Compounds > meglumine antimoniate
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meglumine antimoniate

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Description

Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID64953
SCHEMBL ID146372
MeSH IDM0428130

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
meglumine antimonate
2168-rp
1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-d-glucitol, compound with antimonic acid (1:1)
protostib
einecs 205-108-3
methylglucamine antimonate
1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)glucitol antimonate(v)
glucantime
n-methylglucamine antimonate
133-51-7
d-glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, trioxoantimonate(1-)
meglumine antimoniate
glucantim
n-methyl glucamine antimoniate
75g4tw236w ,
unii-75g4tw236w
meglumine antimonate [who-dd]
n-methylglucamine antimonate [mi]
AKOS025310684
SCHEMBL146372
DTXSID4043935
(2r,3r,4r,5s)-6-(methylamino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol stibenate
mfcd01725422
Q2757969
DB13732

Research Excerpts

Overview

Meglumine antimoniate is a pentavalent antimonial widely used in the classic treatment of leishmaniasis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Meglumine antimoniate is a pentavalent antimonial widely used in the classic treatment of leishmaniasis. "( Drugs and nanoformulations for the management of
Abreu, F; Lima, F; Nico, D; Taveira, I; Verdan, M, 2023)		2.35
"Meglumine antimoniate (MA) is a pentavalent antimony drug used to treat leishmaniases. "( Effects of in utero and lactational exposure to SbV on rat neurobehavioral development and fertility.
Coelho, DR; De-Carvalho, RR; Paumgartten, FJ; Rocha, RC; Saint'Pierre, TD, 2014)		1.85
"Meglumine antimoniate (MA) is a pentavalent antimonial (Sb(V)) drug used to treat leishmaniasis. "( Embryotoxicity of meglumine antimoniate in the rat.
Chahoud, I; Paumgartten, FJ, )		1.91

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Meglumine antimoniate compounds have been the mainstay of treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) for decades. "( Should we continue to indicate meglumine antimoniate as first-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia.
Badri, T; Fenniche, S; Hamida, MB; Hammami, H; Jannet, SB; Mlika, RB; Mokhtar, I, )		1.86

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Meglumine antimoniate can cause severe reactions, which can lead to death if not promptly identified."( Severe adverse reactions to meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a report of 13 cases in the southwestern region of Brazil.
Bóia, MN; Brustoloni, YM; Cunha, RV; Dorval, ME; Fernandes, TD; Oliveira, AL, 2009)		1.37

Treatment

Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) had the lowest average cost per patient (US$ 167.66), followed by miltefosine (US $ 259.92) in the outpatient treatment regimen. Treatment significantly reduced parasite burdens in the livers and lungs (by about 10-fold and > 100-fold, respectively) but not those in the spleens.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Meglumine antimoniate treatment was tolerated with no side effects."( Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 117 cases from Iran.
Shajari, G; Taghaviardakani, A; Talaei, R; Talari, SA; Vakili, Z, 2006)		1.06
"Meglumine antimoniate treatment of cutaneous hamster lesions resulted in marked concomitant decrease in size of the lesions and numbers of amastigotes within the lesions examined 1 wk after treatment."( Development of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis lesions and relationship of numbers of amastigotes to lesion area on antimony-treated and untreated hamsters.
Chapman, WL; Hanson, WL; Lovelace, JK; Waits, VB, 1991)		1
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was ineffective."( [Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the vermilion border of the upper lip extending to the oral mucosa].
Boumezzourh, A; Chiheb, S; Dessay, M; Elfatoiki, FZ; Elkhalfaoui, N; Maksouri, H; Riyad, M, 2020)		0.9
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate had the lowest average cost per patient (US$ 167.66), followed by miltefosine (US$ 259.92) in the outpatient treatment regimen. "( Estimating direct costs of the treatment for mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazil.
Assis, TM; Carvalho, JP; Cota, G; Simões, TC, 2021)		0.97
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate was successful, although the diagnosis was made only five months later."( Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Southern Brazil.
Kazuma, FJ; Membrive, NA; Reinhold-Castro, KR; Silveira, TGV; Teixeira, JJV; Teodoro, U, 2017)		0.79
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate had to be interrupted in six patients, with QTc prolongation the reason for the interruption in three patients."( Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Switzerland: first experience with species-specific treatment.
Blum, JA; Hatz, C; Mosimann, V; Neumayr, A, 2013)		0.73
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate 60 mg/kg/day (Glucantime) intramuscularly for 15 days, followed by intralesional administration 1 ml weekly for 4 weeks led to complete recovery."( Leishmaniasis of the lip in a patient with Down's syndrome.
Aste, N; Atzori, L; Ferreli, C; Pistis, P; Zucca, M, 2004)		0.66
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate was efficacious."( [Visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent subject, acquired in the Pyrenees region].
Djossou, F; Ibanez, C; Le Bras, M; Longy-Boursier, M; Malvy, D; Vatan, R, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (50 mg SbV/kg.day) significantly reduced the parasite burdens in the livers and lungs (by about 10-fold and > 100-fold, respectively) but not those in the spleens."( Therapeutic effect of reference antileishmanial agents in murine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum.
Buffet, PA; Derouin, F; Garin, YJ; Nassar, N; Sulahian, A, 1996)		0.63
"Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) administered iv at a dosage of 20 mg antimony/kg body weight/day for 60 days resulted in visible improvement of the lesions, but not in clinical or parasitological cure."( Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Peru.
De Rivera, MV; Franke, ED; Kruger, JH; Lucas, CM; Tovar, AA; Wignall, FS, 1990)		0.62

