Compounds > methyl cellosolve
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

methyl cellosolve

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Methyl cellosolve, also known as 2-methoxyethanol, is a colorless, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of various chemicals. It is synthesized by reacting ethylene oxide with methanol. Methyl cellosolve is a versatile solvent that is used in a wide range of applications, including paint thinners, cleaning solutions, and printing inks. It is also used as a component in hydraulic fluids and antifreeze. Methyl cellosolve can be absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or ingested. Exposure to high levels of methyl cellosolve can cause a variety of health problems, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and liver damage. It is studied because of its potential health effects and environmental concerns. Methyl cellosolve is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that can contribute to air pollution. It is also a suspected carcinogen. Methyl cellosolve has been linked to birth defects in animals and may pose a risk to human reproduction. Due to its potential health risks, methyl cellosolve has been phased out of many consumer products. However, it is still used in some industrial applications.'

methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID8019
CHEMBL ID444144
CHEBI ID46790
CHEBI ID53449
MeSH IDM0046608

Synonyms (145)

Synonym
D05554
2-methoxy-ethanol (glycolmonoethylether)
inchi=1/c3h8o2/c1-5-3-2-4/h4h,2-3h2,1h
mpeg
glycol ether em
methylcelosolv [czech]
metil cellosolve [italian]
ccris 5826
2-methoxy-aethanol [german]
ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether
2-metossietanolo [italian]
dowanol 7
egme
amsco-solv ee
einecs 203-713-7
nsc 1258
un1188
jeffersol em
2-methoxyethyl alcohol
methylcellosolve
methylglykol [german]
hsdb 97
caswell no. 551
ether monomethylique de l'ethylene-glycol [french]
brn 1731074
prist
aethylenglykol-monomethylaether [german]
metoksyetylowy alkohol [polish]
ai3-18363
epa pesticide chemical code 042202
monoethylene glycol methyl ether
2-metossietanolo
109-86-4
nsc1258
2-methoxy-1-ethanol
nsc-1258
ether monomethylique de l'ethylene-glycol
2-methoxyethanol ,
glycol monomethyl ether
methoxyethanol
glycolmethyl ether
methylglykol
ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
monomethyl glycol
methyl oxitol
ethylene glycol methyl ether
2-methoxy-aethanol
.beta.-methoxyethanol
dowanol em
ethanol, 2-methoxy-
metil cellosolve
monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol
mecs
metoksyetylowy alkohol
methoxyhydroxyethane
methyl cellosolve
wln: q2o1
1-hydroxy-2-methoxyethane
aethylenglykol-monomethylaether
MOE ,
DB02806
CHEBI:46790 ,
NCGC00163767-02
beta-methoxyethanol
hoch2ch2och3
2-hydroxyethyl methyl ether
3-oxa-1-butanol
monomethyl ethylene glycol ether
NCGC00163767-01
NCI60_000597
ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (egmee)
NCGC00163767-03
2-methoxyethanol, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (gc)
2-methoxyethanol, anhydrous, 99.8%
STK399974
methyl-cellosolve
o-methyl glycol
M0111
ethylene glycol-monomethyl ether
CHEMBL444144
CHEBI:53449
AKOS000119041
NCGC00163767-04
2-methoxyethan-1-ol
2-methoxy ethanol
2-methoxy-ethanol
4-01-00-02375 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-ek1l6xwi56
methylcelosolv
ec 203-713-7
ek1l6xwi56 ,
ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [un1188] [flammable liquid]
NCGC00254981-01
tox21_301080
cas-109-86-4
dtxsid5024182 ,
dtxcid804182
FT-0626334
2-methoxyethanol [mi]
2-methoxyethanol [hsdb]
methoxyethanol [inci]
hisolve mc
2-methoxyethanol [mart.]
