Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Neonatal Sepsis

Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Neonatal Sepsis

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition, where an adequate empiric antibiotic treatment is crucial."( Akselsen, AB; Sheth, CC; Veses, V, 2022)
"Neonatal sepsis is a serious and frequently lethal infection, often complicated by antimicrobial resistance (including ESBLs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)."( Darlow, CA; Hope, W, 2022)
"Neonatal sepsis is a serious bacterial infection of neonates, globally killing up to 680 000 babies annually."( Da Costa, RMA; Darlow, CA; Das, S; Ellis, S; Farrington, N; Franceschi, F; Hope, W; Jimenez-Valverde, A; Johnson, A; Kolamunnage-Dona, R; McEntee, L; Neely, M; Piddock, LJV; Sharland, M; Unsworth, J, 2022)
"Neonatal sepsis is an underrecognized burden on health care systems throughout the world."( Darlow, C; Das, S; Farrington, N; Greenberg, R; Hope, W; Hornik, C; Jimenez-Valverde, A; Johnson, A; McEntee, L; Schwartz, J; Unsworth, J, 2022)
"The incidence of neonatal sepsis is high, and the main pathogen is CoNS."( Chen, PY; Dong, QY; Gong, XY; He, XR; Hu, JT; Li, W; Wang, T; Yang, YH; Yu, YQ, 2022)
"Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with a higher burden from the low- and middle-income countries."( Bathia, JN; Mukherjee, A; Mukherjee, M; Poddar, S, 2022)
"Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality."( Beloum, N; Bognini, JD; Bojang, A; Bottomley, C; Camara, B; D'Alessandro, U; Danso, M; Darboe, S; Dondeh, BL; Edmond, SY; Franck, HS; Garba, Z; Getanda, P; Graves, S; Jagne, I; Jones, JC; Nakakana, UN; Nassa, WGJ; Ndure, E; Njie, Y; Roca, A; Rouamba, T; Sillah, F; Somé, AM; Tahita, MC; Tinto, H, 2023)
"Neonatal sepsis is a severe bacterial infection that can lead to life-threatening complications in newborns."( Bajire, SK; Banerjee, S; Mithun, HK; Shastry, RP, 2023)
"Neonatal sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response caused by a suspected or proven infection, occurring in the first month of life, and remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborn and preterm infants."( Araújo-Júnior, JX; Barreto, RSS; Bezerra Carvalho, MT; Bourguignon, JJ; Carvalho, AMS; da Silva-Júnior, EF; de Aquino, TM; Heimfarth, L; Lima, NT; Moreira, JCF; Pereira, EWM; Quintans, JSS; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Schmitt, M, 2020)
"Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality."( Greisen, G; Gupta, M; Jakobsen, JC; Korang, SK; Lausten-Thomsen, U; Nava, C; Safi, S, 2021)
"Neonatal sepsis is common, lethal, and hard to diagnose."( Bengnér, J; Faresjö, M; Gäddlin, PO; Quttineh, M; Salomonsson, K, 2021)
"Neonatal sepsis is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality."( Sánchez, PJ; Shane, AL; Stoll, BJ, 2017)
"Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of mortality in the developing countries."( Colah, RB; Desai, S; Ghosh, K; Martin, SL; Mukherjee, MB; Nanavati, R, 2019)
"Neonatal sepsis is a serious threat especially for preterm infants."( Entleutner, K; Ernst, W; Fill Malfertheiner, S; Schlieckau, F; Schulz, D; Seelbach-Goebel, B, 2018)
"Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of infant mortality in developing countries because of delayed injectable treatment, making it urgent to develop noninjectable formulations that can reduce treatment delays in resource-limited settings."( Ba, B; Behl, CR; Désiré, A; Gaudin, K; Gomes, M; Kauss, T; Langlois, MH; Malick, AW; Patel, IH; Phoeung, T; Unowsky, J; White, N, 2018)
"Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition leading to morbidity and mortality in neonates worldwide."( Asci, A; Erkekoglu, P; Kocer-Gumusel, B; Surmeli-Onay, O; Yigit, S; Yurdakok, M, 2015)
"Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries."( Agarwal, A; Chadha, N; Gupta, N; Jaiswal, N; Kaur, H; Kaur, N; Kondel, R; Kumar, A; Malhotra, S; Shafiq, N; Singh, M; Thumburu, KK, 2016)
"Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is difficult because clinical signs are non-specific."( Bastug, O; Gunes, T; Halis, H; Korkut, S; Kurtoğlu, S; Öztürk, A; Saraymen, B; Şen, A, 2016)
"Neonatal sepsis is a systemic inflammation occurring in neonates because of a proven infection within the first 28days of birth."( Chen, T; Coppa, GF; Hansen, LW; Jacob, A; Khader, A; Nicastro, JM; Prince, JM; Wang, P; Yang, WL, 2017)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Meropenem is increasingly used to treat neonatal sepsis."( Hao, GX; Raza, MA; Shi, HY; Van Den Anker, J; Xu, HY; Yao, BF; Zhao, W, 2022)
"It is safe and effective to treat neonatal sepsis-related AKI with CRRT, which should be an effective measure for the treatment of sepsis-related AKI neonates."( Cai, C; Gong, X; Hong, W; Qiu, G; Shen, Y, 2020)
"The clinical diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis is highly complicated."( Chauhan, N; Jain, U; Tiwari, S, 2017)
"Melatonin could be used in the treatment of neonatal sepsis in both preterm and full-term neonates beside the conventional treatment."( El-Gendy, FM; El-Hawy, MA; Hassan, MG, 2018)
"Gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis is both feasible and effective in community-based settings and can be used as an alternative to the hospitalbased care in resource compromised settings."( Agarwal, A; Chadha, N; Gupta, N; Jaiswal, N; Kaur, H; Kaur, N; Kondel, R; Kumar, A; Malhotra, S; Shafiq, N; Singh, M; Thumburu, KK, 2016)

Research

Studies (247)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19900 (0.00)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's118 (47.77)28.8240
2020's129 (52.23)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
acetic acid0low10
methane0low10
lactic acid0low40
niacinamide0medium11
pleconaril0medium22
acetaminophen0low20
aztreonam0low10
berberine0low10
ciprofloxacin0low20
enoxacin0low10
fluconazole0medium31
gentamicin0medium294
guanidine0low10
ibuprofen0low10
indomethacin0low40
2-propanol0medium11
milrinone0low10
apnea0low10
nifedipine0low10
