Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Hypernatremia is treated by water replacement and measures to reduce abnormal water loss." | ( Carroll, HJ; Oh, MS, 1992) |
| "Hypernatremia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte abnormality." | ( Hardy, RM, 1989) |
| "Severe hypo- and hypernatremia are relatively uncommon but can result in severe neurologic sequelae or death." | ( Hoffman, JR; Peters, AL; Votey, SR, 1989) |
| "The hypernatremias are best categorized by their state of volume expansion." | ( Bastl, CP; Jones, ER; Narins, RG; Rudnick, MR; Stom, MC, 1982) |
| "Hypernatremia is a frequent problem at the extremes of age, but particularly so in elderly individuals." | ( Arieff, AI; Ayus, JC, 1996) |
| "The development of hypernatremia is associated with adverse outcomes for patients developing hypernatremia in the ICU." | ( Polderman, KH; Schreuder, WO; Strack van Schijndel, RJ; Thijs, LG, 1999) |
| "Hypernatremia is treated by slow rehydratation." | ( Gross, P; Palm, C; Reimann, D, 2000) |
| "Two aspects of hypernatremia are emphasized in this discussion: pathogenesis and treatment." | ( Kang, SK; Kim, W; Oh, MS, 2002) |
| "Hypernatremia is defined as [Na] > 145 mmol/l, and hyponatremia as [Na] < 135 mml/L." | ( Huang, W; Shi, X, 2000) |
| "Hypernatremia is the clinical term for an excessive concentration of sodium relative to water in the body." | ( Goldenring, JM; Kupiec, TC; Raj, V, 2004) |
| "Hypernatremia is associated with increased mortality in hospitalized patients and in medical/surgical intensive care units." | ( Aiyagari, V; Deibert, E; Diringer, MN, 2006) |
| "Hypervolemic hypernatremia is caused by an increase in total exchangeable Na(+) and K(+) in excess of an increment in total body H(2)O (TBW)." | ( Kurtz, I; Nguyen, MK, 2008) |
| "Polyuria and hypernatremia are common problems during the pretransplant care of brain-dead donors." | ( Esfahani, F; Kazemeyni, SM, 2008) |
| "Hypernatremia is one factor leading an unfavorable prognosis in SAH patients." | ( Chen, G; Hu, Y; Li, M; Li, W; Wang, L, 2008) |
| "Hypernatremia is most commonly due to unreplaced hypotonic water depletion (impaired mental status and/or access to free water), but it may also be caused by transient water shift into cells (from convulsive seizures) and iatrogenic sodium loading (from salt intake or administration of hypertonic solutions)." | ( Bagshaw, SM; McDermid, RC; Townsend, DR, 2009) |
| "Hypernatremia is a serious electrolyte disturbance and an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients." | ( Druml, W; Holzinger, U; Kneidinger, N; Lindner, G; Schwarz, C, 2009) |
| "ICU-acquired hypernatremia is associated with multiple factors associated with negative fluid and positive solute balance." | ( Druml, W; Holzinger, U; Kneidinger, N; Lindner, G; Schwarz, C, 2009) |
| "Mild hypernatremia is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with severe TBI." | ( Antonucci, E; Cabassi, A; Fiaccadori, E; Maggiore, U; Mergoni, M; Parenti, E; Picetti, E; Regolisti, G; Vezzani, A, 2009) |
| "Severe preterm hypernatremia is a life-threatening electrolyte disorder which mainly causes neurological complications such as brain edema, intracranial hemorrhages, hemorrhagic infarctions and thromboses." | ( Hoehn, T; Mayatepek, E; Sabir, H; Stannigel, H, 2010) |
| "Donor hypernatremia is known to be associated with initial graft dysfunction in liver transplantation." | ( Antretter, H; Devries, E; Hoefer, D; Laufer, G; Ruttmann-Ulmer, E; Smits, JM, 2010) |
| "Essential hypernatremia is very rare in clinical practice and the pathogenesis is unclear." | ( Dou, J; Guo, Q; Lu, J; Mu, Y; Pan, C, 2010) |
| "Hypernatremia is caused by a relative deficit of free water and often occurs in elderly patients, who have an impaired thirst mechanism or are unable to ask for water." | ( Gross, P; Palm, C; Wagner, A, 2011) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common problem in hospitalized patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality." | ( Alshayeb, HM; Babar, F; Mangold, T; Showkat, A; Wall, BM, 2011) |
| "Hypernatremia is generally thought to be a condition in which water depletion raises the serum sodium concentration despite some salt loss." | ( Kahn, T, 2011) |
| "A high incidence of hypernatremia is often observed in patients recovering from acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care units." | ( Haghighat, R; Hart, P; Ing, TS; Sam, R, 2012) |
