carbogen profile

Carbogen is a gas mixture consisting primarily of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), typically in a ratio of 5% CO2 and 95% O2. It is synthesized by mixing pure oxygen with a controlled amount of carbon dioxide. Carbogen is used in medical settings for various purposes, including:

* **Stimulating breathing:** Carbogen's high CO2 concentration triggers the body's respiratory drive, making it useful for treating hypoventilation, which is a condition characterized by abnormally slow or shallow breathing.
* **Improving oxygen delivery:** Carbogen's increased oxygen content can help deliver more oxygen to the tissues, particularly in individuals with respiratory problems or those experiencing low blood oxygen levels.
* **Treating altitude sickness:** Carbogen has been used to alleviate symptoms of altitude sickness by stimulating breathing and improving oxygenation.

Carbogen is studied extensively for its potential therapeutic applications, including:

* **Treatment of respiratory disorders:** Carbogen is being investigated for its effectiveness in treating conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sleep apnea.
* **Enhancing performance in athletes:** Some athletes have used carbogen as a performance enhancer, as it can potentially increase oxygen uptake and endurance.
* **Neuroprotective effects:** Research suggests that carbogen might have neuroprotective properties, potentially reducing brain damage in cases of stroke or traumatic brain injury.

It is important to note that carbogen is a medical gas and should only be administered under the supervision of qualified healthcare professionals. The administration of carbogen carries potential risks, including:

* **Hypercapnia:** High CO2 levels in the blood can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an imbalance in blood pH.
* **Increased blood pressure:** Carbogen can temporarily increase blood pressure, which may be problematic for individuals with hypertension.
* **Possible neurological side effects:** Carbogen has been associated with neurological side effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and confusion, in some cases.

Further research is ongoing to explore the full potential of carbogen as a therapeutic agent and to optimize its use in medical settings.'

carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2 [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	62690
MeSH ID	M0058211

Synonym
carbogen
un1014
8063-77-2
compressed gas, oxidizing, n.o.s.
unii-fjq44kpa4j
carbon dioxide, mixt. with oxygen
fjq44kpa4j ,
oxygen carbon dioxide
UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
C124502000
compressed gas oxidizing, n.o.s.
oxygen, carbon dioxide

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbogen therapy is a promising treatment aimed at improving retinal oxygenation and subsequent vision. "	( Carbogen in the management of a central retinal artery occlusion. Fowler, SB, 2012)	3.26

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbogen has long been under investigation as an adjuvant to radiotherapy of tumors. "	( Modified oxygen mask to induce target levels of hyperoxia and hypercarbia during radiotherapy: a more effective alternative to carbogen. Azami, T; Fisher, J; Milosevic, M; Nayot, D; Prisman, E; Slessarev, M, 2007)	1.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbogen treatment was able to decrease the number of tumors responding to tirapazamine but was not able to eradicate the vascular dysfunction completely."	( Exploring vascular dysfunction caused by tirapazamine. Baker, JH; Huxham, LA; Kyle, AH; McNicol, KL; Minchinton, AI, 2008)	1.07
"Carbogen-treated chinchilla sustained cochlear sensory cell damage ranging between 1.1 percent and 1.5 percent, whereas non-Carbogen-treated, noise-exposed chinchilla were found to have between 1.6 percent and 4.6 percent sensory cell damage."	( Effects of prestimulatory carbogen inhalation on noise-induced temporary threshold shifts in humans and chinchilla. Deka, RC; Lipscomb, DM; Shambaugh, GE; Witter, HL, 1980)	1.28
"Carbogen treatment resulted in a decrease of the number of perfused blood vessels from 66% to 55% in one of the two tumour lines. "	( Vascular architecture and microenvironmental parameters in human squamous cell carcinoma xenografts: effects of carbogen and nicotinamide. Bussink, J; Hodgkiss, RJ; Kaanders, JH; Marres, HA; Peters, JP; Rijken, PF; van der Kogel, AJ, 1999)	1.96
"Carbogen treatments 5-60 min in duration produced similar enhancements of tumor radiosensitivity in Fluosol-treated animals."	( Reactions of tumors and normal tissues in mice to irradiation in the presence and absence of a perfluorochemical emulsion. Irvin, CG; Mate, TP; Nierenburg, M; Rockwell, S, 1986)	0.99
"Carbogen pretreatments ranging from 5 to 60 min in duration all had similar effects on tumor radiosensitivity."	( Effect of a perfluorochemical emulsion on the radiation response of BA1112 rhabdomyosarcomas. Fischer, JJ; Martin, DF; Porter, EA; Rockwell, S, 1987)	0.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Etoposide was much more toxic to normally oxygenated cells."	( Effect of oxygen on the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of etoposide. Holden, SA; Rose, CM; Teicher, BA, 1985)	0.27
" It is our conclusion that radiotherapy combined with carbogen and nicotinamide is a safe treatment with manageable side effects."	( Radiotherapy with carbogen breathing and nicotinamide in head and neck cancer: feasibility and toxicity. Kaanders, JH; Marres, HA; Pop, LA; van Daal, WA; van der Kogel, AJ; van der Maazen, RW, 1995)	0.87
" This is the first report of non-invasive monitoring of toxic 5-FU metabolites in normal human tissues."	( Issues of normal tissue toxicity in patient and animal studies--effect of carbogen breathing in rats after 5-fluorouracil treatment. Griffiths, JR; Howe, FA; Lofts, F; McIntyre, DJ; McSheehy, PM; Nicholson, G; Noordhuis, P; Peters, GJ; Price, NM; Rodrigues, LM; Smid, K; Stubbs, M; Wadsworth, P, 2001)	0.54

