound that exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."( Lycopene protects against Bisphenol A induced toxicity on the submandibular salivary glands via the upregulation of PPAR-γ and modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
El-Sayed, NM; Mosaad, SM; Selim, MA, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene is a hydrocarbon-carotenoid commonly found in red fruits intake with major function correlated to antioxidative capacity in several pathological conditions, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. "( Lycopene induces bone marrow lymphopoiesis and differentiation of peritoneal IgA-producing cells.
Bernardes, ES; Elias, MB; Lemos, FS; Oliveira, FL; Pacheco, S; Santos, SN; Teodoro, AJ, 2022)		3.61
"Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant with chemoprotective properties."( Atrazine-induced oxidative damage via modulating xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors and cytochrome P450 systems in cerebrum and antagonism of lycopene.
Cui, JG; Dai, XY; Guo, JY; Li, JL; Lin, J; Zhu, SY, 2022)		1.64
"Lycopene (LYC) is a potent antioxidant of the carotenoid family in red fruits and vegetables."( Promising hepatoprotective effects of lycopene in different liver diseases.
Abd-Alhameed, EK; Al-Thubiani, WS; Althagafy, HS; Hassanein, EHM; Ibrahim, IM, 2022)		1.71
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural carotenoid with potent antioxidant and chronic disease potential."( Lycopene Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Apoptosis in Rats.
Fan, H; Li, L; Sun, N; Tan, H; Tang, Y; Wang, H; Yang, T; Zhao, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene is a nutraceutical with health-promoting and anti-cancer activities, but due to a lack of evidence, there are no recommendations regarding its use and dosage. "( The Anti-Cancer Activity of Lycopene: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies.
Kapała, A; Motacka, E; Szlendak, M, 2022)		2.46
"Lycopene is a natural bioactive component that can potentially reduce the risk of environmental factor-induced chronic diseases."( Lycopene Attenuates Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate-Induced Mitochondrial Damage and Inflammation in Kidney via cGAS-STING Signaling.
Dai, XY; Li, JL; Li, MZ; Li, XW; Zhao, Y; Zhao, YX, 2023)		3.07
"Lycopene is a lipophilic unsaturated carotenoid exhibiting a strong singlet oxygen-quenching ability. "( Effect of Lycopene Intake on the Fasting Blood Glucose Level: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
Aizawa, K; Inoue, T; Kamioka, H; Sasaki, E; Yoshida, K, 2022)		2.57
"Lycopene (LYC) is an anti-oxidative phytochemical that normalizes health hazards triggered by environmental factors."( Lycopene ameliorates atrazine-induced spatial learning and memory impairments by inhibiting ferroptosis in the hippocampus of mice.
Guo, JY; Jiang, JZ; Li, JL; Lin, J; Liu, L; Zhu, SY, 2023)		3.07
"Lycopene (LYC) is a powerful antioxidant with strong free radical scavenging property."( The possible effect of lycopene in ameliorating experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in adult male albino rats (A histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study).
El-Ghazouly, DE; Kashef, SM; Yassien, RI, 2023)		1.94
"Lycopene is a promising neuroprotector with multiple bioactivities, while its bioavailability is limited."( Brain-targeted lycopene-loaded microemulsion modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease mice.
Fan, Z; Guo, Y; Han, J; Hou, X; Liu, X; Nie, S; Xu, S; Yu, W; Zhao, C; Zhao, S, 2023)		1.98
"Lycopene is a natural compound with one of the highest antioxidant activities. "( Effects of a lycopene-layered double hydroxide composite administration in cells and lungs of adult mice.
Arízaga, GGC; Bezerra, FS; Cangussú, SD; Castro, TF; de Carvalho, IM; de Souza, ABF; Dias, ADS; Machado-Júnior, PA; Menezes, TP; Nogueira, KOPC; Oliveira, LAM; Talvani, A, 2023)		2.72
"Lycopene is a natural carotenoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects, but the protective effects of lycopene against zearalenone-induced uterine damage have not been reported."( Protective effects of lycopene against zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity in early pregnancy through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
Jiang, G; Kang, J; Li, Y; Ma, Z; Wang, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)		1.95
"Lycopene is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties that may stimulate osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis."( Lycopene enhances bone neoformation in calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats.
Bombonato-Prado, KF; Pitol, DL; Regalo, IH; Regalo, SCH; Ricardo, V; Siessere, S; Sousa, LG, )		2.3
"Lycopene is a natural bioactive compound possessing higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are known to efficiently eliminate the risk of cancer, cardiac complications, and oxidative stress. "( Development and Characterization of Coconut Oil Oleogel with Lycopene and Stearic Acid.
Dhulipalla, H; Mandapati, RN; Munshi, M; Syed, I, 2023)		2.59
"Lycopene is a red pigment naturally found in tomatoes and is a known antioxidant."( Lycopene – the impact of supplementation on the skin aging process
Barciszewski, J; Rolle, K; Wawrzyniak, D, 2023)		3.07
"Lycopene is a fat-soluble carotenoid pigment that gives tomatoes their red color and capacity for scavenging free radicals. "( Effect of lycopene supplementation on lipid profile, blood glucose and electrolyte homeostasis in thioacetamide induced liver cirrhosis.
Syeda Nuzhat Fatima Zaidi, -; Zoya, -, 2023)		2.76
"Lycopene is a common carotenoid found mainly in ripe red fruits and vegetables that is widely used in the food industry due to its characteristic color and health benefits. "( Recent Advances on Key Enzymes of Microbial Origin in the Lycopene Biosynthesis Pathway.
Du, B; Hui, W; Sun, M; Xie, C; Xu, X, 2023)		2.6
"Lycopene is a compound of colored origin that shows strong antioxidant activity. "( The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene.
Cielecka-Piontek, J; Kulawik, A; Zalewski, P, 2023)		2.58
"Lycopene is an important pigment with an alkene skeleton from "( The sources, properties, extraction, biosynthesis, pharmacology, and application of lycopene.
Adu, M; Cao, L; Huang, HL; Lin, QY; Ma, QG; Sang, ZP; Shao, F; Wei, RR; Yan, ZH; Zhang, ZL; Zhong, GY, 2023)		2.58
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant carotenoid and is responsible for the red color of fruits and vegetables."( Lycopene Inhibits Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gastric Cancer Cells.
Han, H; Kim, H; Lim, JW, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene (LYC) is a possible treatment option for male infertility due to its natural antioxidant properties."( Lycopene Prevents DEHP-Induced Leydig Cell Damage with the Nrf2 Antioxidant Signaling Pathway in Mice.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Lin, J; Shen, Y; Talukder, M; Wang, HR; Zhao, Y, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene, is a potent antioxidant, which is used because of its protective effect against tissue damage."( An experimental study on the use of lycopene to prevent infertility due to acute oxidative ovarian damage caused by a single high dose of methotrexate.
Kaplan, S; Mammadov, R; Onat, T; Sunar, M; Turkler, C; Yazici, GN; Yildirim, E, 2020)		1.55
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural compound and has promising preventive potentials, especially antireproductive toxicity, but the specific underlying mechanism is yet to be fully defined."( Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as a Target for Lycopene Preventing DEHP-Induced Spermatogenic Disorders.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Lin, J; Talukder, M; Wang, HR; Zhao, Y; Zhu, SY, 2020)		1.54
"Lycopene is a carotenoid drug that has demonstrated several properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. "( Lycopene used as Anti-inflammatory Nanodrug for the Treatment of Rheumathoid Arthritis: Animal assay, Pharmacokinetics, ABC Transporter and Tissue Deposition.
Alexis, F; Almeida Pádua, T; Barbosa Corrêa, L; Cruz Rosas, E; de OliveiraHenriques, MD; Hussain Iram, S; Leal Portilho, F; Magalhaes Rebelo Alencar, L; Moia, VM; Ricci-Junior, E; Sampson, A; Santos-Oliveira, R; Savio Mendes Sinfronio, F, 2020)		3.44
"Lycopene is an antioxidant which has potential anti-diabetic activity, but the cellular mechanisms have not been clarified. "( Divergent effects of lycopene on pancreatic alpha and beta cells.
Liu, WH; Tong, Z; Wang, QN; Wang, YJ; Zhou, Y, 2020)		2.32
"Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment with potent antioxidant activity and is found in vegetables and fruits."( The protective effects of lycopene on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hind limb muscle model.
Doğaner, A; Güneri, B; Güneş, H; Kazancı, Ü; Kirişçi, M; Seyithanoğlu, M, 2020)		1.58
"Lycopene is an aliphatic hydrocarbon carotenoid extracted from plants, including papayas, tomatoes, and water melons."( Lycopene ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors in mice and rebalances the neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in the brain.
Chen, Z; Huang, C; Li, F; Lu, J; Xiang, H; Yuan, X, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant with chemoprotective properties against cancer."( Lycopene Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Promotes Apoptosis in Oral Cancer via PI3K/AKT/m-TOR Signal Pathway.
Lu, X; Wang, R; Yu, R, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene is a natural, prominent, and effective product which has a high value in diet."( Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer.
Azimi-Hashemi, S; Hadizadeh, F; Kamali, H; Mirahmadi, M; Pishbin, M; Saburi, E, 2020)		1.57
"Lycopene is a natural pigment that contributes to the red color of fruits and vegetables."( The Remedial Potential of Lycopene in Pancreatitis through Regulation of Autophagy.
Choi, S; Kim, H, 2020)		1.58
"Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found abundantly in red fruits and vegetables. "( Lycopene - A pleiotropic neuroprotective nutraceutical: Deciphering its therapeutic potentials in broad spectrum neurological disorders.
Bhattacharya, P; Borah, A; Deb, S; Mazumder, MK; Nath, J; Paul, R; Paul, S, 2020)		3.44
"Lycopene (LYC) is a lipophilic, natural carotenoid well known for its antioxidant properties."( The effect of a natural molecule in ovary ischemia reperfusion damage: does lycopene protect ovary?
Baser, E; Doganyigit, Z; Kara, M; Kirmizi, DA; Okan, A; Yalvac, ES, 2021)		1.57
"Lycopene (LYC) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon carotenoid, which has received extensive attention as a potential antioxidant."( Lycopene alleviates sulfamethoxazole-induced hepatotoxicity in grass carp (
Guo, M; Mu, M; Wang, Y; Xing, M; Yu, H; Zhao, H, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene is a dark red carotenoid belonging to C40 terpenoids and is widely found in a variety of plants, especially ripe red fruits and vegetables. "( Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms.
Jiang, H; Li, L; Liu, Z; Mao, X, 2020)		2.29
"Lycopene is a potent lipophilic antioxidant in tomato. "( Tomato and lycopene and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review.
Chen, Y; Du, L; Li, N; Rao, Z; Wan, Q; Wu, C; Wu, X; Xia, L; Yi, M; Zhao, R; Zhou, Y; Zhuang, W, 2021)		2.45
"Lycopene (LYC) is an esculent carotenoid, which is considered to be a strong antioxidant."( Environmentally relevant concentration of sulfamethoxazole-induced oxidative stress-cascaded damages in the intestine of grass carp and the therapeutic application of exogenous lycopene.
Huang, P; Li, J; Liu, Y; Nie, X; Wang, Y; Xing, M; Zhao, H, 2021)		1.54
"Lycopene is a commonly used potent antioxidant."( Lycopene ameliorates the effect of Aroclor 1254 on morphology, proliferation, and angiogenesis of the thyroid gland in rat.
Abd-Elsalam, MM; Elkaliny, HH; Ibrahim, MAA, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene is a protective agent against BPA-induced lung injury because of its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as confirmed by biochemical and histological studies."( Lycopene attenuates bisphenol A-induced lung injury in adult albino rats: a histological and biochemical study.
El Askary, A; Faheem, NM; Gharib, AF, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant nutrient with anti-inflammatory activity."( Lycopene Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in House Dust Mite-Stimulated Respiratory Epithelial Cells.
Choi, J; Kim, H; Lim, JW, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene is a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."( Effects of Lycopene in Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Intestinal Immunoglobulin A.
Erkol, H; Fırat, T; İkiz, Ö; Kahramansoy, N; Koçoğlu, E, 2021)		1.73
"Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. "( New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene.
Attiq, A; Jalil, J; Kamisah, Y; Puah, BP, 2021)		2.3
"Lycopene is an antioxidant with a wide range of beneficial properties."( Serum 8-isoprostane levels in patients with resistant oral lichen planus before and after treatment with lycopene: a randomized clinical trial.
Eita, AAB; Mahmoud, SA; Zaki, AM, 2021)		1.56
"Lycopene is a lipophilic unsaturated carotenoid and has a very strong singlet oxygen-quenching ability. "( Effects of lycopene intake on HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels: A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Aizawa, K; Inoue, T; Kamioka, H; Sasaki, E; Yoshida, K, 2021)		2.45
"Lycopene (Lyc) is an identified natural antioxidant that protects EPCs under the microenvironment of AGEs from damage."( Protective effect and mechanism of lycopene on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
Huang, SF; Mu, GP; Peng, LS; Xie, Y; Zeng, XH; Zeng, YC; Zhou, XL; Zou, L, 2017)		1.45
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural substance with potent antioxidant capacity."( Antagonistic effects of lycopene on cadmium-induced hippocampal dysfunctions in autophagy, calcium homeostatis and redox.
Li, Z; Xing, S; Zhang, F, 2017)		1.48
"Lycopene is a carotenoid with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. "( The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene in mice lungs exposed to cigarette smoke.
Araújo, GR; Bandeira, ACB; Bezerra, FS; Campos, KKD; Costa, DC; Costa, GP; Garcia, CCM; Martins, TL; Oliveira, LAM; Talvani, A, 2017)		2.15
"Lycopene is an antioxidant and phytonutrient from the carotenoid family."( Lycopene Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction during d-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Albino Rats.
Agarwal, S; Chakraborty, S; Devaki, T; Pérez-Sánchez, H; Shaik Ibrahim, S; Sheriff, SA, 2017)		2.62
"Lycopene is an antioxidant protecting from oxidative stress-induced cell damage."( Inhibitory Effect of Lycopene on Amyloid-β-Induced Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells.
Hwang, S; Kim, H; Lim, JW, 2017)		1.5
"Lycopene is a bioactive component mainly found in tomato. "( Can lycopene be considered an effective protection against cardiovascular disease?
Costa-Rodrigues, J; Monteiro, PRR; Pinho, O, 2018)		2.48
"Lycopene is a lipid-soluble pigment that is mainly found in tomato. "( Modulation of human osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis by lycopene.
Costa-Rodrigues, J; Fernandes, MH; Monteiro, PRR; Pinho, O, 2018)		2.16
"Lycopene is a terpenoid pigment that has diverse applications in the food and medicine industries. "( Enhancement of the catalytic activity of Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae through random and site-directed mutagenesis.
Chen, H; Li, M; Liu, C; Liu, H; Xian, M; Zhang, H, 2018)		1.92
"Lycopene is an important carotenoid pigment in red fruits and vegetables, especially in tomato. "( Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlIPT4, encoding an isopentenyltransferase, is involved in leaf senescence and lycopene biosynthesis during fruit ripening.
Cheng, W; Li, Z; Tu, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2018)		2.14
"Lycopene is an effective antioxidant yet to be tested for rooster sperm cryopreservation and nanoliposomes, a technology recently applied to sperm cryopreservation, could improve conservation and antioxidant delivery to spermatozoa."( Lycopene-loaded nanoliposomes improve the performance of a modified Beltsville extender broiler breeder roosters.
Farnoosh, G; Martínez-Pastor, F; Mehdipour, M; Najafi, A; Taheri, RA, 2018)		2.64
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant exhibiting anticancer effects."( Lycopene treatment inhibits activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuates hyperproliferation in gastric epithelial cells.
Kim, H; Lim, JW; Park, B, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene is a carotenoid mainly present in red-colored fruits and vegetables. "( Lycopene Production by Mated Fermentation of Blakeslea trispora.
Barredo, JL; Del Río, H; Martínez-Cámara, S; Rodríguez-Sáiz, M; Rubio, S, 2018)		3.37
"Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant phytochemical carotenoid."( Lycopene: Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects toward Bisphenol A-Induced Toxicity in Female Wistar Rats.
Abdel-Rahman, HG; Abdelazim, AM; Abdelrazek, HMA; Mohamed, RM; Zeidan, DW, 2018)		2.64
"Lycopene is a red carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity. "( Efficient production of lycopene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by enzyme engineering and increasing membrane flexibility and NAPDH production.
Hahn, JS; Hong, J; Kim, S; Kim, SW; Park, SH, 2019)		2.26
"Lycopene is an antioxidant which has potential anti-diabetic activity but the correlative reports are rare."( Effects of lycopene on metabolism of glycolipid in type 2 diabetic rats.
Jiang, Z; Yin, Y; Zheng, Z, 2019)		1.63
"Lycopene is a biologically active phytochemical reported in fruit. "( Measurements of lycopene contents in fruit: A review of recent developments in conventional and novel techniques.
Hussain, A; Pu, H; Sun, DW, 2019)		2.3
"Lycopene (LCP) is a carotenoid that protects against many diseases by alleviating oxidative stress. "( Protective effects of lycopene on kainic acid-induced seizures.
Guan, X; Huang, K; Li, C; Li, S; Lu, B; Luo, Z; Xia, S; Xian, F; Zhang, J, 2019)		2.27
"Lycopene is a kind of carotenoid antioxidant that protects the cardiovascular system, so we hypothesized that lycopene might inhibit cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating oxidative stress."( Lycopene protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating oxidative stress.
Cai, X; Dong, B; Dong, Y; Jiang, J; Liu, C; Xue, R; Yao, F; Zeng, J; Zhao, J, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene is a carotenoid with biological activities and protective effects described in different pathologies, but little is known about its role in liver protection."( Lycopene inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and modulates cellular lipid storage and signaling.
Borojevic, R; Elias, MB; Guma, FCR; Martucci, RB; Oliveira, FL; Teodoro, AJ, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene is a natural antioxidant that has a strong ability to eliminate free radicals and shows effective protection in some neurodegenerative disease models."( Lycopene protects against t-BHP-induced neuronal oxidative damage and apoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Fan, C; Gan, D; Huang, C; Li, A; Li, Q; Lu, D; Wen, C; Yang, M; Zhao, J; Zhu, L, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene is a carotenoid that gives vegetables and fruits their red color."( Let food be your medicine: nutraceutical properties of lycopene.
Barciszewski, J; Chomczyński, P; Grabowska, M; Jurga, S; Oziewicz, S; Rolle, K; Wawrzyniak, D, 2019)		1.48
"Lycopene (LYC) is a natural pigment present in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables including red carrots, red peppers, watermelons, pink grapefruits, apricots, pink guavas, and papaya. "( The effect of lycopene supplementation on radiation-induced micronuclei in mice reticulocytes in vivo.
Dobrzyńska, MM; Gajowik, A; Radzikowska, J, 2019)		2.32
"Lycopene (LP) is a potent antioxidant extracted from the mature fruits of plants and has been reported to protect against MIRI; however, its mechanism of action has yet to be completely elucidated."( Lycopene protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening.
Guo, Y; Huang, Z; Jia, D; Jia, P; Li, X; Liu, S; Miao, J; Wu, N, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene is a phytochemical, found in tomatoes having singlet oxygen quenching ability higher than other antioxidants, participates in most of chemical reactions to protect critical cellular biomolecules. "( Comparative analysis of lycopene in oxidative stress.
Gupt, T; Sahu, A; Sarkar, PD, 2012)		2.13
"Lycopene is a potentially useful compound for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases and cancers. "( Effect of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, J; Song, Y; Zhang, L, 2013)		2.23
"Lycopene content is a key component of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit quality, and is a focus of many tomato-breeding programs. "( Validation and fine mapping of lyc12.1, a QTL for increased tomato fruit lycopene content.
Foolad, MR; Kinkade, MP, 2013)		2.06
"Lycopene is a very attractive antioxidant associated with cancer prevention in humans. "( Real-time monitoring of lycopene content in tomato-derived products during processing: implementation of a novel double-slit Raman spectrometer.
Banke, SO; Carvalheira, M; Køcks, M; Madsen, B; Nygaard, SD; Pandega, N; Sousa, I; Vaz, T, 2013)		2.14
"Lycopene is a fat soluble red-orange carotenoid pigment present in tomato that reduces the risk for prostate cancer, a common malignancy among men. "( Lycopene modulates growth and survival associated genes in prostate cancer.
Bright, JJ; Kanakasabai, S; Rafi, MM; Reyes, MD, 2013)		3.28
"Lycopene is a potent anti-oxidant, which has been widely reported for its potential benefits at reducing the risks of certain types of cancer e.g. "( A novel lipid-based solid dispersion for enhancing oral bioavailability of Lycopene--in vivo evaluation using a pig model.
Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM; Ruane-O'Hora, T, 2013)		2.06
"Lycopene is a carotenoid, which is found mainly in tomatoes, retains its functional properties after processing, is not toxic and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemotherapeutics effects in cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases and in some cancers. "( [Functional properties and health benefits of lycopene].
Cruz Bojórquez, RM; González Gallego, J; Sánchez Collado, P, )		1.83
"Lycopene is a phytochemical that belongs to a group of pigments known as carotenoids. "( The potential role of lycopene for the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidence.
Champ, S; Clements, J; Feldthusen, J; Holzapfel, BM; Holzapfel, NP; Hutmacher, DW, 2013)		2.15
"Lycopene is an important carotenoid and has a high singlet-oxygen and free-radical scavenging capacity."( The carotenoid lycopene protects rats against DNA damage induced by Ochratoxin A.
Aydin, S; Başaran, N; Erkekoglu, P; Giray, BK; Palabiyik, SS; Sahin, G, 2013)		1.46
"Lycopene is a phytonutrient under considerable investigation for its antioxidant benefits in treating diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and diabetes."( Effect of lycopene on oxidative stress induced during D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-sensitized liver injury in rats.
Sheik Abdulazeez, S; Thiruvengadam, D, 2013)		2.23
"Lycopene, is a well known antioxidant and have promising preventive potentials, however the mechanism of action remain hypothetical and unclear."( Lycopene modulates initiation of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis: studies on chromosomal abnormalities, membrane fluidity and antioxidant defense system.
Bansal, MP; Gupta, P; Koul, A, 2013)		2.55
"Lycopene is a lipid soluble carotenoid molecule."( [Lycopene and tomatoes--their effect on prevention of prostatic cancer].
Saphier, O; Silberstein, E; Silberstein, T, 2013)		2.02
"Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid and the pigment principally responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato and tomato products, as well as some fruits and vegetables."( Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for lycopene intervention.
Ip, BC; Wang, XD, 2013)		1.34
"Lycopene is an active chemopreventive agent that offers protection against DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB and mTOR pathways."( Orally administered lycopene attenuates diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by modulating Nrf-2/HO-1 and Akt/mTOR pathways.
Ali, S; Bahcecioglu, IH; Guler, O; Ilhan, N; Kucuk, O; Orhan, C; Ozercan, I; Sahin, K; Sahin, N; Tuzcu, M, 2014)		1.45
"Lycopene is an effective antioxidant proposed as a possible treatment for some cancers and other degenerative human conditions. "( Efficient production of lycopene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of synthetic crt genes from a plasmid harboring the ADH2 promoter.
Al-Garni, SM; Almehdar, H; Bahieldin, A; Gadalla, NO; Hassan, SM; Murata, N; Noor, S; Sabir, JS; Shokry, AM, 2014)		2.15
"Thus lycopene is shown to be an effective anti-oxidant."( Modeling the mechanism of action of lycopene as a hydroxyl radical scavenger.
Mishra, PC; Prasad, AK, 2014)		1.13
"Lycopene is an anti-oxidant, which is plentiful in red fruits."( Reducing the histopathological changes of radioiodine to the lacrimal glands by a popular anti-oxidant: lycopene.
Acar, DE; Acar, M; Acar, U; Atilgan, HI; Koca, G; Korkmaz, M; Yalniz-Akkaya, Z; Yumusak, N, 2014)		1.34
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant found in such diets with evidence suggesting beneficial effects."( Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial.
Cheriyan, J; Gajendragadkar, PR; Hubsch, A; Mäki-Petäjä, KM; Serg, M; Wilkinson, IB, 2014)		1.47
"Lycopene, which is a well-known red carotenoid pigment, has been drawing scientific interest because of its potential biological functions. "( Lycopene-induced hydroxyl radical causes oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli.
Lee, DG; Lee, W, 2014)		3.29
"Lycopene is a natural antioxidant which has several health benefits. "( Optimization of homogenization-evaporation process for lycopene nanoemulsion production and its beverage applications.
Choi, YJ; Ha, TV; Kim, SO; Ko, S, 2014)		2.09
"Lycopene (LPN) is a natural substance with strong antioxidant capacity."( Benefical effects of lycopene against contrast medium-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis in rat kidney.
Bakirci, EM; Buyuklu, M; Ileriturk, M; Kandemir, FM; Ozkaraca, M; Set, T; Topal, E; Turkmen, K, 2015)		1.46
"Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family and has strong anti-oxidant properties. "( Effects of E/Z isomers of lycopene on experimental prostatic hyperplasia in mice.
Li, J; Sun, Q; Yang, C; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zou, Y, 2014)		2.15
"Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment produced by vegetables and fruits, with tomatoes and their processed products being the most abundant sources. "( Antioxidant effect of lycopene-enriched tomato paste on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced oxidative stress in rats.
Adamska, T; Ewertowska, M; Ignatowicz, E; Jodynis-Liebert, J; Kujawska, M; Sadowski, C, 2014)		2.16
"Lycopene is an example of a food component that has attracted attention from scientists as well as food, agriculture, and dietary supplement industries."( Whole food versus supplement: comparing the clinical evidence of tomato intake and lycopene supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors.
Burton-Freeman, B; Sesso, HD, 2014)		1.35
"Lycopene (LYC) is an acyclic isomer of beta-carotene."( Lycopene - antioxidant with radioprotective and anticancer properties. A review.
Dobrzyńska, MM; Gajowik, A, 2014)		2.57
"Lycopene is an abundant natural carotenoid pigment with several biological functions (well-known for its antioxidant properties) which is under intensive investigation in recent years. "( Natural Origin Lycopene and Its "Green" Downstream Processing.
Karabelas, AJ; Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, M; Papaioannou, EH, 2016)		2.23
"Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment, responsible for characteristic red color of tomatoes."( [Effects of lycopene on the skeletal system].
Folwarczna, J; Sołtysiak, P, 2015)		1.52
"Lycopene is a carotene and phytochemical known to protect against metabolic diseases. "( Tomato juice supplementation in young women reduces inflammatory adipokine levels independently of body fat reduction.
Chang, YY; Chao, PM; Huang, HC; Li, YF; Wu, YC; Yang, MD, 2015)		1.86
"Lycopene is a robust antioxidant with significant antiulcer activity. "( Effect of lycopene against gastroesophageal reflux disease in experimental animals.
Gautam, S; Giri, AK; Kaithwas, G; Rawat, JK; Singh, M, 2015)		2.26
"Lycopene is a carotenoid with unique pharmacological properties and its efficacy on experimental Hunginton's disease and brain ischemia has shown intense neuroprotective effects."( Neuroprotective effect of lycopene against MPTP induced experimental Parkinson's disease in mice.
Janakiraman, U; Manivasagam, T; Prema, A; Thenmozhi, AJ, 2015)		1.44
"Lycopene is a carotenoid found in tomatoes with potent antioxidant activity. "( Antioxidant Activity and Validation of Quantification Method for Lycopene Extracted from Tomato.
Cazedey, EC; Cefali, LC; Correa, MA; Isaac, VL; Salgado, HR; Souza-Moreira, TM, )		1.81
"Lycopene, which is a red carotenoid in tomatoes, has been hypothesized to mediate disease-preventive effects associated with tomato consumption. "( Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults.
Cichon, MJ; Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Novotny, JA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ, 2015)		2.11
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that has received extensive attention recently. "( Microemulsion-based lycopene extraction: Effect of surfactants, co-surfactants and pretreatments.
Abbasi, S; Amiri-Rigi, A, 2016)		2.2
"Lycopene is a hydrocarbon phytochemical belonging to the tetraterpene carotenoid family and is found in red fruit and vegetables. "( Lycopene Deficiency in Ageing and Cardiovascular Disease.
Petyaev, IM, 2016)		3.32
"Lycopene is a member of carotenoids that exhibits strong antioxidant activity. "( Cyclase inhibitor tripropylamine significantly enhanced lycopene accumulation in Blakeslea trispora.
Chen, D; Chen, X; Du, S; Gong, W; Hong, X; Liu, C; Wang, Y, 2016)		2.12
"Lycopene is a high value nutraceutical and its isolation from waste streams is often desirable to maximize profits. "( Effect of solvent addition sequence on lycopene extraction efficiency from membrane neutralized caustic peeled tomato waste.
Cooperstone, JL; Frelka, JC; Heldman, DR; Phinney, DM; Schwartz, SJ, 2017)		2.17
"Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant."( Changes in rat ovary with experimentally induced diabetes and the effects of lycopene on those changes.
Sandikci, M; Yildiz, M, 2016)		1.38
"Lycopene (LYC) is an effective antioxidant that is reported to attenuate fluoride toxicity."( Protective effect of lycopene on fluoride-induced ameloblasts apoptosis and dental fluorosis through oxidative stress-mediated Caspase pathways.
Cao, X; Huang, T; Jiang, B; Li, W; Xie, Y, 2017)		1.5
"Lycopene is a natural compound that was able to inhibit the production of ROS in vitro and mitigate the damage caused by APAP overdose in vivo."( Lycopene inhibits reactive oxygen species production in SK-Hep-1 cells and attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice.
Araujo, CM; Bandeira, ACB; Bezerra, FS; Costa, DC; da Silva, RC; da Silva, TP; de Araujo, GR; Lima, WG, 2017)		2.62
"Lycopene is a substrate for carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (CMO2) and can be converted to apo-10'-carotenal."( Multitargeted therapy of cancer by lycopene.
Pajkovic, N; van Breemen, RB, 2008)		1.34
"Lycopene is a carotenoid whose biological activities and protective effect on prostate and breast cancer have been described, but little is known on its extra-intestinal metabolism and storage. "( Lycopene isomerisation and storage in an in vitro model of murine hepatic stellate cells.
Borojevic, R; Martucci, RB; Perrone, D; Teodoro, AJ, 2009)		3.24
"Lycopene is an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress; however, the association between urinary arsenic species, plasma lycopene level, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has seldom been evaluated."( Urinary arsenic species and CKD in a Taiwanese population: a case-control study.
Chen, JB; Chiang, SS; Chung, CJ; Hsueh, YM; Shiue, HS; Su, CT; Tai, CW; Yang, MH, 2009)		1.07
"Lycopene acts as an antioxidant and a singlet oxygen quencher."( Protective effect of lycopene on oxidative stress-induced cell death of pancreatic acinar cells.
Kim, H; Masamune, A; Seo, JY; Shimosegawa, T, 2009)		1.39
"Lycopene is an antioxidant associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases common in women such as osteoporosis and cancer; however, no official recommendation for lycopene consumption exists, and intake data from Canadian women are limited. "( Lycopene intake by Canadian women is variable, similar among different ages, but greater than that reported for women in other countries.
Mackinnon, ES; Rao, AV; Rao, LG, 2009)		3.24
"Lycopene is an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. "( Micronutrients and lifestyles in Taiwanese patients with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease.
Chen, JB; Chiang, SS; Chung, CJ; Hsueh, YM; Shiue, HS; Su, CT; Tai, CW, 2010)		1.8
"Lycopene is a bioactive red colored pigment naturally occurring in plants."( Revealing the power of the natural red pigment lycopene.
Ismail, A; Khoo, HE; Kong, KW; Prasad, KN; Rajab, NF; Tan, CP, 2010)		1.34
"Lycopene is a potent dietary antioxidant."( Dietary lycopene supplementation suppresses Th2 responses and lung eosinophilia in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
Foster, PS; Hansbro, PM; Hazlewood, LC; Wood, LG, 2011)		1.52
"Lycopene is a carotenoid found in grapefruit, watermelons, and papaya in addition to tomatoes. "( Lycopene.
Cassileth, B, 2010)		3.25
"Lycopene is a carotenoid widely distributed in fruit and vegetables. "( The carotenoid lycopene differentially regulates phase I and II enzymes in dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced MCF-7 cells.
Leung, LK; Wang, H, )		1.93
"Lycopene is an extremely lipophilic compound and absorption from dietary sources is estimated to be low and highly variable."( Bioavailability of lycopene in the rat: the role of intestinal lymphatic transport.
Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2010)		1.41
"Lycopene is a major carotenoid present in tomatoes, and it is a potent antioxidant that may provide protection against cellular damage caused by ROS."( Lycopene and chemotherapy toxicity.
Kucuk, O; Sahin, K; Sahin, N, 2010)		2.52
"Lycopene is a red-coloured carotenoid predominantly accumulated in tomatoes as well as other fruits and vegetables."( Lycopene: features and potential significance in the oral cancer and precancerous lesions.
Chen, Q; Dan, H; Jin, X; Liu, N; Lu, R; Meng, W; Wu, R; Zeng, X; Zhou, G; Zhou, M, 2011)		2.53
"Lycopene is a natural carotenoid found in tomato, an essential component of the Mediterranean diet, which, although belonging to the carotenoid family, does not have pro-vitamin A activity but many other biochemical functions as an antioxidant scavenger, hypolipaemic agent, inhibitor of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factors, thus potentially of benefit in CVD."( Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases: an update.
Böhm, V; Giardina, B; Guantario, B; Lombardi, E; Martorana, GE; Meucci, E; Mordente, A; Silvestrini, A, 2011)		2.53
"Lycopene is a carotenoid commonly found in tomatoes and tomato products which acts as an antioxidant to decrease oxidative stress and osteoporosis risk. "( Dietary restriction of lycopene for a period of one month resulted in significantly increased biomarkers of oxidative stress and bone resorption in postmenopausal women.
Mackinnon, ES; Rao, AV; Rao, LG, 2011)		2.12
"Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant to suppress the induction of inflammatory cytokines, in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with cerulein."( Inhibitory mechanism of lycopene on cytokine expression in experimental pancreatitis.
Kim, H, 2011)		1.4
"Lycopene, which is a carotenoid, is present in various physiologic processes."( Effects of lycopene on oxidative stress and remnant liver histology after partial hepatectomy in rats.
Altuğ, T; Ayan, F; Aytac, E; Bayrak, I; Erdamar, S; Genç, H; Karaca, C; Salıhoğlu, Z; Saygili, S; Seymen, HO; Seymen, P; Sözer, V; Uzun, H, 2011)		1.48
"Lycopene is a lipophilic antioxidant that is largely transported in human blood by Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL). "( Does lycopene offer human LDL any protection against myeloperoxidase activity?
Chew, PY; Graham, DL; Lowe, GM; Rahman, K; Riley, L, 2012)		2.34
"Lycopene is a potent free radicals scavenger with demonstrated protective efficacy in several experimental models of oxidative damage. "( Lycopene protects against trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Chen, C; Chu, F; Li, L; Li, M; Liu, C; Pei, L; Qu, M; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, G; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2011)		3.25
"Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family, which is found abundantly in tomatoes, tomato-based products, strawberries, and watermelon."( Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer.
Forbes, KM; Hassed, C; Ilic, D, 2011)		2.53
"Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid that is responsible for the red to pink colors seen in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and other foods. "( An update on the health effects of tomato lycopene.
Harris, GK; Kopec, RE; Schwartz, SJ; Story, EN, 2010)		2.07
"Lycopene is a lipid-soluble powerful anti-oxidant that scavenges free radicals and ROS."( Efficacy of lycopene against fluoride toxicity in rats.
Mansour, HH; Tawfik, SS, 2012)		1.48
"lycopene is a carotene with a potent antioxidant effect found in tomato and its derivatives. "( [Meta-analysis on the role of lycopene in type 2 diabetes mellitus].
Burgos, R; Calvo, FL; Cuerda, C; Luengo, LM; Martínez, C; Valero, MA; Vidal, A, )		1.86
"Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family, whose strong anti-oxidant properties have been hypothesised to assist in the prevention and treatment of BPH and prostate cancer."( Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a systematic review.
Ilic, D; Misso, M, 2012)		2.54
"Lycopene is a lipophilic carotenoid and provides the red colour to tomatoes and tomato product. "( Lycopene induces retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activation in mice.
Aydemir, G; Blomhoff, R; Carlsen, H; Rühl, R, 2012)		3.26
"Lycopene is a carotenoid found in tomato, watermelon, pink grapefruit, and guava in high concentration. "( Lycopene counteracts the hepatic response to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by altering the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspases, and oxidative stress biomarkers.
Agca, CA; Akdemir, F; Ali, S; Gencoglu, H; Kucuk, O; Sahin, K; Tuzcu, M, 2012)		3.26
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant carotenoid that has been shown to have protective properties on cardiovascular system."( Lycopene protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in primary neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes.
Hu, H; Li, K; Luo, T; Xu, L; Yiu, KH; Yu, Z; Yue, R; Zhang, S; Zhou, Z, 2012)		2.54
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant, and it has been suggested that intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene is associated with a decreased risk of various chronic diseases. "( Dietary intake of lycopene by the Belgian adult population.
Cucu, T; Huvaere, K; Huybrechts, I; Van Loco, J; Vandevijvere, S; Vinkx, C, 2014)		2.18
"Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action."( Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene.
Heber, D; Lu, QY, 2002)		1.31
"Lycopene is a component of human redox defence mechanism against free radicals."( Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility--a preliminary report.
Gupta, NP; Kumar, R, 2002)		2.48
"Lycopene is an acyclic, biologically active carotenoid that constitutes foods, its preventive role in several cancerous diseases have been proved by epidemiological and experimental data. "( [Factors influencing lycopene content of foods, and lycopene intake of Hungarian population].
Bíró, L; Brandt, S; Helyes, L; Hóvári, J; Lugasi, A, 2004)		2.09
"Lycopene is a promising chemopreventive agent for human prostate cancer. "( Lycopene inhibits the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in BALB/c nude mice.
Jin, T; Tang, L; Wang, JS; Zeng, X, 2005)		3.21
"Lycopene is a carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and tomato products. "( [Lycopene--a natural antioxidant].
Bánhegyi, G, 2005)		2.68
"Lycopene is a natural carotenoid antioxidant that is present in tomatoes and tomato products. "( Inhibitory effects of lycopene on in vitro platelet activation and in vivo prevention of thrombus formation.
Chou, DS; Fong, TH; Hsiao, G; Lin, KH; Shen, MY; Sheu, JR; Tzu, NH; Wang, Y, 2005)		2.09
"Lycopene is a useful phytochemical that holds great commercial value. "( Enhanced lycopene productivity by manipulation of carbon flow to isopentenyl diphosphate in Escherichia coli.
Bennett, GN; Fu, Y; San, KY; Vadali, RV, )		1.99
"Lycopene is a natural pigment that gives the red color to many foods."( Lycopene and prostate cancer: emerging evidence.
Binns, CW; Fraser, ML; Lee, AH, 2005)		2.49
"Lycopene is an effective chemopreventive agent in the treatment of HGPIN, with no toxicity and good patient tolerance."( Lycopene as a chemopreventive agent in the treatment of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.
Arora, RP; Goyal, NK; Mohanty, NK; Saxena, S; Singh, UP, )		3.02
"Lycopene is a major carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties that may provide protection against the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). "( The consumption of lycopene and tomato-based food products is not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in women.
Buring, JE; Gaziano, JM; Liu, S; Manson, JE; Sesso, HD; Wang, L, 2006)		2.1
"Lycopene (C(40) H(56)) is a highly lipophilic antioxidant found in human semen in nanomolar concentrations. "( Can lycopene be delivered into semen via prostasomes? In vitro incorporation and retention studies.
Chopra, M; Cooper, AJ; Delves, GH; Goyal, A; Lwaleed, BA, 2006)		2.33
"Lycopene is a natural carotenoid, free radical scavenger, and presents protective effects by inhibiting oxidative DNA damage. "( Comparative effects of acute and subacute lycopene administration on chromosomal aberrations induced by cisplatin in male rats.
Antunes, LM; Behling, EB; de Lourdes Pires Bianchi, M; dos Santos, RA; Sendão, MC, 2006)		2.04
"Lycopene is an antioxidant known to decrease the risk of age-related chronic diseases, such as cancer."( Lycopene consumption decreases oxidative stress and bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women.
Josse, RG; Mackinnon, ES; Murray, TM; Rao, AV; Rao, LG; Strauss, A, 2007)		2.5
"Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that has been shown to play critical roles in disease prevention. "( Direct determination of lycopene content in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.
Baldauf, NA; Francis, D; Halim, Y; Rodriguez-Saona, LE; Schwartz, SJ, )		1.88
"Lycopene is a natural pigment synthesized by plants and microorganisms, and it is mainly found in tomatoes. "( Lycopene activity against chemically induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Alves de Lima, RO; Barbisan, LF; Ferreira, AL; Ribeiro, DA; Salvadori, DM; Scolastici, C, 2007)		3.23
"Lycopene is a fat-soluble red-orange carotenoid found primarily in tomatoes and tomato-derived products, including tomato sauce, tomato paste, and ketchup, and other dietary sources, including dried apricots, guava, watermelon, papaya, and pink grapefruit. "( Lycopene inhibits LPS-induced proinflammatory mediator inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse macrophage cells.
Rafi, MM; Reyes, M; Yadav, PN, 2007)		3.23
"Lycopene is a promising nutritional component for chemoprevention of prostate cancer (PCa). "( Lycopene inhibits disease progression in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia.
Biesalski, HK; Hellmis, E; Jacobi, G; Koch, W; Obermüller-Jevic, UC; Schwarz, S, 2008)		3.23
"Lycopene is a carotenoid present in human blood (approximately 0.5 micromol/liter plasma), and the tissue levels vary from 1 nmol/g wet wt in adipose tissue to up to 20 nmol/g wet wt in adrenals and testes. "( Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans?
Sies, H; Stahl, W, 1996)		3.18
"Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid present in human blood and tissues. "( Lycopene: antioxidant and biological effects and its bioavailability in the human.
Sies, H; Stahl, W, 1998)		3.19
"Lycopene is a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products and other fruits. "( Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases.
Agarwal, S; Rao, AV, 2000)		2.2