2-methoxyethanol [usp-rs]
BP-13395
RP10062
2-methoxylethanol
dimethyleneglycol monomethylether
2 -methoxyethanol
2-(methyloxy)ethanol
ethyleneglycol monomethylether
2methoxyethanol
ethylene glycol monomethylether
methyl cellosolve(r)
methylcello-solve
2-(methoxy)ethanol
2-methoxyethanol-1,1,2,2-d4
138667-25-1
un 1188
methyl ethoxol
ektasolve em
methyl icinol
J-509861
F1908-0118
2-methoxyethanol, analytical standard
mfcd00002867
2-methoxyethanol, puriss. p.a., acs reagent, reag. ph. eur., >=99.5% (gc)
2-methoxyethanol, contains 50 ppm bht as stabilizer, acs reagent, >=99.3%
2-methoxyethanol, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=99.0%
2-methoxyethanol, for hplc, >=99.9%
2-methoxyethanol, saj first grade, >=99.0%
2-methoxyethanol, reagentplus(r), >=99.0%, contains 50 ppm bht as stabilizer
2-methoxyethanol, jis special grade, >=99.0%
2-methoxyethanol, for synthesis, 99.0%
2-methoxyethanol, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
2-methoxyethanol 500 microg/ml in methanol
ethylene glycol monomehyl ether; 2-methoxyethanol; ethyleneglycol-monomethyl ether
2-methoxyethanol acs grade
FT-0689213
FT-0700869
Q903362
EN300-19316
PD007624
Z104473522
reagent for volumetric one-component kf titration (pyridine-containing titrating agent)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It is concluded that 2-EH is not developmentally toxic by the dermal route in the Fischer 344 rat at and below treatment levels which produce maternal toxicity."( The developmental toxicity of 2-ethylhexanol applied dermally to pregnant Fischer 344 rats.
Astill, BD; Fisher, LC; Gingell, R; Guest, D; Hodgson, JR; Kubena, MF; Murphy, SR; Tyl, RW; Tyler, TR; Vrbanic, MA, 1992)		0.28
" All four chemicals tested, boric acid, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and theophylline, were found to be toxic to development or reproduction when tested previously by conventional developmental toxicity or continuous breeding protocols."( Assessment of a short-term reproductive and developmental toxicity screen.
Chapin, RE; Harris, MW; Jokinen, MP; Lockhart, AC, 1992)		0.28
" These results suggest that the immune system may be more sensitive than the reproductive system to the toxic effects of ME."( Immunotoxicity of 2-methoxyethanol following oral administration in Fischer 344 rats.
Andrews, D; Copeland, CB; Gray, LE; Laskey, JW; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Rogers, RR; Smialowicz, RJ, 1991)		0.28
"2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) is an industrial solvent which is toxic to both male and female reproductive systems of laboratory animals."( Attenuation of 2-methoxyethanol-induced testicular toxicity in the rat by simple physiological compounds.
Mebus, CA; Welsch, F; Working, PK, 1989)		0.28
"Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) or 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) is a toxic compound that has teratogenic effects in developing organisms similar to its oxidation product methoxyacetic acid (MAA)."( Teratogenicity and toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol) in Drosophila melanogaster: involvement of alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Eisses, KT, 1989)		0.28
" When animals were pretreated with inhibitors of alcohol metabolism followed by a testicular toxic dose of EGME (500 mg/kg), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (pyrazole) offered complete protection."( Testicular toxicity produced by ethylene glycol monomethyl and monoethyl ethers in the rat.
Creasy, DM; Foster, JR; Foster, PM; Gray, TJ, 1984)		0.27
" Overexposure to EGME has resulted in adverse effects on testes, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues in laboratory animals."( Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and propylene glycol monomethyl ether: metabolism, disposition, and subchronic inhalation toxicity studies.
Calhoun, LL; Hermann, EA; Landry, TD; Miller, RR; Young, JT, 1984)		0.27
"The first reported case of a possible toxic effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) exposure in the microfilm manufacturing industry is described."( Reversible subacute ethylene glycol monomethyl ether toxicity associated with microfilm production: a case report.
Cohen, R, 1984)		0.27
" To further examine the toxicity in vitro, luteal cells were recovered from 23-day-old, hCG-primed Sprague-Dawley rats and treated with 0-10 mM methoxy acetic acid (MAA), the proximate toxic metabolite of EGME."( Ovarian luteal cell toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and methoxy acetic acid in vivo and in vitro.
Almekinder, JL; Davis, BJ; Flagler, N; Maronpot, RR; Travlos, G; Wilson, R, 1997)		0.3
" In this study, diglyme was embryolethal at 400 ppm; a level that otherwise was only marginally toxic to the dam."( Developmental toxicity of diglyme by inhalation in the rat.
Chromey, NC; Driscoll, CD; Kennedy, GL; Staples, RE; Valentine, R, 1998)		0.3
" PBPK model predictions of human blood levels upon simulated inhalation exposure to the 5 ppm threshold limit value (TLV) for 8 h were approximately 60 microM were well below those causing adverse effects in pregnant mice or rats."( The mechanism of ethylene glycol ether reproductive and developmental toxicity and evidence for adverse effects in humans.
Welsch, F, 2005)		0.33
"Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is a widely used industrial solvent known to cause adverse effects to human and other mammals."( Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-induced toxicity is mediated through the inhibition of flavoprotein dehydrogenase enzyme family.