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Full pharmacokinetic profiles of nicotinamide concentrations in plasma were analyzed repeatedly in 15 patients to determine the inter- and intra-patient variability in peak plasma concentrations and the optimum times for administering nicotinamide as a radiosensitizer."	( Pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide in cancer patients treated with accelerated radiotherapy: the experience of the Co-operative Group of Radiotherapy of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Bernier, J; Bieri, S; Bolla, M; Denekamp, J; Dennis, MF; Hagen, F; Kocagöncü, O; Rojas, A; Stratford, MR, 1998)	0.3
" The peak plasma concentration was achieved at 1 h in only 54% of the pharmacokinetic profiles, but at this time 92% of the profiles had already exceeded the target concentration of 700 nmol/ml, the level required in the mouse for tumour radiosensitization."	( Pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide in cancer patients treated with accelerated radiotherapy: the experience of the Co-operative Group of Radiotherapy of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Bernier, J; Bieri, S; Bolla, M; Denekamp, J; Dennis, MF; Hagen, F; Kocagöncü, O; Rojas, A; Stratford, MR, 1998)	0.3
" Uptake and metabolism of 5FU in both tumour models with or without host carbogen breathing was studied non-invasively using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((19)F-MRS), while plasma samples from Buffalo rats were used to construct a NONMEM pharmacokinetic model."	( Investigations in vivo of the effects of carbogen breathing on 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics and physiology of solid rodent tumours. Griffiths, JR; Judson, IR; Leach, MO; McSheehy, PM; Peters, GJ; Port, RE; Robinson, SP; Rodrigues, LM; Stubbs, M; van der Borns, K, 2005)	0.83
" The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that carbogen increased the rate of tumour uptake of 5FU from the plasma but also increased the rate of removal."	( Investigations in vivo of the effects of carbogen breathing on 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics and physiology of solid rodent tumours. Griffiths, JR; Judson, IR; Leach, MO; McSheehy, PM; Peters, GJ; Port, RE; Robinson, SP; Rodrigues, LM; Stubbs, M; van der Borns, K, 2005)	0.86
" 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used in vivo to measure 5FU's half-life and metabolism to cytotoxic fluoronucleotides."	( Can localised (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy pharmacokinetics of 5FU in colorectal metastases predict clinical response? Griffiths, JR; Howe, FA; Ladroue, C; Lofts, F; McIntyre, DJ; Stubbs, M, 2011)	0.37
" The 5FU half-life was measured in each subject, and averaged spectra were examined for the presence of fluoronucleotides."	( Can localised (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy pharmacokinetics of 5FU in colorectal metastases predict clinical response? Griffiths, JR; Howe, FA; Ladroue, C; Lofts, F; McIntyre, DJ; Stubbs, M, 2011)	0.37

