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titanium

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Description

Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal. It is found naturally in minerals such as rutile and ilmenite. Titanium is extracted from these minerals through a complex process involving chlorination and reduction. Titanium is not found in its pure form, but is a component of many different alloys. It is used in a wide variety of applications, including aerospace, medical implants, and jewelry. Titanium is biocompatible, meaning it does not cause adverse reactions when implanted in the body. This property makes it suitable for medical implants such as artificial joints, dental implants, and surgical instruments. Titanium is also highly resistant to corrosion, making it ideal for use in marine environments and chemical processing. It is also used in the production of high-performance alloys for use in jet engines, spacecraft, and other applications where strength and lightness are critical.'

Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID23963
CHEBI ID33341
MeSH IDM0021596

Synonyms (847)

Synonym
Q716
titanium
ti
7440-32-6
titanium atom
titanio
22ti
CHEBI:33341
titanium, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.127 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, evaporation slug, diam. x l 6.3 mm x 6.3 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, wire, diam. 0.81 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, powder, -100 mesh, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, wire, diam. 2.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, rod, diam. 6.35 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, foil, thickness 0.127 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, rod, diam. 6.35 mm, 99.7% trace metals basis
titanium, crystalline, 5-10 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis (purity exclusive of na and k content)
titanium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, wire, diam. 0.127 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
titanium, sponge, 3-19 mm, 99.5% trace metals basis
titanium, powder, <45 mum avg. part. size, 99.98% trace metals basis
jistp28
vt 1-1
emo 140
vt 1-2
t 60
ti 40a
vt 1
ti 75a
imi-125
vt 1 l
titanium metal powder, dry
vt-1d
vt 1-0
ti 50a
einecs 231-142-3
imi 130
nci-c04251
titanium (dry powder)
ti 40
imi 115
t 40
vtl-0
titanium 50a
titanium a-40
hsdb 868
ti60
AKOS005259037
titanium, ion (ti1+)
14067-04-0
T023450000 ,
hsdb 7000
unii-d1jt611tne
d1jt611tne ,
ec 231-142-3
FT-0689078
titanium [mi]
titanium metallicum [hpus]
titanium element
titanium [hsdb]
titanium metallicum
titanium [mart.]
titanium [who-dd]
titanium (0)
RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
titanium wire, 1.0mm (0.04in) dia, hard
titanium (ti), 99% nano
titanium wire, 0.5mm (0.02in) dia
titanium rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia
titanium gauze, 50 mesh woven from 0.102mm (0.004in) dia wire
titanium foil, 1.0mm (0.040in) thick
titanium plate, 3.175mm (0.125in) thick, 100x100mm (3.9x3.9in)
titanium gauze, 40 mesh woven from 0.127mm (0.005in) dia wire
titanium cube, 9.5x9.5x9.5mm (0.37x0.37x0.37in)
titanium foil, 0.127mm (0.005in) thick
titanium foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick
titanium gauze, 20 mesh woven from 0.076mm (0.003in) dia wire
titanium powder, dehydrided, -325 mesh
titanium wire, 0.81mm (0.032in) dia x 90cm (35in) long, annealed
titanium wire, 2.0mm (0.08in) dia
titanium foil, 1.6mm (0.063in) thick
titanium foil, 0.127mm (0.005in) thick, annealed
titanium wire, 2.0mm (0.08in) dia x 91cm (36in) long
titanium wire, 1.0mm (0.04in) dia
titanium foil, 0.032mm (0.0013in) thick, annealed
titanium rod, 6.4mm (0.25in) dia
titanium powder, -100 mesh
titanium foil, 2.0mm (0.08in) thick, annealed
titanium foil, 0.05mm (0.002in) thick, annealed
titanium wire, 0.25mm (0.01in) dia
titanium rod, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia
titanium granules
titanium slug, 9.5mm (0.37in) dia x 9.5mm (0.37in) length
titanium powder, spherical, -150 mesh
titanium gauze, 30 mesh woven from 0.102mm (0.004in) dia wire
titanium wire, 0.5mm (0.02in) dia, annealed
titanium foil, 0.89mm (0.035in) thick
titanium powder, <20 micron
titanium thinfoil, 0.006mm (0.0002in) thick
titanium rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia, puratronic?
titanium sponge, 25.4mm (1.0in) & down
titanium sponge, 3-13mm (0.12-0.51in)
titanium plate, 6mm (0.2in) thick, 100x100mm (3.9x3.9in), puratronic?
titanium wire, 0.75mm (0.03in) dia
titanium foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick, annealed
titanium sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
titanium powder, -325 mesh
titanium foil, 0.74mm (0.029in) thick, annealed
titanium foil, 0.025mm (0.001in) thick
titanium sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
4ti ,
titanium, sputtering target, diam. x thickness 3.00 in. x 0.125 in., 99.995% trace metals basis
titanium, sputtering target, diam. x thickness 2.00 in. x 0.25 in., 99.995% trace metals basis
titanium gauze, 60 mesh woven from 0.2mm (0.009in) dia wire
titanum gauze, 100 mesh woven from 0.05mm (0.002in) dia wire
titanium gauze, 80 mesh woven from 0.13mm (0.005in) dia wire
titanium sponge
mfcd00011264
titanium powder
titanium rod
titanium foil
titanium crystals
titanium wire
mfcd00151301
titanium thinfoil, 0.0114mm (0.00045in) thick
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 12.7mm (0.50in) length
titanium powder, -60+100 mesh
titanium powder, -200 mesh
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length
titanium sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 12.7mm (0.50in) length, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium foil, 0.5mm (0.02in) thick, stress relieved
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 3.175mm (0.125in) length
titanium sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 3.175mm (0.125in) length, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium gauze, 18 mesh woven from 0.28mm (0.011in) dia wire
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length
titanium plate, 6.35mm (0.25in) thick, annealed, 100x100mm (3.9x3.9in)
titanium foil, 0.05mm (0.002in) thick, annealed, grade 1
titanium sponge, 3mm (0.12in) & down
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium foil, 0.5mm (0.02in) thick, annealed
titanium thinfoil, 0.0127mm (0.0005in) thick
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, length 500 mm, outside diameter 1.6 mm, wall thickness 0.5 mm
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.8%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.5mum, specific density 225.4mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 4.25mm, inside diameter 3.75mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 1.6 mm, length 200 mm, wall thickness 0.5 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, size 200 x 200 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 15 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, irmm(r) certified reference material, 0.5 mm wire
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 9.5mm, annealed, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, sphere, 200pcs, diameter 3mm, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 47 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.20 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 2mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, bar, 10 mm, size 100 mm, side length (of longer side) 12mm
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.81mm, inside diameter 0.61mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.35 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 40mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.999%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 1.6 mm, length 100 mm, wall thickness 0.5 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 160 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.1mm, inside diameter 5.1mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.51mm, inside diameter 0.35mm, wall thickness 0.08mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 8.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 10mm, diameter 50mm, 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 1.5mm, wall thickness 0.75mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 4.25mm, inside diameter 3.75mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 292 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 12.7mm, inside diameter 10.9mm, wall thickness 0.9mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 50m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 7.0 mm, length 200 mm, wall thickness 1.0 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0025 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 6.1mm, inside diameter 5.1mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 4 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, diameter 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, diameter 10 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, 10 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.002 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 6mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 190 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 16mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, high purity 99.99+%, size 25 x 25 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, diameter 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, size 50 x 50 mm, thickness 0.008 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 16mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0mum, specific density 429mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 20 mm diameter, length 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, length 0.2 m, coil width 104 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, purity 99.6+%, size 100 x 100 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 8 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 16mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 2mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, 99.975+%
titanium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, purity 99.6+%, length 1 m
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 20mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.8%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, length 0.3 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.20 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.8%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 10mm, inside diameter 8mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire, straight, 1000mm, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, high purity 99.999%, diameter 4 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.002 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, diameter 10 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, purity 99.6+%, diameter 25 mm
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 10.3mm, inside diameter 8.7mm, wall thickness 0.8mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 1.5mm, wall thickness 0.75mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.25mum, specific density 112.6mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 100 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, sphere, 100pcs, diameter 3mm, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, purity 99.6+%, diameter 50 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 10 mm diameter, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, length 2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 10 x 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 4mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 7.0 mm, length 1000 mm, wall thickness 1.0 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.5 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, 10 mm, size 200 mm, side length (of longer side) 12mm
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 500 x 500 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 500m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, length 0.3 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1220mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, diameter 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 10.3mm, inside diameter 8.7mm, wall thickness 0.8mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 8 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 279 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.5 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.5 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 1.05mm, inside diameter 0.75mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.2 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.2 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 10m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 8.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.003 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 10mm, inside diameter 8mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 1.05mm, inside diameter 0.75mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 16mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 75 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, length 2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, 99.975+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 6mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 30mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 1.5mm, wall thickness 0.75mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 500 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.5 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 8 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.003 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 150 x 200 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 12.7mm, inside diameter 10.9mm, wall thickness 0.9mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, bar, 10 mm, size 1000 mm, side length (of longer side) 12mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 3.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 20mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 75 micron, weight 500 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 9.5mm, inside diameter 8.2mm, wall thickness 0.65mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 50mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 20m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.001 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 1000 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, sphere, 50pcs, diameter 3mm, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 9.5mm, inside diameter 8.2mm, wall thickness 0.65mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0025 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 4mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 10mm, inside diameter 8mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 10 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 4 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 10.3mm, inside diameter 8.7mm, wall thickness 0.8mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.1mum, specific density 42.8mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 12.7mm, inside diameter 10.9mm, wall thickness 0.9mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.1mm, inside diameter 5.1mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 12.7mm, inside diameter 10.9mm, wall thickness 0.9mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 6.35 mm diameter, length 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.51mm, inside diameter 0.35mm, wall thickness 0.08mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, powder, 75 max. part. size (micron), weight 100 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, diameter 15 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.5mum, specific density 225.4mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 1.05mm, inside diameter 0.75mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 500 x 500 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 6mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.05mm, inside diameter 0.75mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, 6 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.001 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 2m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.25mum, specific density 112.6mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, diameter 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0mum, specific density 429mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 16mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, sheet, thickness 5.0 mm, size 20 x 20 mm, tolerance 0.2
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 3.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, irmm(r) certified reference material, 0.5 mm foil