Adam, KP; Ando, Y; Guo, L; Iwabuchi, H; Kiyosawa, N; Manabe, S; Milburn, MV; Okazaki, O; Ryals, JA; Saitoh, W; Sanbuissho, A; Takei, M; Tanimoto, T; Weiel, JE; Yamoto, T, 2010)		0.36
" In the present work, we examined potential adverse effects of EGEs on some selected brain structures."( Potential neurotoxic effect of ethylene glycol ethers mixtures.
Budziszewska, B; Krzyżanowska, W; Pomierny, B; Pomierny-Chamioło, L; Regulska, M; Smaga, I; Starek, A; Starek-Swiechowicz, B, 2013)		0.39
"The obtained results suggested that EGEs exerted adverse effects on the CNS cells and may contribute in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders."( Potential neurotoxic effect of ethylene glycol ethers mixtures.
Budziszewska, B; Krzyżanowska, W; Pomierny, B; Pomierny-Chamioło, L; Regulska, M; Smaga, I; Starek, A; Starek-Swiechowicz, B, 2013)		0.39
" Based on toxicity information for EGME and related chemicals and accompanied by adverse outcome pathway information on the testicular toxicity of EGME, this category was defined as chemicals that are metabolized to methoxy- or ethoxyacetic acid, a substance responsible for testicular toxicity."( Development of a category approach to predict the testicular toxicity of chemical substances structurally related to ethylene glycol methyl ether.
Hasegawa, R; Hayashi, M; Hirose, A; Ono, A; Sakuratani, Y; Tanaka, Y; Yamada, T; Yamazoe, Y, 2014)		0.4

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was created to describe the disposition of 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and its teratogenic metabolite, 2-methoxyacetic acid (2-MAA), in the pregnant CD-1 mouse."( Pharmacokinetics of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid in the pregnant mouse: a physiologically based mathematical model.
Clarke, DO; Conolly, RB; Elswick, BA; Welsch, F, 1993)		0.29
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing the disposition of 2-methoxyacetic acid (2-MAA; the proximate toxicant derived from oxidation of the ethylene glycol ether, 2-methoxyethanol) was developed in pregnant rodents."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models applicable to organogenesis: extrapolation between species and potential use in prenatal toxicity risk assessments.
Blumenthal, GM; Conolly, RB; Welsch, F, 1995)		0.29
" The objective of the work described here was to adapt an existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for 2-ME and 2-MAA kinetics during midorganogenesis in mice to rats on gestation days (GD) 13 and 15."( Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.
Blumenthal, GM; Conolly, RB; Elswick, BA; Gargas, ML; Hays, SM; Welsch, F, 2000)		0.31
" A previously described physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of 2-ME/2-MAA kinetics for rats exposed via oral or iv administration was extended and validated to inhalation exposures."( A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and human.
Corley, RA; Gargas, ML; Hays, SM; Mast, TJ; Paustenbach, DJ; Sweeney, LM; Tyler, TR; Weitz, KK, 2000)		0.31

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Environmental temperature does affect the specific absorption rate (SAR) necessary to maintain a specific colonic temperature but does not affect the interactive developmental toxicity of RF radiation and 2ME in rats."( Effect of environmental temperature on the interactive developmental toxicity of radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol in rats.
Conover, DL; Edwards, RM; Krieg, EF; Nelson, BK; Snyder, DL, 1998)		0.3

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" After a dosing period of approximately 6 weeks, EGME showed both systemic and reproductive/developmental effects similar to those previously reported using standard protocols."( An abbreviated repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity test for high production volume chemicals.
Bevan, C; Beyer, BK; Scala, RA, 1992)		0.28
" Rats and mice were dosed by gavage with either ME or MAA in water, at dosages ranging from 50-400 mg/kg/day, for 10 consecutive days."( Differences between rats and mice in the immunosuppressive activity of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid.
Andrews, DL; Copeland, CB; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Smialowicz, RJ; Williams, WC, 1992)		0.28
" A second group of females was dosed daily for 19 days."( Assessment of a short-term reproductive and developmental toxicity screen.
Chapin, RE; Harris, MW; Jokinen, MP; Lockhart, AC, 1992)		0.28
"Oral dosing of adult male F344 rats with the glycol ether 2-methoxyethanol (ME) or its principal metabolite 2-methoxyacetic acid (MAA) results in the suppression of the primary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS)."( Comparative immunosuppression of various glycol ethers orally administered to Fischer 344 rats.