Effects

Lycopene has a low bioavailability rate and appears in the blood circulation incorporated into chylomicrons and other apo-B containing lipoproteins. It has a good therapeutic effect on BPH with LUTS.

Lycopene (LYC) has been regarded as a nutraceutical that has powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective bioactivities. Lycopene has been posited to regulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Lyc has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biological functions.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lycopene has a good therapeutic effect on BPH with LUTS, which can significantly improve the patients' quality of life without causing adverse reactions."( [Efficacy and safety of lycopene in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms].
Li, YZ; Liang, WN; Shang, XJ; Weng, ZQ; Xu, S; Zhang, GW; Zhong, Y, 2019)		2.26
"Lycopene (LYC) has a protective effect on male reproductive toxicity."( Effect of mitochondrial quality control on the lycopene antagonizing DEHP-induced mitophagy in spermatogenic cells.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Luo, Y; Shen, Y; Talukder, M; Wang, HR; Zhao, Y, 2020)		1.54
"Lycopene has a wide range of biological functions, especially its antioxidant capacity. "( Lycopene increases the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fiber by AMPK signaling to improve muscle anti-fatigue ability.
Chen, D; Chen, X; He, J; Huang, Z; Luo, Y; Wen, W; Yan, H; Yu, B; Yu, J; Zheng, P, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene has a significant anti-oxidative activity."( [Lycopene and tomatoes--their effect on prevention of prostatic cancer].
Saphier, O; Silberstein, E; Silberstein, T, 2013)		2.02
"Lycopene has a low bioavailability rate and appears in the blood circulation incorporated into chylomicrons and other apo-B containing lipoproteins."( Lycopene Deficiency in Ageing and Cardiovascular Disease.
Petyaev, IM, 2016)		2.6
"Lycopene has a large number of geometric isomers caused by E/Z isomerization at arbitrary sites within the 11 conjugated double bonds, offering varying characteristics related to features such as antioxidant capacity and bioavailability. "( Isolation and spectral characterization of thermally generated multi-Z-isomers of lycopene and the theoretically preferred pathway to di-Z-isomers.
Fukaya, T; Higashiura, T; Honda, M; Inoue, Y; Kitamura, C; Kudo, T; Kuwa, T; Takehara, M, 2017)		2.12
"Lycopene has a chemopreventive effect against prostate cancer but its role in prostate cancer progression is unknown; many patients increase their intake of lycopene, although there are no evidence-based guidelines to suggest an effect. "( Is there a benefit from lycopene supplementation in men with prostate cancer? A systematic review.
Cantwell, MM; Haseen, F; Murray, LJ; O'Sullivan, JM, 2009)		2.1
"Lycopene has a low order of acute toxicity and no significant toxicity has been observed in rats treated with lycopene beadlet formulations in the diet at doses of up to 500 mg/kg bw/day for 14 weeks or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 4 weeks."( Summary of safety studies conducted with synthetic lycopene.
Bausch, J; Michael McClain, R, 2003)		1.29
"Lycopene has been widely studied for its antioxidant properties."( Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
Bandeira, ACB; Bezerra, FS; Cangussú, SD; Costa, DC; da Silva, RC; Figueiredo, VP; Rossoni, JV; Talvani, A, 2017)		2.62
"Lycopene has been posited to regulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). "( The effects of lycopene supplementation on insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Clark, CCT; Meshkini, F; Ramezani-Jolfaie, N; Sargazi, S; Soltani, S, 2022)		2.52
"Lycopene (Lyc) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biological functions. "( Role of Toll-like Receptor/MyD88 Signaling in Lycopene Alleviated Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP)-Induced Inflammatory Response.
Chen, J; Dai, XY; Li, JL; Li, MZ; Talukder, M; Zhu, SY, 2022)		2.42
"Lycopene has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity-boosting qualities, among other biological and pharmacological benefits."( Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19).
Chauhan, PK; Dulta, K; Ighalo, JO; Khongthaw, B; Kumar, V, 2022)		2.89
"Lycopene (LYC) has been regarded as a nutraceutical that has powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective bioactivities. "( Lycopene attenuates oxidative stress-induced hepatic dysfunction of insulin signal transduction: involvement of FGF21 and mitochondria.
Chen, L; Fu, Z; Li, M; Li, T; Qiu, F; Shi, D; Tan, X; Wang, J, 2022)		3.61
"Lycopene has established itself as a promising therapy for AD owing to its neuroprotective activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiamyloidogenic properties."( Lycopene: Sojourn from kitchen to an effective therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
Atanasov, AG; Gulati, M; Gupta, R; Kapoor, B; Kapoor, D; Kochhar, RS; Rani, P; Sharma, D, 2023)		3.07
"Lycopene (LYC) has proved an effective preventive and can be utilized to prevent phthalates-induced toxicity."( Xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors as targets for phthalates-induced lung injury and antagonism of lycopene.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Li, XN; Shi, YS; Zhao, Y, 2023)		1.85
"Lycopene has a good therapeutic effect on BPH with LUTS, which can significantly improve the patients' quality of life without causing adverse reactions."( [Efficacy and safety of lycopene in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms].
Li, YZ; Liang, WN; Shang, XJ; Weng, ZQ; Xu, S; Zhang, GW; Zhong, Y, 2019)		2.26
"Lycopene (LYC) has a protective effect on male reproductive toxicity."( Effect of mitochondrial quality control on the lycopene antagonizing DEHP-induced mitophagy in spermatogenic cells.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Luo, Y; Shen, Y; Talukder, M; Wang, HR; Zhao, Y, 2020)		1.54
"Lycopene has been found to effectively suppress the progression and proliferation, arrest in-cell cycle, and induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells in both in-vivo and in-vitro conditions."( Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer.
Azimi-Hashemi, S; Hadizadeh, F; Kamali, H; Mirahmadi, M; Pishbin, M; Saburi, E, 2020)		1.57
"Lycopene (LYC) has been used as a dietary supplement that has effective antioxidant and antiobesity functions."( Lycopene Prevents DEHP-Induced Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Inhibiting the HIF-1α-Induced PPARα/PPARγ/FXR/LXR System.
Li, JL; Li, MZ; Ma, DX; Talukder, M; Wang, HG; Wang, HR; Zhao, Y, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene β-cyclases have been extensively studied for their important catalytic activity, including for use in genetic engineering to modify plants and microorganisms, as a blocking target for lycopene industrial production strains, and for their genetic and physiological effects related to microorganic and plant biological traits."( Biotechnological Advances in Lycopene β-Cyclases.
Liu, Z; Mao, X; Zhao, Z, 2020)		1.57
"Lycopene has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer, other cancers, and cardiovascular disease."( Biotechnological production of lycopene by microorganisms.
Jiang, H; Li, L; Liu, Z; Mao, X, 2020)		1.57
"Lycopene has been the object of considerable research attention recently, and the effects of the intake of lycopene, or of tomato products, have been studied in various ways. "( Determination of Lycopene Concentration in Fresh Tomatoes by Spectrophotometry: A Collaborative Study.
Aramaki, Y; Asano, M; Ito, H; Iwamaru, K; Kakubari, S; Kaneda, T; Kitamura, M; Matsumoto, T; Miyamoto, M; Mizuta, K; Mochizuki, T; Morioka, M; Namura, H; Sakaida, K; Yamoto, R; Yasui, A, 2020)		2.34
"Lycopene (Lyc) has been discussed as a potential effector in the prevention and therapy of various diseases. "( Lycopene attenuates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced mitophagy in spleen by regulating the sirtuin3-mediated pathway.
Dai, XY; Ge, J; Li, JL; Li, MZ; Talukder, M; Zhao, Y; Zhu, SY, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene has a wide range of biological functions, especially its antioxidant capacity. "( Lycopene increases the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fiber by AMPK signaling to improve muscle anti-fatigue ability.
Chen, D; Chen, X; He, J; Huang, Z; Luo, Y; Wen, W; Yan, H; Yu, B; Yu, J; Zheng, P, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene has been reported to exert a protective effect on the brain against transient ischemia‑induced damage; however, whether it could regulate autophagic neuronal death remains elusive. "( Lycopene prevents oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced autophagic death in SH-SY5Y cells via inhibition of the oxidative stress-activated AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Li, T; Liu, H; Qi, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene has several therapeutic properties and can cross the blood-brain barrier."( Lycopene abrogates obesity-provoked hyperactivity of neurosignalling enzymes, oxidative stress and hypothalamic inflammation in female Wistar rats.
Dosumu, OA; Ezenandu, EO; James, AS; Kosoko, AM; Thomas, FC; Ugbaja, RN; Ugwor, EI, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene has unique structure and chemical properties."( Investigating into anti-cancer potential of lycopene: Molecular targets.
Peng, C; Qi, WJ; Sheng, WS; Xiaodong, M; Yao, TZ, 2021)		1.6
"Lycopene has the ability to scavenge oocyte ROS and improved the cleavage rate of embryos under HS conditions."( Effect of lycopene supplementation to bovine oocytes exposed to heat shock during in vitro maturation.
Azari-Dolatabad, N; Benedetti, C; Bogado Pascottini, O; Luceno, NL; Montoro, AF; Opsomer, G; Pavani, KC; Residiwati, G; Sidi, S; Tuska, HSA; Van Damme, P; Van Soom, A, 2021)		1.75
"Lycopene has been broadly studied in recent decades due to its health benefits including cancer prevention, anti-atherogenic and anti-obesity effects, and modulation of the immune system. "( Multicopy integrants of crt genes and co-expression of AMP deaminase improve lycopene production in Yarrowia lipolytica.
Chen, J; Hua, Q; Nie, MY; Wei, LJ; Zhang, XK, 2019)		2.19
"Lycopene has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can prevent acute lung inflammation and emphysema."( Lycopene mitigates pulmonary emphysema induced by cigarette smoke in a murine model.
Bezerra, FS; Campos, KKD; Cangussú, SD; Costa, DC; Costa, GP; de Oliveira Ramos, C; Garcia, CCM; Martins, TL; Oliveira, LAM; Talvani, A, 2019)		2.68
"Lycopene has the greatest antioxidant potential among carotenoids."( Let food be your medicine: nutraceutical properties of lycopene.
Barciszewski, J; Chomczyński, P; Grabowska, M; Jurga, S; Oziewicz, S; Rolle, K; Wawrzyniak, D, 2019)		1.48
"Lycopene (LYC) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and immunoprotective activities, and our previous studies confirmed that LYC can alleviate multiple tissue damage induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). "( Lycopene alleviates AFB
Li, Y; Shao, B; Wang, P; Xu, F; Yao, Q; Yu, H; Yu, K, 2019)		3.4
"Lycopene/tomato has been discussed as a potential effecter in the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer; however, no systematic review has been reported to illustrate its effect recently. "( Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Chen, J; Song, Y; Zhang, L, 2013)		3.28
"Lycopene has received attention because of its expcted potential to prevent cancer."( Influence of lycopene on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis of human prostate cancer and benign hyperplastic cells.
Bianco, M; Borojevic, R; Ferreira, LB; Gimba, ER; Junior, AP; Junior, OS; Nasciutti, LE; Oliveira, FL; Santos, CA; Soares, Nda C; Takiya, CM; Teodoro, AJ, 2013)		1.48
"Lycopene has a significant anti-oxidative activity."( [Lycopene and tomatoes--their effect on prevention of prostatic cancer].
Saphier, O; Silberstein, E; Silberstein, T, 2013)		2.02
"Lycopene has the highest antioxidant activity within carotenoids and is an effective free radical scavenger. "( Effect of lycopene-enriched olive and argan oils upon lipid serum parameters in Wistar rats.
Aidoud, A; Ammouche, A; Garrido, M; Rodriguez, AB, 2014)		2.25
"Lycopene has been recently proposed to play a critical role on anticarcinogenic action at different levels."( Chemoprevention of photocarcinogenesis by lycopene.
Ascenso, A; Marques, HC; Oliveira, H; Ribeiro, H; Santos, C; Simões, S, 2014)		1.39
"Lycopene has attracted significant research interest due to its beneficial therapeutic effects, which include anti-oxidant, neuro-protective and anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms of its beneficial action are not clear so far. "( Implicating the role of lycopene in restoration of mitochondrial enzymes and BDNF levels in β-amyloid induced Alzheimer׳s disease.
Kumar, A; Prakash, A, 2014)		2.15
"Lycopene has been identified as an antioxidant agent with potential anticancer properties."( Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Chen, P; Negi, DS; Qi, M; Wang, X; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, K; Zhuo, L, 2015)		2.58
"Lycopene has been reported as the antioxidant most quickly depleted in skin upon UV irradiation, and thus it might play a protective role. "( The Effect of Lycopene Preexposure on UV-B-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes.
Ascenso, A; Cabral Marques, H; de Oliveira, JM; Oliveira, H; Pedrosa, T; Pinho, F; Pinho, S; Santos, C; Simões, S, 2016)		2.24
"Lycopene has a low bioavailability rate and appears in the blood circulation incorporated into chylomicrons and other apo-B containing lipoproteins."( Lycopene Deficiency in Ageing and Cardiovascular Disease.
Petyaev, IM, 2016)		2.6
"Lycopene (LYC) has been shown to exhibit cardiovascular disease preventive effects."( The chemopreventive potential of lycopene against atrazine-induced cardiotoxicity: modulation of ionic homeostasis.
Ge, J; Jiang, XQ; Li, HX; Li, JL; Li, XN; Lin, J; Xia, J; Zhu, SY, 2016)		1.44
"Lycopene from tomatoes has been shown to be a potential preventive agent against NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)."( Tobacco carcinogen induces both lung cancer and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinomas in ferrets which can be attenuated by lycopene supplementation.
Aizawa, K; Hu, KQ; Liu, C; Smith, DE; Tang, S; Veeramachaneni, S; Wang, XD, 2016)		1.36
"Lycopene has recently received considerable attention for its potent protective properties demonstrated in several models of nervous system dysfunction."( Protective effect of lycopene on high-fat diet-induced cognitive impairment in rats.
Duan, D; Fan, J; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Wang, Z; Xiao, L, 2016)		1.47
"Lycopene has been shown to be associated with anticancer effects in numerous tumor types. "( Lycopene inhibits the cell proliferation and invasion of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Huang, J; Wu, Q; Ye, M; Zhang, M, 2016)		3.32
"Lycopene has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant."( Sarcandra glabra combined with lycopene protect rats from lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury via reducing inflammatory response.
Chen, SB; Liu, TY, 2016)		1.44
"Lycopene has a large number of geometric isomers caused by E/Z isomerization at arbitrary sites within the 11 conjugated double bonds, offering varying characteristics related to features such as antioxidant capacity and bioavailability. "( Isolation and spectral characterization of thermally generated multi-Z-isomers of lycopene and the theoretically preferred pathway to di-Z-isomers.
Fukaya, T; Higashiura, T; Honda, M; Inoue, Y; Kitamura, C; Kudo, T; Kuwa, T; Takehara, M, 2017)		2.12
"Lycopene has recently received interest as an antioxidant in human tissues. "( Role of iron and hydroperoxides in the degradation of lycopene in oil-in-water emulsions.
Boon, CS; Decker, EA; McClements, DJ; Weiss, J, 2009)		2.04
"Lycopene has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects with molecular mechanisms not fully identified."( Lycopene suppresses LPS-induced NO and IL-6 production by inhibiting the activation of ERK, p38MAPK, and NF-kappaB in macrophages.
Duan, RD; Feng, D; Ling, WH, 2010)		3.25
"Lycopene has a chemopreventive effect against prostate cancer but its role in prostate cancer progression is unknown; many patients increase their intake of lycopene, although there are no evidence-based guidelines to suggest an effect. "( Is there a benefit from lycopene supplementation in men with prostate cancer? A systematic review.
Cantwell, MM; Haseen, F; Murray, LJ; O'Sullivan, JM, 2009)		2.1
"Lycopene pretreatment has significantly improved the oxidant/antioxidant status, which was associated with significant regeneration of the small intestine, and improved monoamines levels."( Lycopene protects the structure of the small intestine against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress.
Eltahawy, NA; Rezk, RG; Saada, HN, 2010)		2.52
"Lycopene has been hypothesized to be responsible for tomato health benefits."( Differential effects of lycopene consumed in tomato paste and lycopene in the form of a purified extract on target genes of cancer prostatic cells.
Caris-Veyrat, C; Georgé, S; Guy, L; Lobaccaro, JM; Lyan, B; Mazur, A; Minet-Quinard, R; Rambeau, M; Rock, E; Talvas, J; Vasson, MP, 2010)		1.39
"Lycopene has protective effects against methanol-induced hepatic injury similar to fomepizole."( Effect of lycopene on caspase-3 enzyme activation in liver of methanol-intoxicated rats: comparison with fomepizole.
Aksoy, N; Atessahin, A; Baba, F; Koksal, M; Kurcer, MA; Kurcer, Z; Ocak, AR; Sahna, E, 2010)		1.48
"Lycopene has been promoted for prostate cancer prevention, despite the inconsistency of scientific evidence."( Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
Ambrosone, CB; King, IB; Kristal, AR; Neuhouser, ML; Platz, EA; Song, X; Thompson, IM; Till, C, 2011)		2.29
"Lycopene has powerful antioxidant capacities and anticarcinogenic properties."( Effects of lycopene and apigenin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro under angiogenic stimulation.
Gümüşlü, S; Sahin, E; Sahin, M, 2012)		1.49
"Lycopene has antioxidant and anticancer effects but its barrier protective effects and underlying mechanism are not fully identified. "( Barrier protective effects of lycopene in human endothelial cells.
Bae, JS; Bae, JW, 2011)		2.1
"Lycopene has potent antioxidant activity but has also been implicated in modulating immune function."( Immune responses of female BALB/c and C57BL/6 neonatal mice to vaccination or intestinal infection are unaltered by exposure to breast milk lycopene.
Adkins, B; Contractor, N, 2011)		1.29
"Lycopene has been shown to be beneficial in protecting against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver. "( Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid, a lycopene metabolite, increases sirtuin 1 mRNA and protein levels and decreases hepatic fat accumulation in ob/ob mice.
Chung, J; Ernst, H; Hu, KQ; Koo, K; Lian, F; Wang, XD, 2012)		2.12
"Lycopene has a low order of acute toxicity and no significant toxicity has been observed in rats treated with lycopene beadlet formulations in the diet at doses of up to 500 mg/kg bw/day for 14 weeks or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 4 weeks."( Summary of safety studies conducted with synthetic lycopene.
Bausch, J; Michael McClain, R, 2003)		1.29
"Lycopene has repeatedly been shown to inhibit the growth of human prostate cells in vitro. "( Lycopene inhibits the growth of normal human prostate epithelial cells in vitro.
Corbacho, AM; Cross, CE; Eiserich, JP; Obermüller-Jevic, UC; Olano-Martin, E; Packer, L; Valacchi, G; van der Vliet, A, 2003)		3.2
"Lycopene has suitable characteristics to be used successfully in the prevention of cutaneous damage by free radicals. "( Antioxidant activity of topically applied lycopene.
Andreassi, L; Andreassi, M; Di Stefano, A; Ettorre, A; Stanghellini, E, 2004)		2.03
"Lycopene has rarely been tested in prospective studies for its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention."( Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women.
Buring, JE; Gaziano, JM; Norkus, EP; Sesso, HD, 2004)		1.5
"Lycopene has been demonstrated to inhibit oxidation."( Safety evaluation of a natural tomato oleoresin extract derived from food-processing tomatoes.
Griffiths, JC; Hood, AM; Matulka, RA, 2004)		1.04
"Lycopene has been shown to have high antioxidative activity."( Effect of lycopene supplementation on lung function after exercise in young athletes who complain of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction symptoms.
Ben-Amotz, A; Falk, B; Gorev, R; Neuman, I; Zigel, L, 2005)		1.45
"Lycopene (lyc) has emerged as a primary candidate for dietary interventions of prostate cancer; however, research regarding its absorption, tissue distribution, and metabolism is limited. "( The biodistribution of a single oral dose of [14C]-lycopene in rats prefed either a control or lycopene-enriched diet.
Erdman, JW; Zaripheh, S, 2005)		2.02
"Lycopene has been associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, although the results of epidemiological studies have varied. "( Lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk: effect modification by plasma antioxidants and the XRCC1 genotype.
Bostick, RM; Goodman, M; Mandel, JS; Taylor, JA; Terry, PD; van Gils, CH; Ward, KC, 2006)		3.22
"Lycopene has been credited with a number of health benefits including a decrease in prostate cancer risk. "( Lycopene differentially induces quiescence and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -independent prostate cancer cell lines.
Brown, P; Cowell, SP; Cox, ME; Guns, ES; Ivanov, NI; Rennie, PS, 2007)		3.23
"Lycopene has been shown to have various biologic effects, and rats and mice are often used for elucidating its in vivo effects and mechanisms. "( Effects of lycopene supplementation on plasma and tissue lycopene levels in various rodent strains.
Chuang, CH; Hu, ML; Huang, CS, 2006)		2.17
"Lycopene has become one of the most interesting antioxidant compounds, especially in relation to human health. "( Lycopene over-accumulation by disruption of the negative regulator gene crgA in Mucor circinelloides.
Navarro, E; Nicolás-Molina, FE; Ruiz-Vázquez, RM, 2008)		3.23
"Lycopene has been shown to inhibit tumor metastasis in vitro, but it is unclear whether lycopene is antimetastatic in vivo. "( Lycopene inhibits experimental metastasis of human hepatoma SK-Hep-1 cells in athymic nude mice.
Hu, ML; Huang, CS; Liao, JW, 2008)		3.23
"Lycopene has unique structural and chemical features that may contribute to specific biological properties."( Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease.
Clinton, SK, 1998)		2.46
"Lycopene has been identified as a phytochemical with potentially protective health benefits."( Carotenoids in human buccal mucosa cells after 4 wk of supplementation with tomato juice or lycopene supplements.
Brown, ED; Clevidence, BA; Paetau, I; Rao, D; Wiley, ER, 1999)		1.97
"Lycopene has previously been shown to have high antioxidative activity. "( Reduction of exercise-induced asthma oxidative stress by lycopene, a natural antioxidant.
Ben-Amotz, A; Nahum, H; Neuman, I, 2000)		1.99
"Lycopene has been known as a potential food component for cancer prevention, since tomato consumption was shown to be associated with reduced risk of certain cancers. "( Acyclic carotenoids and their oxidation mixtures inhibit the growth of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
Hayashi, H; Kotake, M; Miyashita, K; Nagao, A; Nara, E, 2001)		1.75