Toxicity

Glucantime is a promutagenic compound that causes damage to DNA after reduction of pentavalent antimony. This new delivery system could offer a new pharmacological tool for the treatment of leishmaniosis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Finally, the results shows that the treatment with pentavalent antimony in doses of 40 mg Sb/kg/day was less tolerated on account of its renal toxic effects."( [The evaluation of the tolerance and nephrotoxicity of pentavalent antimony administered in a dose of 40 mg Sb V/kg/day, 12/12 hr, for 30 days in the mucocutaneous form of leishmaniasis].
de Paula, CD; Furtado, Rde S; Leal, PP; Rodrigues, ME; Rosa, TT; Sampaio, JH; Sampaio, RN; Veiga, JP, )		0.13
" Adverse effects were observed in 14 (56%) VL episodes."( High frequency of serious side effects from meglumine antimoniate given without an upper limit dose for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients.
Corzo, JE; de la Rosa, R; Delgado, J; González-Moreno, MP; Leal, M; Lissen, E; Macías, J; Pineda, JA; Sánchez-Quijano, A, 1999)		0.56
"9% and no serious adverse side effects."( Clinical features, epidemiology, and efficacy and safety of intralesional antimony treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent experience in Turkey.
Allahverdiyev, AM; Culha, G; Durdu, M; Memisoglu, HR; Uzun, S, 2004)		0.32
"Glucantime is the most common stibied derivative used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Tunisia; however adverse effects have been reported."( [Glucantime injection: benefit versus toxicity].
Bouassida, S; Boudaya, S; Maalej, N; Masmoudi, A; Mseddi, M; Souissi, A; Turki, H; Zahaf, A, 2005)		0.33
"This retrospective study deals with the various adverse of intramuscular glucantime used for CL."( [Glucantime injection: benefit versus toxicity].
Bouassida, S; Boudaya, S; Maalej, N; Masmoudi, A; Mseddi, M; Souissi, A; Turki, H; Zahaf, A, 2005)		0.33
"Nineteen patients (21%) receiving intramuscular Glucantime developed adverse effects."( [Glucantime injection: benefit versus toxicity].
Bouassida, S; Boudaya, S; Maalej, N; Masmoudi, A; Mseddi, M; Souissi, A; Turki, H; Zahaf, A, 2005)		0.33
" No adverse effect of MA on the mothers was noted at any dose level."( Developmental toxicity of meglumine antimoniate and transplacental transfer of antimony in the rat.
De-Carvalho, RR; Miekeley, N; Miranda, ES; Paumgartten, FJ, 2006)		0.63
" It has been proposed that the more active and toxic trivalent antimony form Sb(III) plays a critical role in their antileishmanial activity and toxicity."( Role of residual Sb(III) in meglumine antimoniate cytotoxicity and MRP1-mediated resistance.
de Oliveira, FB; Demicheli, C; Dzamitika, SA; Falcão, CA; Frézard, F; Garnier-Suillerot, A; Marbeuf, C; Rossi-Bergmann, B, 2006)		0.63
" The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the adverse effects of intralesional Glucantime and to calculate the risk/benefit rate of this treatment."( [Adverse effects of intralesional Glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis].
Boudaya, S; Maalej, N; Masmoudi, A; Turki, H; Zahaf, A, 2006)		0.33
"The adverse effects of intralesional Glucantime are mostly infections, mainly observed in cephalic localization, and stibio-intolerance."( [Adverse effects of intralesional Glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis].
Boudaya, S; Maalej, N; Masmoudi, A; Turki, H; Zahaf, A, 2006)		0.33
" A questionnaire recording adverse effects was completed by a physician in each treatment centre."( Generic sodium stibogluconate is as safe and effective as branded meglumine antimoniate, for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Isiboro Secure Park, Bolivia.
Bermúdez, H; Boelaert, M; Chappuis, F; Desjeux, P; Dujardin, JC; Garcia, L; Rojas, E, 2006)		0.57
" It may create severe adverse effects."( [Cardiotoxicity of n-methyl-glucamine antimoniate (Glucantime). A case report].
Ameur, HB; Amor, SB; Becher, SB; Fitouri, Z; Matoussi, N, 2007)		0.34
" Adverse effects were recorded passively in all the subjects, and actively, using a standardized questionnaire, in a sub-group of the patients given AmB."( Safety and effectiveness of amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Uganda.
Cavailler, P; Chappuis, F; Couffignal, S; Loutan, L; Mueller, Y; Nguimfack, A; Rwakimari, JB, 2008)		0.35
" This new delivery system could offer a new pharmacological tool for the treatment of leishmaniosis that reduces the doses required, lowering toxic side effects because of meglumine antimoniate."( In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness and cytotoxicity of meglumine antimoniate microspheres produced by spray drying against Leishmania infantum.
Carrió, J; García, E; Miñarro, M; Pérez, P; Portus, M; Pujals, G; Suñé-Negre, JM; Tico, JR, 2008)		0.78
" Adverse effects related to systemic administration of Glucantime are frequent."( [Adverse events related to systemic treatment using Glucantime for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a report from Tunisia].
Badri, T; Ben Brahim, M; Ben Jannet, S; Chouk, S; Daghfous, R; El Aïdli, S; Fenniche, S; Marrrak, H; Mlika, BR; Mokhtar, I, 2008)		0.35
"2%) presented product-related adverse events concerning the gastrointestinal tract."( Comparative study on the short term efficacy and adverse effects of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate in dogs with natural leishmaniosis.
Bianciardi, P; Mateo, M; Maynard, L; Miró, G; Vischer, C, 2009)		0.58
" These findings indicate that Glucantime is a promutagenic compound that causes damage to DNA after reduction of pentavalent antimony (SbV) into the more toxic trivalent antimony (SbIII) in the antimonial drug meglumine antimoniate."( Genotoxic effects of the antileishmanial drug Glucantime.
Alves, EV; Arruda, VO; de Azevedo, AP; Lima, MI; Monteiro, SG; Pereira, SR, 2010)		0.55