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In experimental models carbogen breathing and nicotinamide have been shown to act against hypoxia by different mechanisms and both modalities were tested in 16 patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas in combination with a conventional radiotherapy scheme (50 Gy in 25 daily fractions)."	( Conventional radiotherapy combined with carbogen breathing and nicotinamide for malignant gliomas. de Koster, A; Grotenhuis, JA; Kaanders, JH; Keyser, A; Prick, MJ; Thijssen, HO; van der Kogel, AJ; van der Maazen, RW; Wesseling, P, 1995)	0.87
" The purpose in this paper is to investigate the possibility of selective radiosensitization of tumors by reduced dose rate irradiation in combination with carbogen inhalation."	( Middle dose rate irradiation in combination with carbogen inhalation selectively and more markedly increases the responses of SCCVII tumors. Akaboshi, M; Akuta, K; Masunaga, S; Ono, K, 1994)	0.74
"0 Gy/min) in combination with carbogen inhalation."	( Middle dose rate irradiation in combination with carbogen inhalation selectively and more markedly increases the responses of SCCVII tumors. Akaboshi, M; Akuta, K; Masunaga, S; Ono, K, 1994)	0.83
" It was concluded that mild hyperthermia in combination with carbogen breathing is potentially useful to reoxygenate radioresistant hypoxic cells and improve the radiotherapy of human tumors."	( Mild temperature hyperthermia combined with carbogen breathing increases tumor partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and radiosensitivity. Barrios, B; Griffin, RJ; Okajima, K; Song, CW, 1996)	0.8
"5 degrees C, alone and in combination with carbogen breathing dramatically improves the oxygenation of these murine tumors and that the tumor type influences the duration of changes in oxygenation induced by mild-temperature hyperthermia."	( Tumor oxygenation after mild-temperature hyperthermia in combination with carbogen breathing: dependence on heat dose and tumor type. Griffin, RJ; Iwata, K; Okajima, K; Shakil, A; Song, CW, 1998)	0.79
"15 when radiation was combined with carbogen and/or nicotinamide."	( Fractionated irradiation combined with carbogen breathing and nicotinamide of two human glioblastomas grafted in nude mice. Buchegger, F; Coucke, PA; Mirimanoff, RO; Sun, LQ, 2001)	0.85
" A next group of 87 patients received 60 mg/kg nicotinamide in combination with domperidone."	( Pharmacology and toxicity of nicotinamide combined with domperidone during fractionated radiotherapy. Bussink, J; Folkes, LK; Kaanders, JH; Stratford, MR; van der Kogel, AJ, 2002)	0.31
" If nicotinamide was given in combination with domperidone, 86% of the patients continued the nicotinamide medication until the end of the treatment period."	( Pharmacology and toxicity of nicotinamide combined with domperidone during fractionated radiotherapy. Bussink, J; Folkes, LK; Kaanders, JH; Stratford, MR; van der Kogel, AJ, 2002)	0.31
"To analyze the clinical efficiency and study the possible mechanism of the carbogen combined with drugs in the treatment of sudden deafness."	( [Carbogen combined with drugs in the treatment of sudden deafness]. Ni, Y; Zhao, X, 2004)	1.46
"Fifty-two patients with sudden deafness were divided into two groups: Twenty-six cases received carbogen (5% CO2 - 95% O2) combined with drug therapeutics of a course of intravenous administration of dexamethasone, vitaminB, low molecular dextran, salviae miltiorrhizae, and intake vitaminC, vitaminE, et al and the other 26 cases received the drugs only."	( [Carbogen combined with drugs in the treatment of sudden deafness]. Ni, Y; Zhao, X, 2004)	1.45
"Between November 1996 and November 2002, 101 patients with previously untreated T2 to T4 squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx were entered onto a prospective trial and randomized to receive definitive hyperfractionated RT alone or combined with carbogen breathing."	( Radiotherapy alone or combined with carbogen breathing for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a prospective, randomized trial. Amdur, RJ; Mendenhall, NP; Mendenhall, WM; Morris, CG; Siemann, DW, 2005)	0.78
"To assess the feasibility of carbogen breathing combined with radical radiotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer who are unfit to receive concomitant chemotherapy."	( Carbogen breathing combined with radical radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients with severe co-morbidities. Allal, AS; Vees, H, 2006)	2.07
"Twenty patients (median age 66 years) with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with either concomitant boost radiotherapy (75%) or mono-fractionated radiotherapy (25%) combined with carbogen breathing."	( Carbogen breathing combined with radical radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients with severe co-morbidities. Allal, AS; Vees, H, 2006)	1.96