titanium, lump, 4 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.002 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 9.5mm, annealed, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, diameter 8 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 6 mm diameter, high purity 99.999%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 100 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 30mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 9.5mm, inside diameter 8.2mm, wall thickness 0.65mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, 10 mm, size 500 mm, side length (of longer side) 12mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 3.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, 99.975+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 4.57mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, diameter 4 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, mesh, 100x100mm, nominal aperture 0.19mm, wire diameter 0.23mm, 60x60 wires/inch, open area 20%, twill weave
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 500m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 9.5mm, inside diameter 8.2mm, wall thickness 0.65mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 40mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 30mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, length 50 mm, 6.35 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 25 mm diameter, length 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 500 x 500 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, size 50 x 50 mm, thickness 0.2 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, diameter 6 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 3.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 98mm, diameter 15mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.8%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 23 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 8.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.8%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.55mm, wall thickness 0.24mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, size 200 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, diameter 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, length 2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.015 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 2mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 9.5mm, annealed, 99.99+%
titanium, rod, 50 mm diameter, length 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, 99.975+%
titanium, rod, 75 mm diameter, length 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 4.25mm, inside diameter 3.75mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 4 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g
titanium, rod, 490mm, diameter 2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 20mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, mesh, 100x100mm, nominal aperture 4.3mm, wire diameter 1.5mm, 4.4x4.4 wires/inch, open area 94%, platinized diamond mesh
titanium, rod, 50mm, diameter 9.5mm, annealed, 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, diameter 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, size 200 x 200 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 10mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 6.35 mm diameter, length 200 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 10.3mm, inside diameter 8.7mm, wall thickness 0.8mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, mesh, 150x150mm, nominal aperture 0.19mm, wire diameter 0.23mm, 60x60 wires/inch, open area 20%, twill weave
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 50 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.1mum, specific density 42.8mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.5 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, diameter 6 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.81mm, inside diameter 0.61mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, size 150 x 200 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.002 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.81mm, inside diameter 0.61mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 1.6 mm, length 1000 mm, wall thickness 0.5 mm
titanium, powder, 75 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 4.25mm, inside diameter 3.75mm, wall thickness 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 8 mm diameter, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, diameter 10 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 6mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, length 0.3 m, coil width 104 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 6.1mm, inside diameter 5.1mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, irmm(r) certified reference material, 0.1 mm foil
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 50mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 25 mm diameter, length 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 25mm, diameter 50mm, 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 30 mm diameter, length 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, high purity 99.99+%, diameter 4 mm
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, high purity 99.99+%, diameter 6 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 100mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 10mm, inside diameter 8mm, wall thickness 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, 50 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, length 2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.3 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 3.2 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 1000mm, diameter 4mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 50 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, wire reel, 200m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 1.5mm, wall thickness 0.75mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 1.6mm, inside diameter 1.2mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, hard, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, length 0.2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.81mm, inside diameter 0.61mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 7.0 mm, length 100 mm, wall thickness 1.0 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 15 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 500m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.075 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, mesh, 50x50mm, nominal aperture 0.19mm, wire diameter 0.23mm, 60x60 wires/inch, open area 20%, twill weave
titanium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.010 mm, length 0.5 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.2 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.75mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 25.4mm, inside diameter 23.62mm, wall thickness 0.89mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 6.35mm, inside diameter 5.53mm, wall thickness 0.41mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 100m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 1.5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 4 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.012 mm, length 0.2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.5%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, length 2 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 25 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, lump, 6 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.999%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, diameter 4 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.10 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 6 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 200mm, diameter 5mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 25 mm diameter, length 25 mm, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.51mm, inside diameter 0.35mm, wall thickness 0.08mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 25m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 2mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
titanium, tube, outside diameter 7.0 mm, length 500 mm, wall thickness 1.0 mm
titanium, foil, thickness 0.7 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, length 1 m, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.140 mm, 8 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 15 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 300 x 300 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, length 1 m, thickness 0.140 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, rod, 500mm, diameter 4mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, 25 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.02 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.6+%
titanium, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.6+%
titanium, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.03mm, inside diameter 1.63mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, annealed, 99.6+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.125 mm, 15 mm diameter, high purity 99.99+%
titanium, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, diameter 4 mm, purity 99.6+%
DTXSID3047764
DB14160
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 12.7mm (0.50in) length, 99.98% (metals basis)
titanium sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 6.35mm (0.250in) thick, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 3.175mm (0.125in) length, 99.98% (metals basis)
titanium gauze, 100 mesh woven from 0.05mm (0.002in) dia wire
titanium slug, 9.5mm (0.37in) dia x 9.5mm (0.37in) length, 99.995% (metals basis)
titanium slug, 9.5mm (0.37in) dia x 9.5mm (0.37in) length, 99.9+% (metals basis)
titanium slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length, 99.98% (metals basis)
titanium mesh
titanium slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length, 99.98% (metals basis)
titaniumion
titanium hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 9-pin, non-coded
titanium hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 4-pin, cableless
titanium hollow cathode lamp: 1.5 diameter, 2-pin, non-coded
titanium standard: ti @ 10000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
titanium standard: ti @ 10 microg/ml in 2% hno3, tr. hf
sulfur-free lead concentrate: pb @ approx. 10 wt% in hydrocarbons
titanium standard: ti @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
titanium standard: ti @ 10000 microg/ml in 5% hno3, tr. hf
sulfur-free titanium standard: ti @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
titanium standard: ti @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3, tr. hf
titanium standard: ti @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
sulfur-free titanium standard: ti @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
titanium standard: ti @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
sulfur-free titanium concentrate: ti @ approx. 7 wt% in hydrocarbons
titanium aa standard: ti @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3, tr. hf
oremet; titanium alloy; cp titanium; titanium vt1
titanium - ti @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
titanium - ti @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
titanium - ti @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o, tr. f-
titanium - ti @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3, tr. hf

Research Excerpts

Overview

Titanium (Ti) is an element beneficial to plant growth. Titanium dioxide is a marker fed to animals to help determine diet digestibility indirectly by measuring the concentration of TiO2 in fecal samples. Titanium is a biocompatible material commonly used for dental treatments.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Titanium is a biomaterial that meets a number of important requirements, including excellent mechanical and chemical properties, but has low bioactivity. "( Bio-functionalization and in-vitro evaluation of titanium surface with recombinant fibronectin and elastin fragment in human mesenchymal stem cell.
Jang, JH; Jeong, ES; Lee, S; Park, BH, 2021)		2.32
"Titanium (Ti) is an element beneficial to plant growth. "( Soil Microbial Communities Altered by Titanium Ions in Different Agroecosystems of Pitaya and Grape.
He, Y; Hou, XY; Li, CX; Ma, XR; Wang, Y, 2022)		2.44
"Titanium dioxide is a marker fed to animals to help determine diet digestibility indirectly by measuring the concentration of TiO2 in fecal samples. "( Technical Note: A method for determination of titanium dioxide concentration in fecal samples.
Crum, AD; Fowler, AL; Hayes, SH; Lawrence, LM, 2022)		2.42
"Titanium dioxide is a ubiquitous white material found in a diverse range of products from foods to sunscreens, as a pigment and thickener, amongst other uses. "( A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO
Aardema, MJ; Battersby, RV; Beevers, C; Burnett, K; Burzlaff, A; Czich, A; Donner, EM; Fowler, P; Johnston, HJ; Kirkland, D; Krug, HF; Pfuhler, S; Stankowski, LF, 2022)		2.42
"Titanium is a commonly used implant material which has high biocompatibility, high strength-to-density ratio, and high corrosion resistance."( Cartilage-inspired surface textures for improved tribological performance of orthopedic implants.
Campbell, M; Chen, J; Choudhury, D; Goss, JA; Niyonshuti, II; Okyere, D; Smeltzer, MS; Smith, E; Soltani-Kordshuli, F; Sonntag, S; Zou, M, 2023)		1.63
"Titanium is a biocompatible material commonly used for dental treatments. "( Subgingival titanium wire implantation induces weak inflammatory responses but does not promote substantial T cell activation.
Azuma, T; Matsunaga, S; Matsuura, N; Ohno, T; Okumura, K; Sasaki, H; Sekine, H; Sendai, Y; Shigematsu, M; Suzuki, R; Takeda, K; Yajima, Y, 2023)		2.73
"The titanium VLP is a strong and ductile fixation whose flexibility and elastic capacity are governed by flexion working length and bone-to-plate distance, respectively. "( Effect of uncertain clinical conditions on the early healing and stability of distal radius fractures.
Liao, J; Liu, X; Miramini, S; Patel, M; Qu, J; Zhang, L, 2023)		1.47
"Titanium is a commonly used material for dental implants owing to its excellent biocompatibility, strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, lightweight nature, hypoallergenic properties, and ability to promote tissue adhesion. "( Application of density functional theory for evaluating the mechanical properties and structural stability of dental implant materials.
Heboyan, A; Mosaddad, SA; Saini, RS, 2023)		2.35
"Titanium (Ti) is an osteoconductive material that is routinely used as a bulk implant to fix and restore bones and teeth. "( Tuning of Titanium Microfiber Scaffold with UV-Photofunctionalization for Enhanced Osteoblast Affinity and Function.
Goto, S; Hirota, M; Ikeda, T; Ishijima, M; Iwasaki, C; Kitajima, H; Miyazawa, K; Ogawa, T; Park, W; Sugita, Y; Tabuchi, M; Tanaka, M, 2020)		2.4
"Titanium dioxide is a white colourant authorised as food additive E171 in the EU and is applied in a range of food products. "( Characterisation of food grade titania with respect to nanoparticle content in pristine additives and in their related food products.
Anklam, E; Barrero, J; Bianchi, I; Geiss, O; Gilliland, D; Matissek, R; Mehn, D; Ponti, J; Senaldi, C, 2020)		2
"Titanium mesh is a more technique sensitive compared to collagen membrane."( Horizontal ridge augmentation using native collagen membrane vs titanium mesh in atrophic maxillary ridges: Randomized clinical trial.
Alarawi, RM; Askar, N; Atef, M; Shaheen, M; Tarek, A, 2020)		1.52
"Titanium is considered to be a metal material with the best biological safety. "( The unfavorable role of titanium particles released from dental implants.
Chen, X; Hao, Y; Shi, Q; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2021)		2.37
"Titanium dioxide is a food additive that has raised some concerns for humans due to the presence of nanoparticles. "(
Dudefoi, W; Humbert, B; Mercier-Bonin, M; Rabesona, H; Rivard, C; Ropers, MH; Terrisse, H, 2021)		2.06
"Titanium surface is an important factor in achieving osseointegration during the early wound healing of dental implants in alveolar bone. "( Osseointegration of Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Implant Surfaces. A Histological and Histomorphometric Study in the Rabbit.
Cabanillas-Balsera, D; Gil, J; Jiménez-Guerra, A; Monsalve-Guil, L; Moreno-Muñoz, J; Muñoz-Guzón, F; Núñez-Márquez, E; Ortiz-Garcia, I; Rondón-Romero, JL; Velasco-Ortega, E, 2021)		2.06
"Titanium is a biomaterial widely used in dental and orthopedic implants. "( Nanotextured titanium surfaces stimulate spreading, migration, and growth of rat mast cells.
Célia Jamur, M; Marcatti Amarú Maximiano, W; Marino Mazucato, V; Oliver, C; Tambasco de Oliveira, P, 2017)		2.27
"Titanium mesh is a perfect material for the reconstruction of the orbital fractures, eliminating the need for autogenous bone graft."( Is Orbital Floor Reconstruction With Titanium Mesh Safe?
Abdulrazaq, SS; Al-Khdhairi, OBH, 2017)		1.45
"Titanium alloy is a clinically approved material for bone substitution. "( In vitro evaluation of marrow clot enrichment on microstructure decoration, cell delivery and proliferation of porous titanium scaffolds by selective laser melting three-dimensional printing.
Hu, J; Li, JY; Tian, SC; Wang, LM; Wei, B; Xu, Y; Yao, QQ; Zheng, PF; Zhou, J, 2018)		2.13
"Titanium implant is a widely used method for dental prosthesis restoration. "( Osseointegration of layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte multilayers loaded with IGF1 and coated on titanium implant under osteoporotic condition.