" During treatment, patients underwent periodic blood exams and were interviewed weekly about the incidence of adverse symptoms."( Antimony in plasma and skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis--relationship with side effects after treatment with meglumine antimoniate.
Caldas, ED; Neves, DB; Sampaio, RN, 2009)		0.56
" The main adverse symptoms were arthralgia and myalgia; laboratory results showed mainly lymphocytosis and eosinophilia."( Antimony in plasma and skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis--relationship with side effects after treatment with meglumine antimoniate.
Caldas, ED; Neves, DB; Sampaio, RN, 2009)		0.56
"We found some significant correlations between antimony concentrations, adverse symptoms and laboratory alterations, strengthening the hypothesis of a dose-dependent relationship between antimony concentration in plasma and skin and side effects."( Antimony in plasma and skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis--relationship with side effects after treatment with meglumine antimoniate.
Caldas, ED; Neves, DB; Sampaio, RN, 2009)		0.56
" The safety of miltefosine-allopurinol combination therapy was confirmed by lack of effect on renal and hepatic parameters and adverse reactions."( Multicentric, controlled clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of miltefosine and allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis.
Bianciardi, P; Cañavate, C; Cruz, I; Miró, G; Mortarino, M; Oliva, G; Vischer, C, 2009)		0.35
" The vaccine was safe and well tolerated."( A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine when used in combination with meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Alves, FP; Ashman, JA; Beckmann, AM; Bogatzki, LY; Campos-Neto, A; Coler, RN; Cowgill, KD; Fernandes, DF; Kahn, SJ; Nascimento, E; Piazza, FM; Pine, SO; Reed, SG; Vieira, EP, 2010)		0.57
" Thirty-three non-serious and six serious adverse events (two pancreatitis, one renal failure and three deaths) were observed in 26 patients."( Safety and effectiveness of meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis patients with and without HIV co-infection.
Balasegaram, M; Hailu, A; Hailu, W; Hurissa, Z; Omollo, R; Tafes, H; Weldegebreal, T; Yifru, S, 2010)		0.65
" No severe adverse events occurred."( Randomized controlled clinical trial to access efficacy and safety of miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Manaus, Brazil.
Chrusciak Talhari, C; Chrusciak-Talhari, A; da Silva, RM; de Oliveira Penna, G; Dietze, R; Gadelha Yamashita, EP; Lima Machado, PR; Talhari, S, 2011)		0.37
"Among the problems associated to leishmaniasis, the two most outstanding ones are the lack of a vaccine and the adverse effects caused by drugs use for its control."( An experimental approach to studying the effectiveness and safety of meglumine antimoniate formulations.
Delgado, G; Granados, D; Mariño, A; Plaza, D; Sánchez, Y, 2011)		0.6
" This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime(®) ) and its influence on clinical laboratory parameters."( Adverse effects of intralesional meglumine antimoniate and its influence on clinical laboratory parameters in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Esfandiarpour, I; Farajzadeh, S; Fathabadi, EA; Heshmatkhah, A; Rahnama, Z, 2012)		0.89
"The occurrence of severe adverse reactions, particularly of anaphylactic shock, should be considered before treatment with Glucantime(®) is initiated."( Adverse effects of intralesional meglumine antimoniate and its influence on clinical laboratory parameters in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Esfandiarpour, I; Farajzadeh, S; Fathabadi, EA; Heshmatkhah, A; Rahnama, Z, 2012)		0.66
" We found that MMWC was toxic for two parasite forms."( In vitro analysis regarding the safety of components used in a film-based therapeutic system loaded with meglumine antimoniate and its activity toward Leishmania major experimental infections: a preliminary study.
Barbosa, H; Delgado, G; Gutiérrez, J; Pinzón, J; Vallejo, B, 2013)		0.6
"Currently, the treatment of leishmaniasis is increasingly insufficient as current antileishmanial drugs have many disadvantages such as toxic side effects, high cost, and growing drug resistance."( Meglumine antımoniate-TiO2@Ag nanoparticle combinations reduce toxicity of the drug while enhancing its antileishmanial effect.
Abamor, ES; Allahverdiyev, AM; Bagirova, M; Rafailovich, M, 2017)		0.46
" Few studies showing conflictive data about their efficacy and adverse events in pediatric population are available."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
" All patients reported adverse events (AE)."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
"N-methylglucamine antimoniate and amphotericin B deoxycholate have similar efficacy and adverse events rate in pediatric patients with VL."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
" The presence of vesicles at the site of heat application was the most common adverse event reported associated with the use of TT; while vomiting (31."( A phase II multicenter randomized study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining thermotherapy and a short course of miltefosine for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.
Alvarez, F; Arana, B; Boni, M; Echevarria, J; Jiménez, A; Llanos-Cuentas, A; López, L; Méndez, C; Quintero, J; Ramos, AP; Rode, J; Tabares, Y; Valencia, B; Vélez, I, 2022)		0.72
"4% alone or in combination with national standard treatment is safe with high-efficacy rate and warrants further investigation during phase 3 clinical trials."( Pilot study of safety and efficacy of topical liposomal amphotericin B for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in Islamic Republic of Iran.
Afshari, F; Eskandari, S; Firooz, A; Jaafari, M; Javadi, A; Khamesipour, A; Mohammadi, A; Mortazavi, H; Tasbihi, M, 2022)		0.72