Actions

Lycopene plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis pathway of 2-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) Lycopene could inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3 cells and enhance their apoptosis in vitro.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lycopene plays an important role in antioxidation, anti-inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism."( Lycopene improves maternal reproductive performance by modulating milk composition and placental antioxidative and immune status.
Bai, Y; Cao, C; Cheng, B; Li, J; Meng, Q; Shan, A; Shi, B; Sun, S, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene did not cause any toxic effect when applied alone."( Lycopene: an antioxidant product reducing dithane toxicity in Allium cepa L.
Çavuşoğlu, K; Kalefetoğlu Macar, T; Macar, O; Yalçın, E; Yapar, K, 2023)		3.07
"Lycopene (LYC) plays beneficial roles in male infertility because of its antioxidant activity."( Role of ROS/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in di-n-butyl phthalate-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition and antagonism of lycopene.
Cui, Y; Du, J; Li, Y; Song, M; Wang, Q; Wu, X; Zhang, J, 2023)		1.84
"Lycopene plays an important role in improving immunity, promoting antioxidant capacity, and regulating fat metabolism. "( Lycopene Modulates Placental Health and Fetal Development Under High-Fat Diet During Pregnancy of Rats.
Cao, C; Cheng, B; Li, J; Meng, Q; Shan, A; Shi, B; Sun, S, 2021)		3.51
"Lycopene plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis pathway of 2-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA). "( [Research progress in multi-enzyme regulation of genetically engineered bacteria producing lycopene].
Huang, H; Jiang, L; Li, S; Xie, C; Xu, J; Xu, X; Zuo, S, 2017)		2.12
"Lycopene could inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3 cells and enhance their apoptosis in vitro. "( Effects of lycopene on ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 in vitro: Suppressed proliferation and enhanced apoptosis.
Hu, H; Li, Y; Xu, J, 2019)		2.35
"Lycopene may inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway thereby reducing the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis post-MI, which could be a key mechanism of lycopene in attenuating ventricular remodeling."( Lycopene attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in post-myocardial infarction remodeling by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway.
Chen, M; He, Q; Tan, G; Xiong, C; Zhou, W, 2015)		2.58
"Lycopene may lower oxidative stress by a mechanism that is not fully elucidated."( Lycopene attenuates dichlorvos-induced oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in rats.
El-Gaaly, GA; El-Saad, AA; Hazani, AA; Ibrahim, MM, 2016)		2.6
"Lycopene promotes the proliferation and reduces the apoptosis of EPCs cultivated in high glucose medium."( [Effect of lycopene on the apoptosis of human peripheral endothelial progenitor cells cultivated in high concentration of glucose].
Huang, S; Li, S; Mu, G; Zeng, X; Zeng, Y, 2012)		1.49
"Lycopene was shown to inhibit the activity of an essential enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis in an in vitro and a small clinical study suggesting a hypocholesterolemic effect."( Lycopene, tomatoes, and the prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rao, AV, 2002)		2.48
"Lycopene exposure can suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent proliferative and survival signalling in androgen-responsive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 cells suggesting that the molecular mechanisms for the cytostatic and cytotoxic actions of lycopene involve induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. "( Lycopene differentially induces quiescence and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -independent prostate cancer cell lines.
Brown, P; Cowell, SP; Cox, ME; Guns, ES; Ivanov, NI; Rennie, PS, 2007)		3.23

Treatment

Lycopene pretreatment ameliorates the MTX induced ovarian injury and infertility in rats. Lycopene treatment suppressed the SPS-induced decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Lycopene pretreatment ameliorates the MTX induced ovarian injury and infertility in rats through its antioxidative activities."( An experimental study on the use of lycopene to prevent infertility due to acute oxidative ovarian damage caused by a single high dose of methotrexate.
Kaplan, S; Mammadov, R; Onat, T; Sunar, M; Turkler, C; Yazici, GN; Yildirim, E, 2020)		2.28
"Lycopene treatment (20 mg/kg, 12 days) also suppressed the SPS-induced decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice."( Lycopene ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors in mice and rebalances the neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in the brain.
Chen, Z; Huang, C; Li, F; Lu, J; Xiang, H; Yuan, X, 2020)		2.72
"Lycopene treatment significantly increased Bax expression (P < 0.0001) and decreased Bcl-2 expression (P < 0.0001) in HeLa cells."( Lycopene sensitizes the cervical cancer cells to cisplatin via targeting nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) pathway
Aktepe, OH; Arik, Z; Güner, G; Şahin, TK; Yalçin, Ş, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene co-treatment successfully reinstated the values of most studied parameters and retrieved a near-control thyroid morphology."( Lycopene ameliorates the effect of Aroclor 1254 on morphology, proliferation, and angiogenesis of the thyroid gland in rat.
Abd-Elsalam, MM; Elkaliny, HH; Ibrahim, MAA, 2021)		2.79
"Lycopene treatment resulted in cell shrinkage and breakage, whose severity increased in a dose and duration dependent manner."( In vitro effects and mechanisms of lycopene in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
Cheng, H; Li, J; Li, YM; Peng, SJ; Qin, XX; Tuo, M; Yu, Q; Zhou, Y, 2017)		1.45
"Lycopene treatment inhibited HGC-27 cells growth by activating ERK."( INHIBITORY EFFECT OF LYCOPENE AGAINST THE GROWTH OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER CELLS.
Bi, T; Jiang, L; Lu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhou, S, 2016)		2.2
"Lycopene treatment down-regulated hepatocyte PCSK-9 expression via down-regulation of HNF-1α, whereas, LDL-receptor (LDL-R) was up-regulated by subsequent up-regulation of SREBP-2."( Lycopene amends LPS induced oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia via modulating PCSK-9 expression and Apo-CIII mediated lipoprotein lipase activity.
Ahmad, MK; Alvi, SS; Ansari, IA; Iqbal, J; Khan, MS, 2017)		2.62
"Lycopene prior treatment proved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against AP rat model via different mechanisms."( Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level by lycopene is comparable to methylprednisolone in acute pancreatitis.
El-Ashmawy, NE; El-Bahrawy, HA; Hamada, OB; Khedr, NF, 2018)		2.15
"Lycopene treatment improved the recovery of neurological functions following SCII and suppressed the neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation at 14 days after SCII. "( Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia Injury via Cyclooxygenase-2 Suppression.
Hua, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Ma, T; Xu, H; Xu, N, 2019)		2.25
"Lycopene treatment led to a 6.8 and a 12.4 fold decrease in type I collagen mRNA levels, in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts, respectively (p < 0.005)."( Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant, significantly reduces the development of the adhesion phenotype.
Abu-Soud, HM; Awonuga, AO; Diamond, MP; Fletcher, NM; Saed, GM; Saed, MG, 2014)		2.57
"Lycopene pretreatment of cardiomyocytes suppressed the activation of calpain(C:272.33 ± 300.46, H/R: 1156.00 ± 212.02, L+H/R: 607.33 ± 166.23, P < 0.05) by reducing the H/R induced increased intracellular ROS levels [C: 100%, H/R: (239.79 ± 27.27)%, L+H/R: (188.19 ± 17.63)%, P < 0.05]."( [Lycopene protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-injury by preventing calpain activation].
Hu, HX; Li, K; Luo, T; Xu, L; Yue, RC; Zhang, S, 2013)		2.02
"Lycopene treatment for 168 consecutive hours exhibited a time-dependent and dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity against these cell lines by arresting the cell cycle at the G0 /G1 phase at physiologically achievable concentrations found in human plasma."( Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of lycopene against three subtypes of human breast cancer cell lines.
Chen, C; Hara, T; Higuchi, T; Nakano, S; Ono, M; Takeshima, M, 2014)		1.37
"Lycopene treatment elevated the level of ROS-in particular, hydroxyl radicals ((•)OH) -which can damage DNA in E."( Lycopene-induced hydroxyl radical causes oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli.
Lee, DG; Lee, W, 2014)		2.57
"Lycopene treatment, especially in the colistin plus lycopene (20 mg/kg) group, significantly downregulated the expression of NF-κB mRNA (P < 0.01) but upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1 mRNA (both P < 0.01) in the kidney compared with the results seen with the colistin group."( Lycopene attenuates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Dai, C; Deng, S; Li, J; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Xiao, X; Zhang, S; Zhou, Y, 2015)		2.58
"The lycopene treatment significantly ameliorated the liver function parameters in BDL rats. "( Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene in acute cholestasis.
Aydin, S; Başaran, AA; Başaran, AN; Doğan, M; Dündar, HZ; Kiliç, M; Özkardeş, AB; Taner, G; Tokaç, M; Yavuz Taşlipinar, M, 2015)		1.24
"Lycopene treatment reduced Aβ1-42 secretion in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the Swedish mutant form of human β-amyloid precursor protein (APPsw)."( Lycopene attenuates Aβ1-42 secretion and its toxicity in human cell and Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer disease.
Chen, W; Fu, X; Huang, D; Huang, L; Li, Q; Mao, L; Pu, Z; Xing, H; Xu, L, 2015)		2.58
"Lycopene treatment suppressed the OVX-induced increase in bone turnover, as indicated by changes in biomarkers of bone metabolism: serum osteocalcin (s-OC), serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (s-PINP), serum crosslinked carboxyterminal telopeptides (s-CTX-1), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (u-DPD)."( Lycopene treatment against loss of bone mass, microarchitecture and strength in relation to regulatory mechanisms in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model.
AlNosani, NM; Ardawi, JMS; Ardawi, MM; Badawoud, MH; Hassan, SM; Mousa, SA; Qari, MH; Rouzi, AA, 2016)		2.6
"Lycopene treatment (1 μM) before reoxygenation significantly reduced cardiomyocyte death induced by H/R. "( Intravenous Administration of Lycopene, a Tomato Extract, Protects against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
Delplancke, T; Li, J; Peng, C; Qi, H; Tong, C; Wang, L; Xu, P; Yang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2016)		2.17
"Lycopene treatment suppressed Akt activation and non-phosphorylated beta-catenin protein level in human colon cancer cells."( Lycopene inhibits growth of human colon cancer cells via suppression of the Akt signaling pathway.
Chen, HJ; Cheng, LH; Ho, HJ; Shih, CJ; Tang, FY, 2008)		2.51
"Lycopene pretreatment (1, 5 and 10microg/ml) significantly decreased the frequency of MN, DC and translocation when compared with gamma-radiation control."( Lycopene: An antioxidant and radioprotector against gamma-radiation-induced cellular damages in cultured human lymphocytes.
Devipriya, N; Kalpana, KB; Menon, VP; Srinivasan, M, 2009)		2.52
"Lycopene treatment restored the enzyme activities but not the reduced glutathione level."( Lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid, attenuates testicular injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Aral, F; Atessahin, A; Baba, F; Hekimoglu, A; Kurcer, Z; Sahna, E, 2009)		2.52
"Lycopene pretreatment has significantly improved the oxidant/antioxidant status, which was associated with significant regeneration of the small intestine, and improved monoamines levels."( Lycopene protects the structure of the small intestine against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress.
Eltahawy, NA; Rezk, RG; Saada, HN, 2010)		2.52
"Lycopene pre-treatment boosted the antioxidant defense in group IV."( Lycopene mediated modulation of 7,12 Dimethlybenz (a) anthracene induced hepatic clastogenicity in male Balb/c mice.
Arora, N; Koul, A; Tanwar, L, )		2.3
"Lycopene treatment significantly decreased the incidence of 4-NQO induced tongue carcinogenesis. "( Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the chemopreventive role of lycopene in tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide.
El-Rouby, DH, 2011)		2.04
"Lycopene treatment also prevented release of cytochrome c from mitochondria."( Protective effect of lycopene on oxidative stress and cognitive decline in rotenone induced model of Parkinson's disease.
Chauhan, S; Kaur, H; Sandhir, R, 2011)		1.41
"Lycopene pre-treatment resulted in a significant inhibition of CSE-induced IL-8 expression at both mRNA and protein levels."( Lycopene inhibits NF-kB-mediated IL-8 expression and changes redox and PPARγ signalling in cigarette smoke-stimulated macrophages.
Boehm, V; Catalano, A; Froehlich, K; Monego, G; Palozza, P; Russo, M; Simone, RE, 2011)		2.53
"Lycopene pretreatment improved cell viability in TMT-treated hippocampal neurons and inhibited neuronal apoptosis."( Lycopene protects against trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Chen, C; Chu, F; Li, L; Li, M; Liu, C; Pei, L; Qu, M; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, G; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2011)		2.53
"Lycopene pretreatment provided a marked normalization in these parameters."( Mitochondrial dysfunction induced impairment of spermatogenesis in LPS-treated rats: modulatory role of lycopene.
Aly, HA; Banjar, ZM; El-Beshbishy, HA, 2012)		1.31
"Lycopene treatment reversed all these biochemical indices."( Lycopene inhibits caspase-3 activity and reduces oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury.
Cetinel, S; Cevik, O; Kaya, OT; Macit, C; Oba, R; Sener, E; Sener, G, 2012)		2.54
"Lycopene treatments induced RARE-mediated cell signalling indicated by quantified bioimaging, increased luciferase activity and up-regulated the retinoid target genes in selected organs of the mice. "( Lycopene induces retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activation in mice.
Aydemir, G; Blomhoff, R; Carlsen, H; Rühl, R, 2012)		3.26
"Lycopene pretreatment of cardiomyocytes suppressed the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibiting the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels caused by H/R."( Lycopene protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in primary neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes.
Hu, H; Li, K; Luo, T; Xu, L; Yiu, KH; Yu, Z; Yue, R; Zhang, S; Zhou, Z, 2012)		2.54
"Lycopene treatment resulted in preservation of the myocardial antioxidant status and altered hemodynamic parameters as compared to control I-R group."( Cardioprotective effect of lycopene in the experimental model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Arya, DS; Bansal, P; Gupta, SK; Kumari, S; Mittal, R; Nandave, M; Ojha, SK, 2006)		1.35
"Lycopene treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in HL-60 cell growth as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell counting."( Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells.
Amir, H; Danilenko, M; Giat, J; Karas, M; Levy, J; Levy, R; Sharoni, Y; Yermiahu, T, 1999)		2.47
"Lycopene treatment markedly reduced the IGF-I stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and binding capacity of the AP-1 transcription complex."( Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells.
Amir, H; Danilenko, M; Fishman, D; Giat, Y; Karas, M; Koifmann, A; Levy, J; Nahum, A; Segal, S; Sharoni, Y, 2000)		2.47
"Lycopene treatment decreased serum-induced phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and related pocket proteins."( Lycopene inhibition of cell cycle progression in breast and endometrial cancer cells is associated with reduction in cyclin D levels and retention of p27(Kip1) in the cyclin E-cdk2 complexes.
Danilenko, M; Hirsch, K; Levy, J; Nahum, A; Prall, OW; Sharoni, Y; Watts, CK, 2001)		2.47
"Treatment with lycopene reduced lipid concentrations, normalized lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, augmented nitric oxide concentration and IL-10 messenger RNA transcripts, and attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators."( Inhibition of fat accumulation, lipid dysmetabolism, cardiac inflammation, and improved nitric oxide signalling mediate the protective effects of lycopene against cardio-metabolic disorder in obese female rats.
Dosumu, OA; Ezenandu, EO; Graham, RE; James, AS; Thomas, FC; Ugbaja, RN; Ugwor, EI, 2022)		1.26
"The treatment with lycopene or Se alone significantly increased testis weight and testosterone levels, reduced apoptosis and caspase-3 expression, improved the tubular organization, decreased HIF-1α positivity of Leydig cells, and restored its tubular positivity."( Positive Effects of the Nutraceutical Association of Lycopene and Selenium in Experimental Varicocele.
Antonuccio, P; Freni, J; Irrera, N; Mannino, F; Marini, HR; Micali, A; Minutoli, L; Pallio, G; Pirrotta, I; Puzzolo, D; Romeo, C; Scarfone, A, 2023)		1.48
"Treatment with lycopene led to improvement in the symptoms of OSMF in the present study. "( Long-term effectiveness of lycopene in the management of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF): A 3-years follow-up study.
Arakeri, G; Brennan, PA; Gao, S; Maddur, N; Patil, S; Rao Us, V; Subash, A, 2020)		1.21
"Treatment with lycopene significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevated lipid contents and activities of neuronal enzymes, alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation, while improving the histology of the brain, in a dose-dependent manner."( Lycopene abrogates obesity-provoked hyperactivity of neurosignalling enzymes, oxidative stress and hypothalamic inflammation in female Wistar rats.
Dosumu, OA; Ezenandu, EO; James, AS; Kosoko, AM; Thomas, FC; Ugbaja, RN; Ugwor, EI, 2021)		2.4
"Pretreatment with lycopene (4 mg/kg/day) significantly prevented the decrease in the absolute testes weight and relative testes weight and the reduction in sperm count, motility, viability, and daily sperm production in gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day)-treated rats."( Testicular toxicity of gentamicin in adult rats: Ameliorative effect of lycopene.
Aly, H, 2019)		1.07
"Pretreatment of lycopene also offers protection against the DNA damage and confirms the antioxidant nature of the phytonutreint against experimental hepatitis."( Effect of lycopene on oxidative stress induced during D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-sensitized liver injury in rats.
Sheik Abdulazeez, S; Thiruvengadam, D, 2013)		1.13
"Treatment with lycopene increased the EF from 45.2 ± 3.12 % to 51.1 ± 4.63, and it decreased the LVEDd from 6.52 ± 0.37 mm to 6.18 ± 0.41 mm and the LVESd from 4.29 ± 0.63 to 3.94 ± 0.37 at 28 days post-myocardial infarction."( Protective effect of lycopene on cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction in rats via the modulation of p38 and MMP-9.
Cao, H; Chen, H; Gu, Y; Huang, C; Lv, H; Tang, Y; Wang, X, 2014)		1.06
"Pretreatment with lycopene at various doses significantly delayed tumour formation and growth."( Chemomodulatory efficacy of lycopene on antioxidant enzymes and carcinogen-induced cutaneum carcinoma in mice.
Chen, W; Fan, F; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Lu, Y; Pei, C; Ruan, J; Shan, Y; Shen, C; Tao, L; Tian, C; Wang, A; Wang, S; Wu, H; Zheng, S; Zhou, L, 2014)		1.02
"Mice treated with lycopene/ZEA exhibited amelioration of the hematological changes."( Lycopene protects against acute zearalenone-induced oxidative, endocrine, inflammatory and reproductive damages in male mice.
Boeira, SP; Borges Filho, C; de Gomes, MG; Del'Fabbro, L; Donato, F; Funck, VR; Furian, AF; Jesse, CR; Oliveira, MS; Royes, LF, 2015)		2.18
"Treatment with lycopene evidenced sententious physiological protection when scrutinized for pH, acidity (total and free), volume of gastric juices and esophagitis index. "( Effect of lycopene against gastroesophageal reflux disease in experimental animals.
Gautam, S; Giri, AK; Kaithwas, G; Rawat, JK; Singh, M, 2015)		1.17
"Treatment with lycopene or its metabolite, apo-10-lycopenal, also increased bco2 expression and reduced cell proliferation in androgen-sensitive cell lines, but lycopene neither altered bco2 expression nor cell growth in androgen-resistant cells."( Mitochondrial β-Carotene 9',10' Oxygenase Modulates Prostate Cancer Growth via NF-κB Inhibition: A Lycopene-Independent Function.
Gong, X; Marisiddaiah, R; Rubin, LP; Wiener, D; Zaripheh, S, 2016)		0.99
"Treatment with lycopene at a dose of >10 µM for >24 h inhibited the growth of FaDu and Cal27 cells in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner."( Lycopene inhibits the cell proliferation and invasion of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Huang, J; Wu, Q; Ye, M; Zhang, M, 2016)		2.22
"Treatment with lycopene increased the motility in bilateral testes and decreased the rate of abnormal sperm in ipsilateral testis to the sham level, but did not increase sperm concentration in bilateral testes."( Lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid, attenuates testicular injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Aral, F; Atessahin, A; Baba, F; Hekimoglu, A; Kurcer, Z; Sahna, E, 2009)		2.14
"The treatment with lycopene (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) and EGCG (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly improved memory and restored glutathione system functioning."( Effect of lycopene and epigallocatechin-3-gallate against 3-nitropropionic acid induced cognitive dysfunction and glutathione depletion in rat: a novel nitric oxide mechanism.
Kumar, A; Kumar, P, 2009)		1.07
"Treatment with lycopene, synbiotic or their combination significantly increased apoptosis, reduced the PCNA and p53 labeling indexes and the development of classical ACF and mucin-negative ACF."( Effects of lycopene, synbiotic and their association on early biomarkers of rat colon carcinogenesis.
Barbisan, LF; Dias, MC; Gomes, MI; Rodrigues, MA; Salvadori, DM; Vieiralves, NF, 2010)		1.09
"Pretreatment with lycopene and/or fomepizole decreased the MDA levels significantly."( Effect of lycopene on caspase-3 enzyme activation in liver of methanol-intoxicated rats: comparison with fomepizole.
Aksoy, N; Atessahin, A; Baba, F; Koksal, M; Kurcer, MA; Kurcer, Z; Ocak, AR; Sahna, E, 2010)		1.09
"Pretreatment with lycopene showed normal sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) level, antioxidant defenses and TCA enzyme activities."( Mitochondrial dysfunction induced impairment of spermatogenesis in LPS-treated rats: modulatory role of lycopene.
Aly, HA; Banjar, ZM; El-Beshbishy, HA, 2012)		0.92
"Treatment of lycopene improved hepatic steatosis in high-fat-fed mice and reduced intracellular lipid accumulation induced by SA in Hepa 1-6 cells."( Lycopene inhibits hepatic steatosis via microRNA-21-induced downregulation of fatty acid-binding protein 7 in mice fed a high-fat diet.
Ahn, J; Ha, T; Jung, CH; Lee, H, 2012)		2.17
"Oral treatment with lycopene (per os) in doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks led to accumulation of lycopene in the liver, liver microsomes, and blood plasma, increased total plasma antioxidant activity, inhibited LPO in the liver, and decreased solubilization of lysosomal enzymes. "( Antioxidant status of rats receiving lycopene in different doses.
Avren'eva, LI; Beketova, NA; Deryagina, VP; Kravchenko, LV; Morozov, SV; Tutel'yan, VA, 2003)		0.92
"Pre-treatment with lycopene produced amelioration in biochemical indices of nephrotoxicity in plasma."( Protective effect of lycopene on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats.
Ateşşahin, A; Ceribaşi, AO; Karahan, I; Sakin, F; Yilmaz, S, 2005)		0.97
"Cell treatment with lycopene and atRA inhibited IGF-I-stimulated cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase and decreased retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation."( Lycopene inhibition of IGF-induced cancer cell growth depends on the level of cyclin D1.
Danilenko, M; Levy, J; Nahum, A; Prall, OW; Sharoni, Y; Sutherland, RL; Watts, CK; Zeller, L, 2006)		2.09
"Pretreatment with lycopene restored significantly malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione concentrations."( Lycopene prevents adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity in rats.
Ateşşahin, A; Bulmuş, O; Ceribaşi, AO; Karahan, I; Türk, G; Yilmaz, S, 2006)		2.1
"Pretreatment with lycopene (1.86, 9.31 and 18.62 microM) showed a significant decrease in the levels of TBARS and DNA damage."( Lycopene as a natural protector against gamma-radiation induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in primary culture of isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro.
Kumar, PR; Menon, VP; Pillai, KR; Srinivasan, M; Sudhakaran, PR; Sudheer, AR, 2007)		2.11
"Treatment with lycopene (10 microM) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production (40% compared with the control)."( Lycopene inhibits LPS-induced proinflammatory mediator inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse macrophage cells.
Rafi, MM; Reyes, M; Yadav, PN, 2007)		2.12