| "The hypernatremia is believed to be due to post-AKI diuresis in the face of inability to maximally concentrate the urine because of renal failure." | ( Haghighat, R; Hart, P; Ing, TS; Sam, R, 2012) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common sodium dysbalance in neurointensive care which is associated with worse outcome." | ( Bradac, O; Kazda, A; Spatenkova, V; Suchomel, P, 2011) |
| "Understanding hypernatremia is at times difficult for many clinicians." | ( Feizi, I; Sam, R, 2012) |
| "Hypernatremia is common in intensive care units." | ( Funk, GC; Lindner, G, 2013) |
| "Hypernatremia is accompanied by metabolic alkalosis and an increase in pH." | ( Fazekas, A; Funk, GC; Grüssing, H; Kneidinger, N; Lindner, G; Schwarz, C, 2013) |
| "Hypernatremia is encountered after pituitary or hypothalamic surgery and typically is secondary to vasopressin deficiency resulting in increased free water clearance with inadequate water replacement." | ( Anderson, A; Barrett, EJ, 2013) |
| "Hypernatremia is the most important complication after brain death." | ( Eghbal, MH; Firoozifar, M; Ghaffaripour, S; Khosravi, MB; Sahmeddini, MA, 2013) |
| "Pre-LT hypernatremia is a highly significant risk factor for post-LT mortality." | ( Benson, JT; Biggins, SW; Heimbach, JK; Kim, WR; Larson, JJ; Leise, MD; Rosen, CB; Therneau, TM; Yang, JD; Yun, BC, 2014) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte disorder associated with adverse outcomes such as increased length of stay and mortality due to a variety of factors." | ( DeVita, MV; Michelis, MF; Rosenstock, JL; Singla, A; Toor, MR, 2014) |
| "Hypernatremia is associated with a poor prognosis, and outcomes are still disappointing despite appropriate rates of correction, intensive monitoring, and the involvement of a nephrologist." | ( DeVita, MV; Michelis, MF; Rosenstock, JL; Singla, A; Toor, MR, 2014) |
| "Hypernatremia is defined by a serum sodium concentration of more than 145 mmol/L and reflects a disturbance of the regulation between water and sodium." | ( Bouzat, P; Francony, G; Ichai, C; Payen, JF, 2014) |
| "Early acquired hypernatremia is a frequent complication in severe sepsis patients and is associated with the volume of 0." | ( Schaefer, E; Shaffer, C; VAN DE Louw, A, 2014) |
| "Severe hypernatremia is rare in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but was exhibited in this case." | ( Jun, YH; Kim, DH; Kim, HJ; Lee, JE, 2014) |
| "Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are common findings in the inpatient and outpatient settings." | ( Barstow, CH; Braun, MM; Pyzocha, NJ, 2015) |
| "Hypervolemic hypernatremia is by far the most common cause of hypernatremia in patients in the intensive care unit." | ( Ing, TS; Pouria, MM; Sam, R; Sarahian, S, 2015) |
| "Children with hypernatremia are more likely to have convulsions and dehydration than normonatremic children (for all p < 0." | ( Ahmed, T; Chisti, MJ; Christy, MD; Hannan, A; Huq, S; Nishath, T; Shahrin, L, 2016) |
| "Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium level above 145 mmol/L." | ( Mount, DB; Muhsin, SA, 2016) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte disorder that reflects an imbalance in the water balance of the body, often resulting from an increased loss of free water compared to sodium excretion." | ( Arndt, C; Wulf, H, 2016) |
| "Hypernatremia is common among hospitalized patients especially in the intensive care units and presents an independent risk factor for mortality." | ( Corriveau, D; Milliere, J; Parmar, MS, 2016) |
| "Hypernatremia is also associated with younger infants, a higher surgical complexity, administration of bicarbonate and exposure to vasopressin." | ( da Cruz, EM; Eshelman, J; Kaufman, J; Newman, S; Osorio, S; Phadke, D; Ruzas, C; Tong, S, 2017) |
| "Severe hypernatremia is an unusual fact at the immediate postoperative period but may have fatal consequences for the patient and need immediate action." | ( Álvarez, R; Anta, D; Beleña, JM; Núñez, M, 2017) |
| "Severity of hypernatremia is categorized as mild (148-150 mEq/L), moderate (151-154 mEq/L) or severe (≥155 mEq/L)." | ( Han, DC; Jeon, JS; Jung, WJ; Kang, HR; Kwon, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, SN; Noh, H; Park, S, 2017) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common problem affecting critically ill patients, whether due to underlying pathology or the subsequent result of hypertonic fluid resuscitation." | ( Diebel, LN; Liberati, DM; Martin, JV, 2018) |