E, L; Li, M; Liu, H; Qiao, P; Shi, Q; Wang, P; Wang, X; Xiao, S; Xing, H; Zhang, G, 2017)		2.12
"A titanium mesh cage is a useful adjunct in the treatment of an extra-articular segmental defect in a long bone. "( Management of extra-articular segmental defects in long bone using a titanium mesh cage as an adjunct to other methods of fixation: a multicentre report of 17 cases.
Attias, N; DeCoster, TA; Dollahite, JA; Gehlert, RJ; Prabhakar, G; Thabet, AM, 2018)		1.44
"Titanium mesh is a popular material for cranioplasty. "( Long-term Outcomes of Cranioplasty: Titanium Mesh Is Not a Long-term Solution in High-risk Patients.
Couto, RA; Gastman, BR; Hashem, A; Kwiecien, GJ; Nagel, S; Rueda, S; Schwarz, GS; Zins, JE, 2018)		2.2
"CP titanium acts as a foreign body when placed in live tissues. "( Foreign body reactions, marginal bone loss and allergies in relation to titanium implants.
Albrektsson, T; Chrcanovic, B; Mölne, J; Wennerberg, A, 2018)		1.33
"Titanium is a primary metallic biomaterial widely used in dental implants because of its favorable mechanical properties and osseointegration capability. "( State of Osseointegrated Titanium Implant Surfaces in Topographical Aspect.
Qi, X; Shang, Y; Sui, L, 2018)		2.23
"Nano-titanium dioxide is a kind of widely used nanomaterial that exhibits various adverse outcomes. "( Oxidative Damage Induced by Nano-titanium Dioxide in Rats and Mice: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
An, H; Hu, M; Ling, C; Liu, J; Song, G; Wang, H; Xu, M, 2020)		1.35
"Titanium (Ti) is a widely used implant material in clinics; however, failures still frequently occur due to its bioinertness and poor antibacterial capability. "( Self-adjusting antibacterial properties of Ag-incorporated nanotubes on micro-nanostructured Ti surfaces.
Li, B; Li, H; Liang, C; Liu, X; Ma, J; Wang, D; Wang, H; Zhou, L, 2019)		1.96
"Titanium elastic nails are a relatively easy to use, minimally invasive, physeal-protective implant system with high rate of good and excellent outcomes in children aged 6-16 years. "( Results of titanium elastic nailing in paediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures----report of 30 cases.
Chandra, R; Jalan, D; Sharma, VK, 2013)		2.22
"Titanium dioxide is a semiconducting material that has been studied for many years as a photocatalytic material to degrade organics in water. "( Synergistic effect of pH and phase in a nanocrystalline titania photocatalyst.
Dudchenko, A; Kinsinger, NM; Kisailus, D; Wong, A, 2013)		1.83
"Titanium is an ideal material for reconstruction of the chest wall in several clinical situations allowing for great versatility and adaptability in different chest wall reconstructions."( [Use and versatility of titanium for the reconstruction of the thoracic wall].
Bolufer Nadal, S; Córcoles Padilla, JM; Gálvez Muñoz, C; Kurowski, K; Rodriguez Paniagua, JM, 2014)		2.15
"Titanium elastic nail is a safe and satisfactory mode of treatment and is relatively easy to perform in disphyseal fracture of femur in children."( Diaphyseal femoral fractures in children treated with titanium elastic nail system.
Adhikari, V; Chalise, PK; Mishra, AK; Shah, SB; Singh, RP, 2013)		1.36
"Titanium oxide is a biocompatible material that supports vesicle adhesion. "( Contribution of the hydration force to vesicle adhesion on titanium oxide.
Cho, NJ; Jackman, JA; Zan, GH; Zhao, Z, 2014)		2.09
"Titanium nitride (TiN) is a plasmonic material having optical properties resembling gold. "( Epitaxial superlattices with titanium nitride as a plasmonic component for optical hyperbolic metamaterials.
Boltasseva, A; Irudayaraj, JM; Liu, J; Naik, GV; Saber, SM; Saha, B; Sands, TD; Shalaev, VM; Stach, EA, 2014)		2.14
"Titanium (Ti) is a promising candidate biomaterial for an artificial corneal skirt. "( Effectiveness of antimicrobial peptide immobilization for preventing perioperative cornea implant-associated bacterial infection.
Beuerman, RW; Goh, TW; Lakshminarayanan, R; Liu, S; Mehta, JS; Nyein, CL; Riau, A; Saraswathi, P; Setiawan, M; Tan, D; Tan, XW, 2014)		1.85
"Titanium substrate is a key biomedical material due to its well-known properties, but infections of the implantation site still impose a serious threat."( Novel bioactive antimicrobial lignin containing coatings on titanium obtained by electrophoretic deposition.
Erakovic, S; Jankovic, A; Miskovic-Stankovic, V; Stevanovic, T; Tang, CY; Tsui, GC, 2014)		1.37
"Titanium is a component of various construction materials, which is often used at high temperature and in an oxidizing atmosphere. "( Gaseous titanium molybdates and tungstates: thermodynamic properties and structures.
Emelyanova, KA; Lopatin, SI; Panin, AI; Shugurov, SM, 2014)		2.28
"Titanium is a primary metallic biomaterial used in load-bearing orthopedic or dental implants because of its favorable mechanical properties and osseointegration capability. "( A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants. Part I: Surface optimization for rapid osseointegration.
Shibata, Y; Tanimoto, Y, 2015)		1.86
"Titanium dioxide is a photocatalyst with well-known ability to oxidise a wide range of organic contaminants as well as to destroy microbial cells. "( Photocatalytic antibacterial activity of nano-TiO2 (anatase)-based thin films: effects on Escherichia coli cells and fatty acids.
Ivask, A; Joost, U; Juganson, K; Kahru, A; Kisand, V; Mortimer, M; Nõmmiste, E; Visnapuu, M, 2015)		1.86
"Titanium (Ti) is a material frequently used in orthopedic applications, due to its good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. "( Osseointegration improvement by plasma electrolytic oxidation of modified titanium alloys surfaces.
Anglada, M; Castaño, JG; Echeverría, F; Echeverry-Rendón, M; Galvis, O; Jiménez-Piqué, E; López-Lacomba, JL; Pavón, J; Quintero Giraldo, D; Robledo, SM, 2015)		2.09
"Titanium mesh is an ideal material for reconstruction of the sternum."( Sternal tumor resection and reconstruction with titanium mesh: a preliminary study.
Hao, YJ; Li, JZ; Liu, Y; Lu, XC; Shi, HL; Zhang, PF; Zhang, Y, 2015)		1.39
"Titanium (Ti) is a widely used material for surgical implants; total joint replacements (TJRs), screws and plates for fixing bones and dental implants are forged from Ti. "( Dual Action of Lysophosphatidate-Functionalised Titanium: Interactions with Human (MG63) Osteoblasts and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Blom, A; Jiang, G; Krogfelt, KA; Mansell, JP; Prestwich, GD; Skindersoe, ME; Zhang, J, 2015)		2.12
"Titanium (Ti) is an excellent implantable biomaterial that can be further enhanced by surface topography optimization. "( The Role of Titanium Surface Microtopography on Adhesion, Proliferation, Transformation, and Matrix Deposition of Corneal Cells.
Chodosh, J; Lei, F; Paschalis, EI; Zhou, C, 2016)		2.26
"Titanium is a material commonly used for dental and orthopaedic implants. "( Gelatin freeze casting of biomimetic titanium alloy with anisotropic and gradient pore structure.
Beddoes, C; Le Coz-Botrel, R; Sjöström, T; Su, B; Zhang, L, 2017)		2.17
"Titanium dioxide is a photocatalyst that can remove organic contaminants of interest to the drinking water treatment industry, including natural organic matter (NOM) and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. "( Adsorption of natural organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors from surface water onto TiO
Andrews, SA; Gora, SL, 2017)		1.9
"Titanium is a highly biocompatible material and very osteogenic in vivo. "( Titanium acts on osteoblast translational process.
Arlotti, M; Avantaggiato, A; Carinci, F; Guerzoni, L; Lo Muzio, L; Palmieri, A; Pezzetti, F; Rubini, C; Scarano, A; Ventorre, D, 2008)		3.23
"The titanium clamp is a reasonable alternative method of fractured cranial flap refixation with respect to ease of use, time consumption, accuracy and strength."( A study of fractured cranial flap refixation.
Shu-xu, Y; Yanjun, Z; Yi-rong, W; Zhang, H; Zhi-peng, S, 2009)		0.91
"Titanium is a satisfactory material for use in ossicular reconstruction and is comparable to hydroxyapatite, although at present, no definitive conclusion about the superiority of titanium can be drawn."( Titanium vs hydroxyapatite ossiculoplasty in canal wall down mastoidectomy.
Redaelli de Zinis, LO, 2008)		3.23
"The titanium wheelchair is a product developed in response to these goals, but none of the test results of titanium wheelchairs had been disclosed before this study was performed."( Evaluation of titanium ultralight manual wheelchairs using ANSI/ RESNA standards.
Connor, S; Cooper, R; Cooper, RA; Liu, HY; Pearlman, J, 2008)		1.19
"Titanium mesh is a commonly used material for cranioplasty. "( Post-operative complications with titanium mesh.
Martin, MP; Olson, S, 2009)		2.07
"Titanium is an ideal material for ossicular chain reconstruction due to its ease of insertion, low rate of extrusion and good functional results."( Ossicular chain reconstruction with a titanium prosthesis.
Kertesz, TR; Pandit, SR; Roth, JA; Soma, M, 2009)		2.07
"Titanium is a very attractive candidate for MOFs due to its low toxicity, redox activity, and photocatalytic properties. "( A new photoactive crystalline highly porous titanium(IV) dicarboxylate.
Dan-Hardi, M; Férey, G; Frot, T; Maurin, G; Rozes, L; Sanchez, C; Serre, C, 2009)		2.06
"Titanium (Ti) is an established biomaterial for bone replacement. "( In vivo investigation of the inflammatory response against allylamine plasma polymer coated titanium implants in a rat model.
Finke, B; Hoene, A; Lucke, S; Nebe, B; Ohl, A; Patrzyk, M; Schlosser, M; Schroeder, K; Walschus, U, 2010)		2.02
"Cast titanium is a known hard-to-polish material, and its final polishing step is a perpetual challenge. "( Large-area electron beam irradiation for surface polishing of cast titanium.
Kinuta, S; Kojima, T; Nakamura, T; Sohmura, T; Tokunaga, J; Wakabayashi, K; Yatani, H, 2009)		1.1
"Titanium is a biocompatibile metal. "( [The use of titanium sponge in hip revision replacement prosthesis--preliminary report].
Kedziora, J; Szypuła, J, 2009)		2.17
"Titanium (Ti) is a well known metallic biomaterial extensively used in dental, orthopaedic-, and occasionally also in blood contacting applications. "( The effect of heat- or ultra violet ozone-treatment of titanium on complement deposition from human blood plasma.
Areva, S; Askendal, A; Harmankaya, N; Lausmaa, J; Linderbäck, P; Tengvall, P, 2010)		2.05
"Titanium is a desirable metal because of its light weight and lower production of artifact on imaging, although it is not as stiff as stainless steel."( A comparison of magnetic and radiographic imaging artifact after using three types of metal rods: stainless steel, titanium, and vitallium.