Toxicity

Lycopene has a good therapeutic effect on BPH with LUTS. Tomato oleoresin that contains high amounts of Z-isomers of lycopene prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide can be considered as safe for human consumption.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Arachidonic acid (AA) was shown to be toxic to HepG2 cells expressing cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) because of oxidative stress."( Lycopene attenuates arachidonic acid toxicity in HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2E1.
Leo, MA; Lieber, CS; Xu, Y, 2003)		1.76
" In humans, there is a very long history of use with respect to dietary exposure, and even in the case of very high exposures from dietary sources, there is no indication of any significant adverse effects."( Summary of safety studies conducted with synthetic lycopene.
Bausch, J; Michael McClain, R, 2003)		0.57
" This study was undertaken to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the antioxidants beta-carotene and lycopene inhibit AFB1-induced toxic changes in human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells)."( Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells inhibited by carotenoids: morphology, apoptosis and DNA damage.
Bhoola, K; Odhav, B; Reddy, L, 2006)		0.54
"Modulation by lycopene of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-induced toxic effects, metabolism, and metabolic activations was studied in young F344 rats."( Modulation of aflatoxin toxicity and biomarkers by lycopene in F344 rats.
Ding, X; Guan, H; Tang, L; Wang, JS, 2007)		0.95
" Likewise, no treatment-related or dose-related toxic effect was found in hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, blood coagulation, organ weight, gross observation or histopathology."( Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity study of lycopene from recombinant Escherichia coli in rats.
Chen, YT; Chen-Pan, C; Chiou, MH; Du, CJ; Jian, WC; Lin, CN; Wu, MC, 2008)		0.61
" On the contrary, there was a significantly higher incidence of adverse effects like preterm labor (10."( Trial of lycopene to prevent pre-eclampsia in healthy primigravidas: results show some adverse effects.
Banerjee, S; Guleria, R; Jeyaseelan, S, 2009)		0.77
" Rather, there is an increased incidence of the adverse effects of preterm labor and low birthweight babies."( Trial of lycopene to prevent pre-eclampsia in healthy primigravidas: results show some adverse effects.
Banerjee, S; Guleria, R; Jeyaseelan, S, 2009)		0.77
" Moreover, the spray of both the brassinosteroids (HBL/EBL) were found very effective in neutralizing the adverse effects generated by metals that reflect in better photosynthetic performance by the cultivars."( Brassinosteroids protect Lycopersicon esculentum from cadmium toxicity applied as shotgun approach.
Ahmad, A; Hasan, SA; Hayat, Q; Hayat, S, 2010)		0.36
"In this study, the toxic effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) on sperm morphology, testicular histology and blood oxidant-antioxidant balance, and protective roles of lycopene (LC) and ellagic acid (EA) were investigated."( Toxic effect of cyclophosphamide on sperm morphology, testicular histology and blood oxidant-antioxidant balance, and protective roles of lycopene and ellagic acid.
Ateşşahin, A; Ceribaşi, AO; Sakin, F; Sönmez, M; Türk, G, 2010)		0.76
"Lycopene administration could minimize the toxic effects of fluoride indicating its free-radical scavenging and powerful anti-oxidant activities."( Efficacy of lycopene against fluoride toxicity in rats.
Mansour, HH; Tawfik, SS, 2012)		2.2
" However, the administration of lycopene prevented malathion-induced toxic effects."( Toxic effects of malathion in carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio: protective role of lycopene.
Yonar, SM, 2013)		0.9
"Because of the widespread use of dichlorvos (DDVP) for domestic applications, evaluation of their toxic effects is of major concern to public health."( Lycopene attenuates dichlorvos-induced oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in rats.
El-Gaaly, GA; El-Saad, AA; Hazani, AA; Ibrahim, MM, 2016)		1.88
" Cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450s) is responsible for the biotransformation of toxic substances."( Lycopene protects against atrazine-induced hepatotoxicity through modifications of cytochrome P450 enzyme system in microsomes.
Du, ZH; Guo, JA; Han, ZX; Li, JL; Lin, J; Xia, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, SY, 2016)		1.88
" Our results indicate that lycopene appears to be highly effective in relieving the toxic effects of MSG by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inducing modifications in the activity of cholinesterase and antioxidant pathways."( Lycopene modulates cholinergic dysfunction, Bcl-2/Bax balance, and antioxidant enzymes gene transcripts in monosodium glutamate (E621) induced neurotoxicity in a rat model.
Abouzed, T; Nasr, S; Sadek, K, 2016)		2.17
"Based on our findings and as supported by its long history of consumption, tomato oleoresin that contains high amounts of Z-isomers of lycopene prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide can be considered as safe for human consumption."( Safety assessment of a natural tomato oleoresin containing high amounts of Z-isomers of lycopene prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide.
Fukaya, T; Higashiura, T; Honda, M, 2017)		0.88
" The current study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a freshwater fish, and the alleviating effects of lycopene on the induced toxicity."( Endosulfan toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the use of lycopene as an ameliorative agent.
Ahmed, MM; Bedawy, AM; El-Murr, A; Elsadaawy, HA; Hussein, MMA; Saadeldin, IM; Swelum, AA; Tukur, HA, 2019)		0.93
"Pyrene is one of the major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during heat treatment of meat and in car exhausts; however, few studies have investigated pyrene-induced adverse effects on human cell lines."( Effects of Pyrene on Human Liver HepG2 Cells: Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Transcriptomic Changes in Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes and Inflammatory Markers with Protection Trial Using Lycopene.
El-Ghareeb, WR; Elhelaly, AE; Huang, XC; Khedr, MHE; Li, X; Ma, JK; Saad Eldin, WF, 2019)		0.7
" At 8 and 16 weeks of medication, we compared the IPSS, quality of life (QOL) score, prostate volume, PSA level, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) and the incidence of adverse reactions before and after treatment."( [Efficacy and safety of lycopene in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms].
Li, YZ; Liang, WN; Shang, XJ; Weng, ZQ; Xu, S; Zhang, GW; Zhong, Y, 2019)		0.82
"05), and no adverse reactions in any of the patients."( [Efficacy and safety of lycopene in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms].
Li, YZ; Liang, WN; Shang, XJ; Weng, ZQ; Xu, S; Zhang, GW; Zhong, Y, 2019)		0.82
"Lycopene has a good therapeutic effect on BPH with LUTS, which can significantly improve the patients' quality of life without causing adverse reactions."( [Efficacy and safety of lycopene in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms].
Li, YZ; Liang, WN; Shang, XJ; Weng, ZQ; Xu, S; Zhang, GW; Zhong, Y, 2019)		2.26
" Therefore, LYC dietary supplement possesses liver protective function against exogenous toxic compounds like SMZ, making LYC a functional aquatic feed ingredient for aquiculture."( Lycopene alleviates sulfamethoxazole-induced hepatotoxicity in grass carp (
Guo, M; Mu, M; Wang, Y; Xing, M; Yu, H; Zhao, H, 2020)		2
" To investigate the toxic effects of the lycopene-mediated AgNPs on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to examine these effects on the embryonic development of the fetus of this species."( Cytotoxicity of lycopene-mediated silver nanoparticles in the embryonic development of zebrafish-An animal study.
Garapati, B; Malaiappan, S; Murthykumar, K; Rajeshkumar, S, 2022)		1.33
" Lycopene did not cause any toxic effect when applied alone."( Lycopene: an antioxidant product reducing dithane toxicity in Allium cepa L.
Çavuşoğlu, K; Kalefetoğlu Macar, T; Macar, O; Yalçın, E; Yapar, K, 2023)		3.26

Pharmacokinetics

lycopene was delivered as a tomato beverage formulation in five graded doses (10, 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg) The mean half-life was 36 h and the plasma systemic exposure levels (AUC(0-)( infinity ) after the 30 and 50 mg/kg BW doses were similar.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A physiological pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of lycopene, delivered as a tomato beverage formulation in five graded doses (10, 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg), for a phase I study in healthy male subjects (five per dose)."( A physiological pharmacokinetic model describing the disposition of lycopene in healthy men.
Bowen, PE; Crowell, JA; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V; Gustin, DM; Novotny, JA; Rodvold, KA; Sosman, JA; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M, 2003)		0.78
" After single doses of 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) lycopene to 2 dogs/dose, the mean half-life was 36 h and the plasma systemic exposure levels (AUC(0-)( infinity ), area under the curve) after the 30 and 50 mg/kg BW doses were similar."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of orally administered lycopene in male dogs.
Bowen, PE; Crowell, JA; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V; Korytko, PJ; Levine, BS; Rodvold, KA; Schalch, W; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M, 2003)		0.8
"This report details the findings of a single-dose Phase I pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of a food-based formulation of lycopene in healthy adult male subjects."( Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of lycopene delivered in a well-defined food-based lycopene delivery system (tomato paste-oil mixture) in healthy adult male subjects.
Bowen, PE; Crowell, JA; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V; Gustin, DM; Murray, J; Rodvold, KA; Sosman, JA; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Tiller, P; Viana, M, 2004)		0.8
" The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of crocetin in healthy adult subjects."( The pharmacokinetic profile of crocetin in healthy adult human volunteers after a single oral administration.
Antonio, LS; Morikawa, H; Murakami, K; Nakano, T; Shirotori, M; Ulit, MV; Umigai, N, 2011)		0.37

Compound-Compound Interactions

lycopene combined with quercetin and curcumin is more effective than any of the three drugs used alone in the treatment of CP/CPPS. Lycopene may be associated with its alleviation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress by interaction between the NF-κB, MAPKs and Nrf2 signaling pathways.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study was conducted to determine the effect of tomato lycopene alone, or in combination with other natural antioxidants, on LDL oxidation."( Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic.
Aviram, M; Fuhrman, B; Rosenblat, M; Volkova, N, 2000)		1.99
" We aimed to investigate the effects of lycopene (Lyc) alone or combined with melatonin (Mel) on Mtx- induced nephrotoxicity since both of these agents have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects."( Effects of Lycopene Alone or Combined with Melatonin on Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.
Aksoy, N; Kocarslan, S; Oguz, E; Sezen, H; Tabur, S; Yilmaz, Z, 2015)		1.07
" Combined with the metabolites-analyzing results, a model was then established and suggested that the reduction in proton pump activity is the key factor for the low citrate accumulation and the comprehensive metabolite alterations as well in 'HAL'."( Citrate Accumulation-Related Gene Expression and/or Enzyme Activity Analysis Combined With Metabolomics Provide a Novel Insight for an Orange Mutant.
Guo, LX; Jing, LF; Liu, X; Liu, YZ; Ning, DY; Shi, CY; Yang, H, 2016)		0.43
" This study aims to test the hypothesis that Sarcandra glabra combined with lycopene protect rats from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI)."( Sarcandra glabra combined with lycopene protect rats from lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury via reducing inflammatory response.
Chen, SB; Liu, TY, 2016)		0.95
"To study the therapeutic effect of lycopene combined with quercetin and curcumin on chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in rats and its underlying mechanism."( [Lycopene combined with quercetin and curcumin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in rats: Effect and mechanism].
Chen, D; Xing, NZ; Yang, FY; Zhao, QX, 2021)		1.81
" Conclusions: Lycopene combined with quercetin and curcumin is more effective than any of the three drugs used alone in the treatment of CP/CPPS, which may be associated with its alleviation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress by interaction between the NF-κB, MAPKs and Nrf2 signaling pathways."( [Lycopene combined with quercetin and curcumin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in rats: Effect and mechanism].
Chen, D; Xing, NZ; Yang, FY; Zhao, QX, 2021)		1.89