Andrews, DL; Copeland, CB; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Smialowicz, RJ; Williams, WC, 1992)		0.28
" Similarly, there was no good correlation between the combined total 2-ME doses and the fetal malformation rate, although clear dose-response patterns for paw malformations were observed in litters and fetuses for each individual dosing regimen."( 2-Methoxyacetic acid dosimetry-teratogenicity relationships in CD-1 mice exposed to 2-methoxyethanol.
Clarke, DO; Duignan, JM; Welsch, F, 1992)		0.28
" Rats were dosed by gavage with MAA on 10 consecutive days at dosages ranging from 50 to 200 mg/kg/day."( Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of orally administered 2-methoxyacetic acid in Fischer 344 rats.
Andrews, DL; Copeland, CB; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Rogers, RR; Smialowicz, RJ, 1991)		0.28
" In the first phase of this study, male rats were dosed by oral gavage with ME in water, at dosages ranging from 50 to 200 mg/kg/day, for 10 consecutive days."( Immunotoxicity of 2-methoxyethanol following oral administration in Fischer 344 rats.
Andrews, D; Copeland, CB; Gray, LE; Laskey, JW; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Rogers, RR; Smialowicz, RJ, 1991)		0.28
" Rats were dosed by gavage with a single dose of either 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME)."( Acute testicular toxicity of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat: evaluation of biochemical effect markers and hormonal responses.
Reader, SC; Shingles, C; Stonard, MD, 1991)		0.28
" In female rats dosed with 500 mg/kg of 2-methoxyethanol, there was no increase in urinary creatine or decrease in creatinine."( Urinary creatine as a possible marker for testicular damage: studies with the testicular toxic compound 2-methoxyethanol.
Creasy, D; Rawcliffe, L; Timbrell, JA, 1989)		0.28
"The subacute percutaneous toxicity of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPM) in male rats dosed 5 days/week for 4 weeks under both occluded and unoccluded conditions has been assessed and compared to the percutaneous toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGM)."( Percutaneous toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat.
Fairhurst, S; Knight, R; Marrs, TC; Scawin, JW; Spurlock, MS; Swanston, DW, 1989)		0.28
" Because deaths occurred at a dose level of 2500 mg/kg/day among rats with occluded test sites, dosing of this group was discontinued after 5 days."( Reproductive toxicity of 2-methoxyethanol applied dermally to occluded and nonoccluded sites in male rats.
Belcak, MJ; Bodnar, KR; Feuston, MH; Grink, CP; Kerstetter, SL; Singer, EJ, 1989)		0.28
" Groups of 10 were killed at weekly intervals after dosing for analysis of sperm counts and morphology or testicular histology; further groups of 10 were sequentially mated to pairs of virgin females to test for dominant lethality or gross foetal malformations in the F1 generation (F1 abnormalities)."( Effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether on spermatogenesis, dominant lethality, and F1 abnormalities in the rat and the mouse after treatment of F0 males.
Anderson, D; Brinkworth, MH; Clode, SA; Creasy, DM; Gangolli, SD; Jenkinson, PC, 1987)		0.27
"3 mmol/kg, single dose concomitant with ME or additional ethanol 5 and 10 hr later) reduced the incidence of malformations 60-100%, depending on the dosing regimen."( The relationship of embryotoxicity to disposition of 2-methoxyethanol in mice.
Greene, JA; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, 1988)		0.27
" The present study examined acetate and other simple physiological compounds with close relationships to carbon and one-carbon moiety metabolic pathways for their ability to attenuate digit malformations upon concomitant dosing with ME."( Attenuation of 2-methoxyethanol and methoxyacetic acid-induced digit malformations in mice by simple physiological compounds: implications for the role of further metabolism of methoxyacetic acid in developmental toxicity.
Greene, JA; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, )		0.13
"Time-mated CD-1 mice were orally dosed on gestation day 11 (plug = 0) with distilled water (control) or one of four glycol ethers at a dose of 4 mmol/kg: ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME, 304 mg/kg), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGdiME, 361 mg/kg), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diEGdiME, 537 mg/kg), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triEGdiME, 713 mg/kg)."( Relative potency of four ethylene glycol ethers for induction of paw malformations in the CD-1 mouse.
Eisenmann, CJ; Hardin, BD, 1987)		0.27
"The role of cytotoxicity in digital maldevelopment in CD-1 mouse embryos was examined following dosage with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) on gestation day (gd) 11."( Cytotoxic effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the forelimb bud of the mouse embryo.
Greene, JA; Morgan, KT; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, 1987)		0.27
" Time-mated females were orally dosed on Days 7-16 of gestation with diEGME in distilled water."( Developmental toxicity of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (diEGME).