nitroglycerin0low10
ofloxacin0low20
oxybutynin0low10
propranolol0low10
thyroxine0low10
penicillin g0medium51
chloramphenicol0low10
sucrose0low10
carbostyril0low10
methylene blue0low20
methionine0low10
oxacillin0low10
ampicillin0medium181
taurocholic acid0low10
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone0low10
oxazoles0medium22
thiazoles0medium11
aminophylline0low10
betamethasone0low30
chenodeoxycholic acid0low10
malondialdehyde0low10
erythromycin0low80
monolaurin0low10
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate0low10
floxacillin0low30
manganese0low10
magnesium sulfate0low10
zinc sulfate0medium33
aluminum sulfate0low10
cefazolin0low30
amoxicillin0low50
tobramycin0low10
dobutamine0low10
ticarcillin0low10
amikacin0low60
nitazoxanide0medium11
piperacillin0low10
simendan0low10
cephalosporin c0medium151
flomoxef0low50
oxazolidin-2-one0low10
nsc-1727550low10
fibrinogen0low10
imipenem, anhydrous0low10
sulbactam0low10
carbapenems0low60
beta-lactams0low20
levofloxacin0low10
colistimethate sodium0low10
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination0low10
povidone-iodine0medium11
raffinose0low10
netilmicin0low10
linezolid0low40
sultamicillin0low10
arachidonic acid0low10
retinol0low10
clindamycin0low30
sodium bicarbonate0low10
methimazole0low10
krn 70000low10
nitrogen dioxide0low10
bilirubin0medium51
amphotericin b0medium21
clavulanic acid0low10
morphine0low50
cysteine0low10
cefotaxime0medium52
selenium0low10
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination0medium11
sincalide0low10
ppi-09030medium21
oxadiazoles0medium22
pituitrin0medium21
clove0low10
phosphatidylcholines0low10
ro13-99040medium31
cardiovascular agents0low10
glycolipids0low10
interleukin-80low90
colistin0low90
natriuretic peptide, brain0low10
ascorbic acid0low20
minocycline0medium11
warfarin0low10
epidermal growth factor0low10
hyaluronoglucosaminidase0low10
adrenomedullin0low20
lactoferrin0medium71
exudates0low10
neopterin0low10
rifampin0medium11
lipoteichoic acid0low10
tauromuricholate0low10

Protein Targets (956)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit7007
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma190019
GLI family zinc finger 3210021
AR protein210021
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1150015
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1210021
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha190019
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha380038
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta160016
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a110011
activating transcription factor 6100010
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)9009
Histone H2A.x6006
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a9009
heat shock protein beta-1100010
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1200020
lamin isoform A-delta10260026
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit8008
Glutamate receptor 28008
ATAD5 protein, partial6006
GLS protein9009
Microtubule-associated protein tau120012
Smad34004
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor100010
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3120012
progesterone receptor120012
EWS/FLI fusion protein150015
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha250025
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma170017
aryl hydrocarbon receptor160016
chromobox protein homolog 1110011
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2190019
peripheral myelin protein 22100010
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1100010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi103114
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3026026
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4027028
Solute carrier family 22 member 60707
Carbonic anhydrase 120303
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Bile salt export pump011012
Bile salt export pump036037
Cytochrome P450 2B10001
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 10505
Carbonic anhydrase 20617
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10113
Cytochrome P450 1A20709
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10506
Carbonic anhydrase 30303
Cytochrome P450 3A4012114
Cytochrome P450 2D60708
Cytochrome P450 2C9 014015
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1103114
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2103114
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3103114
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0102
Carbonic anhydrase 40404
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10505
Carbonic anhydrase 60303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6103114
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0404
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20327
Carbonic anhydrase 70303
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma9009
Cytochrome P450 2J20707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3103114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2103114
Carbonic anhydrase 90516
GABA theta subunit103114
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1025025
Carbonic anhydrase 150202
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon103114
Carbonic anhydrase 140303
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0404
toxin B0001
Free fatty acid receptor 30011
Free fatty acid receptor 20112
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck0112
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0112
Fibrinogen C domain-containing protein 10101
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 17007
Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase 0001
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase6006
thioredoxin reductase130013
USP1 protein, partial9009
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE110011
Chain A, Beta-lactamase7007
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase130013
Beta-lactamase 0105
Beta-lactamase 0107
Beta-lactamase 0007
Beta-lactamase 0208
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA15005