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic profile of antimony in dogs was defined by administering it intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously as N-methylglucamine antimoniate at a dose of about 25."( Pharmacokinetics of N-methylglucamine antimoniate after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in the dog.
Belloli, C; Carli, S; Ceci, L; De Natale, G; Madonna, M; Marcotrigiano, GO; Ormas, P; Tassi, P, 1994)		0.29
"07 microg/kg (4 days after the fourth dose) and a half-life of 4 days for antimony elimination from the bone marrow."( Pharmacokinetic and parasitological evaluation of the bone marrow of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis submitted to multiple dose treatment with liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate.
Costa Val, AP; Demicheli, C; Frézard, F; Melo, MN; Michalick, MS; Rocha, OG; Schettini, DA; Souza, LF, 2005)		0.52
" We hypothesized that there are age-dependent pharmacokinetic differences of potential clinical relevance."( Pharmacokinetics of antimony in children treated for leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate.
Cruz, A; Herwaldt, BL; Palacios, R; Rainey, PM; Saravia, NG; Stagni, G; Trujillo, R, 2007)		0.57
"001), a 16% lower peak concentration (32."( Pharmacokinetics of antimony in children treated for leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate.
Cruz, A; Herwaldt, BL; Palacios, R; Rainey, PM; Saravia, NG; Stagni, G; Trujillo, R, 2007)		0.57
" Considering the current concept for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters at early phases of drug discovery, we developed a formulation of MA-encapsulated into phosphatidylserine liposomes (MA-LP) and analyzed the in vitro antileishmanial activity, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic profile in a mice model."( Pharmacokinetic of meglumine antimoniate encapsulated in phosphatidylserine-liposomes in mice model: A candidate formulation for visceral leishmaniasis.
Borborema, SET; de Andrade Junior, HF; do Nascimento, N; Osso Junior, JA; Tempone, AG, 2018)		0.81
" Pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of antimicrobials are based on the relationship between drug concentrations/exposure and microbial kill."( Immuno-pharmacokinetics of Meglumine Antimoniate in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia).
Alexander, N; Cossio, A; Giraldo-Parra, L; Gómez, MA; Gore Saravia, N; Navas, A; Prieto, MD, 2021)		0.92