Burg, JR; Goad, PT; Hardin, BD, 1986)		0.27
" The present study examined the developmental phase specificity and dose-response characteristics of EGME-induced embryotoxicity."( Developmental phase-specific and dose-related teratogenic effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in CD-1 mice.
Horton, VL; John-Greene, JA; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, 1985)		0.27
" On an equimolar dosage basis, DMEP, 2-ME, and MAA were equally potent, which is consistent with the hypothesis."( Teratogenicity of dimethoxyethyl phthalate and its metabolites methoxyethanol and methoxyacetic acid in the rat.
Randall, JL; Ritter, EJ; Ritter, JM; Scott, WJ, 1985)		0.27
" Pretreatment of animals with pyrazole (400 mg/kg, ip) 1 hr prior to [14C]ME dosing gave complete protection against the testicular toxicity of ME."( The role of metabolism in 2-methoxyethanol-induced testicular toxicity.
Cook, MW; Creasy, DM; Foster, PM; Gray, TJ; Moss, EJ; Thomas, LV; Walters, DG, 1985)		0.27
" In a separate sequential morphological study of early changes, the earliest signs of necrosis were seen 12 hr after dosing and were restricted to spermatocytes in stages V, XI, and XII."( A quantitative study of stage-specific spermatocyte damage following administration of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat.
Butler, WH; Creasy, DM; Flynn, JC; Gray, TJ, 1985)		0.27
" dosing (5 times one injection per hour) with EE (4 mmol/kg) or ME (5 mmol/kg) plus ethanol (8 or 10 mmol/kg) each resulted in an almost complete accumulation of both ether compounds in the blood."( Ethanol-induced accumulation of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers in rats.
Balge, F; Freundt, KJ; Römer, KG, 1985)		0.27
"The testicular effects of daily oral dosing with two glycol ethers--either ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGM) or monoethyl ether (EGE) were studied in the prepubertal rat by histological examination of the testes."( The morphological development of glycol ether-induced testicular atrophy in the rat.
Creasy, DM; Foster, PM, 1984)		0.27
" Treatment of animals with EGE resulted in a similar lesion; however, to obtain damage of equivalent severity, a larger dosage for a longer period was required."( Testicular toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl and monoethyl ethers in the rat.
Cook, MW; Creasy, DM; Foster, JR; Foster, PM; Gangolli, SD; Thomas, LV, 1983)		0.27
" The urinary disposition was also examined after dosing pregnant CD-1 mice with a developmentally toxic level of 2-ME together with serine or acetate (known attenuators of 2-ME embryotoxicity)."( Dose effects on the excretion of urinary metabolites of 2-[1,2,methoxy-13C]methoxyethanol in rats and mice.
Cheng, SY; Fennell, TR; Stedman, DB; Sumner, SJ; Welsch, F, 1995)		0.29
" To compare the immunotoxic effects of dermally applied ME to those effects caused by ME administered orally, rats were dosed by gavage with 25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/day ME in distilled water for 4 consecutive days."( Immunological effects of 2-methoxyethanol administered dermally or orally to Fischer 344 rats.
Andrews, DL; Copeland, CB; Riddle, MM; Smialowicz, RJ; Williams, WC, 1995)		0.29
" In guinea pigs, spermatocyte degeneration was observed in stage III/IV tubules for both dosing schemes, but was much less severe and widespread and differed from rats in morphological characteristics, specifically in the appearance of nuclear chromatin degeneration."( Comparison of the testicular effects of 2-methoxyethanol (ME) in rats and guinea pigs.
Chapin, RE; Ghanayem, BI; Ku, WW; Wine, RN, 1994)		0.29
" Histopathologic changes in the extraembryonic and embryonic tissues induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 250 or 500 mg/kg of 2-methoxyethanol, or its metabolite, 2-methoxyacetic acid, via oral gavage were determined 48 hr after dosing CD-1 mice on day 11 of pregnancy."( Mouse placenta: hemodynamics in the main maternal vessel and histopathologic changes induced by 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid following maternal dosing.
Khera, KS, 1993)		0.29
"48 mmol/kg) followed by oral dosing with ME (2."( Methoxyacetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol, is immunosuppressive in the rat.
Riddle, MM; Smialowicz, RJ; Williams, WC, 1993)		0.29
" These assessments in mice were based on developmental phase specificity (DPS) and dose-response relationship (DRR) of ME."( Developmental phase specificity and dose-response effects of 2-methoxyethanol in rats.
Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, 1996)		0.29
" Focusing on characterizing the dose-response pattern of interactions, this research seeks to determine the lowest interactive effect level."( Interactions of radiofrequency radiation on 2-methoxyethanol teratogenicity in rats.