Cotter, TM; Dunn, MM; Kim, RH; Knott, PT; Mardjetko, SM; Patel, ST; Spencer, MJ; Tager, DS; Wilson, AS, 2010)		1.29
"Titanium is a corrosion-resistant and biocompatible material widely used in medical and dental implants. "( Spontaneous adsorption of silver nanoparticles on Ti/TiO2 surfaces. Antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Benítez, GA; Diaz, C; Fernández Lorenzo de Mele, MA; Flores, CY; Moreno, MS; Rubert, A; Salvarezza, RC; Schilardi, PL; Vericat, C, 2010)		1.8
"The titanium rib procedure is a safe and effective way of surgically treating pediatric patients with thoracic insufficiency syndrome and scoliosis. "( Potential neurological risk during a titanium rib procedure and appropriate intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring modalities.
Roper, MT, 2010)		1.19
"Titanium proved to be a valuable alternative to ossicles in ossiculoplasty procedures. "( Hearing results using titanium ossicular replacement prosthesis in intact canal wall tympanoplasty for cholesteatoma.
Quaranta, A; Quaranta, N; Zizzi, S, 2011)		2.13
"Titanium is considered to be a bioinert material, although its long-term accumulation in distant human tissues is unclear."( Evaluation of metal concentrations in hair and nail after orthognathic surgery.
Arun, T; Bozkus, I; Germec-Cakan, D, 2011)		1.09
"This titanium spacer is a potential substitute for conventional HA or other similar devices in cervical laminoplasty."( New titanium spacer for cervical laminoplasty: initial clinical experience. Technical note.
Abe, T; Akiyama, M; Hirano, Y; Isoshima, A; Mizuno, J; Nagashima, H; Ohashi, H; Suetsua, F; Tani, S; Uchikado, H, 2010)		1.37
"Titanium is an interesting material for osseous reconstruction given its thrombogenic properties. "( Microcomputed tomographic and histologic analysis of animal experimental degree II furcation defects treated with porous titanium granules or deproteinized bovine bone.
Aass, AM; Haugen, HJ; Heijl, L; Lyngstadaas, SP; Rønold, HJ; Wohlfahrt, JC, 2012)		2.03
"Titanium is an alternative tooth restorative material because of a its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. "( Marginal accuracy and internal fit of machine-milled and cast titanium crowns.
Han, HS; Lim, HP; Park, YJ; Yang, HS, 2011)		2.05
"Titanium oxide is a heterogeneous catalyst whose efficient photoinduced activity, related to some of its allotropic forms, paved the way for its widespread technological use. "( Titanium oxide antibacterial surfaces in biomedical devices.
Arciola, CR; Cigada, A; De Nardo, L; Imbriani, M; Melone, L; Punta, C; Visai, L, 2011)		3.25
"Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, which after use can enter the sewage system and, subsequently, enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. "( Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products.
Fabricius, L; Hristovski, K; von Goetz, N; Weir, A; Westerhoff, P, 2012)		3.26
"Titanium dioxide is a chemically stable and inert material, and can continuously exert antimicrobial effects when illuminated."( Bactericidal effects and mechanisms of visible light-responsive titanium dioxide photocatalysts on pathogenic bacteria.
Chang, HH; Liou, JW, 2012)		1.34
"Titanium carbide (TiC) is an electrically conducting material with favorable electrochemical properties. "( Enhanced Raman spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed on carbon-doped TiO₂ obtained from titanium carbide: a visible-light-assisted renewable substrate.
Kiran, V; Sampath, S, 2012)		2.05
"Titanium (Ti) is a beneficial element that promotes growth and biomass production although the mechanism by which this improvement takes place is still unclear, as are other effects on plants, although it is believed that Ti can compensate for N deficiency. "( The effect of titanium amendment in N-withholding nutrient solution on physiological and photosynthesis attributes and micronutrient uptake of tomato.
Haghighi, M; Heidarian, S; Teixeira da Silva, JA, 2012)		2.18
"Titanium is a popular choice of implant material given its strength, durability, and biocompatibility; however, strong interfaces with the surrounding tissue are not achieved, resulting in stress shielding and implant loosening. "( pH-controlled release of proteins from polyelectrolyte-modified anodized titanium surfaces for implant applications.
Möhwald, H; Peterson, AM; Shchukin, DG, 2012)		2.05
"Titanium dioxide is an important and widely studied photocatalytic material, but to achieve photocatalytic activity under visible-light absorption, it needs to have a narrower band gap and reduced charge carrier recombination. "( First-principles prediction of new photocatalyst materials with visible-light absorption and improved charge separation: surface modification of rutile TiO₂ with nanoclusters of MgO and Ga₂O₃.
Nolan, M, 2012)		1.82
"Titanium is a successful biomaterial that possesses good biocompatibility. "( Reactive oxygen species inhibited by titanium oxide coatings.
Frangos, JA; McKittrick, J; Muyco, J; Suzuki, R, 2003)		2.03
"The titanium prosthesis is a new ossicular replacement prosthesis that provides excellent visualization during insertion and provides hearing results that are comparable with Plastipore. "( Ossicular chain reconstruction: titanium versus plastipore.
Hillman, TA; Shelton, C, 2003)		1.16
"Titanium is a satisfactory material for use in ossicular reconstruction because of its ease of insertion, tissue tolerance, and low rate of extrusion. "( Ossicular reconstruction with titanium prosthesis.
Harner, SG; Martin, AD, 2004)		2.05
"Titanium tetrachloride is a highly toxic and corrosive substance that is used widely in the process industries. "( Accidental releases of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) in the context of major hazards--spill behaviour using REACTPOOL.
Griffiths, RF; Kapias, T, 2005)		2.08
"Titanium is a metal frequently employed in a plethora of materials supporting medical applications. "( Mononuclear titanium(IV)-citrate complexes from aqueous solutions: pH-specific synthesis and structural and spectroscopic studies in relevance to aqueous titanium(IV)-citrate speciation.
Kefalas, ET; Mavromoustakos, T; Panagiotidis, P; Raptopoulou, CP; Salifoglou, A; Terzis, A, 2005)		2.15
"Titanium is a well-established implant material, and its use in ossicular chain reconstruction during middle ear surgery is increasing."( Study of osteointegration of a titanium prosthesis to the stapes: observations on an accidentally extracted stapes.
Dazert, S; Gronemeyer, J; Hildmann, H; Lindner, N; Sudhoff, H, 2005)		2.06
"The titanium-clip design is a new development in the evolution of stapes piston prostheses."( First experience with a new stapes clip piston in stapedotomy.
Grolman, W; Tange, RA, 2005)		0.81
"Titanium fiber mesh is an attractive structure for the establishment of tight fixation between bone and implant by bone ingrowth into the spaces among the fibers."( Enhanced fixation of implants by bone ingrowth to titanium fiber mesh: effect of incorporation of hydroxyapatite powder.
Inoue, T; Michihiro, R; Miyagi, J; Moriya, H; Ohtsuki, C; Sugino, A; Suzuki, M; Tsukeoka, T; Tsuneizumi, Y, 2005)		1.3
"Bone-titanium integration is a biological phenomenon characterized by continuous generation and preservation of peri-implant bone and serves as endosseous anchors against endogenous and exogenous loading, of which mechanisms are poorly understood. "( Osteoblasts generate harder, stiffer, and more delamination-resistant mineralized tissue on titanium than on polystyrene, associated with distinct tissue micro- and ultrastructure.
Aita, H; Butz, F; Chiou, WA; Nakamura, HK; Ogawa, T; Ouyang, J; Saruwatari, L; Yang, Y, 2005)		1.06
"Titanium mesh is a rapid and effective means of minimizing soft-tissue ingrowth into the mastoid and preventing accentuation of the postauricular sulcus after mastoid surgery."( Titanium mesh for functional reconstruction of the mastoid cortex after mastoidectomy.
Kim, HH; Wilson, DF, 2006)		3.22
"Titanium implants are an alternative to stainless steel implants for internal fixation after fracture. "( Effects of implant material and plate design on tendon function and morphology.
Cohen, MS; Turner, TM; Urban, RM, 2006)		1.78
"Titanium is a bioinert material and therefore becomes encapsulated after implantation into the living body by a fibrous tissue that isolates it from the surrounding tissues."( Surface modifications and cell-materials interactions with anodized Ti.
Bandyopadhyay, A; Bose, S; Das, K, 2007)		1.06
"Titanium is a commonly utilized metal in joint arthroplasty and titanium debris induces the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1."( Histomorphometric analysis of the intramedullary bone response to titanium particles in wild-type and IL-1R1 knock-out mice: a preliminary study.
Bragg, B; Epstein, NJ; Goodman, S; Ma, T; Smith, RL, 2008)		1.3
"Titanium dioxide is a widely used nanomaterial whose photo-reactivity suggests that it could damage biological targets (e.g., brain) through oxidative stress (OS)."( Nanosize titanium dioxide stimulates reactive oxygen species in brain microglia and damages neurons in vitro.
Hester, S; Long, TC; Lowry, GV; Parker, J; Saleh, N; Sama, P; Swartz, C; Tajuba, J; Veronesi, B, 2007)		2.2
"Titanium is a non-ferrous metal of low atomic number, which is relatively radiolucent and allows exceptionally clear images to be obtained without significant degradation of image quality, on CT and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging."( Imaging after titanium cranioplasty.
Archer, DJ; Chandler, CL; MacVicar, D; Uttley, D, 1994)		1.37
"Titanium silicalite is an effective molecular-sieve catalyst for the selective oxidation of alkanes, the hydroxylation of phenol and the epoxidation of alkenes in the presence of H2O2 (refs 1-3). "( Titanium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves for catalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds.
Chibwe, M; Pinnavaia, TJ; Tanev, PT, 1994)		3.17
"Titanium appears to be a suitable material for the keratoprosthesis."( Titanium and bioactive glass-ceramic coated titanium as materials for keratoprosthesis.
Andersson, OH; Happonen, RP; Krause, U; Laatikainen, L; Linnola, RJ; Vedel, E; Yli-Urpo, AU, 1996)		2.46
"Titanium is an inexpensive metal that can be used to create custom cast restorations. "( A custom titanium implant-retained single-tooth restoration: a clinical report.
Chance, DA; Schmitt, SM, )		1.99
"Titanium (Ti) is a relatively new metal in prosthodontics. "( Titanium for removable dentures. II. Two-year clinical observations.
Lechner, S; Mori, T; Thomas, CJ, 1997)		3.18
"Titanium dioxide is a brilliant white, nontoxic pigment. "( Environmental restoration of a TiO2 plant.
Betti, R; Valandro, V, 1997)		1.74
"The titanium clamp system is a reasonable alternative to present craniotomy fixation methods with respect to ease of use, time consumption, strength, and relative cost."( Bone flap fixation with titanium clamps: a new technique.
Estin, D; Heilman, CB; Troffkin, N, 2000)		1.17
"Titanium dioxide is a common food additive of increasing interest in dietary intake studies and dietary exclusion studies. "( Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.
Commisso, J; Keen, CL; Lomer, MC; Powell, JJ; Thompson, RP, 2000)		2.09
"Titanium is a well-known material, which is widely used for cranioplasty. "( [3D spiral computerized tomography in the reconstructive treatment of malignant maxillofacial tumors].