Beta-lactamase 0004
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 16006
DNA polymerase eta isoform 14004
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)100010
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor4004
plasminogen precursor4004
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor4004
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1110011
Beta-lactamase SHV-10106
Beta-lactamase SHV-103010
Beta-lactamase0208
Kappa-type opioid receptor0208
Solute carrier family 15 member 10909
Solute carrier family 15 member 10202
B2 metallo-beta-lactamase 0005
Solute carrier family 15 member 20505
Beta-lactamase 0106
Beta-lactamase 0106
Solute carrier family 15 member 20505
Beta-lactamase 0106
Beta-lactamase 0005
Chain A, HADH2 protein9009
Chain B, HADH2 protein9009
Chain A, Cruzipain9009
interleukin 88008
phosphopantetheinyl transferase120012
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]190019
farnesoid X nuclear receptor140014
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor150015
tumor necrosis factor2002
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA9009
Cytochrome P450 2C190607
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2012013
Aurora kinase B0202
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20303
Chain A, Mutant Al2 6e7p9g0011
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q13003
Beta-lactamase 0205
acid sphingomyelinase3003
Beta-lactamase 0206
Beta-lactamase 0007
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20017
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 0005
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2200020
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20005
Beta-lactamase 0108
Metallo-beta-lactamase0006
Beta-lactamase 0206
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 17007
DNA polymerase beta3003
geminin190019
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0505
Beta-lactamase OXA-70003
Spike glycoprotein110011
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0505
Angiopoietin-1 receptor0011
Beta-lactamase 0205
Beta-lactamase 0205
Beta-lactamase 0205
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0505
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-130006
Efflux transporter 0002
Beta-lactamase 0005
Beta-lactamase Toho-10003
Beta-lactamase 0002
Class D beta-lactamase0206
60 kDa chaperonin 0505
Metallo-beta-lactamase0004
Beta-lactamase 0207
Beta-lactamase 0015
10 kDa chaperonin 0505
Metallo-b-lactamase 0008
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC0309
Histamine H3 receptor0005
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2 0019
Beta-lactamase VIM-1 0006
TDP1 protein230023
arylsulfatase A7007
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 16006
D(1A) dopamine receptor5005
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A4004
Chain A, ADIPOCYTE LIPID-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain A, SERUM ALBUMIN0011
Chain A, SERUM ALBUMIN0011
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE5005
15-lipoxygenase, partial4004
thioredoxin glutathione reductase3003
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)4004
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a5005
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a3003
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 18008
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I2002
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 11001
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor2002
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B4004
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0204
Trypsin0102
Coagulation factor VII0202
60 kDa chaperonin0202
Aromatase0303
Tissue factor0202
Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte0112
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 20011
Histamine H2 receptor7007
Calmodulin 0001
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 173003
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20405
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10001
Fatty acid-binding protein 50101
Fatty acid-binding protein 50011
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0516
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B308012
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma0202
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 20101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B108012
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated0101
acetylcholinesterase8008
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4170017
IDH17007
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 25005
lethal factor (plasmid)5005
Polyphenol oxidase 20304
Pancreatic alpha-amylase0202
Albumin0203
Urease0101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10001
Tyrosinase0101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0236
Hyaluronate lyase0101
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN20001
Egl nine homolog 10001
Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN30001
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor0001
Solute carrier family 23 member 10101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase9009
Fumarate hydratase5005
PPM1D protein5005
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)4004
polyprotein5005
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 15005
survival motor neuron protein isoform d6006
Telomerase reverse transcriptase0101
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A0101
Interferon beta170017
Neuraminidase0101
Neuraminidase0101
Cholinesterase0404
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10101
Acetylcholinesterase0404
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C30404
Prolyl endopeptidase0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 0202
Cholinesterase0101
Inositol monophosphatase 15005
Cytochrome P450 1B10404
pregnane X receptor5005
pregnane X nuclear receptor170017
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 22002
galanin receptor type 30101
