Page last updated: 2024-08-05 15:12:30

protective agent

Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.

ChEBI ID: 50267

Members (15)

MemberDefinitionClass
4-hydroxyphenylethanolA phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol
alx-0600A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.teduglutide
benphothiamineA thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.benfotiamine
citrullineThe L-enantiomer of citrulline.L-citrulline zwitterion; L-citrulline
deferiproneA member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.deferiprone
ferruginolAn abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.ferruginol
fomepizoleA member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.fomepizole
glycylglutamineA dipeptide formed from glycine and L-glutamine residues.Gly-Gln zwitterion; Gly-Gln
monodansylcadaverineA sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.monodansylcadaverine
N-octylhomovanillamideA monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-octyl amide of homovanillic acid.N-octylhomovanillamide
oltiprazA 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.oltipraz
oxybenzoneA hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.oxybenzone
phenylephrineA member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.phenylephrine
tributyrinA triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.tributyrin
zonisamideA 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.zonisamide

Research

Studies (22,281)

TimeframeStudies, Drugs with This Role(%)All Drugs %
pre-19905,815 (26.10)18.7374
1990's5,063 (22.72)18.2507
2000's5,250 (23.56)29.6817
2010's4,722 (21.19)24.3611
2020's1,431 (6.42)2.80

Study Types

Publication TypeStudies, Drugs with this Role (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,476 (6.29%)5.53%
Reviews1,074 (4.58%)6.00%
Case Studies942 (4.02%)4.05%
Observational81 (0.35%)0.25%
Other19,876 (84.76%)84.16%

Protein Targets (165)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.962313
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.173811
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.352113
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1Plasmodium falciparum 3D7Potency19.952611
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.1284512
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.076026
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.358222
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency37.933011
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2BHomo sapiens (human)Potency54.637313
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.491511
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.427912
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3AHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.848911
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.623411
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseGiardia intestinalisPotency6.190412
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency94.562612
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.780212
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.511911
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency38.901811
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.589311
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.452012
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.623411
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.848911
dopamine D1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.835611
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.8956921
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.9767617
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.236212
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.028845
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency38.901811
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.884522
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.929912
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.730811
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.811422
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency26.925012
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein GHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.000011
Histamine H2 receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Potency2.511913
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.810711
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency47.953923
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.901811
huntingtin isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.220211
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.251222
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.901812
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.617422
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.186312
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency27.031535
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.622811
NFKB1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.548122
nonstructural protein 1Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1))Potency0.316211
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency51.788123
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.578011
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.082939
P53Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.481311
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.882311
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency34.105013
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.300112
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency48.579725
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency45.635312
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency15.749626
ras-related protein Rab-9AHomo sapiens (human)Potency91.999711
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.5935311
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.396912
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.539111
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.539111
Smad3Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.981111
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency35.481311
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.548111
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.053422
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency1.122011
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.267245
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency63.095711
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency26.925012

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
Alcohol dehydrogenase E chainEquus caballus (horse)Ki0.141211
Alcohol dehydrogenase S chainEquus caballus (horse)Ki0.141211
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)Ki0.933211
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.162211
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki3.131122
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.258911
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorMesocricetus auratus (golden hamster)Ki1.258911
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki6.100011
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki3.131122
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.390011
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.330022
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.390011
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.330022
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.390011
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.330022
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing]Danio rerio (zebrafish)Ki30.800011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)Ki3.100011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.900011
Angiotensin-converting enzyme Homo sapiens (human)IC507,079.460011
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.117011
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50133.000011
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki13.000011
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi86.252534
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50134.000022
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50133.000011
Carbonic anhydraseCandida albicans SC5314Ki0.972846
Carbonic anhydraseHelicobacter pylori 26695Ki0.224522
Carbonic anhydraseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKi0.106011
Carbonic anhydraseStylophora pistillataKi0.645011
Carbonic anhydrase Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito)Ki0.263011
Carbonic anhydrase Astrosclera willeyanaKi0.165011
Carbonic anhydrase Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubiiKi1.007023
Carbonic anhydrase Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi6.155012
Carbonic anhydrase Nakaseomyces glabratus CBS 138Ki0.114011
Carbonic anhydrase Stylophora pistillataKi0.259022
Carbonic anhydrase Sulfurihydrogenibium sp. YO3AOP1Ki0.140011
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki35.76915379
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki120.9278719
Carbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)Ki160.2182214
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Ki126.0486618
Carbonic anhydrase 15Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.497834
Carbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki25.95336592
Carbonic anhydrase 2Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi0.876011
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 3Bos taurus (cattle)Ki14.262025
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki442.8417315
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki98.2498725
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki119.0908719
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki436.8304719
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki88.6655826
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki97.54771023
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)IC501.860011
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Ki83.09221227
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus XCL-2Ki0.411011
Cytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)Ki9.000011
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki6.033011
Delta carbonic anhydraseConticribra weissflogiiKi0.404011
Delta-type opioid receptorMus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.045522
Delta-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.027822
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylaseHomo sapiens (human)IC505.000011
Hepatocyte growth factor receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC5020.000011
Hormone-sensitive lipaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC503.250011
Lysine-specific demethylase 2AHomo sapiens (human)IC506.800011
Lysine-specific demethylase 2BHomo sapiens (human)IC508.100011
Lysine-specific demethylase 4AHomo sapiens (human)IC503.275022
Lysine-specific demethylase 5CHomo sapiens (human)IC505.600011
Lysine-specific demethylase 6AHomo sapiens (human)IC504.200011
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.035011
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.056011
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50133.000011
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki2,350.000012
Nitric oxide synthase, brainHomo sapiens (human)Ki2,350.000012
Nitric oxide synthase, brain Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2,350.000012
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.117011
Prolyl endopeptidaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.020011
Replicase polyprotein 1abBetacoronavirus England 1IC5010.000012
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2IC5021.342035
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusIC5049.600023
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.035211
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.848011
Translocator proteinRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki38.450011

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
Alcohol dehydrogenase E chainEquus caballus (horse)Kd0.013011
Alcohol dehydrogenase S chainEquus caballus (horse)Kd0.013011
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)EC500.009011
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC500.055522
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC500.003422
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)EC500.010011
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC500.306011
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC500.340011
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC506.000011
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC506.000011
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC506.000011
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.047611
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.020611
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC500.188522
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC500.300011
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC500.300011

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (mM)Bioassay(s)Drugs
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC400.078011
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC400.078011
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC400.078011
Carbonic anhydrase Brucella suis 1330Kinact1.850011
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Kinact71.709856
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Kinact11.000011
Carbonic anhydrase 13Mus musculus (house mouse)Kinact0.430022
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Kinact3.502333
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Kinact1.474256
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Kinact8.590022
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact0.047023
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact4.551034
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.089022
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.117022
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Kinact1.753433
General amino-acid permease GAP1Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKm37.000011
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2Mus musculus (house mouse)CD10.200011
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)Km221.200011