De Rosa, V; Ionna, F; Mozzillo, N; Parascandolo, S; Ziviello, M, 2000)		1.75
"Titanium is a biocompatible material, but it is not widely used in clinical dentistry for conventional removable denture frameworks. "( Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks.
Jang, KS; Kim, YS; Youn, SJ, 2001)		1.99
"Titanium is a difficult metal to grind, and thus mechanical polishing using conventional rotating tools takes a lot of time. "( Application of a centrifugal shooting type polishing system to polish pure titanium.
Nakajima, K; Shimakura, M; Yamamoto, M; Yoshida, N, 2000)		1.98
"Titanium mesh implants are a simple and reliable option for orbital floor repair."( Orbital floor repair with titanium mesh screen.
Arora, B; Hansen, J; Mackenzie, DJ, 1999)		1.32
"Titanium is a more suitable material for long-term implantation and has been available since 1986 for use in the first metatarsophalangeal joint."( The Keller arthroplasty with use of the Dow Corning titanium hemi-implant.
Chen, DS; Wertheimer, S, )		1.1

Effects

Titanium has a number of desirable properties for dental applications that include low density, excellent biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. Titanium dioxide has a high affinity for phosphopeptides and can also be selective in specific experimental conditions.

Titanium oxide has antiinflammatory activity and tunable electrochemical behavior. Titanium plates have been used successfully even in very young children. The titanium has modulus of elasticity that is only half of the stainless steel.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The titanium fiber size has an effect of the stiffness as well as porosity of the titanium mesh, which can influence the behavior of bone forming cells."( Porous titanium fiber mesh with tailored elasticity and its effect on stromal cells.
Aerts, E; Degrande, T; Jansen, JA; Li, J; Van Steenbergen, MJ; Walboomers, XF, 2020)		1.49
"Titanium has an allotropic transformation around 883°C. "( Effect of molybdenum on structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-20Zr-Mo alloys.
Buzalaf, MAR; Grandini, CR; Kuroda, PAB, 2016)		1.88
"Titanium dioxide has a high affinity for phosphopeptides and can also be selective in specific experimental conditions."( Nanostructured TiO₂ thin films for phosphoproteomics studies with MALDI mass spectrometry.
Bachi, A; Bassi, AL; Casari, CS; Fusi, M; Torta, F, 2011)		1.09
"Titanium dioxide has a long-standing use as a food additive. "( Distinctive toxicity of TiO2 rutile/anatase mixed phase nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells.
Albrecht, C; Boots, AW; Carella, E; Fenoglio, I; Förster, I; Gerloff, K; Kolling, J; Schins, RP, 2012)		1.82
"Titanium has an osseointegrative property, while hydroxyapatite has an osteoconductive property. "( Osteoblast compatibility of materials depends on serum protein absorbability in osteogenesis.
Harimoto, K; Matsumoto, T; Nagaoka, N; Tagawa, Y; Yoshida, Y; Yoshihara, K, 2012)		1.82
"Titanium has a low modulus of elasticity that makes it an attractive metal for femoral hip components. "( A comparison of cemented and cementless titanium femoral components used for primary total hip arthroplasty: a radiographic and survivorship study.
Emerson, CB; Emerson, RH; Head, WC; Higgins, LL; Rosenfeldt, W, 2002)		2.02
"Titanium has a number of desirable properties for dental applications that include low density, excellent biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. "( Joining titanium materials with tungsten inert gas welding, laser welding, and infrared brazing.
Wang, RR; Welsch, GE, 1995)		2.17
"Titanium fiber mesh has a great potential for application in percutaneous catheters."( A new titanium fiber mesh-cuffed peritoneal dialysis catheter: evaluation and comparison with a Dacron-cuffed tenckhoff catheter in goats.
Jansen, JA; Paquay, YC; Walboomers, F, )		1.33
"Titanium has a very sensitive catalytic polarographic wave in the system of cupferon-hexamine-sodium sulfate at pH 6.0-6.4. "( [Polarographic determination of titanium in natural water].
Bie, XL; Li, CF; Luo, YY; Zhang, KR, 1989)		2
"The titanium GF has a longer leg length (49 mm vs 43 mm), a greater span (38.5 mm vs 28.0 mm), and a larger hook angle (41 degrees vs 23.5 degrees)."( Vena caval filter splaying: potential complication of use of the titanium Greenfield filter.
Barth, KH; Chespak, LW; Fellmeth, BD; Jones, DL; Matsumoto, AH; Teitelbaum, GP; van Breda, A, 1989)		1
"Titanium meshes have been used for osteogenic space maintenance in GBR sites by clinicians."( Comparison of Macro-and Micro-porosity of a Titanium Mesh for Guided Bone Regeneration: An
Furuhata, M; Hasuike, A; Ozawa, Y; Sato, S; Senoo, M; Watanabe, N; Yamamoto, T, )		1.11
"Titanium dioxide has been used as a marker for determining diet digestibility indirectly, but some authors have expressed difficulty in measuring TiO2 concentrations in fecal material. "( Technical Note: A method for determination of titanium dioxide concentration in fecal samples.
Crum, AD; Fowler, AL; Hayes, SH; Lawrence, LM, 2022)		2.42
"Titanium dioxide has been considered no longer safe for use in foods (nano and microparticles of E171) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to concerns over genotoxicity."( A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO
Aardema, MJ; Battersby, RV; Beevers, C; Burnett, K; Burzlaff, A; Czich, A; Donner, EM; Fowler, P; Johnston, HJ; Kirkland, D; Krug, HF; Pfuhler, S; Stankowski, LF, 2022)		1.69
"Titanium mesh has become a mainstream choice for guided bone regeneration (GBR) owing to its excellent space maintenance. "( A minimally invasive method for titanium mesh fixation with resorbable sutures in guided bone regeneration: A retrospective study.
Cai, X; Li, S; Tian, T; Xie, Y; Zhang, T; Zhao, Y, 2023)		2.64
"Titanium anodization has been shown to produce crystalline oxides exhibiting photocatalytic reactions that form reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to UV light. "( Antibacterial and biocompatible polyaniline-doped titanium oxide layers.
Ali, A; Bumgardner, JD; Carr, MA; Chowdhury, S; Griggs, JA; Janorkar, AV; Marquart, M; Roach, MD, 2023)		2.61
"Titanium (Ti) has been widely used as a dental implant material due to its excellent mechanical property and good biocompatibility. "(
Chen, W; Du, J; Hang, R; Hu, Y; Huang, D; Lan, W; Liao, Z; Wei, Y; Zhang, L, 2023)		2.35
"Titanium plates have been used to reconstruct the chest wall for a long time."( Sternal Reconstruction Using 3D-Printed Titanium Custom-Made Prosthesis for Sternal Dehiscence After Cardiac Surgery.
Antonič, M; Brajlih, T; Drstvenšek, I; Hudak, R; Intihar, U; Železnik, J, 2023)		1.9
"Titanium tetrafluoride has been shown to protect tooth enamel from demineralization. "( Bonding durability and remineralizing efficiency of orthodontic adhesive containing titanium tetrafluoride: an invitro study.
Badawi, MF; Khalifa, OM; Soliman, TA, 2023)		2.58
"Titanium dioxide has been recently applied in construction industry products since its photocatalytic properties can be used for pollutant degradation purposes."( Characterization and photocatalytic performance of cement mortars with incorporation of TiO
Alexandre, J; Canela, MC; Carvalho, JA; de Azevedo, ARG; de Castro Xavier, G; Lara, RC, 2023)		1.63
"Titanium particles have been shown in in-vitro studies to lead to the activation of specific pathways, this work aims to systematically review in- vivo studies examining peri-implant and periodontal tissues at the transcriptome, proteome, epigenome and genome level to reveal implant material-related processes favoring peri-implantitis development investigated in animal and human trials."( Dental implant material related changes in molecular signatures in peri-implantitis - A systematic review of omics in-vivo studies.
Freitag, L; Hickel, R; Kebschull, M; Kröger, A; Lauseker, M; Spinell, T; Würfl, G, 2023)		2.35
"Titanium has been used for biomedical devices due to its excellent biocompatibility, which is based partly on its 2-8 nm thick titanium oxide layer. "( Sol-Gel Fabricated Tio₂ Coating on Titanium Surface Promoted In Vitro Osteoblasts Differentiation.
Angwarawong, T; Arksornnukit, M; Kanjanamekanant, K; Pavasant, P, 2019)		2.23
"β-Titanium alloys have been widely used in medical and surgical implants. "( Fabrication of high strength, antibacterial and biocompatible Ti-5Mo-5Ag alloy for medical and surgical implant applications.
Chu, K; He, S; Ren, F; Wang, B; Zhang, Y; Zhu, W, 2020)		1.28
"Titanium (Ti) alloys have been introduced in magnetic resonance (MR) safe implantable medical devices because the susceptibility of Ti is approximately 1/10 that of the Co-Cr-Ni alloy (Elgiloy), which was the previously preferred MR-safe material. "( Torque property of titanium alloy cerebral aneurysm clips in a magnetic resonance scanner.
Kawahira, S; Nomura, N; Tang, M; Yamamoto, T, 2019)		2.29
"The titanium fiber size has an effect of the stiffness as well as porosity of the titanium mesh, which can influence the behavior of bone forming cells."( Porous titanium fiber mesh with tailored elasticity and its effect on stromal cells.
Aerts, E; Degrande, T; Jansen, JA; Li, J; Van Steenbergen, MJ; Walboomers, XF, 2020)		1.49
"Titanium alloys have been widely used as biomaterials, especially for orthopedic prostheses and dental implants, but these materials have Young's modulus almost three times greater than human cortical bones. "( Preparation, structural, microstructural, mechanical and cytotoxic characterization of as-cast Ti-25Ta-Zr alloys.
de Araújo, RO; de Freitas Quadros, F; Donato, TAG; Grandini, CR; Kuroda, PAB; Sousa, KDSJ, 2020)		2
"Titanium (Ti) implants have been increasingly used in the past few decades because of titanium's suitable mechanical properties and biocompatibility; however, it shows insufficient integration with the surrounding bone."( Controlled Delivery of Curcumin and Vitamin K2 from Hydroxyapatite-Coated Titanium Implant for Enhanced in Vitro Chemoprevention, Osteogenesis, and in Vivo Osseointegration.
Bose, S; Sarkar, N, 2020)		1.51
"Titanium coagulation has received increasing attention due its strong coagulation capability and sludge recycling."( Recycling of titanium-coagulated algae-rich sludge for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of phenolic contaminants through oxygen vacancy.
Chi, Y; Li, H; Liu, Y; Tian, C; Wang, A; Zhao, Y, 2020)		1.65
"Titanium PRF has the edge over PRF prepared from silica glass tubes, and emerged as a better alternative for use in the field of periodontal regeneration."( Novel method of determining the periodontal regenerative capacity of T‑PRF and L‑PRF: An immunohistochemical study.
Astekar, M; Bhattacharya, HS; Gummaluri, RK; Gummaluri, SS, )		1.57
"Titanium surfaces have been evaluated with CLSM prior and following to experimental probing determining various standardized 2D and 3D roughness parameters."( Ultrastructural changes of smooth and rough titanium implant surfaces induced by metal and plastic periodontal probes.