Compound-Compound Interactions

The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of intramuscular pentavalent antimonial compound meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intralesional therapy in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Patients were randomized to receive either GM-CSF, 5 micrograms/kg daily (intravenously or subcutaneously), or placebo for ten days, in combination with pentavalent antimony, 10-20 mg/kg daily for 20 days."( Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in combination with pentavalent antimony for the treatment of visceral Leishmaniasis.
Badaró, F; Badaró, R; Carvalho, JS; Ho, JL; Johnson, WD; Jones, TC; Nascimento, C; Reed, SG; Russo, D, 1994)		0.29
"BALB/c mice with an experimental visceral leishmaniasis produced by Leishmania infantum were treated with aminosidine sulphate alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate."( Efficacy of aminosidine administered alone or in combination with meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum.
Derouin, F; Gangneux, JP; Garin, YJ; Sulahian, A, 1997)		0.73
"To determine the efficacy and safety of imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis."( Imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized assessor-blind controlled trial.
Dowlati, Y; Eskandari, SE; Firooz, A; Ghoorchi, MH; Gorouhi, F; Hooshmand, B; Khamesipour, A; Khatami, A; Nassiri-Kashani, M; Rashighi-Firoozabadi, M, 2006)		0.86
"To determine the efficacy and the immunomodulatory function of Z-100 alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania amazonensis infection."( A trial of immunotherapy against Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro and in vivo with Z-100, a polysaccharide obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate.
Barroso, PA; Calvopina, M; Hashiguchi, Y; Kato, H; Korenaga, M; Marco, JD, 2007)		0.75
" The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of intramuscular pentavalent antimonial compound meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intralesional therapy in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis."( Clinical efficacy of intramuscular meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intralesional meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Hussain, I; Janjua, SA; Munir, A, 2008)		0.83
" The LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine was safe and immunogenic in CL patients and appeared to shorten their time to cure when used in combination with meglumine antimoniate chemotherapy."( A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine when used in combination with meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Alves, FP; Ashman, JA; Beckmann, AM; Bogatzki, LY; Campos-Neto, A; Coler, RN; Cowgill, KD; Fernandes, DF; Kahn, SJ; Nascimento, E; Piazza, FM; Pine, SO; Reed, SG; Vieira, EP, 2010)		0.77
"MA) either alone or combined with application of a silver or a non-silver polyester dressing on their lesions for 6 weeks."( Dressings combined with injection of meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Dowlati, Y; Firooz, A; Khamesipour, A; Khatami, A; Mehryan, P; Rahshenas, M; Talaee, R; Tehrani, S, 2013)		0.66
" The major objective of the present study was to explore the effect of immunomodulator-levamisole in combination with Glucantime in end-stage unresponsive patients with anthroponotic CL (ACL)."( A single-group trial of end-stage patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: Levamisole in combination with Glucantime in field and laboratory models.
Aflatoonian, MR; Bamorovat, M; Fekri, A; Heshmatkhah, A; Keyhani, A; Khosravi, A; Mostafavi, M; Naderi, A; Oliaee, RT; Parizi, MH; Sharifi, I; Varma, RS, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allopurinol combination with that of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs without stage III or IV chronic kidney disease."( A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania inf
Apostolidis, K; Athanasiou, LV; Chatzis, MK; Ikonomopoulos, J; Kasabalis, D; Leontides, LS; Mataragka, A; Petanides, T; Saridomichelakis, MN; Xenoulis, PG, 2020)		0.95
"We decided to investigate the antileishmanial, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) alone and combined with glucantime against Leishmania major infection."( Antileishmanial, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized zinc nanoparticles alone and in combined with glucantime against Leishmania major infection.
Ezzatkhah, F; Ghasemian Yadegari, J; Khudair Khalaf, A; Mahmoudvand, H; Mohammadi, HR; Shakibaie, M, 2023)		0.91
" Effects of ZnNPs alone and combined with glucantime (MA) were studied on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice."( Antileishmanial, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized zinc nanoparticles alone and in combined with glucantime against Leishmania major infection.
Ezzatkhah, F; Ghasemian Yadegari, J; Khudair Khalaf, A; Mahmoudvand, H; Mohammadi, HR; Shakibaie, M, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The apparent bioavailability of antimony was > 100 per cent for the intramuscular and 100 per cent for the subcutaneous routes."( Pharmacokinetics of N-methylglucamine antimoniate after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in the dog.
Belloli, C; Carli, S; Ceci, L; De Natale, G; Madonna, M; Marcotrigiano, GO; Ormas, P; Tassi, P, 1994)		0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of antimony were calculated after each route of administration in each dog."( Disposition of antimony after the administration of N-methylglucamine antimoniate to dogs.
Alberola, J; Arboix, M; Esteban, M; Valladares, JE, 1996)		0.29
"The efficiency of antileishmanial agents may be enhanced by improving their bioavailability with a colloidal drug carrier."( Action of pentamidine-bound nanoparticles against Leishmania on an in vivo model.
Astier, A; Bories, C; Deniau, M; Durand, R; Fusai, T; Houin, R; Paul, M; Rivollet, D, 1994)		0.29
" This unexpected behaviour was attributed, in part, to the fact that the heating of equimolar mixture of MA and beta-CD (first step of preparation of MA/beta-CD composition) induced the depolymerization of MA from high-molecular weight Sb complexes into 1:1 Sb-meglumine complex, resulting in an enhanced oral bioavailability of Sb."( Enhanced oral delivery of antimony from meglumine antimoniate/beta-cyclodextrin nanoassemblies.
Bahia, AP; da Silva, JB; de Melo, AL; Demicheli, C; Frézard, F; Le Moyec, L; Martins, PS; Pimenta, AM; Salerno, M, 2008)		0.61
"Previous studies have shown that the association of the drug meglumine antimoniate (MA) with β-cyclodextrin can improve its bioavailability by the oral route."( Mixed antimony(V) complexes with different sugars to modulate the oral bioavailability of pentavalent antimonial drugs.
Andrade, AP; Demicheli, C; Fernandes, FR; Ferreira, WA; Frézard, F; Islam, A, 2014)		0.64
" The main objective of the present work was to interfere in the structural organization of these nanoassemblies so as to investigate their influence on the oral bioavailability of Sb, and ultimately, optimize an oral formulation of SbL8 for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis."( Polarity-sensitive nanocarrier for oral delivery of Sb(V) and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Andrade, MS; Corrêa-Júnior, JD; Demicheli, C; Fernandes, FR; Ferreira, LA; Frézard, F; Lanza, JS; Magalhães-Paniago, R; Melo, MN; Vilela, JM, 2016)		0.43