Conover, DL; Edwards, RM; Nelson, BK; Shaw, PB; Snyder, DL, )		0.13
" Dose-response and time-course studies (four to nine rats per group per treatment) determined that 300 mg/kg EGME suppressed cyclicity without systemic toxicity within 3 to 8 days, and doses less than 100 mg/kg had no effect."( Ovarian luteal cell toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and methoxy acetic acid in vivo and in vitro.
Almekinder, JL; Davis, BJ; Flagler, N; Maronpot, RR; Travlos, G; Wilson, R, 1997)		0.3
" Nearly complete destruction of spermatogenesis occurred in the other five animals in this highest dosage group, precluding evaluation by the histometric method."( Disruption of spermatogenesis in rabbits consuming ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Berndtson, WE; Foote, RH, )		0.13
" Focusing on characterizing the dose-response pattern of interactions, this research seeks to determine the lowest interactive effect level."( Interactions of radiofrequency radiation-induced hyperthermia and 2-methoxyethanol teratogenicity in rats.
Conover, DL; Edwards, RM; Krieg, EF; Nelson, BK; Snyder, DL, 1997)		0.3
" The most recent studies have revealed that urinary creatine and creatine in interstitial fluid in the testis are raised as early as four hours after dosing with 2-methoxyethanol."( Urinary creatine as a biochemical marker of chemical induced testicular damage.
Timbrell, JA, 2000)		0.31
"4% in the high dosage groups."( Chemically induced supernumerary lumbar ribs in CD-1 mice: size distribution and dose response.
Branch, S; Chernoff, N; Rogers, JM; Setzer, RW, 2004)		0.32
" The above changes of gene expression were detectable within a short period after the dosing prior to the appearance of obvious pathological changes."( Effects of male reproductive toxicants on gene expression in rat testes.
Fukushima, T; Hamada, Y; Horii, I; Kikkawa, R; Komiyama, M; Mori, C; Yamamoto, T, 2005)		0.33
" The stability (shelf life) of the prepared nanostructured dosage forms was evaluated."( A new biocompatible nanoparticle delivery system for the release of fibrinolytic drugs.
Bartoli, C; Chiellini, E; Chiellini, F; Farina, C; Fiorentino, B; Fiumi, C; Piras, AM, 2008)		0.35
" Here, metabolic profiles for aniline (A), chloroform (CL), ethylbenzene (EB), 2-methoxyethanol (ME), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofurane (THF), dosed inhalatively for six hours/day, five days a week for 4 weeks were compared to oral dosing performed daily for 4 weeks."( Metabolite profiles of rats in repeated dose toxicological studies after oral and inhalative exposure.
Bordag, N; Fabian, E; Herold, M; Kamp, H; Krennrich, G; Looser, R; Ma-Hock, L; Mellert, W; Montoya, G; Peter, E; Prokudin, A; Spitzer, M; Strauss, V; van Ravenzwaay, B; Walk, T; Zbranek, R, 2016)		0.43
" A standard solution of 2-methoxyethanol was dosed at 10 μL."( Potential neuroprotective of trans-resveratrol a promising agent tempeh and soybean seed coats-derived against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-methoxyethanol.
Ibrahim, N; Irnidayanti, Y; Santoso, A; Sutiono, DR; Wisnuwardhani, PH, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
protic solventA polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
solventA liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
glycol etherA hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (3)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
anthocyanidin acylglucoside and acylsambubioside biosynthesis320
anthocyanidin sambubioside biosynthesis115
luteolin triglucuronide degradation012
anthocyanidin acylglucoside and acylsambubioside biosynthesis327
anthocyanidin sambubioside biosynthesis117

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.35840.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347398
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency61.13060.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.21870.000229.305416,493.5996AID743075
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID346025Binding affinity to beta cyclodextrin2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Convenient QSAR model for predicting the complexation of structurally diverse compounds with beta-cyclodextrins.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (216)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199074 (34.26)18.7374
1990's84 (38.89)18.2507
2000's27 (12.50)29.6817
2010's30 (13.89)24.3611
2020's1 (0.46)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 35.78

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index35.78 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.45 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index51.24 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (35.78)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews7 (2.90%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.83%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other232 (96.27%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ethylene chlorohydrin
Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.		2.0110chloroethanolxenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.		2.0510benzyl alcohols;
phenols		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		3.2560ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		3.690aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.4720ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9710monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.0510cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0510dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		2.6730glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.37202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0510sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycine
[no description available]		1.9710alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0410alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0510benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.7430alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0510acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.4920monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0510dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.05104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.4220phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9810glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		2.3720pyrazole
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		1.97102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.6630N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0810isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0210dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
theophylline
[no description available]		1.9810dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
atrazine
[no description available]		2.4820chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0510amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		1.9710aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.0510cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0510dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		6.9310monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.6630organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.730branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.05104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fludiazepam
fludiazepam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anxiolytic drug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.0510fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.1810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.3820pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.0510chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9610aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9610catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.1810dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
medazepam
Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.05101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.0510monochlorophenol
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		1.9610aromatic amine
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenazine
[no description available]		2.0510azaarene;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenazines;
polycyclic heteroarene
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		1.9910phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.0510pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamonomethoxine
Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.0210
sulfisomidine
Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0510isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.4920benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0510monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0510fluorinated steroid
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.8940L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		1.9610uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		2.0510nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		1.9910methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
aniline
[no description available]		2.4820anilines;
primary arylamine
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		3.181017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.4820chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.4920formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0510acetophenones