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" just prior to the injection of melphalan (10 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) or BCNU (50 mg/kg), the greatest tumor growth delays were obtained with dosage levels between 4 g and 12 g of the perfluorochemical perfluorooctyl bromide/kg."	( A new concentrated perfluorochemical emulsion and carbogen breathing as an adjuvant to treatment with antitumor alkylating agents. Ara, G; Ha, CS; Herman, TS; Holden, SA; Northey, D; Teicher, BA, 1992)	0.54
") was administered just prior to an alkylating agent, the combination treatment produced significantly more tumor cell killing across the dosage range of each alkylating agent tested compared with the alkylating agent alone."	( Modulation of alkylating agents by etanidazole and Fluosol-DA/carbogen in the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma and EMT6 mammary carcinoma. Bubley, G; Coleman, CN; Eder, JP; Frei, E; Herman, TS; Holden, SA; Tanaka, J; Teicher, BA, 1991)	0.52
"5-20 Gy; the change in the radiation dose-response curve was consistent with a reduction in the hypoxic fraction."	( Reactions of tumors and normal tissues in mice to irradiation in the presence and absence of a perfluorochemical emulsion. Irvin, CG; Mate, TP; Nierenburg, M; Rockwell, S, 1986)	0.27
" Throughout the melphalan dosage range examined there is approximately 1 log greater tumor cell kill observed with the addition of Fluosol-DA and carbogen breathing compared to the drug treatment alone."	( Approaches to defining the mechanism of enhancement by Fluosol-DA 20% with carbogen of melphalan antitumor activity. Holden, SA; Jacobs, JL; Teicher, BA, 1987)	0.7
" Bioenergetic status was assessed by 31P MRS using a SISCO 7 Tesla magnet, oxygen measurements were done by a polarographic electrode and the hypoxic fraction was determined from direct analysis of the radiation dose-response data."	( Relationship between tumour oxygenation, bioenergetic status and radiobiological hypoxia in an experimental model. Grau, C; Horsman, MR; Jörgensen, HS; Nordsmark, M; Overgaard, J, 1995)	0.29
" Meta-analysis was neither possible nor considered appropriate due to the differences in the type of vasodilators used, dosage and duration of treatment."	( Vasodilators and vasoactive substances for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Agarwal, L; Pothier, DD, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, there were differences in the type, dosage and duration of vasodilator used in each study."	( Vasodilators and vasoactive substances for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Agarwal, L; Pothier, DD, 2009)	0.35