Betthäuser, M; Folwaczny, M; Frasheri, I; Rudolf, T, 2021)		1.6
"Titanium (Ti) has achieved extensive applications due to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. "( Effects of novel non-thermal atmospheric plasma treatment of titanium on physical and biological improvements and in vivo osseointegration in rats.
Ao, X; Chen, W; Dong, Y; Wang, J; Wu, J; Xie, P; Xu, HHK; Yu, D; Zheng, Z; Zhu, Z, 2020)		2.24
"Titanium implants have been widely used in bone tissue engineering for decades. "( Graphdiyne-modified TiO
Qiu, Y; Shen, K; Shi, M; Wang, R; Xu, F; Yu, J; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Q, 2020)		2
"Titanium (Ti) has been widely used for medical and dental applications; however, bare Ti cannot be properly connected to a living bone, and hence some modifications are needed for this purpose. "( Enhanced osteogenesis properties of titanium implant materials by highly uniform mesoporous thin films of hydroxyapatite and titania intermediate layer.
Jalali, F; Meshkini, A; Oveisi, H, 2020)		2.28
"Titanium alloy has good biological properties and is commonly used in orthopedics, but its bone integrity and antibacterial properties are poor, so surface modification is needed to make up for its shortcomings. "( [Research advance in surface modification of titanium alloys with chitosan].
An, LP; Jia, YF; Liu, JX; Wu, D; Yun, XD; Zhang, GR; Zhang, MT; Zhou, JP, 2020)		2.26
"Titanium mesh has expanded the indications of GBR technology due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, so that the GBR technology can be used to repair alveolar ridges with larger bone defects, and can obtain excellent and stable bone augmentation results."( Titanium mesh for bone augmentation in oral implantology: current application and progress.
Cai, X; Li, S; Wang, C; Xie, Y; Zhang, T, 2020)		2.72
"Titanium dioxide has shown unique features that continue to attract research and development (R&D) due to its unique properties such as availability, ultraviolet absorptivity, photocatalysis, adsorption of pollutants and solar cell engineering."( Titanium dioxide and graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites and nanofibres for the degradation of organic pollutants in water: a review.
Kuvarega, AT; Mishra, AK; Ratshiedana, R, 2021)		2.79
"Titanium has been widely used in prosthetic valves, but they are associated with serious defects in titanium-based prosthetic valves, such as thrombosis, calcification, and decay. "( Titanium dioxide nanotubes promote M2 polarization by inhibiting macrophage glycolysis and ultimately accelerate endothelialization.
Ding, JL; Lin, F; Liu, XL; Wang, Z; Xu, JJ; Yu, WP; Zhou, JL; Zhu, GD, 2021)		3.51
"Titanium implants have been widely used as one of the most effective treatments of bone defects. "( Titanium dioxide nanotubes as drug carriers for infection control and osteogenesis of bone implants.
Huo, J; Jin, H; Li, P; Song, Q; Wang, K; Zhang, J, 2021)		3.51
"Titanium (Ti) has excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance and is widely used as a biomedical material for orthopedic implants. "( Zwitterionic PMCP-functionalized titanium surface resists protein adsorption, promotes cell adhesion, and enhances osteogenic activity.
Chen, X; Cui, X; Li, J; Li, Z; Lu, M; Xin, Q; Xu, R, 2021)		2.35
"Titanium has been used in osteosynthesis for decades and its compatibility and safety is unquestioned. "( Benefits and Biosafety of Use of 3D-Printing Technology for Titanium Biomedical Implants: A Pilot Study in the Rabbit Model.
Chanchareonsook, N; Das, S; Ng, SL; Ting, YP; Wong, RCW, 2021)		2.31
"Titanium has been considered as one of the most biocompatible metals. "( Titanium Corrosion: Implications For Dental Implants.
Mehta, DS; Penmetsa, DSL; Shah, R; Thomas, R, 2016)		3.32
"Titanium frameworks have been cast and used for the long term without catastrophic failure, whereas they have been fabricated recently using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)."( Titanium removable denture based on a one-metal rehabilitation concept.
Nishiyama, Y; Ohkubo, C; Sato, Y; Suzuki, Y, 2017)		2.62
"Titanium (Ti) implants have been commonly used in oral medicine. "( Engineered chimeric peptides with antimicrobial and titanium-binding functions to inhibit biofilm formation on Ti implants.
Adayi, A; Gao, P; Geng, H; Gong, L; Song, X; Yuan, Y; Zhang, X, 2018)		2.17
"Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance due to the external natural oxide protective layer formed when it is exposed to an aerated environment. "( Corrosion of titanium: Part 1: aggressive environments and main forms of degradation.
Beretta, S; Bolzoni, F; Brenna, A; Diamanti, MV; Ormellese, M; Pedeferri, M; Prando, D, 2017)		2.27
"The titanium mesh has the advantage of minor surgical invasion, effective reconstruction of large defects, and ideal sagittal alignment in lumbosacral TB for patients with osteoporosis and poor iliac bone quality."( Single posterior surgical management for lumbosacral tuberculosis: titanium mesh versus iliac bone graft: A retrospective case-control study.
Hao, DJ; He, BR; Liu, ZK; Yin, XH, 2017)		1.17
"Titanium dioxide has been proven for toxicity by in vitro and in vivo approaches, however, further studies are needed in nano-toxicological research using in silico analysis. "( Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-protein interaction explained by docking approach.
Dasgupta, N; Kumar, A; Ramalingam, C; Ranjan, S; Sudandiradoss, C, 2018)		3.37
"Titanium and tantalum have been widely used for orthopedic and dental implant applications. "( Surface hydroxylation regulates cellular osteogeneses on TiO
Cheng, K; Dong, L; Liu, Z; Wang, L; Weng, W; Zhou, B, 2018)		1.92
"Titanium dioxide has been found to be an unreliable patch test material."( A retrospective study on titanium sensitivity: Patch test materials and manifestations.
Bontkes, H; de Graaf, NPJ; Feilzer, AJ; Gibbs, S; Kleverlaan, CJ; Rustemeyer, T, 2018)		1.51
"Titanium (Ti) has been commonly used as an implant material in dentistry and bone surgery for several decades. "( The enhancement of osseointegration using a graphene oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite coating on titanium fabricated by electrophoretic deposition.
Chen, J; Jiang, N; Pei, X; Suo, L; Wan, Q; Wang, J; Wang, P; Wang, Y, 2019)		2.17
"Titanium has been the most commonly used material for abutments, but zirconia is increasingly chosen for its appearance despite its unclear mechanical performance."( Zirconia abutments in the anterior region: A systematic review of mechanical and esthetic outcomes.
Naveau, A; Rignon-Bret, C; Wulfman, C, 2019)		1.24
"Titanium biomaterials have been suggested as a tool to help in the local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation to cervical cancer sites."( Decreased cervical cancer cell adhesion on nanotubular titanium for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Crear, J; Kummer, KM; Webster, TJ, 2013)		1.36
"Titanium complexes have been widely used as catalysts for C‑C bond-forming processes via free-radical routes. "( New advances in titanium-mediated free radical reactions.
Clerici, A; Pastori, N; Prosperini, S; Punta, C; Rossi, B, 2012)		2.17
"Titanium has been the most recently used material of choice in stapedotomy prostheses."( Audiometric evaluation after stapedotomy with Fisch titanium prosthesis.
Ataide, AL; Bichinho, GL; Patruni, TM, )		1.1
"Titanium (Ti) has been functionalized with biomolecules for biomedical purposes. "( Assessment of stability of surface anchors for antibacterial coatings and immobilized growth factors on titanium.
Kang, ET; Neoh, KG; Shi, Z; Zheng, D, 2013)		2.05
"Titanium mini-implants have been successfully used as anchorage devices in Orthodontics. "( Nanostructured severe plastic deformation processed titanium for orthodontic mini-implants.
Elias, CN; Lacerda, R; Morais, L; Pithon, M; Salimgareeva, G; Semenova, IP; Serra, G; Valiev, R, 2013)		2.08
"Titanium (Ti) implants have been used in the last four decades to replace missing teeth. "( Soft and Hard Tissue Response to Zirconia versus Titanium One-Piece Implants Placed in Alveolar and Palatal Sites: A Randomized Control Trial.
De Silva, RK; Duncan, WJ; Kieser, JA; Siddiqi, A; Thomson, WM, 2015)		2.11
"New titanium alloys have been developed with the aim of utilizing materials with better properties for application as biomaterials, and Ti-Zr system alloys are among the more promising of these. "( The effect of the solute on the structure, selected mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of Ti-Zr system alloys for dental applications.
Arana-Chavez, VE; Buzalaf, MA; Correa, DR; Donato, TA; Grandini, CR; Vicente, FB, 2014)		0.96
"Titanium alloys have been widely used in orthopedic practice due to their inherent bioactivity, however it is still insufficient to truly and reliably incorporate into living bone. "( Accelerated bone growth in vitro by the conjugation of BMP2 peptide with hydroxyapatite on titanium alloy.
Cai, Y; Poh, CK; Soe, MT; Tan, HC; Wang, W; Wang, X; Zhang, S, 2014)		2.07
"Titanium has long been used to produce dental implants. "( Effect of zirconium nitride physical vapor deposition coating on preosteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation onto titanium screws.
Gatti, G; Marchese, L; Migliario, M; Renò, F; Rizzi, M; Rocchetti, V, 2014)		2.05
"Titanium fluoride has differing effects on enamel loss from erosion and erosion-abrasion models."( The effect of single-application fluoride treatment on simulated gastric erosion and erosion-abrasion of enamel in vitro.
Austin, RS; Bartlett, DW; Hove, LH; Moazzez, RV; Stenhagen, KR; Tveit, AB, )		1.57
"Titanium dioxide has photocatalytic activity and is used as a white pigment for cosmetics. "( Temperature dependence and P/Ti ratio in phosphoric acid treatment of titanium dioxide and powder properties.
Matsukura, A; Onoda, H, 2015)		2.09
"Titanium dioxide has been classified in the 2B group as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and amid concerns of its exposure, cell cycle alterations are an important one. "( Cell cycle synchronization reveals greater G2/M-phase accumulation of lung epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Bucio-López, L; Chirino, YI; Freyre-Fonseca, V; García-Cuéllar, CM; Medina-Reyes, EI; Morales-Bárcenas, R; Pedraza-Chaverri, J; Sánchez-Pérez, Y, 2015)		2.07
"Titanium has been widely used as a dental implant material. "( High-performance scaffolds on titanium surfaces: osteoblast differentiation and mineralization promoted by a globular fibrinogen layer through cell-autonomous BMP signaling.
Horasawa, N; Udagawa, N; Uehara, S; Yamashita, T, 2015)		2.15
"Titanium implants have been widely used for many medical applications, but bacterial infection after implant surgery remains one of the most common and intractable complications. "( Antibacterial activity and biological performance of a novel antibacterial coating containing a halogenated furanone compound loaded poly(L-lactic acid) nanoparticles on microarc-oxidized titanium.
Cheng, Y; Gao, B; Liu, X; Ren, H; Sun, W; Wu, J; Zhao, X, 2015)		2.05
"Titanium materials have been functionalized with biomolecules as a modern strategy to incorporate bioactive motifs that will expand and improve their biomedical applications. "( Peptide-functionalized zirconia and new zirconia/titanium biocermets for dental applications.