Glucocorticoid receptor0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10202
Glycine receptor subunit beta0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30202
ORF730011
Caspase-71001
Chain A, serum paraoxonase0101
Neutrophil cytosol factor 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 130202
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-20101
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A7007
Luciferase110011
cytochrome P450 2D6130013
Solute carrier family 22 member 60404
Solute carrier family 22 member 80505
Solute carrier family 22 member 110202
Solute carrier family 22 member 80405
Beta-lactamase 0205
Beta-lactamase 0305
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19 0005
Beta-lactamase 0205
Albumin021012
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0205
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20005
Solute carrier family 22 member 70102
BlaVIM-1 0005
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0105
Solute carrier family 22 member 70101
SMAD family member 27007
SMAD family member 37007
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease4004
caspase-34004
Caspase-72002
caspase-32002
Cellular tumor antigen p53170017
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0247
Vitamin D3 receptor0112
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0135
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0011
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G4004
Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter0203
TAR DNA-binding protein 437007
Bile acid receptor0011
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 10022
Bile acid receptor0112
G140014
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a7007
streptokinase A precursor0088
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase0001
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 140014
30S ribosomal protein S60516
30S ribosomal protein S70516
50S ribosomal protein L150516
50S ribosomal protein L100516
50S ribosomal protein L110516
50S ribosomal protein L7/L120516
50S ribosomal protein L190516
50S ribosomal protein L10516
50S ribosomal protein L200516
50S ribosomal protein L270516
50S ribosomal protein L280516
50S ribosomal protein L290516
50S ribosomal protein L310516
50S ribosomal protein L31 type B0516
50S ribosomal protein L320516
50S ribosomal protein L330516
50S ribosomal protein L340516
50S ribosomal protein L350516
50S ribosomal protein L360516
30S ribosomal protein S100516
30S ribosomal protein S110516
30S ribosomal protein S120516
30S ribosomal protein S130516
30S ribosomal protein S160516
30S ribosomal protein S180516
30S ribosomal protein S190516
30S ribosomal protein S200516
30S ribosomal protein S20516
30S ribosomal protein S30516
30S ribosomal protein S40516
30S ribosomal protein S50516
30S ribosomal protein S80516
30S ribosomal protein S90516
50S ribosomal protein L130516
50S ribosomal protein L140516
50S ribosomal protein L160516
50S ribosomal protein L230516
30S ribosomal protein S150516
50S ribosomal protein L170516
50S ribosomal protein L210516
50S ribosomal protein L300516
50S ribosomal protein L60516
30S ribosomal protein S140516
30S ribosomal protein S170516
30S ribosomal protein S10516
50S ribosomal protein L180516
50S ribosomal protein L20516
50S ribosomal protein L30516
50S ribosomal protein L240516
50S ribosomal protein L40516
50S ribosomal protein L220516
50S ribosomal protein L50516
30S ribosomal protein S210516
50S ribosomal protein L250516
50S ribosomal protein L36 20516
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1140014
Methionine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial0011
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial140014
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A10022
PAX80001
glp-1 receptor, partial5005
PINK11001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)110011
67.9K protein4004
glucocerebrosidase2002
Parkin3003
heat shock protein 900011
calcineurin A1, putative0011
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor8008
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform 20101
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor3003
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor5005
perilipin-50202
perilipin-10202
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d4004
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 33003
huntingtin isoform 24004
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 12002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 15005
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N0101
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 11001
flap endonuclease 14004
protein AF-9 isoform a0002
snurportin-12002
melanocortin receptor 40101
CAAX prenyl protease0002
bcl-2-related protein A10101
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 isoform a0202
glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha0001
hexokinase HKDC10101
DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog isoform a0002
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 10022
Synaptojanin-20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0404
Synaptojanin-10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 30303
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0406
Integrin beta-33003
72 kDa type IV collagenase0101
Integrin alpha-IIb3003
Matrix metalloproteinase-90202
Trypanothione reductase0101
Alpha-synuclein2204
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 42002
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10404
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 56006
Ataxin-28008
Spermine oxidase0101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
DNA gyrase subunit B0102
DNA gyrase subunit A0407
DNA gyrase subunit B0407
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0101
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B0102
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0102
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha0104
DNA gyrase subunit A0102
Multidrug resistance protein MdtK0011