Bioavailability

Lycopene is claimed to have numerous physiological benefits, but its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability limit its application in functional foods and health care products. Study is intended to enhance oral bioavailability of lycopene by controlling its release from micro-formulation and facilitating its absorption though lymphatic pathways.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The results suggest that, at the doses given, a concurrent oral canthaxanthin dose has a specific antagonistic effect on the bioavailability of a beta-carotene dose in ferrets."( Interactions of oral beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in ferrets.
Bierer, TL; Erdman, JW; Gugger, ET; Peck, KM; White, WS, 1993)		0.29
" The major sources of lycopene for the human are tomatoes and tomato products, and bioavailability from different food items varies considerably."( Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans?
Sies, H; Stahl, W, 1996)		2.05
"Lycopene bioavailability from a single dose of fresh tomatoes or tomato paste (23 mg lycopene) ingested together with 15 g corn oil was compared by analyzing carotenoid concentrations in the chylomicron fraction."( Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes.
Gärtner, C; Sies, H; Stahl, W, 1997)		3.18
"The pharmacokinetics of dietary capsanthin was measured in four male volunteers to assess the bioavailability of oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls)."( Accumulation and clearance of capsanthin in blood plasma after the ingestion of paprika juice in men.
Ishiguro, Y; Oshima, S; Sakamoto, H; Terao, J, 1997)		0.3
" Dietary lycopene is absorbed and distributed in the human organism, but its bioavailability depends on various factors such as food processing or coingestion of fat."( Lycopene: antioxidant and biological effects and its bioavailability in the human.
Sies, H; Stahl, W, 1998)		2.16
"The bioavailability of lycopene from tomato juice and 2 dietary supplements, each containing 70-75 mg lycopene, was studied in 15 healthy volunteers in a randomized, crossover design."( Chronic ingestion of lycopene-rich tomato juice or lycopene supplements significantly increases plasma concentrations of lycopene and related tomato carotenoids in humans.
Beecher, GR; Brown, ED; Chittams, J; Clevidence, BA; Khachik, F; Kramer, TR; Paetau, I, 1998)		0.93
" In general, absorption depends on bioavailability from the food matrix and solubility in micelles."( [Carotenoids: 1. Metabolism and physiology].
Faure, H; Fayol, V; Galabert, C; Grolier, P; Le Moël, G; Nabet, F; Steghens, JP; Van Kappel, A, )		0.13
", the consumption of 330 mL of carotenoid-rich vegetable juices caused significant changes in the plasma carotenoid concentrations, indicating a high bioavailability of carotenoids from these processed vegetable products."( Plasma concentrations of carotenoids in healthy volunteers after intervention with carotenoid-rich foods.
Bub, A; Müller, H; Rechkemmer, G; Watzl, B, 1999)		0.3
"Egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin."( Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk.
Blumberg, JB; Handelman, GJ; Lichtenstein, AH; Nightingale, ZD; Schaefer, EJ, 1999)		0.3
"The bioavailability of carotenoids has been investigated in animal studies as well as in human studies, so far mostly for beta-carotene."( Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma.
Bitsch, R; Böhm, V, 1999)		0.61
"The bioavailability of lycopene varied significantly depending on the administered matrix."( Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma.
Bitsch, R; Böhm, V, 1999)		0.92
"Dietary fiber may be partly responsible for the lower bioavailability of carotenoids from food than from purified supplements."( Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women.
Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)		0.3
" The significance of the increase in lycopene following dietary supplementation with respect to bioavailability and the causes of isomerization are discussed."( Isomerization of dietary lycopene during assimilation and transport in plasma.
Bramley, PM; Holloway, DE; Paganga, G; Rice-Evans, CA; Yang, M, 2000)		0.88
" Lycopene bioavailability (absorption) can be influenced by many factors."( Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing.
Le Maguer, M; Shi, J, 2000)		2.66
"These results indicate that dietary fiber supplementation decreases the antioxidative effect of a supplement consisting of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol in LDL, an effect that is likely to be mediated by a reduced bioavailability of these antioxidants in the gut."( Dietary fiber reduces the antioxidative effect of a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture on LDL oxidation ex vivo in humans.
Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)		0.3
" Little is known about the effect of dietary fat on the bioavailability of these compounds."( Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans.
Leenen, R; Roodenburg, AJ; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; Weststrate, JA, 2000)		0.31
"Tomatoes are the main dietary source of lycopene, and the bioavailability of lycopene from tomato paste is higher than that from fresh tomatoes."( Carotenoid bioavailability in humans from tomatoes processed in different ways determined from the carotenoid response in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction of plasma after a single consumption and in plasma after four days of consumption.
de Boer, BC; Hautvast, JG; Lucius, BR; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA; Zijp, I, 2000)		0.57
" This possibility has been studied extensively, by epidemiological studies and biochemical investigations of its properties and its bioavailability from tomato-based diets."( Is lycopene beneficial to human health?
Bramley, PM, 2000)		0.93
" Lycopene was not as well absorbed as AST."( A comparison of lycopene and astaxanthin absorption from corn oil and olive oil emulsions.
Clark, RM; Furr, HC; She, L; Yao, L, 2000)		1.56
" Lycopene bioavailability (absorption) can be influenced by many factors."( Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing.
Le Maguer, M; Shi, J, 2000)		2.66
"Lycopene from fresh and unprocessed tomatoes is poorly absorbed by humans."( A food-based formulation provides lycopene with the same bioavailability to humans as that from tomato paste.
Applegate, LA; Baur, M; Bortlik, K; Hager, C; Lambelet, P; Liardet, S; Offord, EA; Richelle, M, 2002)		2.04
" Food processing does not seem to reduce the benefits but may, in fact, enhance the bioavailability of beneficial components."( Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk.
Bahnson, R; Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Giovannucci, E; Miller, EC; Schwartz, SJ, 2002)		0.65
" Because the concentration and bioavailability of lycopene vary greatly across the various food items, dietary questionnaires vary markedly in their usefulness of estimating the true variation in tissue lycopene concentrations across individuals."( A review of epidemiologic studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer.
Giovannucci, E, 2002)		0.82
" The processing of tomatoes may significantly affect the bioavailability of these nutrients."( Tomatoes and cardiovascular health.
Catignani, GL; Lazarus, S; Willcox, JK, 2003)		0.32
" Dietary fat and energy may affect intake and bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols, and these micronutrient levels in turn can contribute to the antioxidant capacity of plasma."( Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and antioxidant capacity in a 12-week intervention study to reduce fat and/or energy intakes.
Djuric, Z; Heilbrun, LK; Lababidi, S; Macha, S; Naegeli, L; Uhley, VE, 2003)		0.32
" Assessment of bioavailability of lycopene from foods has been limited to tomato products, in which heat processing promotes lycopene bioavailability."( Consumption of watermelon juice increases plasma concentrations of lycopene and beta-carotene in humans.
Baker, RA; Brown, ED; Clevidence, BA; Collins, JK; Edwards, AJ; Perkins-Veazie, P; Vinyard, BT; Wiley, ER, 2003)		0.83
" The very small transfer of carotenoids from their vegetable matrices to micelles explains the poor bioavailability of these phytomicroconstituents."( Processing of vegetable-borne carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum.
Armand, M; Borel, P; Bouteloup-Demange, C; Dumas, JF; Marcand, J; Reboul, E; Sallas, M; Tyssandier, V, 2003)		0.32
" However, the data concerning the bioavailability of carotenoids in the elderly are scarce."( Comparison of the postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects.
Borel, P; Bouteloup-Demange, C; Cardinault, N; Grolier, P; Ribalta, J; Rock, E; Tyssandier, V; Winklhofer-Roob, BM, 2003)		0.32
"The bioavailability of lycopene is apparently impaired in the old,while there is no major difference in the bioavailability of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and probably lutein."( Comparison of the postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects.
Borel, P; Bouteloup-Demange, C; Cardinault, N; Grolier, P; Ribalta, J; Rock, E; Tyssandier, V; Winklhofer-Roob, BM, 2003)		0.63
"Two crossover studies in humans attempted to compare the relative bioavailability of lycopene and beta-carotene from tomato paste to a genetically selected lycopene red carrot during chronic feeding."( Lycopene and beta-carotene are bioavailable from lycopene 'red' carrots in humans.
Horvitz, MA; Simon, PW; Tanumihardjo, SA, 2004)		1.99
" The bioavailability of these compounds is an essential requirement to sustain their in vivo role."( Effect of domestic cooking on human bioavailability of naringenin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene and beta-carotene in cherry tomatoes.
Azzini, E; Bugianesi, R; Catasta, G; Ferracane, R; Leonardi, C; Maiani, G; Salucci, M, 2004)		0.55
"This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of domestic cooking on the bioavailability in humans of antioxidant molecules after the administration of a test meal containing cherry tomatoes."( Effect of domestic cooking on human bioavailability of naringenin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene and beta-carotene in cherry tomatoes.
Azzini, E; Bugianesi, R; Catasta, G; Ferracane, R; Leonardi, C; Maiani, G; Salucci, M, 2004)		0.55
" Considering that both naringenin and chlorogenic acid are widely studied for their potential healthy properties, evidence of their bioavailability and of the factors influencing their bioaccessibility is an important tool to sustain the possibility that these polyphenols play a biological role in human physiology."( Effect of domestic cooking on human bioavailability of naringenin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene and beta-carotene in cherry tomatoes.
Azzini, E; Bugianesi, R; Catasta, G; Ferracane, R; Leonardi, C; Maiani, G; Salucci, M, 2004)		0.55
" The study aim was to evaluate the effects of a long-term tomato-rich diet, consisting of various processed tomato products, on bioavailability and antioxidant properties of lycopene."( Processed tomato products as a source of dietary lycopene: bioavailability and antioxidant properties.
Rao, AV, 2004)		0.77
" Carotenoid bioavailability in humans was assessed by measuring chylomicron carotenoid responses in a postprandial experiment in which 8 healthy men consumed 2 meals containing either the ETP or the CTP."( Enrichment of tomato paste with 6% tomato peel increases lycopene and beta-carotene bioavailability in men.
Abou, L; Amiot, MJ; Borel, P; Caris-Veyrat, C; Charbonnier, M; Goupy, P; Lairon, D; Mikail, C; Portugal, H; Reboul, E, 2005)		0.57
"Current knowledge of the bioavailability of lycopene in humans is limited due to the inability to distinguish newly administered lycopene from the body reserves of lycopene."( Bioavailability of synthetic and biosynthetic deuterated lycopene in humans.
Dolnikowski, GG; Ferreira, AL; Grusak, MA; Krinsky, NI; Qin, J; Russell, RM; Tang, G, 2005)		0.83
"e how a food is prepared and consumed) in determining the bioavailability of dietary carotenoids such as lycopene."( Increases in plasma lycopene concentration after consumption of tomatoes cooked with olive oil.
Cooper, P; Fielding, JM; O' Dea, K; Rowley, KG, 2005)		0.87
" Great differences emerge as far as ingested doses, bioavailability and liver ability to accumulate the various compounds."( Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health.
Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Morisco, F; Vitaglione, P, 2004)		0.32
" Lycopene is not destroyed during food processing, moreover its bioavailability improves."( [Lycopene--a natural antioxidant].
Bánhegyi, G, 2005)		2.15
" In this study, the bioavailability and metabolism of lycopene from 2 dietary supplements were compared."( Novel lycopene metabolites are detectable in plasma of preruminant calves after lycopene supplementation.
Bub, A; Hoppe, PP; Kraemer, K; Kulling, SE; Rechkemmer, G; Sicilia, T, 2005)		1.06
" This review outlines the sources, structure, absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and pharmacological properties of lycopene with special reference to its antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects."( Lycopene: a review of its potential as an anticancer agent.
Bhuvaneswari, V; Nagini, S, 2005)		1.98
" Additionally, egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin."( Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease.
Johnson, EJ; Krinsky, NI, 2005)		0.33
"The objectives of this study were to identify the factors limiting the absorption of purified lycopene after oral administration, and to comparatively assess plasma data sets after single oral and intravenous administrations in dogs to define the conditions for performing an absolute bioavailability study."( Plasma profiles of lycopene after single oral and intravenous administrations in dogs.
Reppas, C; Valsami, G; Vertzoni, M, 2006)		0.88
" The significant and consistently higher serum values of these vitamins among salad consumers suggest that they are being well absorbed from salad."( Salad and raw vegetable consumption and nutritional status in the adult US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Arab, L; Su, LJ, 2006)		0.33
" Bioavailability is a critical feature in the assessment of the role of micronutrients in human health, and the approaches to this issue include in vitro and in vivo methods."( Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from broccoli: in vivo and in vitro assessment.
Blanco, I; Blázquez, S; Granado, F; Herrero, C; Olmedilla, B; Pérez-Sacristán, B, 2006)		0.33
"For the bioavailability study, healthy subjects consumed 100 g/die FSMP for a week and their serum carotenoid profile at baseline, after the week of administration and 7 days later was determined."( Development of a tomato-based food for special medical purposes as therapy adjuvant for patients with HCV infection.
Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Morisco, F; Scalfi, L; Stingo, S; Vitaglione, P, 2007)		0.34
" The results support the hypothesis that lycopene cis-isomers are highly bioavailable and suggest that special tomato varieties can be utilized to increase both the intake and bioavailability of health-beneficial carotenoids."( Carotenoid absorption in humans consuming tomato sauces obtained from tangerine or high-beta-carotene varieties of tomatoes.
Bohn, T; Clinton, SK; Francis, D; Schwartz, SJ; Unlu, NZ, 2007)		0.61
" The present study demonstrates significant lycopene bioavailability from cis-lycopene-rich tomato sauce and highlights the importance of considering isomer-distribution for lycopene bioavailability."( Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects.
Bohn, T; Clinton, SK; Francis, DM; Nagaraja, HN; Schwartz, SJ; Unlu, NZ, 2007)		2.04
" Data generated from this study compares well with in vivo bioavailability studies."( Comparison of the uptake and secretion of carotene and xanthophyll carotenoids by Caco-2 intestinal cells.
O'Brien, N; O'Sullivan, L; Ryan, L, 2007)		0.34
" The utility of red carrot as a functional food depends in part on the bioavailability of its constituent carotenoids."( Beta-carotene from red carrot maintains vitamin A status, but lycopene bioavailability is lower relative to tomato paste in Mongolian gerbils.
Mills, JP; Simon, PW; Tanumihardjo, SA, 2007)		0.58
" In this review chemical structure, bioavailability and mechanisms of action of carotenoids most represented in human diet, mainly beta-carotene and lycopene, are reported, with focus on results obtained with cells in culture."( Beneficial or detrimental effects of carotenoids contained in food: cell culture models.
Bellovino, D; Gaetani, S; Palozza, P; Ranaldi, G, 2007)		0.54
" In conclusion, prostate cancer patients will consume diets rich in tomato products and soy with excellent compliance and bioavailability of phytochemicals."( A combination of tomato and soy products for men with recurring prostate cancer and rising prostate specific antigen.
Bahnson, RR; Boileau, TW; Clinton, SK; DeGroff, VL; Ferketich, AK; Gong, MC; Grainger, EM; Monk, JP; Schwartz, SJ; Unlu, NZ; Wang, S, 2008)		0.35
" According to in vivo data, a lower bioavailability was found for lycopene compared to that for alpha-tocopherol."( Combining the dynamic TNO-gastrointestinal tract system with a Caco-2 cell culture model: application to the assessment of lycopene and alpha-tocopherol bioavailability from a whole food.
Alric, M; Beyssac, E; Blanquet-Diot, S; Déat, E; Denis, S; Jarrige, JF, 2009)		0.8
" This indicated a greater lycopene bioavailability in LB than TP."( Tomato powder is more protective than lycopene supplement against lipid peroxidation in rats.
Al Obaaid, MA; Al Sedairy, SA; Al-Assaf, AH; Alshatwi, AA; Lei, KY; Zhang, JJ, 2010)		0.93
" The extent of intestinal lymphatic transport and the absolute bioavailability of lycopene from a range of biorelevant media was evaluated in a mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetised rat model."( Bioavailability of lycopene in the rat: the role of intestinal lymphatic transport.
Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2010)		0.91
" Formulation strategies designed to promote intestinal lymphatic uptake, such as lipid-based formulations containing long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) or lecithin, may serve to enhance oral bioavailability of lycopene."( Bioavailability of lycopene in the rat: the role of intestinal lymphatic transport.
Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2010)		0.88
"Choice and order of processing treatments can have a large impact on both lycopene bioavailability and texture of tomato products."( Processing of tomato: impact on in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene and textural properties.
Ahrné, LM; Alminger, MA; Langton, MI; Svanberg, US; Svelander, CA; Tibäck, EA, 2010)		0.83
" Major reaction parameters associated with the sequential routes from ingestion to decay of an antioxidant were used in mathematical analysis, which included absorption rate coefficient k(a), quenching rate coefficient of the antioxidant k(q1) and tissue quenching rate coefficient k(r)."( Modeling of the in vivo kinetics of antioxidants delineates suitable parameters for selecting potential antioxidant adjuvants for cancer therapy.
Chen, KC; Chiu, WT; Chuang, CM; Hsieh, CL; Peng, RY; Shih, CM; Wang, HE; Yang, MH, 2010)		0.36
"The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term human bioavailability of lycopene in plasma and skin after a single dose of (14)C-lycopene and to profile the metabolites formed."( Lycopene bioavailability and metabolism in humans: an accelerator mass spectrometry study.
Bourgeois, A; Enslen, M; Fay, LB; Guy, PA; Kochhar, S; Liberman, RG; Nielsen, IL; Richelle, M; Ross, AB; Ruckle, J; Rümbeli, R; Schulze-König, T; Skipper, PL; Synal, HA; Tannenbaum, SR; Vuong, le T; Wertz, K; Williamson, G, 2011)		2.04
" Besides interesting analogies, various distinctions were ascertained resulting in the prediction of enhanced lycopene bioavailability from red papaya."( Characterization of chromoplasts and carotenoids of red- and yellow-fleshed papaya (Carica papaya L.).
Carle, R; Esquivel, P; Heller, A; Schweiggert, RM; Steingass, CB, 2011)		0.58
" A single-dose bioavailability study was completed on day 1 and isoflavones in plasma and urine, and lycopene in the plasma, were measured."( Bioavailability of phytochemical constituents from a novel soy fortified lycopene rich tomato juice developed for targeted cancer prevention trials.
Blackwood, M; Bohn, T; Clinton, SK; Francis, D; Schwartz, SJ; Tian, Q, 2013)		0.84
" Methods for producing isotopically labeled PE, PF, and LYC tracers from tomato plant cell culture offer a unique tool for further understanding the differential bioavailability and metabolism of these 3 prominent tomato carotenoids and how they may affect health."( Nutritional aspects of phytoene and phytofluene, carotenoid precursors to lycopene.
Clinton, SK; Engelmann, NJ; Erdman, JW, 2011)		0.6
"Carotenoid bioavailability is affected by numerous factors."( Effects of physicochemical properties of carotenoids on their bioaccessibility, intestinal cell uptake, and blood and tissue concentrations.
Borel, P; Dangles, O; Gleize, B; Landrier, JF; Sy, C; Veyrat, CC, 2012)		0.38
" The present study focused on lycopene, the major and bioactive tomato carotenoid, the bioavailability of which is known to be enhanced in cooked products."( Kinetics of temperature increase during tomato processing modulate the bioaccessibility of lycopene.
Degrou, A; Page, D; Renard, CM; Van Stratum, E, 2012)		0.89
"The mechanisms as well the genetics underlying the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids in humans remain unclear."( Strong and weak plasma response to dietary carotenoids identified by cluster analysis and linked to beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Clevidence, BA; Edwards, AJ; Wang, TT, 2013)		0.39
" Advances in tomato cell culturing techniques offer an economical tool for generation of highly-enriched (13)C-lycopene for human bioavailability and metabolism studies."( Biosynthesis of highly enriched 13C-lycopene for human metabolic studies using repeated batch tomato cell culturing with 13C-glucose.
Clinton, SK; Conlon, LE; Erdman, JW; Lila, MA; Lu, CH; Moran, NE; Rogers, RB, 2013)		0.88
" Flavonoids such as silibinin, green tea polyphenols, genistein, curcumin have shown great promise, but avenues to improve their bioavailability are requisite."( Advances in prostate cancer chemoprevention: a translational perspective.
Nambiar, D; Singh, RP, 2013)		0.39
" The oral bioavailability of this highly lipophilic carotenoid is low and highly influenced by the extent of intestinal lymphatic uptake."( A novel lipid-based solid dispersion for enhancing oral bioavailability of Lycopene--in vivo evaluation using a pig model.
Faisal, W; Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM; Ruane-O'Hora, T, 2013)		0.62
" The main objective of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from these food sources in healthy human subjects."( Carotenoids are more bioavailable from papaya than from tomato and carrot in humans: a randomised cross-over study.
Carle, R; Esquivel, P; Högel, J; Kopec, RE; Quesada, S; Schwartz, SJ; Schweiggert, RM; Villalobos-Gutierrez, MG, 2014)		0.4
" Bioavailability assessed by carcass (14)C-content was 23% for PE and 8% for LYC."( Differential bioavailability, clearance, and tissue distribution of the acyclic tomato carotenoids lycopene and phytoene in mongolian gerbils.
Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Moran, NE, 2013)		0.61
" Carotenoids may especially benefit because contributing foods vary in bioavailability and assessment validity."( Food predictors of plasma carotenoids.
Eliassen, AH; Hendrickson, SJ; Rosner, BA; Willett, WC, 2013)		0.39
" The structural diversity, the physical deposition state in planta, and the human bioavailability of carotenoids from the edible fruits of diverse orange and yellow-colored peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) varieties were investigated."( Lipid-dissolved γ-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene in globular chromoplasts of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) fruits.
Amrehn, E; Carle, R; Esquivel, P; Heller, A; Hempel, J; Jiménez, VM; Quesada, S; Schweiggert, RM, 2014)		0.66
" Our objective was to compare the bioavailability of lycopene from tangerine to red tomato juice, and elucidate physical deposition forms of these isomers in tomatoes by light and electron microscopy."( Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.
Clinton, SK; Cooperstone, JL; Francis, DM; Haufe, TC; King, SA; Lesinski, GB; Ralston, RA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ; Schweiggert, RM; Timmers, CD, 2015)		0.96
" However, LYC bioavailability displays high interindividual variability."( Lycopene bioavailability is associated with a combination of genetic variants.
Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Nowicki, M, 2015)		1.86
" However, the extreme instability and poor bioavailability of LP limits its in vivo application."( Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene.
Chen, BH; Huang, RF; Inbaraj, BS; Wei, YJ, 2015)		0.64
" A compartmental model that allowed for interindividual differences in cis- and all-trans-lycopene bioavailability and endogenous trans-to-cis-lycopene isomerization was predictive of plasma (13)C and unlabeled cis- and all-trans-lycopene concentrations."( Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults.
Cichon, MJ; Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Novotny, JA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ, 2015)		0.89
"(13)C-Lycopene combined with physiologic compartmental modeling provides a strategy for following complex in vivo metabolic processes in humans and reveals that postabsorptive trans-to-cis-lycopene isomerization, and not the differential bioavailability of isomers, drives tissue and plasma enrichment of cis-lycopene."( Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults.
Cichon, MJ; Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Novotny, JA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ, 2015)		1.15
" Compared with previous results for lycopene, phytoene bioavailability was nearly double at 58% ± 19%, the clearance rate from chylomicrons was slower, and the rates of deposition into and utilization by the slow turnover tissue compartment were nearly 3 times greater."( Absorption and Distribution Kinetics of the 13C-Labeled Tomato Carotenoid Phytoene in Healthy Adults.
Cichon, MJ; Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Novotny, JA; Riedl, KM; Rogers, RB; Schwartz, SJ, 2016)		0.71
" Therefore, nanoemulsions provide an effective and stable system for efficient astaxanthin or lycopene delivery and bioavailability in foods, beverages, nutraceuticals and/or other agriproducts."( High carotenoid bioaccessibility through linseed oil nanoemulsions with enhanced physical and oxidative stability.
Acevedo, F; Bustamante, M; Morales, E; Oomah, BD; Rubilar, M; Shene, C; Sotomayor-Gerding, D, 2016)		0.65
" Lycopene has a low bioavailability rate and appears in the blood circulation incorporated into chylomicrons and other apo-B containing lipoproteins."( Lycopene Deficiency in Ageing and Cardiovascular Disease.
Petyaev, IM, 2016)		2.79
" However, the strong first-pass metabolism of lycopene influences its bioavailability and impedes its clinic application."( Intravenous Administration of Lycopene, a Tomato Extract, Protects against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
Delplancke, T; Li, J; Peng, C; Qi, H; Tong, C; Wang, L; Xu, P; Yang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2016)		0.98
" Domestic culinary cooking practices probably increase the bioavailability of carotenes mainly by their diffusion to the oil phase, facilitating their in vivo transfer into micelles."( Culinary practices mimicking a polysaccharide-rich recipe enhance the bioaccessibility of fat-soluble micronutrients.
Achir, N; Amiot, MJ; Descalzo, A; Dhuique-Mayer, C; Mouquet-Rivier, C; Servent, A, 2016)		0.43
" Despite extensive studies on the bioavailability and biological activities of Z-isomers of lycopene, detailed studies on their safety and toxicology are limited."( Safety assessment of a natural tomato oleoresin containing high amounts of Z-isomers of lycopene prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide.
Fukaya, T; Higashiura, T; Honda, M, 2017)		0.9
" The study is intended to enhance oral bioavailability of lycopene by controlling its release from micro-formulation and facilitating its absorption though lymphatic pathways."( Formation and functional attributes of electrostatic complexes involving casein and anionic polysaccharides: An approach to enhance oral absorption of lycopene in rats in vivo.
Ghoshal, G; Jain, A; Katare, OP; Shivhare, US; Singh, B; Thakur, D, 2016)		0.88
" Vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in AA compared to EA women due in part to lower nitric oxide bioavailability caused by higher oxidative stress."( Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Elders: The MOXIE Study.
Crowe-White, K; Dudenbostel, T; Ellis, AC; Locher, JL, )		0.13
"Lycopene (LYC) bioavailability is relatively low and highly variable, because of the influence of several factors."( Dietary calcium impairs tomato lycopene bioavailability in healthy humans.
Borel, P; Buffière, C; Buisson, C; Desmarchelier, C; Dumont, U; Halimi, C; Lairon, D; Page, D; Rémond, D; Sébédio, JL, 2016)		2.16
"The bioavailability of many carotenoids has been assessed, but little attention has been given to the metabolism of these antioxidant compounds during digestion."( Are lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene lost through the digestive process?
Borel, P; Caris-Veyrat, C; Desmarchelier, C; Gleize, B; Kopec, RE, 2017)		0.83
" Benifuuki tea, previously reported to be superior in bioavailability due to a highly absorbable methylated catechin, did not prove to be more effective than the common Yabukita tea."( A Randomized Controlled Trial of Green Tea Beverages on the in vivo Radical Scavenging Activity in Human Skin.
Darvin, ME; Lademann, J; Megow, I; Meinke, MC, 2017)		0.46
"There has been increasing interest in tomato products rich in lycopene Z-isomers since these carotenoids present greater bioavailability and antioxidant capacity than the all-E lycopene form."( Home cooking and ingredient synergism improve lycopene isomer production in Sofrito.
Hurtado-Barroso, S; Illan, M; Lamuela-Raventos, RM; Martinez-Huélamo, M; Rinaldi de Alvarenga, JF; Tran, C, 2017)		0.95
" The WPI-NPs enhance the oral bioavailability of lycopene by controlling its release from nano-formulation and facilitating its absorption through lymphatic pathways."( Lycopene loaded whey protein isolate nanoparticles: An innovative endeavor for enhanced bioavailability of lycopene and anti-cancer activity.
Ghoshal, G; Jain, A; Katare, OP; Kesharwani, P; Sharma, G; Shivhare, US; Singh, B, 2018)		2.18
" Although nutraceuticals endowed with anti-inflammatory properties exert cardioprotective activity, their bioavailability and stability are inconsistent."( Cardioprotective Effects of Nanoemulsions Loaded with Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.
Botti, G; Coppola, C; De Capua, A; Di Cicco, C; Formisano, C; Iaffaioli, RV; Maurea, N; Narciso, V; Netti, PA; Paciello, R; Piscopo, G; Quagliariello, V; Taglialatela-Scafati, O; Vecchione, R, 2018)		0.48
" Other apocarotenoids are either poorly absorbed or rapidly metabolized or cleared, and so are absent or limited in blood."( Limited appearance of apocarotenoids is observed in plasma after consumption of tomato juices: a randomized human clinical trial.
Cichon, MJ; Cooperstone, JL; Curley, RW; Francis, DM; Harrison, EH; Novotny, JA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ, 2018)		0.48
" The bioavailability of the parent molecules, and the blood/tissue appearance of their metabolites, is modulated by numerous proteins, involved in intestinal absorption and metabolism, blood lipoprotein transport or tissue uptake."( Genetic factors involved in the bioavailability of tomato carotenoids.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Landrier, JF, 2018)		0.48
"Additional studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the genetic determinants of tomato carotenoid bioavailability but progress in this field could one day allow nutritionists to provide more personalized dietary recommendations."( Genetic factors involved in the bioavailability of tomato carotenoids.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Landrier, JF, 2018)		0.48
" Given the importance of chromoplasts in the deposition of carotenoids in plants and their release during digestion, this information can be valuable in investigations on the regulation of the biosynthesis and the bioavailability of tomato carotenoids."( Study of commercial quality parameters, sugars, phenolics, carotenoids and plastids in different tomato varieties.
Beltrán-Sinchiguano, E; Corell, M; Coyago-Cruz, E; Hernanz, D; Mapelli-Brahm, P; Meléndez-Martínez, AJ; Moriana, A; Stinco, CM, 2019)		0.51
" L-LYC were prepared by a thin-film hydration method to overcome the instability, insolubility, and low bioavailability of lycopene."( Enhanced antitumor efficacy and attenuated cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin in combination with lycopene liposomes.
Hu, Q; Shen, S; Zhu, J, 2020)		0.98
" Cooking with olive oil has been attracting attention because it can act as a food excipient, thereby increasing the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of ingested bioactive compounds."( Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil to Cook Vegetables Enhances Polyphenol and Carotenoid Extractability: A Study Applying the
Francetto Juliano, F; Hurtado-Barroso, S; Illan, M; Lamuela-Raventós, RM; Quifer-Rada, P; Rinaldi de Alvarenga, JF; Torrado-Prat, X, 2019)		0.51
" The results indicated that Z-isomers of lycopene had higher bioavailability and/or higher transfer efficiency to the egg yolk than the all-E-isomer."( Alterations in lycopene concentration and Z-isomer content in egg yolk of hens fed all-E-isomer-rich and Z-isomer-rich lycopene.
Hayashi, Y; Honda, M; Ishikawa, H, 2019)		1.13
" We thus compared carotene bioavailability in mice after gavage with carotene-rich oil-in-water emulsions."( Comparison of the bioavailability and intestinal absorption sites of phytoene, phytofluene, lycopene and β-carotene.
Borel, P; Desmarchelier, C; Halimi, C; Mapelli-Brahm, P; Margier, M; Meléndez-Martínez, AJ; Nowicki, M; Reboul, E, 2019)		0.73
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" The study aimed to develop a highly water-soluble and practical lycopene formulation to improve the oral bioavailability and efficiency of lycopene."( Development of a Highly Water-Soluble Lycopene Cyclodextrin Ternary Formulation by the Integrated Experimental and Modeling Techniques.
Guan, S; Liu, X; Ma, Y; Ouyang, D; Peng, Z; Zhong, L, 2020)		1.07
" The results demonstrated that OT-L could be an excellent raw material to produce tomato products with high bioavailability and bioactivity."( Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activities of Chinese orange-colored tomato cultivars and the effects of thermal processing on the bioactive components.
Jiang, X; Ma, L; Xiong, W; Yang, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2021)		0.62
" However, cooking and successive metabolic processes determine the bioavailability of tomatoes in human nutrition."( Nutritional Controlled Preparation and Administration of Different Tomato Purées Indicate Increase of β-Carotene and Lycopene Isoforms, and of Antioxidant Potential in Human Blood Bioavailability: A Pilot Study.
Alfieri, A; Amoresano, A; Buono, P; Fontana, L; Frusciante, L; Muoio, S; Nunziato, M; Oriani, G; Pucci, P; Rigano, MM; Salvatore, F; Scalfi, L; Vitucci, D, 2021)		0.83
"This study investigated the differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency between all-E- and Z-isomer-rich carotenoids after oral administration to rats."( Differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency of (all-E)- and (Z)-carotenoids: A comparative study.
Honda, M; Nakagawa, K; Takasu, S; Tsuda, T, 2021)		0.62
" Even if nutraceuticals exert a prophylactic activity within the body, their bioactivity and bioavailability have high interindividual variation, and precise assessment of biological function of these bioactive compounds in randomized clinical trials is critical."( Berberine and lycopene as alternative or add-on therapy to metformin and statins, a review.
Hedayati, N; Naeini, MB; Oskouei, Z; Tabeshpour, J, 2021)		0.98
"Lycopene is claimed to have numerous physiological benefits, but its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability limit its application in functional foods and health care products."( Tailoring the properties of double-crosslinked emulsion gels using structural design principles: Physical characteristics, stability, and delivery of lycopene.
Li, S; Liang, X; Liu, F; Liu, X; McClements, DJ; Ngai, T; Yan, J; Zhao, S, 2022)		2.36
" However, the current research on carotenoids is still mostly focused on the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids from foods and food supplements."( What Is the Current Direction of the Research on Carotenoids and Human Health? An Overview of Registered Clinical Trials.
Del Bo, C; Marino, M; Martini, D; Negrini, L; Porrini, M; Riso, P, 2022)		0.72
"The Heirloom Golden tangerine tomato fruit variety is highly nutritious due to accumulation of tetra-cis-lycopene, that has a higher bioavailability and recognised health benefits in treating anti-inflammatory diseases compared to all-trans-lycopene isomers found in red tomatoes."( Tangerine tomato roots show increased accumulation of acyclic carotenoids, less abscisic acid, drought sensitivity, and impaired endomycorrhizal colonization.
Anwar, S; Cazzonelli, CI; Chen, ZH; Foo, E; Krishna, P; Nayak, JJ; Plett, JM, 2022)		0.94
" Finally, to overcome the issue of poor chemical stability and bioavailability of lycopene, some of the novel delivery systems developed for lycopene have also been briefly highlighted."( Lycopene: Sojourn from kitchen to an effective therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
Atanasov, AG; Gulati, M; Gupta, R; Kapoor, B; Kapoor, D; Kochhar, RS; Rani, P; Sharma, D, 2023)		2.58
"Phytofluene is a colorless carotenoid with potential health benefits that displays a higher bioavailability compared to carotenoids such as lutein, β-carotene or lycopene."( The Interindividual Variability of Phytofluene Bioavailability is Associated with a Combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.
Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Lairon, D; Nowicki, M; Zumaraga, MP, 2023)		1.11
"This study reports a combination of SNPs that is associated with a significant part of the interindividual variability of phytofluene bioavailability in a healthy male adult population."( The Interindividual Variability of Phytofluene Bioavailability is Associated with a Combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.
Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Lairon, D; Nowicki, M; Zumaraga, MP, 2023)		0.91
" These results suggest that well-designed excipient emulsions may increase carotenoids bioavailability in the complex food matrices."( Enhancement of lycopene bioaccessibility in tomatoes using excipient emulsions: Effect of dark tea polysaccharides.
Cao, Y; Fu, Y; Han, L; Huang, J; Julian McClements, D; Li, Q; Lin, H; Shen, P; Wang, C; Yan, X; Zhao, T, 2023)		1.26
"Daily consumption of carotenoids is associated with multiple health benefits, but their bioavailability is generally extremely low."( Isothiocyanate-functionalized silica as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for carotenoid isomerization.
Goto, M; Honda, M; Zhang, Y, 2023)		0.91
" This work opens a potential approach for electrospinning of emulsions stabilized by protein-polysaccharide complexes as a novel delivery system for liposoluble nutrients with enhanced bioavailability in functional food industries."( Encapsulation of lycopene into electrospun nanofibers from whey protein isolate-Tricholoma lobayense polysaccharide complex stabilized emulsions: Structural characterization, storage stability, in vitro release, and cellular evaluation.
Cai, B; Chen, L; Chen, Y; Du, X; Guo, W; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liang, L; Wu, F; Wu, Q; Xiang, M; Zhang, W, 2023)		1.25
"This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary fat type and emulsification on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids from a carotenoid-rich salad."( Effects of dietary fat type and emulsification on carotenoid absorption: a randomized crossover trial.
Goh, HM; Kim, JE; Toh, DWK; Yang, Z; Yao, Y; Yin, B, 2023)		0.91
" Lycopene is a promising neuroprotector with multiple bioactivities, while its bioavailability is limited."( Brain-targeted lycopene-loaded microemulsion modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease mice.
Fan, Z; Guo, Y; Han, J; Hou, X; Liu, X; Nie, S; Xu, S; Yu, W; Zhao, C; Zhao, S, 2023)		2.17
" Different carotenoid delivery systems can improve the solubility, stability, permeability and bioavailability of carotenoids to a certain extent to achieve Alzheimer's disease efficacy."( Improving the Treatment Effect of Carotenoids on Alzheimer's Disease through Various Nano-Delivery Systems.
Liu, E; Polyakov, NE; Su, W; Xu, W, 2023)		0.91
" Notably, achieved milk exhibited stronger antioxidant capacity and higher isoflavone bioavailability for functionality."( Nutritional and functional insight into novel probiotic lycopene-soy milk by genome edited Bacillus subtilis.
Bao, Y; Luo, H; Zhu, P, 2023)		1.16