Aparicio, C; Chen, X; Fernandez, A; Fernandez-Garcia, E; Gutierrez-Gonzalez, CF; Lopez-Esteban, S, 2015)		2.11
"Titanium mesh has been employed in neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and maxillofacial surgery as a bone replacement in diverse conditions. "( Titanium mesh in reconstructive surgery of the nasal pyramid. Follow-up of our 11 initial cases.
Alonso-Alonso, T; González-Sixto, B; Otero-Rivas, MM; Pérez-Bustillo, A; Rodríguez-Prieto, MÁ; Valladares-Narganes, LM, 2015)		3.3
"Titanium has excelled as a catalyst for a broad range of transformations, including ethylene and α-olefin polymerizations."( N,O-Chelating Four-Membered Metallacyclic Titanium(IV) Complexes for Atom-Economic Catalytic Reactions.
Ryken, SA; Schafer, LL, 2015)		1.4
"Titanium (Ti) has been widely used in clinical applications for its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. "( Preparation and Characterization of Lanthanum-Incorporated Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Substrates.
Dong, Y; Hu, X; Jin, Y; Liu, J; Lou, W; Ma, J; Wu, G; Zhang, H, 2015)		2.08
"Titanium has been considered to be a non-allergenic material. "( Allergic contact dermatitis caused by titanium screws and dental implants.
Hosoki, M; Matsuka, Y; Miyamoto, Y; Nishigawa, K; Ohe, G, 2016)		2.15
"The titanium mesh cage has several advantages compared with bone autografts, including reduced donor-site morbidity, immediate rigid fixation, and successful bone fusion."( Evaluation of the Efficacy of Titanium Mesh Cages with Posterior C1 Lateral Mass and C2 Pedicle Screw Fixation in Patients with Atlantoaxial Instability.
Bak, KH; Chun, HJ; Kim, JM; Ryu, JI; Yi, HJ, 2016)		1.28
"Titanium implants have been successfully used to support fixed dental prostheses. "( Evaluation of stress distributions occurring on zirconia and titanium implant-supported prostheses: A three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Bankoğlu Güngör, M; Yılmaz, H, 2016)		2.12
"Titanium has an allotropic transformation around 883°C. "( Effect of molybdenum on structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-20Zr-Mo alloys.
Buzalaf, MAR; Grandini, CR; Kuroda, PAB, 2016)		1.88
"Titanium has been widely used in the orthopedic and dental fields, however, the inert nature of Ti makes it unsuitable for application in promoting bone cell growth，osteogenic differentiation and antibacterial ability. "( Biofunctionalization of titanium with bacitracin immobilization shows potential for anti-bacteria, osteogenesis and reduction of macrophage inflammation.
Ao, H; Nie, B; Tang, T; Yue, B; Zhou, J, 2016)		2.18
"Titanium (Ti) alloys have been widely used in orthopedics and orthodontic surgeries as implants because of their beneficial chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. "( Plasma nitriding of titanium alloy: Effect of roughness, hardness, biocompatibility, and bonding with bone cement.
Hossain, K; Khandaker, M; Li, Y; Morris, TL; Phinney, L; Riahinezhad, S; Sultana, F; Vaughan, MB, 2016)		2.2
"Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance due to the thin protective oxide layer that is formed on its surface. "( Electrochemical anodizing treatment to enhance localized corrosion resistance of pure titanium.
Bolzoni, FM; Brenna, A; Diamanti, MV; Ormellese, M; Pedeferri, M; Prando, D, 2017)		2.12
"Titanium (Ti) has long been regarded as an inert and biocompatible metal, ideal for biomedical applications such as dental implants or joint replacements. "( Titanium levels in the organs and blood of rats with a titanium implant, in the absence of wear, as determined by double-focusing ICP-MS.
Encinar, JR; Marchante-Gayón, JM; Sanz-Medel, A; Sarmiento-González, A, 2009)		3.24
"Titanium implants that have been grit-blasted and acid-etched to produce a rough microtopography support more bone integration than do smooth-surfaced implants. "( Effect of micrometer-scale roughness of the surface of Ti6Al4V pedicle screws in vitro and in vivo.
Barak, Y; Boyan, BD; Raz, P; Schwartz, Z; Tauber, M; Yao, H; Zhao, G, 2008)		1.79
"Titanium (Ti) has been suggested as a soil contamination indicator for plant samples slated for trace element analysis because it is abundant in soil but not in plants. "( Titanium as an indicator of residual soil on arid-land plants.
Cook, LL; Inouye, RS; McGonigle, TP, )		3.02
"Titanium dioxide has very high affinity for phosphopeptides and it has become an efficient alternative to already existing methods for phosphopeptide enrichment from complex samples. "( The use of titanium dioxide micro-columns to selectively isolate phosphopeptides from proteolytic digests.
Larsen, MR; Thingholm, TE, 2009)		2.19
"Titanium plates have been used but cause imaging artifacts."( Comparison of bioresorbable and titanium plates in cervical spinal fusion: early radiologic and clinical results.
Ishak, B; Nabhan, A; Pape, D; Pitzen, T; Steimer, O; Steudel, WI; Zimmer, A, 2009)		1.36
"Titanium sheeting has been proven an effective method of canal wall repair when combined with the supplementary techniques used with biomaterials in this role (cartilage cover and vascular flaps). "( Use of titanium in repair of external auditory canal defects.
Black, B, 2009)		2.25
"Titanium metal has good biocompatibility, superior mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. "( Preparation and properties of gold nanoparticle-electrodeposited titanium substrates with Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys peptides.
Chen, CC; Ding, SJ; Ho, CC; Weng, HA; Wu, CC, 2010)		2.04
"Titanium nanotubes have been extensively considered as a new biomaterial for biosensors, implants, cell growth, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems."( Synthesis of bio-functionalized three-dimensional titania nanofibrous structures using femtosecond laser ablation.
Tan, B; Tavangar, A; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2011)		1.09
"Titanium dioxide has a high affinity for phosphopeptides and can also be selective in specific experimental conditions."( Nanostructured TiO₂ thin films for phosphoproteomics studies with MALDI mass spectrometry.
Bachi, A; Bassi, AL; Casari, CS; Fusi, M; Torta, F, 2011)		1.09
"Titanium dioxide has a long-standing use as a food additive. "( Distinctive toxicity of TiO2 rutile/anatase mixed phase nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells.
Albrecht, C; Boots, AW; Carella, E; Fenoglio, I; Förster, I; Gerloff, K; Kolling, J; Schins, RP, 2012)		1.82
"Titanium has an osseointegrative property, while hydroxyapatite has an osteoconductive property. "( Osteoblast compatibility of materials depends on serum protein absorbability in osteogenesis.
Harimoto, K; Matsumoto, T; Nagaoka, N; Tagawa, Y; Yoshida, Y; Yoshihara, K, 2012)		1.82
"Titanium has a low modulus of elasticity that makes it an attractive metal for femoral hip components. "( A comparison of cemented and cementless titanium femoral components used for primary total hip arthroplasty: a radiographic and survivorship study.
Emerson, CB; Emerson, RH; Head, WC; Higgins, LL; Rosenfeldt, W, 2002)		2.02
"Titanium has been suggested as a replacement for alloys currently used in single-tooth restorations and fixed partial dentures. "( Fit of cast commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy crowns before and after marginal refinement by electrical discharge machining.
Contreras, EF; Giolo, SR; Henriques, GE; Nobilo, MA, 2002)		2.05
"Titanium has been increasingly applied to dental prostheses because of its biocompatibility. "( Wear properties of Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb castings for dental prostheses.
Doi, H; Hamanaka, H; Iijima, D; Kurosaki, N; Yoneyama, T, 2003)		1.76
"Titanium-based powders have been used in photocatalytic degradation studies but have limitations."( The effect of titanium dioxide alumina beads on the photocatalytic degradation of picloram in water.
Jung, SC; Krutz, LJ; Lee, DJ; Sciumbato, AS; Senseman, SA, 2003)		1.4
"Titanium (Ti) has significant biological effects on plants, being beneficial at low and toxic at higher concentrations. "( Mechanism of physiological effects of titanium leaf sprays on plants grown on soil.
Cígler, P; Hruby, M; Kuzel, S; Tlustos, P; Van, PN, 2003)		2.03
"Titanium nitride (TiN) has been used in many fields as a surgical instrument coating that makes the surgical materials more resistant to wear and corrosion. "( Bacterial adhesion on titanium nitride-coated and uncoated implants: an in vivo human study.
Caputi, S; Piattelli, A; Piattelli, M; Scarano, A; Vrespa, G, 2003)		2.08
"Titanium clips have been used for hemostasis, and recently plastic clips and energy sources such as ultrasonic coagulating shears and bipolar thermal energy devices have become popular."( Comparison of ultrasonic energy, bipolar thermal energy, and vascular clips for the hemostasis of small-, medium-, and large-sized arteries.
Harold, KL; Heniford, BT; Kercher, KW; Matthews, BD; Pollinger, H; Sing, RF, 2003)		1.04
"Titanium has become the leading structural metallic biomaterial and 50 years of clinical performance has proven its value. "( The golden anniversary of titanium biomaterials.
Williams, D, 2001)		2.05
"Titanium nitride (TiN) has been used in many fields as a coating of surgical instruments, with the purpose of creating materials more resistant to wear and corrosion and also reducing adhesion."( Bone healing around titanium and titanium nitride-coated dental implants with three surfaces: an experimental study in rats.
Iezzi, G; Petrone, G; Piattelli, A; Piattelli, M; Scarano, A; Vrespa, G, 2003)		2.09
"Titanium has become a material of great interest in prosthodontics in recent years because of its excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and desirable physical and mechanical properties. "( Corrosion susceptibility of titanium covered by dental cements.
Demirel, F; Sahmali, S; Saygili, G, 2003)		2.06
"The titanium MRP revision has proved to be a very reliable implant in cementless revision arthroplasty of the hip."( [Titanium modular revision prosthesis stem in revision hip prosthesis].
Holzwarth, U; Schuh, A; Zeiler, G, 2004)		1.71
"Titanium has reasonable stiffness and strength while hydroxyapatite has low stiffness, low strength and high ability to reach full integration with living bone."( Design optimization of functionally graded dental implant.
Hedia, HS; Mahmoud, NA, 2004)		1.04
"Titanium has physical and mechanical properties, which have led to its increased use in dental prostheses despite casting difficulties due to high melting point and formation of oxide layers which affect the metal-ceramic bond strength."( Evaluation of shear bond strength at the interface of two porcelains and pure titanium injected into the casting mold at three different temperatures.
Bondioli, IR; Bottino, MA, 2004)		1.99
"Titanium has been a successful implant material owing to its excellent strength to weight ratio, toughness, and bioinert oxide surface. "( Synthesis of a poly(L-lysine)-calcium phosphate hybrid on titanium surfaces for enhanced bioactivity.
Spoerke, ED; Stupp, SI, 2005)		2.02
"Titanium implants have been extensively used in orthopedic surgery and dentistry. "( Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) prevents the age-dependent decrease in bone formation in human osteoblast/implant cultures.