DNA gyrase subunit B0405
DNA gyrase subunit A0506
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]0102
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A0101
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B0101
Integrase 0101
Beta-lactamase 0202
Beta-lactamase0203
Beta-lactamase0303
Beta-lactamase0205
Neutrophil elastase0101
Beta-lactamase OXA-10202
Cytochrome P450 2B60112
Beta-lactamase TEM0509
Beta-lactamase0101
Beta-lactamase 0101
Beta-lactamase 0101
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40404
dopamine D1 receptor2002
GALC protein1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Epidermal growth factor receptor0303
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0415
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10404
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0415
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 10001
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0415
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0214
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0404
D(3) dopamine receptor0404
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0404
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10707
V-type proton ATPase subunit B, brain isoform0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP20011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Motilin receptor0011
low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase isoform c0101
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK13003
Motilin receptor0112
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 33003
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10404
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10809
Chitinase B0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10404
Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase0101
unnamed protein product0101
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
Histone deacetylase 30101
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase0101
Heme oxygenase 1 0101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0112
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial0101
Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial0101
Heme oxygenase 20101
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic0101
Histone deacetylase 40101
Cytochrome P450 1440011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Mycocyclosin synthase0011
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
Histone deacetylase 10101
Sterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
Sterol 14-alpha demethylase0112
Histone deacetylase 70101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
14-alpha sterol demethylase 0011
Histone deacetylase 80101
Histone deacetylase 60101
Histone deacetylase 90101
Histone deacetylase 50101
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
likely tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase0101
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase0101
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 10203
Solute carrier family 22 member 20203
NFKB1 protein, partial3003
nonstructural protein 12002
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 14004
Acid-sensing ion channel 30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40406
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0203
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Albumin0022
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0204
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70001
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10202
Adenosine receptor A10202
Caspase-10203
Adenosine receptor A2a0303
Substance-P receptor0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0203
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30002
Caspase-30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10304
Caspase-40101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0101
Caspase-50101
Caspase-90101
Acid-sensing ion channel 10101
Mu-type opioid receptor0303
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20203
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0203
Solute carrier family 22 member 200202
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 90101
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase IMP-1 0003
Beta-lactamase 0003
Chain A, membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-20101
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B4004
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 14004
ras-related protein Rab-9A3003
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 12002
M-phase phosphoprotein 83003
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase0101
Prostaglandin E synthase0101
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0405
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20101
Phospholipase A2, major isoenzyme0101
Procathepsin L0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40101
Interleukin-80101
Androgen receptor0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C40101
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Thromboxane-A synthase 0202
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 10101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10202
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype0101
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 0101
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 20101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype0101
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0033
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 30101
Prostaglandin D2 receptor 0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A30204
Lactoylglutathione lyase0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C10101
Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor0101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype0101
Rho-associated protein kinase 20101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 90101
P2Y purinoceptor 120101
Prostaglandin D2 receptor 20112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0101