Dosage Studied

First-line therapy was meglumine antimoniate for all patients, given at the standard Sb(v) dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for 21 to 28 days. Nine days after the dose, me glumine Antimoniate was reintroduced at a dosage of 11.5mg/kg body weight/d im.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" braziliensis LTB259) a dose-response line is obtained at a higher concentration range (20 mM to 70 mM)."( In vitro activity of meglumine antimoniate, a pentavalent antimonial drug, on Leishmania promastigotes.
Moreira, ES; Petrillo-Peixoto, ML, 1991)		0.6
" Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) administered iv at a dosage of 20 mg antimony/kg body weight/day for 60 days resulted in visible improvement of the lesions, but not in clinical or parasitological cure."( Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Peru.
De Rivera, MV; Franke, ED; Kruger, JH; Lucas, CM; Tovar, AA; Wignall, FS, 1990)		0.63
" These may be prevented by respecting the maximal suggested dosage of 6 cg/kg/day, regular clinical checks of pulse, blood pressure and temperature, biological follow-up of serum creatinin, transaminases and routine electrocardiography."( [Toxicity of Glucantime. A case].
Ben Salah, N; Katlama, C; Pichard, E; Régnier, B; Vachon, F, 1985)		0.27
" With this latter dosage or with 104 mg/kg/day there was no acute toxicity of formycin B to bone marrow or formed elements of the blood."( Leishmania donovani: oral efficacy and toxicity of formycin B in the infected hamster.
Berman, JD; Hanson, WL; Keenan, CM; Lamb, SR; Waits, VB, 1983)		0.27
" Seemingly, liposomes can markedly reduce the drug dosage required for equivalent treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs."( Antileishmanial activity of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimonate in the dog.
Alving, CR; Chapman, WL; Hanson, WL; Hendricks, LD, 1984)		0.27
" A dosage of 25 to 50 mg/kg/day of N-Methyl-glucamine in two or three treatment series, produced the healing of the cutaneous sore, without electrocardiographic alterations which could be interpreted as signs of myocardial toxicity."( [Electrocardiographic evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of N-methylglucamine antimonate (R glucantime)].
Carrasco, H; Fuenmayor, A; García Muller, R; Mendoza, E; Ramírez Benedetti, J; Torrealba, W; Valera, M, )		0.13
") schedule, especially when a low dosage of Glucantime (30 mg/kg/d x 20 d) was used."( Antimonial treatment of hamsters infected with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis: assessment of parasitological cure with different therapeutic schedules.
Martinez, JE; Travi, BL; Zea, A, )		0.13
" In 10 out of 12 patients receiving a dose of 5 mg/kg/day and 9 out of 11 patients with a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day a complete epithelization was noted by the end of treatment."( Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison between low dosage (5 mg/kg/day) and high dosage (20 mg/kg/day) antimony regimens.
Gonçalves-Costa, SC; Mattos, M; Oliveira-Neto, MP; Pirmez, C; Schubach, A, 1997)		0.3
"8 micrograms ml-1 found after this dosage regimen were higher than those observed after the single dose administration of 100 mg kg-1 24 h-1."( Pharmacokinetics of meglumine antimoniate after administration of a multiple dose in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum.
Alberola, J; Arboix, M; Cristòfol, C; Franquelo, C; Gállego, M; Portús, M; Riera, C; Valladares, JE, 1998)		0.62
" Unfortunately, pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage of diamidines are not well-known, and numerous adverse events are described."( [Treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis].
Dumon, H; Faraut-Gambarelli, F; Garnier, JM; Gire, C; Minodier, P; Piarroux, R, 1999)		0.3
" Few data are available on the toxicity and efficacy of these drugs at the dosing schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Atlanta, GA)."( High frequency of serious side effects from meglumine antimoniate given without an upper limit dose for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients.
Corzo, JE; de la Rosa, R; Delgado, J; González-Moreno, MP; Leal, M; Lissen, E; Macías, J; Pineda, JA; Sánchez-Quijano, A, 1999)		0.56
" Although pentavalent antimonials (Sb5+) are the mainstay of leishmanial therapy and have been used for more than 50 years, dosage regimens have been repeatedly modified and the best one has not been fully identified."( Response of cutaneous leishmaniasis (chiclero's ulcer) to treatment with meglumine antimoniate in Southeast Mexico.
Andrade-Narvaez, FJ; Canto-Lara, SB; Damian-Centeno, AG; Vargas-Gonzalez, A, 1999)		0.54
" Nine days after the dose, meglumine antimoniate was reintroduced at a dosage of 11."( Antimony excretion in a patient with renal impairment during meglumine antimoniate therapy.
Hantson, P; Haufroid, V; Lambert, M; Luyasu, S, 2000)		0.85
" We developed a simple and reliable microassay based on N-ribohydrolase dosage using 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-ribofuranoside (NPR) substrate for the quantification of Leishmania infantum."( Assessment of Leishmania promastigote growth in vitro by means of nucleoside hydrolase activity determination.
Derouin, F; Gangneux, JP; Garin, YJ; Meneceur, P; Pannier-Stockman, C; Sulahian, A, 2001)		0.31
" In vitro drug resistance was evaluated and the comparative analyses of dose-response curves showed that the susceptibility pattern of the sensitive line did not change after passage in animals, but a decrease in drug resistance was observed in resistant cell lines recovered from the mammalian host."( Cell surface carbohydrates and in vivo infectivity of glucantime-sensitive and resistant Leishmania (Viannia) guyjanensis cell lines.
Anacleto, C; Andrade, AF; Ferreira, AV; Gazola, KC; Michalick, MS; Moreira, ES, 2001)		0.31
" Dogs of group 1 were treated by use of meglumine antimonate (100 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) administered concurrently with allopurinol (15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 20 days and then with allopurinol alone at the same dosage for the subsequent 30 days."( Serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with leishmaniosis during short-term treatment.
Bernal, LJ; Cerón, JJ; Martínez-Subiela, S, 2003)		0.32
" Both had symptomatic relapses 3 months later, and recovered following re-treatment with AmBisome administered intravenously at a dosage of 3 mg/Kg for ten consecutive days."( [Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Report of two cases relapsed after specific therapy].
Colomba, C; Frasca Polara, V; Salsa, L; Scarlata, F; Titone, L, 2004)		0.32
" Ten were treated with meglumine antimonate (20 mg/kg/day for 21 days) and remained in hospital for 11-28 days (median 19 days), while 19 patients received liposomal amphotericin B at four different dosage schemes and were in hospital for 6-11 days (median 7 days)."( Treatment of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis: amphotericin B or pentavalent antimony compounds?
Delis, D; Kafetzis, DA; Liapi, G; Mavrikou, M; Stabouli, S; Velissariou, IM, 2005)		0.33
"Despite more than half a century of use in leishmaniasis, antimony therapy still presents serious problems concerning dosage and toxicity."( An alternative antimonial schedule to be used in cutaneous leishmaniasis when high doses of antimony are undesirable.
de Oliveira-Neto, MP; Mattos, Mda S, )		0.13
" Hydroxyurea completely eliminated Leishmania parasites when it was used at a dosage of 10 or 100 microg/ml."( Activity of hydroxyurea against Leishmania mexicana.
Galindo-Sevilla, N; Mancilla-Ramirez, J; Martinez-Rojano, H; Quiñonez-Diaz, L, 2008)		0.35
" First-line therapy was meglumine antimoniate for all patients, given at the standard Sb(v) dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for 21 to 28 days."( Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Albania: a retrospective analysis of 1,210 consecutive hospitalized patients (1995-2009).
Foto, E; Gradoni, L; Kuneshka, L; Petrela, R; Zavalani, F, 2010)		0.67
"Antimony (Sb) disposition and toxicity was evaluated in Leishmania braziliensis-infected monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with a 21-d course of low (LOW) or standard (STD) meglumine antimoniate (MA) dosage regimens (5 or 20 mg Sb(V)/kg body weight/d im)."( Disposition of antimony in rhesus monkeys infected with Leishmania braziliensis and treated with meglumine antimoniate.
Friedrich, K; Grimaldi, G; Marchevsky, RS; Miekeley, N; Paumgartten, FJ; Porrozzi, R; Vieira, FA, 2012)		0.79
" Data were collected on age, sex, origin, method of diagnosis, adverse effects of drugs, duration of hospitalization, duration of treatment and dosage up to the onset of adverse effects."( Historical series of patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate in a hospital for tropical diseases, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
Pedrosa, CM; Ribeiro, SA; Rocha, TJ; Silveira, LJ, )		0.36
" The dosage and duration of treatment with Glucantime were consistent with that advocated by the Ministry of Health."( Historical series of patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate in a hospital for tropical diseases, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
Pedrosa, CM; Ribeiro, SA; Rocha, TJ; Silveira, LJ, )		0.36
"This study aimed to determine if the use of nanoparticles loaded with meglumine antimoniate could reach and targeting infected organs with leishmaniasis, reducing the dosage used and promoting less adverse effects."( Polycaprolactone Antimony Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Leishmaniasis.
Albernaz, MS; Cerqueira-Coutinho, C; do Carmo, FS; Santos-Oliveira, R; Sousa-Batista, AJ, )		0.37
" Docking results proved the affinity of NAm to IFN-γ, which can affirm the increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p40 and TNF-α as well as reductions in IL-10 secretion with a dose-response effect, especially in the combination group."( The potential role of nicotinamide on Leishmania tropica: An assessment of inhibitory effect, cytokines gene expression and arginase profiling.
Babaei, Z; Bamorovat, M; Keyhani, A; Khosravi, A; Mostafavi, M; Mousavi, SM; Oliaee, RT; Salarkia, E; Sharifi, F; Sharifi, I; Tavakoly, R, 2020)		0.56
"tropica infection, at a dosage of ∼2."( The effect of oral miltefosine in treatment of antimoniate resistant anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: An uncontrolled clinical trial.
Darchini-Maragheh, E; Goyonlo, VM; Kiafar, B; Layegh, P; Tayyebi, M, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (937)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990102 (10.89)18.7374
1990's160 (17.08)18.2507
2000's261 (27.85)29.6817
2010's312 (33.30)24.3611
2020's102 (10.89)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 56.89