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.0510pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		1.9910chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.4620tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		1.9910benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
azobis(isobutyronitrile)
azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure		2.0310
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol
2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510secondary alcohol
p-tert-amylphenol
p-tert-amylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5720alkylbenzene
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.0510carbazole
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		2.0210dinitrophenol
quinoline
[no description available]		2.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0510xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.0510phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
thianthrene
thianthrene: in its electron deficient state, effects formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in process of oxidative phosphorylation; structure. thianthrene : The organosulfur heterocyclic compound that is the parent compound of the thianthrenes, a tricyclic structure comprising two benzene rings fused to the b and e sides of 1,4-dithin.		2.0510mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
thianthrenes
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		2.0510biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
ethyl benzoate
ethyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a volatile oil component found in ripe kiwifruit, cranberry juice, and palm kernel oil.		2.0510benzoate ester;
ethyl ester		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
volatile oil component
butylparaben
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
salicylaldoxime
[no description available]		2.0310
benzothiophene
[no description available]		2.05101-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.0510benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cyclopentanol
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentanols
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		2.0510phenolsallergen
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0510acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0510nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.6730dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
4-isopropylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsflavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone
4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.		2.0510monohydroxyacetophenonefungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0510nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.4820alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.0310styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine
4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
benzyl chloride
benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.		2.0510benzyl chlorides
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0510benzenes;
nitrile
methylaniline
methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.		2.0510methylaniline;
phenylalkylamine;
secondary amine
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0510monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
boric acid
[no description available]		1.9810boric acidsastringent
phenetole
phenetole : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen is bonded to an ethyl and a phenyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether
2-ethylhexanol
[no description available]		1.9810primary alcoholplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,4-dibromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510dibromobenzene
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.0510bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510xylene
propylene glycol methyl ether
propylene glycol methyl ether: RN given refers to unspecified methoxypropanol; structure		3.0650
isobutylmethylcarbinol
isobutylmethylcarbinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		2.9840cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.0510monochlorophenol
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
isopropylethanediol
isopropylethanediol: structure		2.3920
n-methylaminoethanol
N-methylaminoethanol: structure. N-methylethanolamine : An ethanolamine compound having an N-methyl substituent.		1.9610ethanolamines
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary aliphatic amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.4820cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
2,5-hexanedione
2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone		2.0210diketone;
methyl ketone		human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
2-methoxyethanol acetate
[no description available]		3.7730
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		2.0510butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
1,2-dimethoxyethane
1,2-dimethoxyethane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties. 1,2-dimethoxyethane : A diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol.		4.1850diethernon-polar solvent
2-ethoxyethanol
2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.		7.7340glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent;
teratogenic agent
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
[no description available]		2.6730
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4120hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
1,5-pentanediol
[no description available]		2.0510primary alcohol
n-butyl vinyl ether
vinilin: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; no further information available 10/91		2.4820
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		2.4120hydroxyether
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		2.0510heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
n-butoxyethanol
n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.		5.22160glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol : A hydroxypolyether that is the monomethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.		3.0850diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether		solvent;
teratogenic agent
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		1.9610diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
diglyme
diglyme : A polyether that is the dimethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.		3.0750polyetherenvironmental contaminant;
solvent;
xenobiotic
triglyme
triglyme : A polyether that consists of dodecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 2, 5, 8 and 11 are replaced by oxygen atoms.		1.9710polyethersolvent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.3720diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
dimethoxyethyl phthalate
[no description available]		2.3720
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		2.0510ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
2-methylbutanol
2-methylbutanol: fragrance; structure in first source. 2-methylbutan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
p-cresyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
4-tert-octylphenol
4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source		3.1810alkylbenzene
3-hydroxyanisole
3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
phenanthridine
phenanthridine : An azaarene that is the 9-aza derivative of phenanthrene. The parent of the class of phenanthridines.		2.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenanthridines;
polycyclic heteroarene
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0510acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
4-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.		2.0510fluorophenol;
monofluorobenzenes
3-fluorophenol
3-fluorophenol: structure in first source		2.0510
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9810nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.3920monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol
[no description available]		2.0510
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.110calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether: structure		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.4520propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.0510benzenes
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		2.0510iodophenol
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1110dialdehydebiomarker
3-bromophenol
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.0510dichlorophenol
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0510
3-isopropylphenol
3-isopropylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
3-ethylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
4-Ethoxyphenol
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
phenols
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		5.05420ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
2-hexanol
hexan-2-ol : A hexanol in which the hydroxy group is at position 2.		2.0510hexanol;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
semiochemical
ethoxyacetic acid
[no description available]		3.5990carboxylic acid
hexamethylene glycol
hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.		2.0510diol;
primary alcohol
dibromoacetic acid
dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.		2.08102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid		apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
marine metabolite
4-propylphenol
4-propylphenol: structure given in first source		2.0510alkylbenzene
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.110
4-n-Butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
ethylene glycol monopropyl ether
[no description available]		1.9610
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1510fluorescein isothiocyanate
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
sulfamethomidine
sulfamethomidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
2-octanol
2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510octanol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		1.9710phthalic acid monoester
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.0810ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.3920cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		2.0310actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		1.9910diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.110calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		2.0510butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
4-n-Pentylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
benomyl
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.4820indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.12450benzenes;
phenyl acetates
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0510phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
isopentyl alcohol
isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
urea nitrate
urea nitrate: an explosive		2.0810
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		2.0510acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		1.97105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
n-butoxyacetic acid
n-butoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420carboxylic acid
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
1-n-butylimidazole
[no description available]		2.0510
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		1.9910aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		2.0510phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
cresatin
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
3-nitrobenzyl alcohol
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound
3-propylphenol
3-propylphenol: insect bait; RN from File CHEMID		2.0510
prochloraz
Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.		3.1810amide fungicide;
aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazoles;
trichlorobenzene;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pentafluorobenzyl bromide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.		1.9610benzyl bromides;
fluorobenzenes
cyclobutanol
cyclobutanol: structure in first source		2.0510
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.0510
mono(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate
mono(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate: metabolite of dimethoxyethyl phthalate		1.9610
2-methoxyacetaldehyde
2-methoxyacetaldehyde: shows testicular toxicity; structure given in first source		3.3770
triflumizol
triflumizol: structure given in first source. triflumizole : A carboxamidine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with the oxygen of the acetyl group of N-(propoxyacetyl)imidazole. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops.		2.0510
n-butoxyacetaldehyde
n-butoxyacetaldehyde: structure given in first source		1.9810
1-adamantaneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.051012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		2.051011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		1.9810peptide
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.05101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.3110resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		3.1810
3-coumaric acid
3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.. 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.		2.05103-coumaric acid
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.05104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.3110stilbene
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0510diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.1810organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.420prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		1.9610D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
epoprostenol
[no description available]		2.0510prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.8940carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.1110carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		2.1110metalloid atom;
pnictogen
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.1110chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9610
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0410
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		1.9910organic lithium saltfluorochrome
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.1310nitroso compoundalkylating agent
enng
[no description available]		2.1310
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		1.9710
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		1.9710
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.6730
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.87380
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0810
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0810
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0810
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.4880
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.1310
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		02.1310
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.1310
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1310
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.1310
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		02.1310
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.1310
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1310
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.4820
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.1310
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.4720
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.4720
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.1560
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0510
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.26570
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.4820
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0610
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.0610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		06.24250
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4120
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.4120
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.9140
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.940
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.4120
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.4880
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.4120
Palsy
[description not available]		01.9510
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		01.9510
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9610
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.2360
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9510
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9610
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9610
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		01.9610
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.3920
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.5990
Acrania
[description not available]		01.9810
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		01.9810
Embryopathies
[description not available]		01.9810
Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		01.9810
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		01.9810
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		01.9810
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.3820
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.420
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.6630
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		01.9910
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		0210
Pyrexia
[description not available]		0210
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		0210
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		01.9810
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		01.9810
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9710
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.3720
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.6630
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.6630
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		01.9710
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9710
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9610
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9610
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular
[description not available]		01.9610
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.		01.9610