| "Hypernatremia is a very common electrolyte disorder and is frequently encountered in out-patient as well as in-hospital settings." | ( Chothia, MY; Davids, MR; George, K; Sheik, M, 2018) |
| "Hypernatremia is common in hospitalized, critically ill patients." | ( Chan, L; Chaudhary, K; Chauhan, K; Coca, SG; Debnath, N; Duffy, A; Nadkarni, GN; Patel, N; Pattharanitima, P; Saha, A; Van Vleck, T, 2019) |
| "Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte problem at the intensive care setting, with a prevalence that can reach up to 25%." | ( Distenhreft, JIQ; Luchi, WM; Ramos, JM; Scopel, GS; Seguro, AC; Vianna, JGP, 2020) |
| "Even hypernatremia is a major adverse effect of tolvaptan, treatment with tolvaptan shows good security and is well-tolerated." | ( Li, GS; Li, T, 2019) |
| "Hypernatremia is a severe side effect of TLV." | ( Li, GS; Li, T, 2019) |
| "Psychogenic adipsic hypernatremia is an exceedingly rare and life-threatening condition, occurring in those with severe psychiatric disorders." | ( Fogelfeld, L; Robertson, G; Rodriguez, A, 2019) |
| "BACKGROUND Hypernatremia is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients, and an accurate assessment of water volume is important to determine appropriate fluid hydration." | ( Hwang, WM; Jeong, IB; Kim, SG; Yoon, SH; Yun, SR, 2019) |
| "Hypernatremia is common in critical care, especially in severely burned patients." | ( Kreutziger, J; Rugg, C; Schmid, S; Ströhle, M, 2020) |
| "· Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance in preterm neonates." | ( Howell, HB; Kazmi, S; Lin, M; Santaniello, N; Sklamberg, F; Wachtel, E; Zaccario, M, 2022) |
| "Human hypernatremia is characterized by plasma sodium levels comparable to that in goldfish, however accompanied by life-threatening metabolic changes." | ( Andreeva, AM; Garina, DV; Lamash, N; Martemyanov, V; Pavlov, D; Vasiliev Ilya, AS, 2022) |
| "Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are common electrolyte abnormalities in patients with malignancy and have been independently associated with worse survival outcomes." | ( Brabander, T; de Herder, WW; Feelders, RA; Hofland, J; Minczeles, NS; Refardt, J, 2022) |
| "Hypernatremia is a frequently encountered electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients." | ( Arzhan, S; Bologa, CG; Litvinovich, I; Myers, OB; Roumelioti, ME; Unruh, ML, 2022) |
| "Hypernatremia is regularly encountered in the ED and patients present with unspecific neurologic symptoms." | ( Lindner, G; Ravioli, S; Rohn, V, 2022) |
| "Hypernatremia is an occasionally encountered electrolyte disorder, which may lead to fatal consequences under improper management." | ( Baek, SH; Kim, S; Yun, G, 2023) |
| "Late- and prolonged-hypernatremia is highly related to an increased protein metabolism." | ( Kreutziger, J; Levé, AM; Loveys, S; Ronzani, M; Rugg, C; Schmid, S; Spraider, P; Ströhle, M; Woyke, S, 2023) |
| "Thus, hypernatremia is most often caused by an overall deficit of total body water." | ( Farouk, SS; Patel, D; Patel, N; Rein, JL, 2023) |
| "Hospital-acquired hypernatremia is highly prevalent, overlooked, and associated with unfavorable consequences." | ( Arzhan, S; Bologa, CG; Litvinovich, I; Roumelioti, ME; Unruh, ML, 2023) |
| "Hospital-acquired hypernatremia is associated with in-hospital mortality and discharge to hospice or to nursing facilities in all stages of CKD." | ( Arzhan, S; Bologa, CG; Litvinovich, I; Roumelioti, ME; Unruh, ML, 2023) |
| "Hypernatremia is common among hospitalized patients and is associated with high mortality rates." | ( Ben-Bassat, OK; Feigin, E; Feigin, L; Ingbir, M; Shepshelovich, D, 2023) |
| "Hypernatremia is a treatable biochemical disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery." | ( Chen, L; Chen, X; Chong, W; Fang, F; Hai, Y; Hao, P; He, J; He, M; Jia, L; Li, T; Peng, L; Tian, Y; Xiao, Y; You, C; Zhang, Y, 2024) |
| "Hypernatremia is common after elective craniotomy, and its presence is associated with increased mortality and complications, particularly in cases of severe hypernatremia." | ( Chen, L; Chen, X; Chong, W; Fang, F; Hai, Y; Hao, P; He, J; He, M; Jia, L; Li, T; Peng, L; Tian, Y; Xiao, Y; You, C; Zhang, Y, 2024) |
| "Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are electrolyte disorders that can be associated with poor outcomes." | ( Miller, NE; Rushlow, D; Stacey, SK, 2023) |