CAAX prenyl protease 2 isoform 20001
Tubulin beta-4A chain0101
Tubulin beta chain0101
Tubulin alpha-3C chain0101
Tubulin alpha-1B chain0101
Tubulin alpha-4A chain0101
Tubulin beta-4B chain0101
DNA primase0101
Tubulin beta-3 chain0101
Tubulin beta-2A chain0101
Tubulin beta-8 chain0101
Tubulin alpha-3E chain0101
Tubulin alpha-1A chain0101
Tubulin alpha-1C chain0101
Tubulin beta-6 chain0101
Tubulin beta-2B chain0101
Tubulin beta-1 chain0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0404
Estrogen receptor0011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0303
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0404
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0404
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0506
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A0101
Estrogen receptor beta0011
Renin0101
ClpP1001
regulator of G-protein signaling 44004
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M14004
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0101
Myeloperoxidase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C11 0101
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0202
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10101
Acetylcholinesterase 0101
Mu-type opioid receptor05210
Nociceptin receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0617
Melatonin receptor type 1A0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0011
Melatonin receptor type 1A0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0112
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 20001
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM0101
Carboxylic ester hydrolase 0101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 0202
Lactoperoxidase0101
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Aminopeptidase0101
Chain A, Methionine aminopeptidase0101
S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase0101
Adenylate cyclase type 50001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-10001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-20001
Fatty acid synthase0101
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10101
Chain E, Fibrin beta chain0101
Chain A, Ferritin light chain3003
T cell receptor, partial1001
luteinizing hormone receptor1001
integrase, partial0101
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p750101
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase0001
TSHR protein1001
Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 10101
hypothetical protein, conserved3003
isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, partial1001
luciferase1001
serine-protein kinase ATM isoform a1001
neutrophil cytosol factor 10101
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor4004
caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor0101
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 32002
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a2002
caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein0101
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor2002
Vpr3003
replicative DNA helicase0001
recombinase A0011
POsterior Segregation0011
Glutathione reductase0101
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain1001
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0303
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0102
Microtubule-associated protein tau0112
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0516
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0314
Cruzipain0101
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic0102
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 0102
Zinc finger protein mex-50011
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
Phosphodiesterase 0101
cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0202
Aurora kinase A0101
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A0202
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0202
Dual specificity protein kinase TTK0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0202
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B0202
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0202
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A0303
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0101
Inner centromere protein0101
Phosphodiesterase 0101
Stromelysin-10101
Matrilysin0101
Multidrug transporter MdfA0101
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP150202
Opioid receptor, delta 1b 0101
Opioid receptor homologue0101
Acyl-CoA desaturase 10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20202
Translocator protein0011
Histidine decarboxylase0011
Proteinase-activated receptor 10112
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0202
Delta-type opioid receptor0102
Delta-type opioid receptor0214
Kappa-type opioid receptor0214
Kappa-type opioid receptor0214
Mu-type opioid receptor0326
Delta-type opioid receptor0337
Kappa-type opioid receptor0326
Mu-type opioid receptor0215
Nociceptin receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70202
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0215
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X20011
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 10101
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 10101
Chain A, NAD-dependent deacetylase0101
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 20101
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase SIR20101
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 10101
Cytochrome P450 3A50101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase HST20101
NAD(+) hydrolase SARM10101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-20101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-60101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-10101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial0101
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial0101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase 0101
Thrombopoietin1001
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX121001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor1001