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	60 (13.36)	18.7374
1990's	170 (37.86)	18.2507
2000's	134 (29.84)	29.6817
2010's	74 (16.48)	24.3611
2020's	11 (2.45)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	51 (10.60%)	5.53%
Reviews	16 (3.33%)	6.00%
Case Studies	10 (2.08%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	404 (83.99%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.96	9	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
n(1)-methylnicotinamide N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.	3.38	1	1	pyridinium ion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.79	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
histamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.03	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	14.99	115	30	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.36	1	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	1.99	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.96	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
theophylline [no description available]	2.67	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	1.92	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
betaxolol [no description available]	3.38	1	1	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.36	7	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.01	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.97	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	3.09	5	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5	9	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.1	5	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
ifosfamide [no description available]	6.99	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	7.74	3	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
lomustine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.38	1	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	3.14	1	0	naphthalenes
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.85	2	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.39	2	0	oxopurine
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
etiron etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	1.96	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.97	1	0	aziridines
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.97	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	4.3	4	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.92	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	7.05	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.02	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.02	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.99	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.96	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	1.98	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.43	2	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	1.99	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	carbazole
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	8.33	2	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
acrylonitrile [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	1.97	1	0	indazole
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	6.98	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hexafluorobenzene [no description available]	2.4	2	0	fluorobenzenes; fluorocarbon	NMR chemical shift reference compound
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	4.06	15	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	1.96	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	6.21	18	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
galactitol [no description available]	2	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	1.96	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.05	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	6.97	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylhydroquinone phenylhydroquinone: major metabolite of o-phenylphenol; cleaves DNA; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.02	1	0
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.98	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.42	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
nimorazole Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.97	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.39	1	1	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.26	6	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	3.09	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	4.63	6	1
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.01	1	0
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	3.38	1	1	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
etoposide [no description available]	7.37	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	6.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	5.68	10	2
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.11	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
temoporfin temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY	2	1	0
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	1.97	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	1.96	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.98	4	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
nicotinamide n-oxide [no description available]	3.38	1	1	pyridines
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	7.01	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.02	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
efaproxiral efaproxiral: RN & structure given in first source; allosteric effector of hemoglobin	2	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
cci 103f CCI 103F: hexafluorinated nitroimidazole; hypoxic cell marker; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0
7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline 7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline: a hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer	2.4	2	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.06	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-n-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide: a pentafluorinated derivative of etanidazole	2.7	3	0
carboplatin [no description available]	4.08	3	1
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.04	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	8.36	7	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-1-yloxyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.46	2	0	stilbene
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.11	1	0	diphosphate ion
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	7.4	2	0	diarylmethane
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
perfluoro-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.01	1	0	alkali metal atom
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	2.66	3	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.39	2	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
alprostadil [no description available]	3.56	2	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.98	1	0	alkali metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.02	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.68	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	2.02	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
oxi 4503 Oxi 4503: diphosphate prodrug of cambretastatin A1	2.11	1	0
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.39	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sr 4554 SR 4554: a fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia probe; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.81	2	1
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	3.38	1	1
mk-8776 MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.4	2	0
crolibulin crolibulin: a vascular disrupting agent with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	neoflavonoid
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	6.92	1	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.43	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	3.1	5	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.99	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.44	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	2.41	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	7.76	2	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.25	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	7.66	31	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.66	31	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.89	4	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.39	22	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	5.64	10	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	4.89	4	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	5.64	10	2
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.25	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.25	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.83	7	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.25	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.25	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.25	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.31	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	9.97	17	10
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	9.97	17	10
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	10.25	6	2
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	5.77	20	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.51	2	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.15	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.57	26	6
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	5.43	14	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.57	26	6
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	5.43	14	1
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	6.68	29	2
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	6.87	15	5
Metastase [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	4.12	3	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	6.87	15	5
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.93	2	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.96	4	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	8.4	12	7
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	8.4	12	7
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.26	6	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	3.78	2	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	8.02	28	9
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.02	28	9
Recrudescence [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	3.48	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.48	1	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.79	2	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	11.9	5	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.1	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.93	4	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.79	11	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	6.91	49	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	4.64	10	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	4.64	10	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.9	12	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.01	40	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	4.8	7	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	4.8	7	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	10.14	19	11
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	10.14	19	11
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	4.26	4	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.04	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	5.58	3	2
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.43	1	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	10.77	45	2
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	10.77	45	2
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	3.48	8	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	3.48	8	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.05	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	7.12	11	2
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	7.41	15	2
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	7.12	11	2
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.05	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.05	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.33	2	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	1.92	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.45	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.46	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.05	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	8.25	6	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.25	6	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	9.34	4	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	4.34	4	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.26	2	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.06	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.46	1	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	3.46	1	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.46	1	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.44	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.34	20	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.06	1	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	2.91	4	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	6.72	8	3
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.64	3	2
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	11.72	8	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.64	3	2
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.4	2	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.64	3	2
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	4.08	3	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.92	4	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.69	3	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.62	9	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	1.93	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	1.93	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	1.93	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	7.42	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	7.69	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.01	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	7.42	2	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	6.92	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.93	4	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.02	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.02	1	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.43	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.39	2	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.43	22	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1.92	1	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	2.02	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.4	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	2.03	1	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.03	1	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	7.03	1	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	3.43	1	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.41	2	0
Bends [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	1.96	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	1.96	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	1.96	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.96	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1.96	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	1.96	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.24	18	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.24	18	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	1.98	1	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	1.98	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	6.98	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	1.98	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.06	3	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	3.23	6	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.68	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.99	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.07	3	1
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	1.98	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	1.98	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	1.98	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.99	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	4.3	4	1
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.67	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.91	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	4.47	5	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	1.99	1	0
Malignant Neurilemmoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	2	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	2	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	2	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	2	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.36	1	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	3.36	1	1
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.97	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.88	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.88	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.88	1	0

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