Dosage Studied

Study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid. Plasma concentration response of total and all-E lycopene was comparable but exceeded that of intake in tomato juice. However, further detailed and extensive research is still required to determine the dosage and the usefulness ofLycopene as a treatment for male infertility.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Maximum plasma concentrations of beta-carotene occurred 24-48 h after dosing with beta-carotene (12 or 30 mg) or carrots (270 g)."( Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified beta-carotene.
Beecher, G; Bieri, JG; Brown, ED; Craft, NE; Edwards, BK; Micozzi, MS; Rose, A; Smith, JC; Taylor, PR, 1989)		0.28
" One group was dosed with beta-carotene (10 mg/kg body weight) and the other with beta-carotene and either canthaxanthin (Experiment 1) or lycopene (Experiment 2) (10 mg/kg body weight for each)."( Interactions of oral beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in ferrets.
Bierer, TL; Erdman, JW; Gugger, ET; Peck, KM; White, WS, 1993)		0.49
" Lindane treatment in euthyroid rats at a dosage of 20mg/kg did not modify the content of liver microsomal cytochromes P450 and b5, the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and the production of superoxide radical (O2."( Liver microsomal parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in hyperthyroid rats subjected to acute lindane treatment.
Junqueira, VB; Rodrigues, L; Rodrigues, T; Simon Giavarotti, KA; Videla, LA, 1998)		0.3
" Animals were sacrificed at given time intervals after intraperitoneal administration and carotenoids were dosed in serum, liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs."( Comparative distribution of beta-carotene and lycopene after intraperitoneal administration in mice.
Favier, A; Glise, D; Riondel, J, )		0.39
" A significant reverse dose-response relationship with arsenic-related ISHD was observed for serum level of alpha- and beta-carotene, but not for serum levels of retinol, lycopene and alpha-tocopherol."( Low serum carotene level and increased risk of ischemic heart disease related to long-term arsenic exposure.
Chen, CJ; Chiou, HY; Hsueh, YM; Huang, YL; Tseng, CH; Wu, WL, 1998)		0.49
"To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0."( Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Hendriks, HF; Meijer, GW; van Vliet, T; Weststrate, JA, 1999)		0.3
" Before being anesthetized, male ferrets (n = 7) were dosed orally with 40 mg lycopene per kg body weight in soybean oil."( Cis-lycopene is more bioavailable than trans-lycopene in vitro and in vivo in lymph-cannulated ferrets.
Atkinson, CA; Boileau, AC; Erdman, JW; Merchen, NR; Wasson, K, 1999)		1.09
"In a comparative study the availability of a low oral lycopene dosage of 5 mg/d from different food matrices versus soft gel capsules containing tomato oleoresin was assessed."( Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status, and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma.
Bitsch, R; Böhm, V, 1999)		0.86
" Among the reliability assays 1 of 3 brands of vitamin E, 1 of 2 brands of selenium and 1 of 2 brands of saw palmetto demonstrated statistical differences in interlot dosage (p <0."( Analytical accuracy and reliability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease.
Feifer, AH; Fleshner, NE; Klotz, L, 2002)		0.31
" These products were evaluated for toxicological and behavioral effects during a 13-week oral dosing study with male and female Wistar rats."( Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of synthetic lycopene products in rats.
Deckardt, K; Gembardt, C; Mellert, W; Schulte, S; Slesinski, R; Van Ravenzwaay, B, 2002)		0.57
" A change in the dosage (toward significant increase or decrease) significantly reduces the gastroprotector effect."( [Gastroprotective effect of lycopene in acute gastritis induced by hydrocortisone].
Buiuklinskaia, OV; Krylov, IA; Shashkina, MIa; Uteshev, DB, )		0.43
" Nonetheless, physiologically significant (nanogram) levels of lycopene are assimilated by key organs such as breast, prostate, lung, and colon, and there is a rough dose-response relationship between lycopene intake and blood levels."( A review of animal model studies of tomato carotenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention.
Cohen, LA, 2002)		0.8
" In a follow-up experiment, a lower range of lycopene concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) was used to determine whether there was a dose-response effect."( Effect of lycopene on prostate LNCaP cancer cells in culture.
Kim, L; Rao, AV; Rao, LG, 2002)		0.98
" Plasma lycopene concentrations did not differ at wk 3 after W-20, W-40 and T-20 treatments, indicating that lycopene was bioavailable from both fresh-frozen watermelon juice and canned tomato juice, and that a dose-response effect was not apparent in plasma when the watermelon dose was doubled."( Consumption of watermelon juice increases plasma concentrations of lycopene and beta-carotene in humans.
Baker, RA; Brown, ED; Clevidence, BA; Collins, JK; Edwards, AJ; Perkins-Veazie, P; Vinyard, BT; Wiley, ER, 2003)		0.99
" The high dosages were at maximum achievable concentrations and dosage volumes (15 and 10 ml/kg for rats and rabbits, respectively) of the highly viscous test material suspensions."( Developmental (embryo-fetal toxicity/teratogenicity) toxicity studies of synthetic crystalline lycopene in rats and rabbits.
Christian, MS; Hellwig, J; Schulte, S, 2003)		0.54
"2 nmol/g both 1 and 5 d after dosing ceased (<0."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of orally administered lycopene in male dogs.
Bowen, PE; Crowell, JA; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V; Korytko, PJ; Levine, BS; Rodvold, KA; Schalch, W; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M, 2003)		0.56
" The aim of the study was to search for a relatively simple non-invasive method to detect and determine the cellular effects of supplemented dosage of beta-carotene and lycopene to peripheral tissues such as the buccal mucosa in relation to the plasma concentrations."( Plasma and buccal mucosal cell response to short-term supplementation with all trans-beta-carotene and lycopene in human volunteers.
Faulks, R; Haftel, L; Kaplan, I; Reifen, R; Schwarz, B; Southon, S, 2003)		0.73
" Five dosing groups (n = 5 per group) were sequentially treated with increasing doses of lycopene ranging from 10 to 120 mg."( Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of lycopene delivered in a well-defined food-based lycopene delivery system (tomato paste-oil mixture) in healthy adult male subjects.
Bowen, PE; Crowell, JA; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V; Gustin, DM; Murray, J; Rodvold, KA; Sosman, JA; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Tiller, P; Viana, M, 2004)		0.82
" The gene dosage of in vitro evolved lycopene cyclase crtY2 significantly changed the carotenoid profile."( Investigation of factors influencing production of the monocyclic carotenoid torulene in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli.
Lee, PC; Mijts, BN; Schmidt-Dannert, C, 2004)		0.6
"The purpose of this study was to compare plasma concentration responses of total lycopene and its major isomers to dosing of the carotenoid as tomato juice, tomato soup or tablets containing synthetic lycopene."( Comparative multiple dose plasma kinetics of lycopene administered in tomato juice, tomato soup or lycopene tablets.
Aebischer, C; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Schierle, J; Tenter, U; Thürmann, P, 2004)		0.81
" Lycopene plasma concentrations were monitored throughout the depletion and dosing phases and for 22 days post-dosing and kinetics were evaluated using both empirical and compartmental modelling."( Comparative multiple dose plasma kinetics of lycopene administered in tomato juice, tomato soup or lycopene tablets.
Aebischer, C; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Schierle, J; Tenter, U; Thürmann, P, 2004)		1.49
" Plasma concentration response of total and all-E lycopene to dosing of the carotenoid in tablets and tomato soup was comparable but exceeded that of intake in tomato juice."( Comparative multiple dose plasma kinetics of lycopene administered in tomato juice, tomato soup or lycopene tablets.
Aebischer, C; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Schierle, J; Tenter, U; Thürmann, P, 2004)		0.84
" Rats which received lycopene at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, but not at 2 mg/kg, showed significant infarct size reductions compared with those which received the solvent control (20% Tween 80)."( A potent antioxidant, lycopene, affords neuroprotection against microglia activation and focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
Chou, DS; Fong, TH; Hsiao, G; Lin, KH; Sheu, JR; Tzu, NH, )		0.76
"We evaluated the dose-response effect of tomato paste on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis using lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH-dependent enzymes; glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) as biomarkers of chemoprevention."( Dose-response effect of tomato paste on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.
Bhuvaneswari, V; Nagini, S; Velmurugan, B, 2004)		0.32
" The corresponding dose-response relationships were also significant, suggesting that vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene and other carotenoids may be protective against prostate cancer."( Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer?
Binns, CW; Du, CJ; Jian, L; Lee, AH, 2005)		0.93
"It could be concluded that lycopene microcapsule was a sustained release dosage form."( [In vitro and in vivo pharmaceutical behaviors of lycopene microcapsules].
Hu, X; Huang, YQ; Li, XR; Liu, Y; Wang, HJ; Zhang, YL, 2005)		0.88
" As in humans, most tissue lycopene was in the cis-isomer conformation, whereas 77% trans-lycopene was used in the dosing material."( Combined lycopene and vitamin E treatment suppresses the growth of PC-346C human prostate cancer cells in nude mice.
Bolder, CA; de Ridder, CM; Krämer, K; Limpens, J; Obermüller-Jevic, UC; Schröder, FH; van Weerden, WM; Wildhagen, MF, 2006)		1.05
" Dietary vitamins E and C were statistically significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at all levels of consumption, and for both vitamins there was a dose-response effect of increasing protection, particularly so for colon cancer."( Colorectal cancer protective effects and the dietary micronutrients folate, methionine, vitamins B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and lycopene.
Kune, G; Watson, L, 2006)		0.54
" The findings point out that the anti-proliferative effect of lycopene on tumor cells and its effect on the apoptotic rate depends on its dosage and on the type of the malignant cells."( Lycopene affects proliferation and apoptosis of four malignant cell lines.
Bergman, M; Bessler, H; Djaldetti, M; Salman, H, 2007)		2.02
"This study examined the possible effects of lycopene at physiological dosage and body fat mass on the humoral immune response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."( The opposite associations of lycopene and body fat mass with humoral immunity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a possible role in atherogenesis.
Gharavi, A; Kalayi, A; Khalaji, N; Neyestani, TR; Shariat-Zadeh, N, 2007)		0.89
" Well-designed trials are required to delineate the potential clinical usefulness of these agents through issues, such as determining the optimal period and route of administration, systemic bioavailability, optimal dosing and toxicity of the agent, and single or combinatorial approach."( Chemoprevention of prostate cancer through dietary agents: progress and promise.
Afaq, F; Khan, N; Mukhtar, H; Syed, DN, 2007)		0.34
" Using this model, we investigated the efficacy of an equivalent dosage of dietary LY from either a pure compound or a tomato extract (TE) against NASH-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis."( Dietary lycopene and tomato extract supplementations inhibit nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
Ausman, LM; Greenberg, AS; Russell, RM; Wang, XD; Wang, Y, 2010)		0.79
" Total arsenic level was associated significantly with CKD in a dose-response relationship, especially in participants with a total arsenic level greater than 20."( Urinary arsenic species and CKD in a Taiwanese population: a case-control study.
Chen, JB; Chiang, SS; Chung, CJ; Hsueh, YM; Shiue, HS; Su, CT; Tai, CW; Yang, MH, 2009)		0.35
" Additionally, we conducted subgroup meta-analysis of serum lipid concentrations by lycopene dosage and subgroup meta-analysis by baseline blood pressure."( Protective effect of lycopene on serum cholesterol and blood pressure: Meta-analyses of intervention trials.
Fakler, P; Ried, K, 2011)		0.91
" Several reports have appeared in support of the role of lycopene in the prevention of CVD, mostly based on epidemiological studies showing a dose-response relationship between lycopene and CVD."( Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases: an update.
Böhm, V; Giardina, B; Guantario, B; Lombardi, E; Martorana, GE; Meucci, E; Mordente, A; Silvestrini, A, 2011)		2.06
"Lycopene was extensively isomerized after dosing and rapidly metabolized into polar metabolites excreted into urine with the rapid peak of (14)CO(2) after dosing, which implies that β-oxidation was involved in the lycopene metabolism."( Lycopene bioavailability and metabolism in humans: an accelerator mass spectrometry study.
Bourgeois, A; Enslen, M; Fay, LB; Guy, PA; Kochhar, S; Liberman, RG; Nielsen, IL; Richelle, M; Ross, AB; Ruckle, J; Rümbeli, R; Schulze-König, T; Skipper, PL; Synal, HA; Tannenbaum, SR; Vuong, le T; Wertz, K; Williamson, G, 2011)		3.25
"The aim of the clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ProstateEZE Max, an orally dosed herbal preparation containing Cucurbita pepo, Epilobium parviflorum, lycopene, Pygeum africanum and Serenoa repens in the management of symptoms of medically diagnosed benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)."( A phase II randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy and safety of ProstateEZE Max: a herbal medicine preparation for the management of symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Beck, SL; Coulson, S; Gramotnev, H; Rao, A; Steels, E; Vitetta, L, 2013)		0.58
" Subgroup analysis results showed that higher dosage of lycopene supplement (>12 mg/day) could lower SBP more significantly, especially for participants with baseline SBP >120 mmHg, or Asians, while lycopene intervention had no statistical effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mean DBP = -3."( Lycopene supplement and blood pressure: an updated meta-analysis of intervention trials.
Li, X; Xu, J, 2013)		2.08
" However, further detailed and extensive research is still required to determine the dosage and the usefulness of lycopene as a treatment for male infertility."( Lycopene and male infertility.
Agarwal, A; Durairajanayagam, D; Ong, C; Prashast, P, )		1.78
" The present study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations."( Prediction of fruit and vegetable intake from biomarkers using individual participant data of diet-controlled intervention studies.
Boshuizen, HC; Brazionis, L; Bub, A; Castenmiller, JJ; Chopra, M; de Vries, JH; Dragsted, LO; Freese, R; Itsiopoulos, C; Karlsen, A; Miller, ER; Naber, TH; O'Dea, K; Pasman, WJ; Souverein, OW; van der Voet, H; van Het Hof, K; van Loo-Bouwman, CA; Watzl, B; Winkels, R, 2015)		0.61
" Blood samples were collected for serum lycopene dosage by high-performance liquid chromatography."( Lycopene not in pill, nor in natura has photoprotective systemic effect.
Bagatin, E; Borges, M; Sokoloski, L, 2015)		2.13
" This study aims to determine dietary lycopene consumption/circulating concentration and any potential dose-response associations with the risk of PCa."( Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Chen, P; Negi, DS; Qi, M; Wang, X; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, K; Zhuo, L, 2015)		2.13
" However, no clear dose-response effect was observed."( Comparative validity of vitamin C and carotenoids as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Butterworth, A; Johnson, L; Moore, C; Pennant, M; Steur, M, 2015)		0.42
"We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of dietary intake or blood concentrations of carotenoids in relation to PCa risk."( Effect of Carotene and Lycopene on the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Cui, R; Fang, J; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Xu, Q, 2015)		0.73
"After adjusting for potential covariates, a monotonic dose-response positive correlation between circulating levels of β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and α-carotene and BMD at various skeletal sites was observed in women."( Greater serum carotenoid concentration associated with higher bone mineral density in Chinese adults.
Cao, WT; Cao, Y; Chen, YM; Liu, J; Su, YX; Zhang, ZQ, 2016)		0.64
" The dose-response curve of α-tomatine determined by WST-1 (water soluble tetrazolium) assay was the same as that by LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of α-tomatine depends on the destruction of plasma membrane."( Detoxification and function of immature tomato.
Onoda, E; Yamashoji, S, 2016)		0.43
" We also found that the incidence of colon cancer and lycopene intake did not exhibit dose-response relationships."( Lycopene Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Chen, ZH; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Yang, HH; Zhou, Q, 2016)		2.13
" This study aims to determine the impact of dietary and circulating concentrations of lycopene on PCa risk and to investigate potential dose-response associations."( Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
An, R; Erdman, JW; Ranard, KM; Rowles, JL; Smith, JW, 2017)		0.96
"We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the for the association between dietary and circulating lycopene and PCa risk."( Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
An, R; Erdman, JW; Ranard, KM; Rowles, JL; Smith, JW, 2017)		0.94
" This was accompanied by dose-response relationships for dietary and circulating lycopene."( Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
An, R; Erdman, JW; Ranard, KM; Rowles, JL; Smith, JW, 2017)		0.96
"The effect of carotenoids from tomato juice (TJ) on inflammatory biomarkers was evaluated by performing a 4-week dose-response nutritional trial in a population at high cardiovascular risk."( trans-Lycopene from tomato juice attenuates inflammatory biomarkers in human plasma samples: An intervention trial.
Almanza-Aguilera, E; Arranz-Martínez, S; Colmán-Martínez, M; Corella, D; Estruch, R; Lamuela-Raventós, RM; Martínez-Huélamo, M; Valderas-Martínez, P, 2017)		0.94
" The nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association in the analyses of dietary β-carotene and total antioxidant capacity, as well as in the analyses of circulating α-carotene, β-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and total carotenoids."( Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies.
Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2018)		0.48
" Lycopene interventions for cardiovascular risk factors were highly variable across studies in both the dosage provided and the mode of delivery (supplement or food based)."( Effect of Dietary and Supplemental Lycopene on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Billings, LM; George, ES; Rumble, CE; Tierney, AC, 2020)		1.75
" This may be related to factors such as the population and the dosage and time of taking natural products involved in different studies."( Natural products: The role and mechanism in low-density lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis.
Chen, W; Feng, X; Li, L; Xu, S; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2021)		0.62
" Although it is clear that tomatoes and lycopene have anti-prostate cancer activity in rodent models, major knowledge gaps remain in understanding dose-response relations and molecular mechanisms of action."( Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: What Have We Learned from Experimental Models?
Clinton, SK; Erdman, JW; Moran, NE; Thomas-Ahner, JM; Wan, L; Zuniga, KE, 2022)		1.39
" Future research should address this and also assess the synergistic effect of different nutrients, their combinations, and evaluate their dose-response relations."( Contribution of Biological Age-Predictive Biomarkers to Nutrition Research: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence and Implications for Future Research and Clinical Practice.
Porter, J; Siopis, G, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
AC Grace Unique E -- 60 SoftgelsAC GraceVitamins & Supplements astaxanthin, Vitamin D3, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, EPA, Vitamin E, lycopene2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Nutrition Amazing Formulas Daily Multivitamin -- 500 TabletsAmazing NutritionVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chloride, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Daily Greens Pill Packs -- 30 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Lutein, Lycopene, Phosphorus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 30 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 44 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Cherry Bomb -- 30 ServingsAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Fruit Punch -- 14.7 ozAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Orange Crushed -- 14.5 ozAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal TNT+ -- 30 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLycopene2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bio Nutrition Prostate Wellness -- 60 Vegetarian CapsulesBio NutritionVitamins & SupplementsVitamin D3, Lycopene, Vitamin B6, Selenium, Beta Sitosterol, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Men Multi-Vitamin Tablets -- 200 TabletsCentrumVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Multivitamin for Men Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplement -- 120 TabletsCentrumVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Multivitamin for Men Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplement -- 65 TabletsCentrumVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Silver Adults 50 Plus Multivitamin Tablets -- 220 TabletsCentrumVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Silver Men 50 Plus Multivitamin-Multimineral Tablets -- 200 TabletsCentrumVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Teen Daily Multivitamin - Vitamins A B C D E K Zinc Biotin & Probiotics Vegan Supplement -- 60 CapsulesCodeageProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Omega-3, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Teen Daily Multivitamin - Vitamins A B C D E K Zinc Biotin & Probiotics Vegan Supplement -- 60 Capsules Each / Pack of 2CodeageProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Omega-3, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Country Life Carotenoid Complex -- 60 SoftgelsCountry LifeVitamins & SupplementsAstaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Carrot Seed Oil, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Daily Best™ Ultra Multivitamin -- 60 CapsulesDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Healthy Eyes -- 90 CapsulesDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Prostate Health -- 60 CapsulesDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Lycopene, Vitamin B6, Resveratrol, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Spectra Man Multi -- 120 TabletsDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional Supplements Lipase, Octacosanol, PABA, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, Betaine HCl, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, L-Cysteine, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Gamma Linolenic Acid, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Hesperidin, Inositol, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Silicon, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K12024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Spectra™ Senior Multi -- 180 TabletsDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional Supplements lipase, Octacosanol, PABA, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, Betaine HCl, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, L-Cysteine, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Gamma Linolenic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Hesperidin, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Silicon, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K12024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Multi + Phyto - NSF Certified for Sport -- 120 Vegetarian CapsulesDesigns for SportProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Benfotiamine, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Folate, Lycopene, Manganese, MK-7, MK-9, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Trans-Resveratrol, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Power Pack - NSF Certified for Sport -- 30 PacketsDesigns for SportProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Benfotiamine, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Folate, Lycopene, Manganese, MK-7, MK-9, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Trans-Resveratrol, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ecco Bella Night Rebuilder 5 -- 2 fl ozEcco BellaBeauty & Personal Caregeranium, ascorbyl palmitate, vitamin C, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, calendula, glyceryl stearate, glycerine, lutein, lycopene2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs CoEnzymated Complete plus 2-Daily Multi -- 60 Vegetable CapsulesEmerald LabsVitamins & SupplementsLipase, Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, Cellulase, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, P-5-P, Pyridoxine HCl, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, R-5-P, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Complete Clinical Plus Multi -- 120 Vegetable CapsulesEmerald LabsVitamins & SupplementsBeta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, CoQ10, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, P-5-P, Pyridoxine HCl, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, R-5-P, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Prenatal 1-Daily Multi -- 30 Vegetable CapsulesEmerald LabsVitamins & SupplementsBiotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Prenatal 1-Daily Multi -- 60 Vegetable CapsulesEmerald LabsVitamins & SupplementsLipase, Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, cellulase, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K12024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition VitaMode -- 120 TabletsEvlution NutritionActive Lifestyle & Fitness Lipase, PABA, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Fitcode Fit Multi Complete Multivitamin Complex -- 90 TabletsFitcodeVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Choline, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Futurebiotics Prostabs Plus® -- 90 TabletsFuturebioticsVitamins & SupplementsL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, Lycopene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life Vitamin Code® 50 and Wiser Men -- 240 Vegetarian CapsulesGarden of LifeVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healthy Origins Lycopene -- 15 mg - 60 SoftgelsHealthy OriginsVitamins & Supplementsglycerin, Lycopene2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healthy Origins Natural Lycopene -- 15 mg - 180 SoftgelsHealthy OriginsVitamins & Supplementsglycerin, Lycopene2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas CarotenALL -- 60 SoftgelsJarrow FormulasVitamins & SupplementsAlpha Carotene, Astaxanthin, Gamma Tocopherol, glycerin, Lutein, Lycopene, Vitamin A, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Klean Athlete Klean Multivitamin - NSF Certified for Sport -- 60 TabletsKlean AthleteProfessional SupplementsL-methylfolate, Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Cellulose, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, leaf, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, glycerin, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Molybdenum, Pantothenic Acid, Pterostilbene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamine, titanium dioxide, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Blueberry Acai -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Lemon Lime -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Watermelon -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Blueberry Pomegranate -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Fruit Punch -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Peach Mango -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Strawberry Lemomade -- 24 Stick PacksLily of the DesertActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
MegaFood Multivitamin for Men - Gummy Vitamins Wild Blueberry -- 60 GummiesMegaFoodVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Vitamin D3, Chromium, citric acid, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Momentous Essential Multivitamin - NSF Certified for Sport - 30 Servings -- 120 Vegetarian CapsulesMomentousProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Benfotiamine, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Folate, microcrystalline cellulose, Lycopene, Manganese, MK-7, MK-9, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantethine, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Trans-Resveratrol, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Factors WomenSense EstroSense® -- 60 Vegetarian CapsulesNatural FactorsVitamins & SupplementsDi-Indolylmethane, Curcumin, Microcrystalline cellulose, Indole-3-Carbinol, Lycopene, Carnosic Acid, Sulforaphane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Stacks Professional Formula ALA+ -- 60 Vegan CapsulesNatural StacksProfessional Supplementsascorbyl palmitate, Vitamin C, Lycopene, Phosphorus, Alpha-Lipoic Acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Ocudyne II -- 200 CapsulesNutriCologyVitamins & SupplementsN-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Prostate Nutritional Support -- 60 SoftgelsNutriCologyVitamins & SupplementsLycopene, Beta Sitosterol2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Saw Palmetto Complex with Lycopene -- 60 SoftgelsNutriCologyHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathyglycerin, Lycopene, Beta Sitosterol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Prosplex for Men -- 60 Vegetarian CapsulesOlympian LabsVitamins & Supplementsascorbyl palmitate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Tomato Lycopene, IP-6, Quercetin, Selenium2024-11-29 10:47:42
One-A-Day Mens 50 Plus Complete Multivitamin -- 65 TabletsOne-A-DayVitamins & Supplementsdl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, d-calcium pantothenate, cholecalciferol, Chromium, copper sulfate, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Calcium carbonate, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, sodium molybdate, sodium selenite, stearic acid, Thiamin, titanium dioxide, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B6, phylloquinone, Vitamin K, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 150 TabletsOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & Fitness Lipase, PABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, L-Lysine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 240 TabletsOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & Fitness Lipase, PABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 90 TabletsOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessPABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, glycerine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, L-Lysine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Women Multivitamin for Women -- 120 CapsulesOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, kelp, Biotin, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Isoflavone, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, citrate, sodium selenate, citrate, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, calcium phosphate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Women Multivitamin for Women -- 60 CapsulesOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, kelp, Biotin, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, potassium iodide, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, citrate, citrate, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Life Force™ Multiple No Iron -- 180 CapsulesSource NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsN-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, DMAE, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Pantethine, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K12024-11-29 10:47:42
Vibrant Health Maximum Vibrance Chocolate -- 28.2 ozVibrant HealthVitamins & SupplementsLipase, Policosanol, Larch Arabinogalactan, Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Cellulase, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin B9, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lycopene, L-Lysine, Manganese, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Selenium, Silicon, Vitamin B1, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Prostate Formula† with Selenium and Saw Palmetto -- 120 CapsulesVitacost-SynergyVitamins & SupplementsLycopene, Selenium, Beta-Sitosterol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Nutrients Once Daily Multivitamin Complete Daily Vegan For Overall Wellness -- 60 Vegan CapsulesVital NutrientsProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, Cellulose, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Classic Areds 2 Companion Multivitamin -- 30 CapletsViteyesVitamins & SupplementsBiotin, Boron, Chloride, Chromium, Folate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Silicon, stearic acid, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Classic AREDS 2 Companion Multivitamin Beta-Carotene Free -- 90 CapletsViteyesVitamins & SupplementsBiotin, Boron, Chloride, Chromium, Folate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lycopene, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Silicon, stearic acid, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Complete Eye & Total Body Health Multivitamin -- 180 CapsulesViteyesVitamins & SupplementsN-Acetyl Cysteine, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
acyclic carotene
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (29)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Zeaxanthin Biosynthesis210
u03B1-carotene biosynthesis03
trans-lycopene biosynthesis II (oxygenic phototrophs and green sulfur bacteria)713
u03B4-carotene biosynthesis22
carotenoid cleavage620
u03B2-carotene biosynthesis (engineered)310
u03B2-carotene biosynthesis33
trans-lycopene biosynthesis I08
bixin biosynthesis313
superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants431
isorenieratene biosynthesis I (actinobacteria)05
sarcinaxanthin diglucoside biosynthesis412
decaprenoxanthin diglucoside biosynthesis412
bacterioruberin biosynthesis210
C.p.450 monoglucoside biosynthesis314
carotenoid cleavage422
neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis314
flexixanthin biosynthesis28
chlorobactene biosynthesis33
okenone biosynthesis511
u03B2-carotene biosynthesis (engineered)111
spirilloxanthin and 2,2'-diketo-spirilloxanthin biosynthesis515
myxol-2' fucoside biosynthesis412
u03B4-carotene biosynthesis32
u03B2-carotene biosynthesis73
superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants2432
trans-lycopene biosynthesis I38
trans-lycopene biosynthesis II (oxygenic phototrophs and green sulfur bacteria)814
isorenieratene biosynthesis I (actinobacteria)26
trans-lycopene biosynthesis II (plants)610
superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis029
trans-lycopene biosynthesis I (bacteria)08
decaprenoxanthin and decaprenoxanthin diglucoside biosynthesis38
Lycopene biosynthesis010
Carotenoid biosynthesis012
Vitamin A and carotenoid metabolism020
Carotenoid biosynthesis525
Lycopene cleavage16

Protein Targets (13)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency31.62280.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.60660.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.41400.000221.22318,912.5098AID743036; AID743053
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.39140.000214.376460.0339AID720691
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.40180.000229.305416,493.5996AID743075; AID743077; AID743079
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.035520.977089.1251AID504332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.354828.065989.1251AID504847
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.12540.01789.637444.6684AID588834
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency32.86100.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.16790.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.77810.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.22020.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (40)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1434554Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as restoration of APAP-induced loss in catalase activity in liver by measuring decrease in hydrogen peroxide level at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gav2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID378050Antiradical activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1050 uM by spectrophotometry relative to control2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
C-26 and C-30 apocarotenoids from seeds of Ditaxis heterantha with antioxidant activity and protection against DNA oxidative damage.
AID1434544Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum AST level at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs post 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434553Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as restoration of APAP-induced loss in SOD activity in liver by measuring SOD ability to dismutase superoxide anion at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via ga2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID378043Antiradical activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1500 uM by spectrophotometry relative to control2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
C-26 and C-30 apocarotenoids from seeds of Ditaxis heterantha with antioxidant activity and protection against DNA oxidative damage.
AID1434563Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-6 mRNA level at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434561Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-10 mRNA level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434557Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in GSSG level in liver at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 m2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434547Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as HDL level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs pos2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434566Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in liver necrotic area at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measur2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434562Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-1beta mRNA level at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 122017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434548Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as HDL level in serum at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs po2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434564Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-10 mRNA level at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hr2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434546Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as total cholesterol level in serum at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 meas2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434545Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as total cholesterol level in serum at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measu2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434552Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in po dosed C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in carbonylated protein content in liver pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose o2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434551Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in lipid peroxidation in liver at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last do2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434550Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as atherogenic fraction in serum at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measure2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434559Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-1beta mRNA level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434541Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum ALT level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs post A2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434549Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as atherogenic fraction in serum at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1692265Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet suspension preincubated for 3 mins followed by collagen stimulation and measured after 6 mins by lumi-aggregometry2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-12, Volume: 63, Issue:21
Progress toward a Glycoprotein VI Modulator for the Treatment of Thrombosis.
AID1692267Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet suspension preincubated for 3 mins followed by collagen stimulation and measured after 6 mins by lumi-aggregometry2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-12, Volume: 63, Issue:21
Progress toward a Glycoprotein VI Modulator for the Treatment of Thrombosis.
AID1434555Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as increase in GSH level in liver at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434543Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum AST level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs post A2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1692266Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet suspension preincubated for 3 mins followed by collagen stimulation and measured after 6 mins by lumi-aggregometry2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-12, Volume: 63, Issue:21
Progress toward a Glycoprotein VI Modulator for the Treatment of Thrombosis.
AID492140Antioxidant activity assessed as formazan formation induced absorbance changes at 25 ppm at 570 nm at 37 degC for 6 hrs by MTT assay2010Journal of natural products, Jul-23, Volume: 73, Issue:7
An efficient and economical MTT assay for determining the antioxidant activity of plant natural product extracts and pure compounds.
AID1434565Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in APAP-induced MMP2 activity in liver at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post las2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434567Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in liver necrotic area at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measu2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434556Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in GSSG level in liver at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 me2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434560Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum IL-6 mRNA level at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434558Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced oxidative damage in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as inhibition of APAP-induced decrease in total GSH level in liver at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP tre2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1434542Hepatoprotective activity against APAP overdose-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as serum ALT level at 100 mg/kg, po pretreated via gavage for 14 consecutive days followed by APAP treatment 1 hr post last dose on day 14 measured 12 hrs post 2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Lycopene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in C57BL/6 mice.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1745854NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1745855NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,965)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199040 (1.35)18.7374
1990's256 (8.63)18.2507
2000's935 (31.53)29.6817
2010's1198 (40.40)24.3611
2020's536 (18.08)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 61.29