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a1001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40404
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20011
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20327
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40203
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50203
Adenosine receptor A30314
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10316
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated0001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0213
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30315
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0303
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 0101
Platelet-activating factor receptor0001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0415
Adenosine receptor A2a0213
Adenosine receptor A10202
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 20101
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0101
C-C chemokine receptor type 20202
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10101
C-terminal-binding protein 11001
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0202
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10001
Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 0101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 20101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 20001
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha0101
pyruvate kinase1001
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
Endothelin receptor type B1001
Endothelin-1 receptor1001
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 30101
Pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase0101
Anoctamin-10101
STE240001
Solute carrier family 22 member 80304
MecA 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0415
MBT domain-containing protein 10101
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0011
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 30101
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 10101
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase 10001
Beta-lactamase OXA-100001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase 0104
endonuclease IV1001
vasopressin V1b receptor1001
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 11001
Tumor necrosis factor0101
Adenosine receptor A2b0101
Chitotriosidase-10213
Endochitinase B10213
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20033
Genome polyprotein 0012
Genome polyprotein0011
Genome polyprotein 0011
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 0113
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0203
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0213
D(2) dopamine receptor0112
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0214
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0315
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0112
D(1A) dopamine receptor0112
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0112
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0112
Endothelin-1 receptor0112
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0202
Neuromedin-K receptor0011
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0112
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0336
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70112
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0124
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0012
Vasopressin V1a receptor0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60213
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0203
Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 10022
PA-I galactophilic lectin0011
Chain A, PLASMA RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN PRECURSOR0011
Retinol-binding protein 40011
Beta-lactoglobulin0011
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase0101
Arylacetamide deacetylase0102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A20103
Glutathione S-transferase omega-10101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0202
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0112
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0224
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0202
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B20002
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Chain A, MALTOPORIN0011
Chain B, MALTOPORIN0011
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0101
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A50002
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30001
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0102
Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter0001
Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter0001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member0001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A10001
Multidrug resistance associated protein0102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B10001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10001
Bile salt export pump0001
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-10011
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-10011
Transthyretin0102
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha0011
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0011
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen0101
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0022
Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C10101
Monocarboxylate transporter 80001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C10001
Protein Rev 0011
D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase0101
Transporter0101
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 70101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 10101
Protease 0101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 0202
twin arginine protein translocation system - TatA protein0001
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]