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index56.89 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.13 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.79 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index95.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (56.89)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials125 (11.18%)5.53%
Reviews61 (5.46%)6.00%
Case Studies283 (25.31%)4.05%
Observational6 (0.54%)0.25%
Other643 (57.51%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (26)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Phase III Clinical Trial for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Comparison of Standard and Alternative Antimonial Dosage in Patients With American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT01301924]Phase 2/Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Multicentric Efficacy and Safety Study of Antileishmanial Drugs for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil [NCT01310738]Phase 4378 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to DSMB recommendation based on programmed interim analysis.)
Phase III Clinical Trial for Mucosal or Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. Comparison Between the Standard and Alternative Antimonial Schemes [NCT01301937]Phase 2/Phase 376 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-10-31Recruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial of Miltefosine to Treat Mucosal Leishmaniasis at Federal District, Brazil [NCT01377974]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Reduced Doses of Antimony Plus Recombinant Human GM-CSF Compared With Antimony in Standard Doses for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: a Randomized, Single-blind, Placebo-controlled, Pilot Study [NCT00973128]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Open Label Randomized Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Azithromycin Versus Meglumine Antimoniate to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT00682656]Phase 2/Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Efficacy issues on test arm)
Pilot Study of Efficacy of Topical Nano-liposomal Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime) or Paromomycin in Combination With Systemic Glucantime for the Treatment of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) Caused by Leishmania Tropica [NCT01050777]Early Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Low-dose Pentavalent Antimony Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Old Age Patients Infected With Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis in Bahia State, Brazil. An Open Uncontrolled Trial. [NCT00818818]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate Compared to Meglumine Antimoniate for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazilian Children [NCT01032187]Phase 4101 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Phase 3 Randomized Trial Comparing Fluconazole to Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L. Braziliensis and L. Guyanensis [NCT01953744]Phase 353 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Low cure rate in the study (fluconazole) group)
Efficacy and Safety of Thermotherapy in Combination With Miltefosine Compared Iltefosine Monotherapy for the Treatment of New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Phase III, Open Label, Multicenter Randomized Trial [NCT04515186]Phase 3184 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-26Active, not recruiting
Clinical Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Orally Administered Miltefosine in Brazilian Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Compared to the Standard Care as Active Control [NCT00600548]Phase 2180 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF A SHORT COURSE OF THE COMBINATION OF MILTEFOSINE AND ANTIMONY TO TREAT CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN BOLIVIA [NCT00537953]Phase 20 participants InterventionalRecruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Miltefosine Versus Parenteral Antimony for the Treatment of Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia [NCT00487253]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-07-31Active, not recruiting
Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial, to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Controlled Nitric Oxide Releasing Patch Versus Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT00317629]Phase 3178 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Terminated(stopped due to An interim analysis showed that nitric oxide patches are not enough effective)
Phase IV Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Pentavalent Antimony Compared to the Standard Dose in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia)Braziliensis [NCT00317980]Phase 4280 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis With Meglumine Antimoniate 20 Mg/Kg/Day Versus Meglumine Antimoniate 10 Mg/Kg/Day And Tablet Allopurinol 20 Mg/Kg/Day [NCT00480883]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Phase II Randomized Study of Allopurinol Versus Glucantime Versus Allopurinol/Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil [NCT00004755]Phase 2375 participants Interventional1995-09-30Completed
Therapeutic Gain of Adding the Immunomodulator Pentoxifylline to the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT01464242]Phase 2/Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Miltefosine and GM-CSF in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: a Randomized and Controlled Trial [NCT03023111]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-30Completed
The Association of Miltefosine and Pentoxifylline to Treat Mucosal and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: An Open-label, Randomized Clinical Trial in Brazil [NCT02530697]Phase 2160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-08-31Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Efficacy of Intra-lesional Injections of Glucantime Once Weekly in Comparison With Twice Weekly in the Treatment of Acute Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) [NCT04340128]Phase 30 participants Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Phase 3 Open-label Study of Efficacy and Safety of Miltefosine or Thermotherapy vs Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia. [NCT00471705]Phase 3437 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Transition-state Analog Inhibitor of Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase as an Adjunct in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Therapy: a Randomized and Controlled Trial [NCT03294161]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Unicentric Clinical Trial With Dose Scaling for Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Assessment of 18-Methoxycoronaridine Administered to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients [NCT03084952]Phase 252 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-31Not yet recruiting
Tofacitinib Associated With Meglumine Antimoniate in the Control of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. A Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial. [NCT06011343]Phase 2/Phase 322 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00471705 (3) [back to overview]Complete Clinical Response
NCT00471705 (3) [back to overview]Failure
NCT00471705 (3) [back to overview]Recurrence