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index61.29 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.12 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index184.09 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.44 (0.95)

This Compound (61.29)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials274 (8.90%)5.53%
Reviews326 (10.59%)6.00%
Case Studies13 (0.42%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.06%)0.25%
Other2,463 (80.02%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (44)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Safety and Efficacy of an Antioxidant Based Dietary Supplement With PUFAs in Healthy Female Volunteers With Cellulite (Orange Peel Skin) [NCT01321268]8 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Terminated(stopped due to sponsor stopped study due to recruitment problems)
Lycopene or Green Tea a Feasibility Study in Men at Risk of Prostate Cancer [NCT01105338]Phase 2/Phase 3126 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Effects of Lycopene Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Markers of Endothelial Function in Healthy Men [NCT01221558]Phase 3126 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
A Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial to Investigate the Effect of Lactolycopene on Sperm Quality in Men With a Low Total Motile Sperm Count: a Pilot Study. [NCT05671562]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-03Recruiting
Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Protein Carbonyl Oxidative Stress Biomarker Following the Use of Locally Delivered Lycopene Antioxidants in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis - Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03203746]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-28Completed
The Effect of Lycopene Antioxidant Gel Compared to Minocycline Hydrochloride Microspheres as Adjunctive to Non Surgical Periodontal Treatment by Measuring Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1, Interleukin-8, and Tissue Inhibitor o [NCT03964935]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Lycopene and Isoflavones on Glucose Metabolism [NCT01377961]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to FDA needs more information from the manufacturing company of the supplements.)
A 12-week Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Oral Lycomato Supplement on Skin Health and Appearance in Healthy Participants. [NCT05328388]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
Evaluation of Lycopene in the Treatment of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus (A Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT04652739]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Trial of Laflavon in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome to Evaluate Its Effectiveness in Lowering Triglycerides and Raising High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) [NCT01286909]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-01-31Recruiting
Efficacy of Oral Lycopene in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus [NCT00656214]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
The Molecular Effects of Nutrition Supplements (MENS) Prostate Study [NCT00402285]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
Effect of Different Doses of Tomato Lycopene on the Blood Pressure in Prehypertensives and Grade I Never Treated Otherwise Healthy Subjects [NCT00637858]130 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Terminated(stopped due to difficulty to enroll more subjects)
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Combination Vitamin E, Selenium and Lycopene vs. Placebo in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00844792]Phase 248 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
[NCT02550483]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Acute Oral Lycopene Therapy on Cerebral Autoregulation and Delayed Ischaemic Deficits Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (LASH): A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00905931]Phase 2124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Phase I Study of Docetaxel Plus Synthetic Lycopene in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients With Biochemical or Clinical Relapse [NCT01949519]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Single Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Lycopene Delivered in a Well Defined Food-Based Lycopene Delivery System (Tomato Paste-oil Mixture) in Healthy Male Volunteers Between 18 and 45 Years of Age [NCT00006078]Phase 10 participants Interventional2000-06-30Completed
Phase II Placebo Controlled Trial of Preoperative Lycopene Supplementation in Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT00450749]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
The Influence of Tomato Soy Juice on Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Adults [NCT03783013]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-08Terminated(stopped due to This study was halted prematurely because of research restrictions related to COVID-19)
The Impact of Antioxidants on MRI Markers of Cell Proliferation and Hypoxia Among Men on Active Surveillance With Early Stage Prostate Cancer [NCT00744549]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Phase II Trial of a Combination Herbal Therapy for Men With Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Initial Local Therapy [NCT00669656]Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-06Completed
[NCT00172367]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was for National Science Council project. The study was not funded, so the study was withdrawn.)
Novel Anti-inflammatory Dietary Intervention to Improve the Metabolic Phenotype of Overweight and Obese 13-18 Year Old Adolescents - Insights Into Potential Genetic Susceptibility [NCT01665742]58 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Phase I Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of the Dietary Supplement Lycopene Delivered in Capsule Form to Healthy Male Volunteers Between 18 and 55 Years of Age [NCT00450957]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Clinical Study to Determine Factors Affecting Absorption and Serum Levels of Lycopene After Supplementation [NCT00154843]Phase 274 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Phase I Single Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of the Dietary Supplement Lycopene Delivered in Capsule Form to Healthy Male Volunteers Between 18 and 45 Years of Age [NCT00093561]Phase 10 participants Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Mechanism of Prostate Cancer Prevention by Lycopene [NCT00322114]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-02-28Recruiting
Phase I Clinical Trial: Randomized Lycopene Supplementation in Tobago Men With High-Grade Prostatic-Intraepithelial Neoplasia [NCT00178113]Phase 180 participants Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Phase II Trial Of Lycopene For Patients With Asymptomatic Androgen-Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer With PSA Elevation [NCT00068731]Phase 247 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial Of The Action Of Isoflavones And Lycopene In Localized Prostate Cancer: Administration Prior To Radical Prostatectomy [NCT00042731]79 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Phase I Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Lycopene Delivered in a Well-Defined Food-Based Lycopene Delivery System (Tomato Paste-Oil Mixture) in Patients at Increased Risk for Developing Prostate Cancer [NCT00416325]Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)InterventionalCompleted
The Effect of Lycopene on DNA Damage in Human Prostate [NCT00416390]120 participants (Anticipated)InterventionalCompleted
Effect of Tomato Extracted Lycopene on Postprandial Oxidation and inflammation in Healthy [NCT01665469]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Nutrition Intervention to Reduce Symptoms in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure [NCT01733017]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
R01 CA90759: The Effects of Lycopene on High Risk Prostatic Tissue [NCT01443026]Phase 266 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating The Safety And Efficacy Of An Oral Supplement Containing Astaxanthin (2 mg) + Lycopene (1.8 mg) + D-Alpha-Tocopherol (10 IU) For The Treatment Of Skin Aging [NCT03460860]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-05Completed
Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Lycopene Versus Prednisolone in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized, Double Blind Clinical Trial [NCT02587117]Phase 428 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Novel 13C Carotenoids for Absorption and Metabolism Studies in Humans. [NCT01692340]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
A Phase II Study to Evaluate the Effects of Docetaxel Plus Lycopene in Castration Resistant, Chemotherapy-Naïve Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT01882985]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Short-term Annatto Carotenoids Supplementation Effect on LDL Susceptibility to Ex-vivo Oxidation and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Healthy Individuals [NCT03820245]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-24Completed
Métabolismes Des caroténoïdes Dans la lumière du Tube Digestif de l'Homme Sain [NCT03492593]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Controlled Trial on the Effect of Tomato Products in Obese Children With Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [NCT03463967]61 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Recruiting
Double-blind, Phase II Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Lycopene vs Placebo to Reduce Skin Toxicity in Patients With Colorectal Carcinoma Treated With Panitumumab [NCT03167268]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-03Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00402285 (1) [back to overview]Changes in Normal Prostate Tissue Gene Expression Between the Baseline and 3-month Biopsies in IGF -1 and COX -2
NCT00450749 (2) [back to overview]Concentration of Lycopene in Prostatic Surgical Tissue
NCT00450749 (2) [back to overview]Serum Levels (ug/dL) of Total Lycopene at Baseline and During Treatment by Group
NCT01443026 (1) [back to overview]Changes in Serum Biomarkers
NCT01692340 (3) [back to overview]Maximal Plasma Carotenoid Concentration
NCT01692340 (3) [back to overview]Plasma Half Life of Labeled Carotenoid
NCT01692340 (3) [back to overview]Time of Maximal Carotenoid Concentration
NCT01882985 (1) [back to overview]Time to PSA Progression
NCT02587117 (2) [back to overview]Burning Sensation or Pain by Using NRS (Numerical Rating Scale)
NCT02587117 (2) [back to overview]Change in Severity of Lesions(Degree of Reticular, Erythematous and Ulceration) by Using Piboonniyom REU Severity Score

Changes in Normal Prostate Tissue Gene Expression Between the Baseline and 3-month Biopsies in IGF -1 and COX -2

Comparisons of the change in deltaCT were between the placebo and Lycopene arms for IGF-1 and IGF-1R and between the placebo and fish oil arms for COX-2. Data in the table are mean changes in qRTPCR gene expression (normalized to GUSb) for IGF1, Cox2, and IGF1R. (NCT00402285)
Timeframe: baseline through 3 month

,,
Interventionfold change (Mean)
IGF-1COX-2IGF-1R
Fish Oil SupplementNA0.39NA
Lycopene Supplement0.05NA0.20
Placebo0.020.400.74

[back to top]

Concentration of Lycopene in Prostatic Surgical Tissue

Total tissue lycopene concentrations in radical prostatectomy specimens in participants receiving 6 weeks (± 1 week) of preoperative supplementation with 60 mg/day lycopene, 30 mg/day lycopene, or placebo. Concentration of lycopene in prostatic surgical tissue calculated using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. (NCT00450749)
Timeframe: At 4-7 weeks

,,
Interventionug/dL (Number)
Sample 1Sample 2
Arm I Placebo0.6630.165
Arm II Low Dose Lycopene0.3780.749
Arm III High-Dose Lycopene0.723NA

[back to top]

Serum Levels (ug/dL) of Total Lycopene at Baseline and During Treatment by Group

Serum levels (ug/dL) of total lycopene at baseline and during treatment by group were measured. (NCT00450749)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 4 and 7

,,
Interventionug/dL (Median)
BaselineWeek4Week 7
Arm I Placebo25.398.7125.8
Arm II Low Dose Lycopene32.040.452.8
Arm III High-Dose Lycopene22.761.544.4

[back to top]

Changes in Serum Biomarkers

Change in serum lycopene, umol/L (NCT01443026)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionumol/L (Mean)
Lycopene.55
Placebo-0.29

[back to top]

Maximal Plasma Carotenoid Concentration

We will determine the average maximal plasma carotenoid concentration in healthy volunteers (NCT01692340)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Interventionmicromol (Mean)
Isotopically Labeled Lycopene0.14
Isotopically Labeled Phytoene0.056

[back to top]

Plasma Half Life of Labeled Carotenoid

We will study the half life of isotopically labeled carotenoids. (NCT01692340)
Timeframe: labelled lycopene: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post-dose. Labelled phytoene: hourly for hours 0 - 15, then hours 17, 19 and 21 hours after dosing. Then, 1, 2, 3 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 and 28 days post dose.

Interventiondays (Mean)
Isotopically Labeled Lycopene6.2
Isotopically Labeled Phytoene2.3

[back to top]

Time of Maximal Carotenoid Concentration

We will determine when the maximal carotenoid concentration is achieved in the plasma (NCT01692340)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
Isotopically Labeled Lycopene30
Isotopically Labeled Phytoene19.8

[back to top]

Time to PSA Progression

The definition of time to PSA progression is the date (after the initiation of chemotherapy on day 2) that a 25% or greater increase, and an absolute increase of 2ng/mL or more, from the nadir PSA is documented. If there is no decrease in PSA following chemotherapy, then PSA progression is the date for documentation of a 25% increase from the baseline value along with an increase in absolute value of 2ng/mL or more. (NCT01882985)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years

Interventiondays (Mean)
Treatment (Docetaxel and Lycopene)335

[back to top]

Burning Sensation or Pain by Using NRS (Numerical Rating Scale)

Standard self-response Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of 0 (no oral discomfort) to 10 (worst imaginable oral discomfort) to represent the intensity of burning sensation or pain or discomfort. The mean of NRS burning sensation score was calculated after eight weeks of treatment and considered as 8th week NRS burning sensation score. (NCT02587117)
Timeframe: 8 weeks minus baseline

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Lycopene Group0.23
Prednisolone Group0.07

[back to top]

Change in Severity of Lesions(Degree of Reticular, Erythematous and Ulceration) by Using Piboonniyom REU Severity Score

Reticular: score 0= no white striations; score 1= white striations. Erythematous: score 0= no lesion; score 1= lesion <1 cm2; score 2: lesion 1-3 cm2; score 3= lesion >3 cm2. Ulceration: score 0= no lesion; score 1= lesion <1 cm2; score 2= lesion 1-3 cm2; score 3= lesion >3 cm2. Total weighted score was derived by sum total scores of each lesion and multiplication with weighted score 1.5 & 2.0 in total erythematous and total ulceration scores as ΣR + ΣE × 1.5 + ΣU × 2.0.Total weighted score was dependent on the number of lesions of each participant which was not the same across participants. Higher value of the total score represent worse outcome & zero value represent no lesion. (NCT02587117)
Timeframe: 8 weeks minus baseline

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Lycopene Group2.15
Prednisolone Group0.73