Complete Clinical Response

"Complete Clinical response: Initial cure plus the absence of recurrences or mucosal lesions for 6 months after the end of treatment.~Note: nitial cure: Complete re-epithelialization of all ulcers and complete disappearance of the induration up to 3 months after the end of treatment." (NCT00471705)
Timeframe: Until 6 months posttreatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Miltefosine85
Glucantime®103
Thermotherapy86

[back to top]

Failure

At least 50% increase in lesion size at the end of treatment, absence of clinical response at 6 weeks, or any sign of lesion activity 3 months after the end of treatment (NCT00471705)
Timeframe: Until 3 months posttreatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Miltefosine34
Glucantime®14
Thermotherapy42

[back to top]

Recurrence

Reactivation of the lesion at the original site after cure or mucosal compromise during follow-up. (NCT00471705)
Timeframe: Until 6 months post-treatment

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Miltefosine3
Glucantime®4
Thermotherapy6

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		1.9910arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.520alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4220halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.2510trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.49202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.2510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.2510monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		15.275514phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.1331isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.7230aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		3.1410monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		7.76301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		3.1410acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		5.2243alkylbenzene
berberine
[no description available]		1.9710alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		210hydroquinones
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.0210bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.0710aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		1.9910aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9610organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		8.511aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0310aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.6730alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		7.2510benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		210aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.0640conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		15.295614phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.0410one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		1.9910carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.5851dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.0710nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		6.7171C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.15103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		8.4311aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		8.45241aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.6551oxopurine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		210inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.0510aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.0710benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		210phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.4620isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		210quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		7.4820phthalimides;
piperidones
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.0610aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		7.13192glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.08102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		9.376011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9210C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		3.8921monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.51206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.5520pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.0210monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0610xanthene
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.2510gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.4110cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
biuret
Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.		2.0810condensed ureas
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		22.01812102hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.1310dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.1110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.54201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pentamine
pentamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck		1.9910
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		7.610N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		1.9810hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		210isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		4.9690organic molecular entity
2-methylfuran
2-methylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		1.9310furans;
volatile organic compound		flavouring agent;
fuel;
hepatotoxic agent;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.7730dialdehydebiomarker
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.0610phenoxazine
neostibosan
[no description available]		1.9610
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.1510flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.4120
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		7.2110primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.2510fluorescein isothiocyanate
9-anilinoacridine
[no description available]		3.1410
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.4320D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		1.9910antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		1.9910diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.610cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.6320copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.0210manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.1510titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.0110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
antimony pentachloride
[no description available]		2.4220
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4120delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		8.411metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.2510elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.1510titanium oxidesfood colouring
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.51206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant		210trialkyl phosphate
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.4220azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		2.110benzamides;
carboxylic ester
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		3.8630aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		210
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		674imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		7.0310quinolines
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.0510monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		1.9710adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.2110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
diphenylcyclopropenone
diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.		3.711cyclopropenonedrug allergen;
hapten;
photosensitizing agent
sinefungin
[no description available]		1.9710adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.63201,2,3-triazole
buparvaquone
buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source		2.1110
anthiolimine
anthiolimine: structure		2.3520
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.2110hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.4110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
stibocaptate
stibocaptate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.15101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
artesunic acid
[no description available]		3.6411
1,3,4-thiadiazole
1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source		2.0710thiadiazole
3-deazaguanosine
3-deazaguanosine: structure		1.9710
cp 46665
CP 46665: immunomodulator; RN given refers to di-HCl		1.9610
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.4620dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		10258amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.4920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.0610
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
puromycin
[no description available]		1.9910puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.2710coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		4.670
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0810
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9540cyclodextrin
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		1.9810octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		210butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		6.8454macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		1.9610formycinantineoplastic agent
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
evp 4593
EVP 4593: an NF-kappaB pathway inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1110
8,8'-biplumbagin
8,8'-biplumbagin: structure given in first source; isolated from the Bolivian plant Pera benesis		1.9810
glycosides
[no description available]		2.1310
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		7.1710benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		1.9610stilbene
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.9421
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		7.1710capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.0110acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		1.9710dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.1710stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		210alkali metal atom
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.2110
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.4220
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0810organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.3720biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		13.521156antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
fisetin
[no description available]		2.15103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
kaempferol-3-o-galactoside
kaempferol-3-O-galactoside: isolated from Ardisia pusilla; RN given refers to (3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy))-isomer. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.		2.0510beta-D-galactoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.0340hydrochloride
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.5220antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.0110carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		16.0219414metalloid atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0110metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
aldosterone
dehydrodiisoeugenol: an isoeugenol dimer, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages; structure in first source		2.0810
methylbenzethonium chloride
[no description available]		5.2243alkylbenzene
bisabolol
bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation		3.9421
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.5820chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		4.2630nitrofuran antibiotic
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		210cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.2110
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.1710aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		210D-ribose;
ribopyranose
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.0110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1310glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		5.93411,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.0810alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.0210
chitosan
[no description available]		3.0140
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		2.4920
mannans
[no description available]		2.4120
glycolipids
[no description available]		3.0510
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.4120
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.0610carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.0440
antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.		3.1350
crotamine
crotamine: polypeptide basic toxin isolated from venom of rattlesnake Crotalus durrisus terrificus		2.2510
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.3110
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.0110
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.0310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		2.3920guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		1.9710inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		1.9810folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.5340cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.0710dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		1.9910purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.06102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		12.577718nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.2110
8-bromoguanosine
[no description available]		2.0110purine nucleoside
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		2.3720
9-deazainosine
[no description available]		1.9710
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.2510
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0510
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		12.23671
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		020.94437103
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		020.94437103
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		013.581348
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		013.581348
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		010.599614
Black Fever
[description not available]		015.5530920
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		015.5530920
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.		012.77696
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.4110
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		09.3941
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.3741
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.3741
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.9940
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.7220
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.9940
Recrudescence
[description not available]		014.336121
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		05.75110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.5911
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		03.5911
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		04130
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		03.4270
Feline Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		013.48313
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		08.48313
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		04.4141
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		09.4141
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.7161
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.7161
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		02.8830
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.2510
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.2510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		07.72145
Erysipeloid
An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis.		03.0340
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.2510
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.2510
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5651
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		06.0352
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.52250
Microglossia
[description not available]		03.1550
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.4370
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.4370
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.3110
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.1510
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.5320
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.1510
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		02.1510
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.7430
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.1510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.89120
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.1510
Travel Sickness
[description not available]		02.1510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.150
Chalazia
[description not available]		02.1710
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		04.0850
Eye Infections, Parasitic
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.		02.1710
Chalazion
A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.		02.1710
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.4320
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.4320
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1710
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.1710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.4820
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		03.520
MODS
[description not available]		03.3520
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.3520
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.1710
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.4720
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.1710
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.4720
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.8530
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.2110
Parasitic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.2110
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.2110
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.2110
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2110
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.9740
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.9740
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.0810
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.4170
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.0810
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.7930
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.4920
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.4920
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.9540
Shingles
[description not available]		02.5120
Skin Diseases, Viral
Skin diseases caused by viruses.		02.0810
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5120
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.9540
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		03.87120
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.9540
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.9540
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.4320
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.110
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.4320
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		08.11311
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		02.4920
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.4620
Granulomas
[description not available]		05.1160
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous
A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.		03.1350
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		05.1160
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.110
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.4820
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.2760
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.7530
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		03.4670
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.1150
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.4920
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Insect Bites
[description not available]		03.8621
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		03.8621
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		02.1310
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.1310
Granulomatosis, Orofacial
A condition characterized by persistent or recurrent labial enlargement, ORAL ULCER, and other orofacial manifestations in the absence of identifiable CROHN DISEASE; or SARCOIDOSIS. Among experts there is disagreement on whether orofacial granulomatosis is a distinct clinical disorder or an initial presentation of Crohn disease.		02.1110
Cheilitis Granulomatosa
[description not available]		02.1110
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		02.4820
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.7230
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.7230
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.1310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1510
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.4520
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.1510
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.4520
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4980
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		03.4980
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.0410
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0410
Atrial Ectopic Beats
[description not available]		02.0410
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4220
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.0410
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4220
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4620
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.4620
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		03.4311
Rhinophyma
A manifestation of severe ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and surrounding CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The nose is reddened and marked with TELANGIECTASIS.		02.0510
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular
[description not available]		02.0510
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.		02.0510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.0510
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4120
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.9340
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.86130
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		04.86130
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.0510
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.9340
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.0510
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.730
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		02.0510
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.0510
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4220
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.730
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.0510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.6930
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.0510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.6930
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.0510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.0510
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.0510
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.0510
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0510
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.4320
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0510
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.4320
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0510
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0510
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.0510
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		07.0510
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		04.3140
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		02.4720
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.0510
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.0510
Ache
[description not available]		04.551
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.551
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		02.0610
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.0610
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		03.8240
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		02.0610
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.0610
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.0610
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		04.3711
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		04.3711
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.0610
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.0610
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.0710
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		02.0710
Leprosy, Macular
[description not available]		02.0810
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.0710
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0710
Itching
[description not available]		02.0710
Emesis
[description not available]		02.4320
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0710
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0710
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.4320
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.0710
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4220
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.4220
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.4220
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.4220
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		03.0850
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		03.0850
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9310
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		01.9310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9310
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		01.9310
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		02.0110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.3620
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		02.3520
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.3620
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9210
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9210
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9210
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.0210
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.0210
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.4320
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.0210
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0210
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.0210
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.0210
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0210
Splenic Rupture
Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.		02.0210
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0310
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0310
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3820
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		03.0850
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.420
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.3820
Infarct
[description not available]		01.9710
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		01.9710
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		01.9710
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.4111
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4320
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.0310
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.420
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		03.7921
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.0310
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0310
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0310
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0310
Carditis
[description not available]		02.0310
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.0310
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.0310
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.0310
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.4420
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0410
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.8710
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		03.7520
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.8710
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		02.8710
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.3620
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		01.9610
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		01.9610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.3620
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		01.9610
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.3620
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9810
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		04.3322
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.7821
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.7821
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.3920
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.3920
Drop Attack
[description not available]		01.9810
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		06.9810
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9810
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		01.9810
Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9910
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		01.9910
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		01.9910
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.420
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		01.9910
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9910
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		01.9910
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9910
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.9140
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9910
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		01.9910
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		01.9910
Alopecia Mucinosa
[description not available]		01.9910
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		01.9910
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		01.9910
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		01.9910
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		01.9910
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9910
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		01.9910
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		01.9910
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.3820
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.3820
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		01.9910
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		02.6830
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		01.9910
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		01.9910
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		01.9910
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		0210
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		0210
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		0210
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		0210
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0110
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0110
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.0110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9810
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		01.9810
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9710
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9710
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.8910
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.8910
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9710
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		01.9710
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9610
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9710
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9710
ARC
[description not available]		01.9710
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		01.9710
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		01.9710
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		01.9710
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		01.9610
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9710
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9610
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		02.3720