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		210C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.8830amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.6104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.110ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.6930monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		3.1950ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate
acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.		210acyl monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		3.4311imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		810acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		1.9910halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol
2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.		2.2110butanediol;
glycol;
secondary alcohol
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.610alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.110fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carnitine
[no description available]		4.2220amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.110alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.3260tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4920halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9610chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.610coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.5220monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-methylcatechol
3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol: structure in first source. dihydroxytoluene : Any hydroxytoluene that has two hydroxy substituents. 3-methylcatechol : A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples.		2.0510methylcatecholbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.4720trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
2-nitropropane
2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).		1.9910secondary nitroalkanecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
xenobiotic
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.0510(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0710hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.74302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.231sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		8.0340alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.0710hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.5120carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		8.3260elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.830diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.1710dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.6920dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.9540alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		8.8121cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		5.2580acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.5320pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.730monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.0610nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.3360monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4120alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		7.5720long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0610phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		4.12100benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		1.9310acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.4620glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.2110propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		7.3110saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
putrescine
[no description available]		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.0510benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.59112-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.0310divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.0510polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		2.0510polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.610primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4420methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		8.22133uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.9640isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		210xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		3.2760prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.730hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.0240aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.4520methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.		2.9240imidazopyridine;
primary amino compound		carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		210ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.4620C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
pleconaril
WIN 63843: structure given in first source		2.610
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.610
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.610imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
7,8-dihydroxyflavone
7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.		2.0510dihydroxyflavoneantidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		4.0831monoazo compound
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.5520acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.610monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor
acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.		7.4110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.41101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.610secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.610adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.610aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.4160benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atrazine
[no description available]		4.09120chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
baclofen
[no description available]		2.610amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.610benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.1350ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		210benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate
benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma		2.0510benzenes;
isothiocyanate		antibacterial drug
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		1.9910pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		8.6320alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
caffeine
[no description available]		2.4420purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.610benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.610bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.7620benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.53111-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.610pyridinium ion
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.610organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		8.1810chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		7.0410aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.610dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		7.610clonidine;
imidazoline
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		7.0810aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.		2101,4-benzoquinonescofactor
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.6104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0610alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.610diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.1710amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		7.1310alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		1.9810pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.610piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.610organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.610branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.2510aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.610aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.610benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		7.2110cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0810
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.6101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
2-hexyloxybenzamide
2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides		antifungal agent
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.6102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.610N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.610nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		7.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.1310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.610benzoate ester
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.7830
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.610dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.1310methoxybenzenes
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		7.9630aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		7.0410haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.610phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.610resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.610cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		210phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.610thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.610benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.610one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.5320monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		8.5520indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		7.8530aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		1.9910organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.7620azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		7.3110carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.4820catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.610piperazines
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.6104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.610
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.4820medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.610monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.610benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.7620biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide
4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.		2.610benzamides;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		2.610aromatic amine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		7.0810diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
memantine
[no description available]		7.2510adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0210amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.8620guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		2.610sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.610aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0310methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.4611C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.4520ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
entinostat
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.610maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.610methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.610benzoic acids;
guanidines
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.610cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		3.9521aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
osalmide
osalmide: structure		2.610organic molecular entity
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0810benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.610endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.1110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.610benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.4830oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.610piperidinescardiovascular drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.610diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9810barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		2.610monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.610acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.610benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pj-34
PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.		2.610phenanthridines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0110inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.610isoquinolines
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.610benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.9230dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.610phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.610phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4220phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.610naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		210
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		2.610alkylamine
rolipram
[no description available]		2.610pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
scriptaid
scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source		2.610isoquinolines
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.0640fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9810haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
fenofibrate
[no description available]		2.610benzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		8.0240long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.2540isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		10.830isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.610aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.0310naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0810imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.610phthalimides;
piperidones
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		2.610pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.610N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.610organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		2.610benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.610aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.610alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.610aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane
[no description available]		2.3110carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.2110pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		1.9610benzodioxolespesticide synergist
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.6104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.41102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.422017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.610organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		7.5920organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.46202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		3.92120nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.7330chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		7.7630C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.610C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.0340aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		5.0752glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.311017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		7.8430steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.73100ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		4.1131pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.3860D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.2110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.6930ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		7.4720butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.8430benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		9.9150amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		430amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9810organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.610benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.420amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.0810methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.2510nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		7.5520lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.7430aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.4220
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		8.6820alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
n-hexanal
[no description available]		2.4220medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.610antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.610psoralensplant metabolite
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.420chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone
[no description available]		3.5111sulfone
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.610antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
mannitol
[no description available]		2.5120mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.610nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.5720pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		210erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		6.0241arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		7.4420alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		4.57240alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		1.9910alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.5520chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		2.2110one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
2-propylamine
2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310alkylamines;
primary aliphatic amine
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.250alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1310
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		2.4520monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		3.1210alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.610alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		7.3110acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.560bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.1110amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		7.66206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.4820organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.610anthraquinone
salicylanilide
salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.		2.610benzanilide fungicide;
salicylamides;
salicylanilides
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		2.610aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.610aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.5120butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
ethyl lactate
ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.		2.2510ethyl ester;
lactate ester;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.0310trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.610gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.0210cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.610benzenedicarboxylic acid
tripropylamine
tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.		7.1310tertiary amine
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.610benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		3.6790alkane
diisopropylamine
diisopropylamine: structure given in first source		2.1310
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		3.520alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		4.5151cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.8430furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		2.0710fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		3.2650alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
pelargonic acid
pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antifeedant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite
undecanoic acid
undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite
behenic acid
behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		5.85210diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0510methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0310naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.9440NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.0710alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.610dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		11.43302catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.5220cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.98401,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.0310azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.610N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.0110diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		7.2510benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		7.2110steroid ester
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		5.8861amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.421111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		7.251020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
beta-cyclocitral
beta-cyclocitral: structure in first source. beta-cyclocitral : A monoterpenoid formally derived from citral by cyclisation. It is a volatile compound produced by a cyanobacteria.		2.0510monoterpenoidbacterial metabolite
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.0510monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.5111calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.0310
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.610thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.610aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.610isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.610botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.610flavanones
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		7.2110dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.83301,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		2.5420hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.2510epsilon-lactone
margaric acid
margaric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. heptadecanoic acid : A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
arachidic acid
icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.03403'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.031017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9910
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.610furanocoumarin
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		1.9910flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
herniarin
herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure. herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.		2.0510coumarinsfluorochrome
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.610carbamate ester
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		13.411512dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.0310carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		210arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.2510hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
beta-phellandrene
[no description available]		2.0210phellandreneplant metabolite
lignoceric acid
lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510straight-chain saturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		2.110glycerophosphocholine
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.8130flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
terpinolene
[no description available]		2.0210p-menthadieneinsect repellent;
plant metabolite;
sedative;
volatile oil component
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.2510aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.1710oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		2.0310organic sulfide
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.61020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene
[no description available]		210
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.6770acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.0810
tridecanoic acid
tridecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of tridecanoic acid.. tridecanoic acid : A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0610cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
nonadecanoic acid
nonadecanoic acid : A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		fungal metabolite
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		3.5180N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
2-methylimidazole
[no description available]		2.4820
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.610
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
nitrosobenzylmethylamine
nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure		2.2510
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.610ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		7.4110nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
metformin hydrochloride
metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochlorideenvironmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.0410alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1710alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		7.6920zinc molecular entity
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		2.07101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.3110
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0610enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		18.7328535alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		12.57428
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.4420selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source		2.610bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol
2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.		2.610benzyl alcohols;
dichlorobenzene		antiseptic drug
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0210organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.4620hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		4.2950organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.0110isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
heneicosanoic acid
henicosanoic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is henicosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to give the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
tricosanoic acid
tricosanoic acid : A very long-chain fatty acid that is tricosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0510straight-chain saturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.610dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		9.07224thujeneplant metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.4201,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		2.420nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.610adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.920phthalic acid monoester
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.610beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.3510dioxolane
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		3.830cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.610
n-nitrodiethylamine
[no description available]		2.1110
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		7.5520elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.7430elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.2510elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.0110iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.9430copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		7.5520titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4.460cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.1510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.5820copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.610pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.9740mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		7.110N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.7930D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		7.4720chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.1110iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.1510iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.0810metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		4.8842metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.7130dihydrogen
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.4220deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.0510
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		9.1131elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.4420inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.610diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
chloropyramine
chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610aminopyridine
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.1310titanium oxidesfood colouring
3-carene
3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210monoterpene
2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine
2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine: causes accumulation of lycopene at expense of other carotenoids in carotenogenic tissues; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9140
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.6106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.9440iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
n'-nitrosonornicotine
N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals		2.610pyridines;
pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.1350acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		4.2240halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
tomatine
alpha-tomatine: in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues; structure in first source		8.6120alkaloid antibiotic;
glycoalkaloid;
glycoside;
steroid alkaloid;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antifungal agent;
immunological adjuvant;
phytotoxin
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.610aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.940benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		4.3530chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.0810bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0510phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		7.2110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
alkenes
[no description available]		210
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		7.4220
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.7230inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.4611penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		7.17102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.610azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0510taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		8.520beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.6101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.0210butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
pyridoxal phosphate
[no description available]		2.610pyridinecarbaldehyde
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0810pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0810alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		3.1950
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4920aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4320chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		2.610benzamides;
carboxylic ester
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.610alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.4220nitrosamine;
pyridines
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		2.6101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		2.610
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.4920delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.		2.7230imidazoquinolinecarcinogenic agent
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.5220delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.49203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
4-hydroxymethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane
4-hydroxymethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane: induces morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts and can cause cis-trans isomerization of carotenoids		1.9810
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		2.610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		2.610biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		7.841013-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.610imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		2.251017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.610phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
celgosivir
celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs		2.610
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.610organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.8220aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.610monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.7620biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.610guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.610monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.610gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.2510hydracid;
one-carbon compound
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4110hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.610acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.610aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.3960D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.4620hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.7530organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.610lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.610azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.610carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.610acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
allicin
[no description available]		4.430botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		14.34161flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
homocitrulline
L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ureas		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		5.7131gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.061025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		3.6330abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.5520gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
cephalotaxine
[no description available]		2.610benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.610hydrochloridedrug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610hydrochloride
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		2.420nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0210glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.0610cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tomatidine
tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.		8.61203beta-hydroxy steroid;
azaspiro compound;
oxaspiro compound
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.610epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
propazole
propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610benzimidazoles
prulifloxacin
prulifloxacin: structure given in first source		2.610fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7620benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.610trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.6101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.610organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.610sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid
biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.2510
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.610fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
oxprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
moroxydine
[no description available]		2.610biguanides
thioxolone
tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.		2.610benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
epicatechin
(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0510catechin;
polyphenol		antioxidant
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.48203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
honokiol
[no description available]		2.7620biphenyls
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		2.610indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
uroporphyrin i
uroporphyrin I: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
(-)-catechin
(-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin.		2.0510catechinmetabolite
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		2.0810N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
fangchinoline
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
macrocycle		anti-HIV-1 agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.1510cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.610hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
dicetylphosphate
dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.		2.110dialkyl phosphate
4'-methoxyflavone
4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source		2.0510ether;
flavonoids
hexylphosphonic acid diethyl ester
[no description available]		2.0410
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.4110adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
loganin
[no description available]		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mebeverine
gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol		2.3110
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.91403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.9842iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		2.610peptide
aucubin
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		7.46203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
catalpol
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems		210
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		9.3641amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
delta-tocopherol
[no description available]		2.0510tocopherol;
vitamin E		food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.6102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		10.98227tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		2.2110
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.610methyladenosine
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.7730
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.0510
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		2.5120
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.610N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.610aminoquinoline
geniposide
[no description available]		2.610terpene glycoside
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		12.0951proanthocyanidin
dityrosine
dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.		8.3310biphenyls;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		biomarker
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		3.5920catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.6107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.41202-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.5320
selenomethylselenocysteine
selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
selenocysteines		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		3.4110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid
12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid: induces lipid storage in cultured leukemic myeloid cells		1.9810
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.432022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
sophocarpine
[no description available]		2.610
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.610
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.0710fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
celastrol
[no description available]		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.9440nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.4920fullerenegeroprotector
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.610leucine derivative
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
glabridin
[no description available]		7.420hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.6980dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.13105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
tamsulosin
[no description available]		8.48115-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		2.610indolyl carboxylic acid
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610amino acid amide
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.3110D-xylose
phytol
[no description available]		2.110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.4420
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.9221secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.610carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		8.51119-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.7730azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
1-methylcyclopropene
1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.		3.1750cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes		agrochemical;
plant growth regulator
vx 497
N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source		2.610
bcx 1812
[no description available]		2.6103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
acetamides;
cyclopentanols;
guanidines		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.610methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.0140oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.7620biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		2.0510camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		2.610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
malvidin
malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.		2.13105-hydroxyanthocyanidinbiological pigment;
metabolite
celastrol methyl ester
celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME		2.610carboxylic ester
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.73100chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
isoflavanone
isoflavanone: structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide. isoflavanone : Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond.		3.1610isoflavanones
tanshinone ii a
tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source		2.610abietane diterpenoid
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.110biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		7.1110amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
campesterol
campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure		4.4113beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C28-steroid;
phytosterols		mouse metabolite
migalastat
migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis		2.610piperidines
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0510imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
spirodiclofen
spirodiclofen: an acaricide		7.3110dichlorobenzene;
gamma-lactone;
organochlorine acaricide;
oxaspiro compound
limonin
[no description available]		2.6120epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.610glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		8.4770aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
etravirine
[no description available]		2.610aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine
chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)		2.610alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid
(-)-gallocatechin gallate
(-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.		2.0510catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-n-butylresorcinol
4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source		2.610resorcinols
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		2.610carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.610
erythritol
[no description available]		7.8130butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.39402-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
nsc 74859
NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.		2.610amidobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
tosylate ester		STAT3 inhibitor
lupeol
[no description available]		4.0620pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
berbamine
[no description available]		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
u-104
SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.610glycoside
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tizoxanide
tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source		2.610salicylamides
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.		2.2110glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatemouse metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.0110
arabinose
[no description available]		2.9340L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.5520N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0410D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		6.962003,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		9.8771(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0510myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		1.9910taxifolinmetabolite
cholesteryl glucoside
cholesteryl glucoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510monosaccharide derivative;
sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.5220cellotriose
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.610cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
conessine
conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.		2.610steroid alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
H3-receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.610L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.6102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		2.610acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
petunidin
petunidin: RN given for chloride salt. petunidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 5'.		7.58205-hydroxyanthocyanidinplant metabolite
cephaelin
cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.		2.610pyridoisoquinoline
naringin
[no description available]		2.0710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isonaringin
isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		3.0540isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
(-)-usnic acid
(-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.		2.610usnic acidEC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		8.5820beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source		2.2110tetritol phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.1450cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.9430acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.93403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		7.1510antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.3860retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.7230icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.2110farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		10.96281resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		16.4617917retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitoleic acid
hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.3110hexadec-9-enoic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.5420octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.610macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		2.610farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0510ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		5.24111D-galactopyranuronic acid
geranyl pyrophosphate
geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.		2.110polyprenyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		7.5120icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0710epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.610macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		2.7330geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
gw 3965
GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand		2.2510diarylmethane
t0901317
T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist		7.5320
violaxanthin
violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.		2.7430violaxanthinfood colouring
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.6104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.610N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
fluciclovine f-18
fluciclovine F-18: A radioactive diagnostic agent used for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer by POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; structure in first source.		2.610
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		4.4113beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
bevirimat
bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoester;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		HIV-1 maturation inhibitor;
metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.610amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.610nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		2.610
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.610hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610tropane alkaloid
cmx 001
[no description available]		2.610
amd 8664
[no description available]		2.610
bay 41-4109
BAY 41-4109: structure in first source		2.610
bay 57-1293
pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor		2.610
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		1.9710flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.610
isoxanthohumol
isoxanthohumol: structure in first source		2.610flavanones
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0110
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.57202-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
mecarbinate
[no description available]		2.610
neurosporaxanthin
neurosporaxanthin: from Fusarium, structure in first source. neurosporaxanthin : A monocarboxylic acid that results from the oxidation of the aldehyde group of 4'-apo-beta-carotenal to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0110apo carotenoid C35 terpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.86304-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.0510diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		2.4620
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.4320chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.7830isomethyleugenol
beta-ionone
beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.		340iononeantioxidant;
fragrance
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		6.9381retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		4.0810benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source		1.9610acetate ester
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		4.0340triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		10.53231stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		4.7521
Methylenedioxycinnamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxycinnamic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.0510flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		6.9310diphosphate ion
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0710benzamides
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.610tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0310inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		2.4120S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		210oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.610
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.6320
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.610aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
jrf 12
N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor		2.610
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source		2.610
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.8630caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid
isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.		2.610ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
cyclouridine
cyclouridine: structure given in third source		2.610
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		210N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		11.3341aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
zucapsaicin
[no description available]		2.610methoxybenzenes;
phenols
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		9.3630capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
geranylacetone
geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.		2.0410monoterpene ketoneflavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nbd 556
[no description available]		2.610
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.8571cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.6102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.6930barbituratesallergen;
reagent
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.5870cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		7.610thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.0610aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1		2.610
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.4520stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		3.5580
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		4.26170
srpin340
SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor		2.610
pr-619
[no description available]		2.610
p5091
P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source		2.610
trovirdine
trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.610
fti 277
[no description available]		2.610
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.1310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.5420aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc
vicriviroc: structure in first source		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.610cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		7.9240nitrogen oxide
monooctanoin
monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.		2.07101-monoglyceride;
octanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.8921beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate
2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.610
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		4.411
yya-021
YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		9.4241
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		7.420organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
alpha-carotene
alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.		17.2221033carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		plant metabolite;
provitamin A
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.610triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		210organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.2510carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide
quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.		210beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
quercetin O-glycoside		antidepressant;
antioxidant;
metabolite
tak-220
TAK-220: structure in first source		2.610
jtk-303
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557
[no description available]		2.610
quercetin
[no description available]		6.721807-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2
Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.3920ubiquinones
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.2660biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.3720prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		6.32104monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.05104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin
[no description available]		2.05104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		4.2950trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.78303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.4670octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		210D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9
ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		210ubiquinonesantioxidant;
human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		4.9242
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		22.0575494carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		3.1210retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		6.871all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid
trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.		2.610cinnamate ester;
cyclitol carboxylic acid		plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
cyclosporine
[no description available]		2.610
(all-e) phytoene
(all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.		11.61457phytoeneplant metabolite
neurosporene
[no description available]		11.27131acyclic carotene
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		6.1431D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		3.4370disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.48207-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		16.6818216carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		1.9810linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
naringenin chalcone
naringenin chalcone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereoisomer & from CA Vol 92 Form Index; RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/6/83; structure in first source. 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.		2.7330chalcones;
polyphenol		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		8.391817-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
beta-apo-14'-carotenal
beta-apo-14'-carotenal: structure given in first source		2.0510carotenal;
enal
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.610dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.610carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.6102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
erucic acid
[no description available]		2.0510docosenoic acid
nervonic acid
(15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.		2.0510tetracosenoic acid
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.0710oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
antheraxanthin
antheraxanthin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. antheraxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta.		2.4620epoxycarotenolbiological pigment;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		16.89466carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.		7.74301carotenonebiological pigment;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fungal metabolite
capsanthin
[no description available]		4.0240carotenoneplant metabolite
capsorubin
[no description available]		1.9610carotenone
cryptoxanthins
Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.		15.3218018carotenolantioxidant;
biomarker;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
echinenone
echinenone: structure in first source. echinenone : A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.		7.0210carotenoneanimal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor;
marine metabolite
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.		7.7530
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		19.432145carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
norbixin
norbixin: an annatto compound; RN given refers to all-trans-norbixin (beta-norbixin); 9-cis-norbixin is alpha-norbixin		2.0110diterpenoid
torulene
torulene : A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.		7.9840carotene;
polyene
cucurbitacin b
[no description available]		2.4920cucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
geranylgeraniol
(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4820geranylgeraniol
genistin
genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein		2.05107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
esculetin
esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.		710hydroxycoumarinantioxidant;
plant metabolite;
ultraviolet filter
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.1310alpha-humulene
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		3.140macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.610biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		2.610trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		7.54207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fisetin
[no description available]		3.15103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.610beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
orientin
orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.		2.6103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
C-glycosyl compound;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
scutellarein
scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.		2.610tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		7.42207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol		2.610stilbenoid
polydatin
trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid
chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase		2.610organooxygen compoundgeroprotector;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		7.3110alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.4520rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		4.1330catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		3.5680catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		8.4792ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
ethyl linoleate
ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		7.2510long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteranti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		6.2394F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		2.02104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		1.9710retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer		3.5611octadecadienoic acid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.0210thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.07101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		2.4320ubiquinonesbiomarker
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.2110
amsonic acid
amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.610
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.610sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		4.4511phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.610cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone
cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).		2.610
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.610carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
decaprenoic acid
decaprenoic acid: synthetic isoprenoid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.0510monoterpenoid
casticin
casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
bisdemethoxycurcumin
curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.		2.0510beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
metabolite
methyl linolenate
[no description available]		2.0510fatty acid methyl esterinsect attractant;
plant metabolite
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
resorcinols;
stilbenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.610
5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone: from the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora; inhibits monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone : A monohydroxyflavone that is 5-hydroxyflavone which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3,3',4' and 7.		2.05103'-methoxyflavones;
monohydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		plant metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		7.0610carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
pd 151746
[no description available]		2.610
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source		3.411
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		7.0610
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.4611metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3110boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.8230metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.610dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		2.610
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.610dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
beta-apo-13-carotenone
beta-apo-13-carotenone: structure given in first source. 13-apo-beta-carotenone : An apo carotenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 13-position.		4.821apo carotenoid;
enone
rhodopin
rhodopin: RN given for (all-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. rhodopin : A carotenol having the structure of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene with a hydroxy function at C-1.		2.4620carotenol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite
spheroidenone
spheroidenone: RN given for (all-trans)-isomer. spheroiden-2-one : The carotenone that is the 2-oxo derivative of (3E)-1-methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene.		2.0610carotenonebacterial metabolite
rhodovibrin
rhodovibrin: structure in first source		2.1510xanthophyll
spirilloxanthin
spirilloxanthin : A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.4420carotenoid etherbacterial metabolite
plastoquinone
[no description available]		210plastoquinone
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.0510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.7230cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.610monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.1510boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.830
cinanserin
Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.		2.2510aryl sulfide;
cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
solanesol
solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).		2.610nonaprenol;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.610pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
l 685458
L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.		2.610carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
peptide;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
bms 806
BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002		2.610
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.610
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		8.831002-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.610aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		14.6719chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.0510
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		1.9610
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.0410(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
spheroidene
spheroidene: one of main carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides; structure. spheroidene : The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of 3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol.		2.4720carotenoid ether
vitamin a2
vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.		2.1510retinoid;
vitamin A		human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
germacrone
germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin		2.610germacrane sesquiterpenoid;
olefinic compound		androgen antagonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifeedant;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antitussive;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
insecticide;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid
(2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source		2.610
n-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-n,n,n-trimethylammonium chloride
N-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium: cationic lipid; structure given in first source		2.5720
retinyl stearate
all-trans-retinyl stearate : A fatty acid ester formed between stearic acid and all-trans-retinol.		2.7130fatty acid ester
isopentenol
isopentenol : An enol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.610enol
zeta carotene
zeta Carotene: A carotenoid produced in most carotenogenic organisms. It is one of several sequentially synthesized molecules that are precursors to BETA CAROTENE.		5.8681zeta-carotene
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		2.420
rhodoquinone
rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810
lithospermic acid
[no description available]		2.610
bacterioruberin
bacterioruberin: C(50) carotenoid pigment; structure. bacterioruberin : A C50 carotenoid that is a red-coloured pigment found in several Halobacterium and Haloarcula species.		7.1110C50 carotenoid;
tertiary alcohol;
tetrol		bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment
zeacarotene
zeacarotene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
decaprenoxanthin
[no description available]		2.7530xanthophyll
laq824
LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor		2.610
ekb 569
EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor		2.610aminoquinoline;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		protein kinase inhibitor
beta-apo-10'-carotenal
beta-apo-10'-carotenal: structure in first source. 10'-apo-beta-carotenal : An apo carotenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 10'-position.		210apo carotenoid;
enal
trisporic acid
trisporic acid: oxidized, unsaturated derivatives of 1,1,3'-trimethyl-2-(3'-methyloctyl)cyclohexane; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; several other RNs available in Chemline for methyl esters & tetrahydro derivatives. trisporic acid : Trisporic acids are C-18 terpenoid compounds consisting of (1S)-1,3-dimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a (1E-3-methylocta-1,3-dien-1-yl side chain. The double bond at position 3 of the side chain can have E or Z geometry. Position 7 of the side chain may be unsubstituted (trisporic acid A) or substituted by a hydroxy group (trisporic acid B) or an oxo group (trisporic acid C). The trisporic acids are synthesized via beta-carotene and retinol pathways in the Zygomycetes and are pheromone compounds responsible for sexual differentiation in those fungal species.		2.0810
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.610aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one
[no description available]		2.610germacranolide
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
[no description available]		2.610quinic acid
indigo carmine
3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.		2.610
Uvangoletin
uvangoletin: antineoplastic from Sarcandra glabra		2.1310chalcones
beta-tocopherol
[no description available]		2.4620tocopherol;
vitamin E		food component;
plant metabolite
phytofluene
phytofluene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		10.55318phytofluene
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.1510cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.610artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		5.1640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone
[no description available]		2.610oligopeptide
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.4110beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
belinostat
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42
HDAC-42: structure in first source		2.610amidobenzoic acid
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.610biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
s-allylcysteine
S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.		2.4320L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
iniparib
[no description available]		2.610carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.610
pri-2205
[no description available]		2.610
exp-3179
[no description available]		2.2510
mk 0752
[no description available]		2.610
givinostat
[no description available]		2.610carbamate ester
pd 144418
[no description available]		2.610
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		2.610
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.610benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
tulathromycin
tulathromycin: structure in first source		7.1710aminoglycoside
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.610peptide
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.08140aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.610aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
sb 3ct compound
SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
sch 60663
SCH 60663: structure in first source		2.1710
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.610ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.610organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cetilistat
cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)		2.610benzoxazine
ym 201636
6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic amide
ubiquinol
ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.		3.0950polyprenylhydroquinone;
ubiquinol		biomarker;
metabolite
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.610aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
chlorobactene
chlorobactene : A carotenoid that is 1,2,4-trimethylmenzene in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by an all-trans-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaen-1-yl group. Found in photosynthetic green bacteria.		2.0410benzenes;
carotenoid phi-end group;
carotenoid		bacterial metabolite
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.610benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib
odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source		2.610
apilimod
[no description available]		2.610
apixaban
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
betrixaban
betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.610benzamides;
guanidines;
monochloropyridine;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.610chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
trans-sodium crocetinate
trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma		2.4920
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide
boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.		2.610tripeptide;
ureas		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene: isolated from Streptomyces mediolani; structure in first source		3.1710
ly 411575
[no description available]		2.610dibenzoazepine;
difluorobenzene;
lactam;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
galidesivir
[no description available]		2.610
glaucocalyxin a
glaucocalyxin A: chemical constituent of Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx		2.2510
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
sarcinaxanthin
sarcinaxanthin: structure		2.5220
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source		3.4311purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
retinal dimer
retinal dimer: structure in first source		2.1710
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.610
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.610morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
bms 477118
[no description available]		2.610adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632
PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source		2.610
tmc 353121
[no description available]		2.610
amd 070
mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker		2.610aminoquinoline
fucoxanthinol
fucoxanthinol: structure in first source		2.0510
danoprevir
[no description available]		2.610
bms-626529
[no description available]		2.610
bms-663068
fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		2.0510cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
amenamevir
ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source		2.610
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.610dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.610abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		2.610nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204
FR 180204: structure in first source		2.610pyrazoles;
ring assembly
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.610indoles
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796
HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source		2.610
resminostat
resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
zk 756326
2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
balapiravir
balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source		2.610
retinol oleate
retinol oleate: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. all-trans-retinyl oleate : A fatty acid ester formed between oleic acid and all-trans-retinol.		1.9810fatty acid ester
trametinib
[no description available]		2.610acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
deoxyarbutin
4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.610benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0410
silvestrol
silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.610dioxanes;
ether;
methyl ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
narlaprevir
narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.		2.610azabicyclohexane;
cyclopropanes;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.		3.1450bacteriochlorophyll;
methyl ester
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.610
veliparib
[no description available]		2.610benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.610
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		9.9115
alloin
[no description available]		2.610anthracenes;
C-glycosyl compound;
cyclic ketone;
phenols		laxative;
metabolite
nomilin
[no description available]		2.1110
neoxanthin
neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.		2.0510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.7530
homobrassinolide
homobrassinolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha)-isomer)		2.0510
bleomycetin
bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
furosine
[no description available]		2.0110alpha-amino acid
methampicillin
brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.		2.4110monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside
cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.		2.1310
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		7.9540organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.3460
adonixanthin
adonixanthin: structure in first source. adonixanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-caroten-4-one bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'R diastereomer).		7.1510carotenone;
cyclic ketone;
secondary alcohol		algal metabolite;
animal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
bms-650032
asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus		2.610oligopeptide
heteranthin
heteranthin: from the seeds of Ditaxis heterantha; structure in first source		2.0310
rg 7128
2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source		2.610
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		3.1610
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.0710oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.1310peptide hormone
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.7930
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0510
oritavancin
oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.		2.610disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.1931glycoside
quercetin
[no description available]		2.0510
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		7.4720
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.92401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
feaox-6
FeAOX-6: antioxidant derived from a molecular combination of the chromanyl and polyisoprenyl moieties; structure in first source		2.4220
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		10.78260chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		2.610cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amide
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		9.65202
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		7.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		2.1110
tegobuvir
tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor		2.610
pf-429242
PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor		2.610
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0710inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		7.1310monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
olaparib
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.1710
cx 4945
[no description available]		2.610
pci 34051
PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor		2.610indolecarboxamide
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		2.0610benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
lomibuvir
lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity		2.610thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib
[no description available]		2.610C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
phenylpyridine;
secondary alcohol;
threonine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
proteasome inhibitor
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.2510acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pitavastatin(1-)
pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510
GRL-0617
GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).		2.610benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor		2.610carbamate ester
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		2.6102-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.610benzodioxoles
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.610phenylpyridine
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		310
oprozomib
ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
az 960
[no description available]		2.610
golgicide a
golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).		2.610diastereoisomeric mixturecis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		4.1631
cobicistat
[no description available]		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		2.610biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.610benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101
2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source		2.610
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		2.1510
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.610aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.8230
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.610azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144
KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).		2.610acetamides;
benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.5420
e-52862
[no description available]		2.610
ly2811376
[no description available]		2.610
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.4970
anagliptin
anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound		2.610amino acid amide
gardiquimod
[no description available]		2.610
grazoprevir
grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
carbamate ester;
cyclopropanes;
lactam;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
quinoxaline derivative		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
abt-450
paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610
letermovir
letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		2.610
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		7.1110
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		2.610benzoxazole
blz 945
[no description available]		2.610
azd3839
AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.610
unc 0638
UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
gs-9620
[no description available]		2.610
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.610
bms 708163
BMS 708163: structure in first source		2.610oxadiazole;
ring assembly
jq1 compound
[no description available]		2.610carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.610benzodiazepine
ML240
ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).		2.610aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.610dipeptide
ly2886721
[no description available]		2.610
nms-p118
NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
tubastatin a
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
pyridoindole;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat
pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.		2.610benzimidazole;
hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
spautin-1
[no description available]		2.610
ldn 57444
LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source		2.610
gsk1210151a
GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
i-bet726
[no description available]		2.610
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0410
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		16.3318215ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.0310
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.0710
piroxicam
[no description available]		6.9910benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.2510aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		2.110fatty acid ester
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		2.610sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod
tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source		2.610
gsk1265744
[no description available]		2.610difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
abt-267
ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic amide;
carbamate ester;
dipeptide;
pyrrolidines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333
dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
pyrimidone;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966
[no description available]		2.610
rg2833
RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.1510
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		5.3150
pi-1840
PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source		2.610
acy-738
[no description available]		2.610
pelabresib
CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
primary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
gs-5806
presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor		2.610
doravirine
[no description available]		2.610
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.7830
gn6958
GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source		2.610
vx-787
pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs		2.610
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816
velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.		2.610carbamate ester;
ether;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk
G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
acp-196
acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.		2.2510aromatic amine;
benzamides;
imidazopyrazine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide;
ynone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source		2.610
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		2.610
verdinexor
verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export		2.610
cb-839
[no description available]		2.610
mk-8742
elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610carbamate ester;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin
atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).		2.610
xen445
[no description available]		2.610
santacruzamate a
santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source		2.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		5.0490
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.1310
ldc4297
LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazoles;
pyrazolotriazine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
enasidenib
[no description available]		2.6101,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
diospyros
Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.		2.2510
neochrome
neochrome: structure in first source		2.0710
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		710
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		6.5352
s 8932
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.4420
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		3.1810
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		7.2510
tomatine
Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.		9.640
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0610
bixin
bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.		8.1250
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.6102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.6102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
nu 1025
NU 1064: structure in first source		2.610phenols;
quinazolines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.76303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		14.05224purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		3.4112-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0610inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		9.99212folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.5420
neopterin
[no description available]		2.9610
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.3110cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0810dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.610purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.6102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		2.610L-valyl esterantiviral drug
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.6102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.9440nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
4-hydroxyquinazoline
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		2.610carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.610dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.610N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		2.6101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
hesperadin
[no description available]		2.610
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		210
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		3.2860nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		9.27225guanosinesbiomarker
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection		2.610
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		2.0510
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide
[no description available]		2.610catechols;
hydrazide;
hydrazone;
naphthols		EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
XL413
XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.		2.610benzofuropyrimidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
me0328
ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source		2.610
nvp-tnks656
[no description available]		2.610
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		3.511oligosaccharide
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		7.2110
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.1710
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		3.3660
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.1150
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.1150
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.4820
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.4820
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		07.3110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.39775
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.39775
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		08.9221
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		011.571041
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		03.9221
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		010.87191
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		09.08255
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		05.87191
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.29200
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		06.29200
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.1140
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		012.872911
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		010.38243
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		04.3931
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		015.38243
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		16.3931
Tetraploid
[description not available]		07.4110
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.4110
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.4110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.1170
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.1650
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.1170
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.86354
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.16121
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.16121
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		016.848410
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.270
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		07.4182
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		04.2331
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		07.4182
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		05.2970
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		020.3224538
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		122.3224538
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		04.0221
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.4110
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.4110
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		011.0493
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.4110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.4270
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		08.93100
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.93100
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		05.8641
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		013.023110
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.3310
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		115.023110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		011.02395
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		07.4110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.02180
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.02180
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		010.7266
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		010.7266
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.8830
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		07.21111
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.8830
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		07.21111
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		06.1662
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		06.1662
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.8112
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.8112
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3660
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		08.3660
Chloasma
[description not available]		04.7122
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		04.7122
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		02.6320
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		02.6320
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		014.93214
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.22120
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.22120
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		111.93214
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.9940
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.9940
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.8630
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		03.6190
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.0440
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		07.7630
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		06.78160
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		011.78160
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		03.3310
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		05.3141
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		05.3141
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		08.53192
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		08.53192
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		09.760
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		09.760
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.44140
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		05.62120
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.44140
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		05.62120
Leukokeratosis
Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.		03.5210
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.5210
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		06.7291
Leukoplakia
A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.		03.5210
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		08.6123
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		06.7291
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		05.1221
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.4110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		09.44180
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		04.0740
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		06.7783
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		09.1153
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.7783
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		09.1153
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.4110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		05.37190
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		05.37190
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		04.33120
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		03.3340
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		03.3340
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.3310
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		08.3310
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.4820
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.4820
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.6270
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.6270
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		015.66865
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		015.66865
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		07.7185
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		09.64133
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		014.64133
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.5980
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.2450
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.2450
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.610
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5920
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.610
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.5920
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.610
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.610
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		07.610
Debility
[description not available]		02.610
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		08.28253
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		08.28253
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		06.2843
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.610
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.5220
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.610
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		0340
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		0840
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		06.05250
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.43503
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.610
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.610
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.610
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		07.610
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.1650
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.1650
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		05.7871
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		05.7871
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		08.58151
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.2510
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		110.58151
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.3520
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.3520
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		05.9160
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		05.9160
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.0731
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		04.0731
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2510
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.2110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.2110
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.2510
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.2510
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.2510
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.2510
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.2510
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.2510
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.6250
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		09.6250
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		03.1710
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		012.1894
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.2510
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.2250
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.2510
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.2510
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.2510
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.2510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.16150
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		03.5120
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.76200
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.76200
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		03.5120
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.2510
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		06.21121
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.4920
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4920
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.8540
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.8540
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.2510
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.2510
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.7330
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		012.78585
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		012.78585
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		06.11111
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		06.11111
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		07.88151
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.88151
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.5950
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		04.5950
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.1831
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.1831
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.8720
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.8720
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.930
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.2460
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		07.85172
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.2460
Adnexal Torsion
[description not available]		02.3110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.5890
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.5890
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		02.2510
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		07.81122
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.81122
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.5820
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.5820
Fibroid
[description not available]		03.1750
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.7730
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		03.1750
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.7730
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.8930
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.8930
Metastase
[description not available]		05.8881
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.8881
Water-related Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.3110
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.3110
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.3110
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.4110
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		09.0250
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.0250
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.3110
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.3110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.6320
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		04.4511
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.8621
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		06.8693
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		06.8693
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.7630
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.7630
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.7430
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.7430
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		012.5975
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		03.8740
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.8130
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.33120
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.33120
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.1710
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		07.29231
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		07.29231
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.1510
Asialia
[description not available]		03.9421
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		08.9421
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		05.3980
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		05.3980
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		03.5611
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.5611
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		08.02281
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		07.1710
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.1710
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		07.1510
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.1710
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.3741
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.3741
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.8171
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.75110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1350
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.2941
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.2941
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		04.6290
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		04.6290
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		06.7291
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		06.7291
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		05.9991
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.7630
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.7630
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		02.2110
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.1210
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.1210
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		07.2110
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.2110
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.2110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.2110
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.2110
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.2110
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.2110
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.8170
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.8170
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3760
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.520
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.5920
Amentia
[description not available]		03.4820
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.4820
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		06.6371
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.0733
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.0733
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		04.4322
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		04.4322
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		17.0733
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		03.74100
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		05.2540
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		05.2540
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0810
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.0810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		08.4370
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5120
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5120
Apoplexy
[description not available]		05.1360
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		05.1360
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.9440
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.9440
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.5451
Indigestion
[description not available]		03.4711
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		03.4711
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.110
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.5220
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.5220
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.12191
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		07.12191
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.110
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4811
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia
[description not available]		07.3155
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.		19.3155
Chemically-Induced Disorders
Disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; NOXAE; and PESTICIDES.		02.110
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		08.4811
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.7730
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.5220
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		0591
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.730
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.5220
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		01091
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.730
Hyper IgD Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. Because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and MEVALONIC ACID accumulates. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash.		02.110
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		07.110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		07.4820
Pericementitis
[description not available]		04.1231
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		010.9733
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		16.1231
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.110
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.3770
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.5120
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.5120
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.1110
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.7130
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.7130
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.5220
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.5220
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.5220
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.5220
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		07.110
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.110
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.110
Myringosclerosis
The formation of dense connective tissue in the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE that does not necessarily cause or lead to loss of hearing.		07.1110
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.1110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.6632
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		04.6632
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1110
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		07.1310
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.1310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		07.1110
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.4620
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		07.1110
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.6730
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.6730
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.1310
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.1110
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.1310
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.1310
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		02.1310
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.4820
Aura
[description not available]		02.1310
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.1310
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.1310
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.1310
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		03.6530
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.6530
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		03.5111
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.5111
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1310
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.5320
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.5320
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.5420
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.5420
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.1310
Allodynia
[description not available]		07.7530
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.1310
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.1310
Pus
[description not available]		07.1310
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.4420
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		07.4420
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.1310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		013.34152
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.1510
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		05.7341
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		05.7341
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.4120
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.4120
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.0310
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		04.1230
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.1230
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.7230
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.9610
Infections, Picornaviridae
[description not available]		02.0510
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.0410
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.0410
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7970
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		04.5150
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		04.5150
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.0410
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.0410
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.0510
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.0510
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Broad Beta Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.		02.0510
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4720
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.4720
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		04.0350
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		04.0350
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.420
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.420
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		06.0561
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		06.6373
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.4311
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.4520
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.4520
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		02.0510
Malnourishment
[description not available]		05.9831
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.9140
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		03.3420
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.9140
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		05.9831
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.9340
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.9340
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.1250
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.1250
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0510
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.0510
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		03.4311
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		03.4311
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.0510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0510
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.1550
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.1550
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0510
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0610
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.0610
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.0510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.4411
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.4411
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		07.0510
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4420
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4420
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		07.4420
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0610
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		04.7721
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		04.7721
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		08.5554
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		08.5554
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.4220
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.4220
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.0610
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		03.8640
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		03.8640
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.4420
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.4420
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.7130
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4220
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.7130
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		08.8540
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		08.8540
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.0610
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.4220
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.4220
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.0610
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		02.0610
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.0610
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.0610
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0610
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		03.821
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		03.4511
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		02.0710
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		02.0710
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.9910
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.9910
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.1131
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.1131
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0710
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		07.0710
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.7621
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		09.7621
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.9910
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.9910
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0810
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.39114
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		02.4620
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		02.4620
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.0810
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.0810
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.9210
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.150
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.150
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.0110
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.0110
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.9210
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.9310
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.9310
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.0110
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.411
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.411
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		07.0110
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0110
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.9310
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.9310
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.0110
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		03.3911
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.0110
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		03.8121
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		03.411
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		02.0110
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0110
Diathesis
[description not available]		0750
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.0210
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.0210
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.0210
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3220
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		03.3220
Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.0210
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.411
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		03.411
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.0210
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.0210
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		02.0210
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		02.0210
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4320
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.4320
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.9410
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.7421
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.9410
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.9410
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.7421
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.9410
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		02.0210
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		02.0210
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.9410
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.0210
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.0210
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.0310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.0310
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.0310
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.0310
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		02.0310
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		02.0310
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.0310
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.0310
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0310
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0310
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0410
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.6930
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.3820
Icterus
[description not available]		02.3620
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.3820
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.3620
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		01.9610
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.		01.9810
MODS
[description not available]		02.910
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.910
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9810
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Marasmus
[description not available]		01.9810
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		01.9810
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9810
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		01.9810
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.420
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.420
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		01.9910
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9910
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		0210
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		0210
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		0210
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		0210
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		0210
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		0210
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		0210
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		0210
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		0210
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		0210
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		0210
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		0210
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		0210
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.3911
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		03.3911
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		03.3911
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.9210
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.9210
Acne
[description not available]		01.9710
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9710
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		01.9710
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9610