Aronow, MS; Gronowicz, GA; Zhang, H, 2005)		1.77
"Titanium has in recent years become a material of great opportunities in dentistry and orthopedics. "( Effect of surface pre-treatment on durability of resin-based cements bonded to titanium.
Kuboki, T; Mine, A; Suzuki, K; Tagawa, Y; Takeuchi, M; Tsuchimoto, Y; Van Meerbeek, B; Yatani, H; Yoshida, Y, 2006)		2
"Titanium mesh has the significantly lowest rate of graft infection."( Analyses of the factors influencing bone graft infection after delayed cranioplasty.
Iwamuro, H; Matsuno, A; Miyawaki, S; Nagashima, T; Nakaguchi, H; Nakashima, M; Takanashi, S; Tanaka, H, 2006)		1.06
"Titanium mesh has the significantly lowest rate of graft infection."( Analyses of the factors influencing bone graft infection after delayed cranioplasty.
Iwamuro, H; Matsuno, A; Miyawaki, S; Nagashima, T; Nakaguchi, H; Nakashima, M; Takanashi, S; Tanaka, H, 2006)		1.06
"Titanium implants have been successful in both dentulous and edentulous patients. "( A clinical report on the 18-month cumulative survival rates of implants and implant prostheses with an internal connection implant system.
Drago, CJ; O'Connor, CG, 2006)		1.78
"Titanium has limitations in its clinical performance in dental and orthopaedic applications. "( Effect of titanium carbide coating on the osseointegration response in vitro and in vivo.
Brama, M; De Maria, G; Ferro, D; Hunt, J; Leccisotti, S; Lioi, A; Migliaccio, S; Panzini, G; Politi, L; Pu, F; Rhodes, N; Ricci, A; Rocca, CD; Scandurra, M; Scandurra, R; Teghil, R, 2007)		2.18
"Titanium has been shown to be a highly biocompatible material and recently interest has been raised by its use as a prosthetic material in the ear. "( Early results of titanium ossiculoplasty using the Kurz titanium prosthesis--a UK perspective.
Raut, VV; Siddiq, MA, 2007)		2.12
"Titanium prostheses have been easy and fast to handle and effective implants for reconstruction of the ossicular chain."( Short-term results using Kurz titanium ossicular implants.
Møller, P; Silvola, J; Vassbotn, FS, 2007)		1.35
"Titanium nails have been advocated for their improved biocompatibility and biomechanical properties but concerns are held about increased complications."( Complications associated with the use of a titanium tibial nail.
Topliss, C; Young, H, 2007)		1.32
"Titanium instead, has shown a high resistance to corrosion and a stable passive behavior in all media, especially in a solution of mucine and IgA in synthetic saliva."( The effect of mucine, IgA, urea, and lysozyme on the corrosion behavior of various non-precious dental alloys and pure titanium in artificial saliva.
Bilgin, T; Bilhan, H; Cakir, AF; Von Fraunhofer, JA; Yuksel, B, 2007)		1.27
"Titanium has been utilized in the field of orthopaedic and dental reconstructive surgery, but mineralization through osteogenic differentiation of osteogenic cells on titanium surfaces has not been fully investigated. "( In vitro mineralization by mesenchymal stem cells cultured on titanium scaffolds.
Hirose, M; Kirita, T; Maeda, M; Ohgushi, H, 2007)		2.02
"Titanium ceramics has become a topic of interest for prosthetic applications, thanks to the documented biocompatibility of commercially pure titanium. "( Questions and answers on titanium-ceramic dental restorative systems: a literature study.
Haag, P; Nilner, K, 2007)		2.09
"The titanium pylon has been implanted in bone of a rat's thigh residuum."( [Investigation of the tissue growth processes in porous implant].
Beliaeva, IG; Chikhovskaia, IuV; Galibin, OV; Pitkin, MR; Protasov, MV, 2007)		0.82
"Titanium surfacing has i) a direct genetic effect on osteoblasts, ii) induces several bone-related genes, and iii) is relevant to the osseointegration process."( Genetic effects of a titanium surface on osteoblasts: a meta-analysis.
Arcelli, D; Brunelli, G; Carinci, F; Palmieri, A; Pezzetti, F; Zollino, I, 2007)		1.38
"The titanium rod that has been bent into a certain angle before operation according to the established criteria can definitely diminish its strain during operation and efficiently shorten the operating time. "( [Clinical application of short-segment pedicle screw in treating degenerative L4 spondylolisthesis-relation of preliminary rod bending degree to lumbar lordosis angle, slipping angle and slipping percentage].
Bai, J; Chu, G, 2007)		0.9
"Titanium oxide has antiinflammatory activity and tunable electrochemical behavior that make it an attractive material for the fabrication of implantable devices. "( Titanium oxide as substrate for neural cell growth.
Carballo-Vila, M; Casañ-Pastor, N; Chinarro, E; Collazos-Castro, JE; Jurado, JR; Moreno-Burriel, B, 2009)		3.24
"Titanium plates have been used successfully even in very young children."( Cranioplasty in children.
Blair, GA; Gordon, DS; Simpson, DA, 1980)		0.98
"The titanium has modulus of elasticity that is only half of the stainless steel."( Effect of implant material properties on the performance of a hip joint replacement.
Rotem, A, )		0.61
"Titanium cranioplasty has been used in our unit for reconstruction of cranial defects following trauma, tumour resection and bone loss due to postcraniotomy infection. "( Imaging after titanium cranioplasty.
Archer, DJ; Chandler, CL; MacVicar, D; Uttley, D, 1994)		2.09
"Titanium alloy has been proposed as a suitable alternative to noble metal alloys in premanufactured metal cylinders for fabricating implant prosthesis frameworks. "( Titanium alloy cylinders in implant framework fabrication: a study of the cylinder-alloy interface.
Brantley, WA; Carr, AB, 1993)		3.17
"Titanium material has been widely used in prosthodontics since the end of 1980s. "( [Experimental research on porcelain fused to the surface of pure titanium and titanium alloys].
Ai, S; Wang, D; Xu, J, 1995)		1.97
"Titanium has been a well established implant material for many years. "( [Replacement of ear ossicles with titanium prostheses].
Grün, D; Stupp, CH; Stupp, HF, 1996)		2.02
"Titanium alloys have been shown to have limitations as an articulating surface showing significant wear, and the alloy per se should not be considered for wear couples in total hip replacements."( Distribution of cobalt chromium wear and corrosion products and biologic reactions.
Brown, SA; Merritt, K, 1996)		1.02
"Titanium has a number of desirable properties for dental applications that include low density, excellent biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. "( Joining titanium materials with tungsten inert gas welding, laser welding, and infrared brazing.
Wang, RR; Welsch, GE, 1995)		2.17
"Titanium has become a material of great interest in prosthodontics in recent years. "( Titanium for prosthodontic applications: a review of the literature.
Fenton, A; Wang, RR, 1996)		3.18
"Titanium plate has been widely used in several surgical fields, such as craniofacial reconstruction and orthopedic prosthesis. "( Using titanium plate or meshplate for chest wall reconstruction: report of 6 cases and literature review.
Lee, CJ; Lee, JM; Lee, YC; Luh, SP, 1996)		2.22
"Titanium has received a great deal of attention from dental researchers and clinicians. "( Titanium in dentistry: development and research in the U.S.A.
Nakajima, H; Okabe, T, 1996)		3.18
"Titanium screw systems have been developed in which the screws can be inserted directly after a drill hole is made."( Self-tapping versus standard tapped titanium screw fixation in the upper extremity.
Bickley, MB; Hanel, DP, 1998)		1.3
"Titanium posts have been shown to be less radiopaque than stainless steel and to have a radiographic density similar to gutta-percha."( Radiographic appearance of titanium posts in endodontically treated teeth.
Averbach, RE; Kleier, DJ; Shibilski, K, 1999)		1.32
"Titanium has become the biomaterial of choice for facial osteosynthesis. "( The behaviour of titanium as a biomaterial: microscopy study of plates and surrounding tissues in facial osteosynthesis.
Acero, J; Calderon, J; Concejo, C; Salmeron, JI; Somacarrera, ML; Verdaguer, JJ, 1999)		2.09
"Titanium has superior osteointegrating properties compared to other biomaterials. "( Titanium is a highly thrombogenic biomaterial: possible implications for osteogenesis.
Andersson, J; Axén, N; Ekdahl, KN; Elgue, G; Hong, J; Larsson, R; Nilsson, B, 1999)		3.19
"Titanium has been widely used in dental implantology. "( Fit of titanium and a base metal alloy metal-ceramic crown.
Oruç, S; Tulunoglu, Y, 2000)		2.2
"Titanium has been used successfully for decades in orthopaedic and dental implants, but the mechanism mediating its biocompatible properties has not been elucidated. "( Inhibition of inflammatory species by titanium surfaces.
Frangos, JA; Suzuki, R, 2000)		2.02
"Titanium mesh has proved successful for the treatment of such fractures."( [Management of comminuted and open fractures of the mandible and fractures in atrophic mandibles with titanium mesh].
Dumbach, J; Neupert, W; Rodemer, H; Schug, T, 2000)		1.24
"A titanium mesh cage has recently been developed for anterior spinal reconstruction. "( An experimental study on the interface strength between titanium mesh cage and vertebra in reference to vertebral bone mineral density.
Abe, M; Hara, T; Hasegawa, K; Washio, T, 2001)		1.28
"Titanium miniplates have been widely used in mandibular fracture fixation because of their strength and excellent biocompatibility. "( Histologic study of the bone adjacent to titanium bone screws used for mandibular fracture treatment.
Goto, M; Hirai, H; Katsuki, T; Okumura, A, 2001)		2.02
"Titanium frameworks have been used in the endentulous implant patient for the last 10 years. "( Clinical experiences of implant-supported prostheses with laser-welded titanium frameworks in the partially edentulous jaw: a 5-year follow-up study.
Jemt, T; Ortorp, A, 1999)		1.98
"Titanium fiber mesh has a great potential for application in percutaneous catheters."( A new titanium fiber mesh-cuffed peritoneal dialysis catheter: evaluation and comparison with a Dacron-cuffed tenckhoff catheter in goats.
Jansen, JA; Paquay, YC; Walboomers, F, )		1.33
"Titanium implants have been used widely and successfully for various types of bone-anchored reconstructions. "( Characteristics of the surface oxides on turned and electrochemically oxidized pure titanium implants up to dielectric breakdown: the oxide thickness, micropore configurations, surface roughness, crystal structure and chemical composition.
Albrektsson, T; Jeong, Y; Johansson, CB; Krozer, A; Petronis, S; Sul, YT; Wennerberg, A, 2002)		1.98
"Titanium mesh cages have been used widely for spinal reconstruction since 1986 when they first were introduced. "( The use of titanium mesh cages in the cervical spine.
Rhee, JM; Riew, KD, 2002)		2.15
"Titanium strips have been used to repair skull defects when preformed metal plates are not avilable and simple wiring would not be enough. "( Titanium-strip cranioplasty.
Blair, GA; Fannin, TF; Gordon, DS, 1976)		3.14
"Titanium mesh has been used in the USA for the fixation of fractures of the facial skeleton since the Vietnam war. "( Titanium mesh (TiMesh) osteosynthesis: a fast and adaptable method of semi-rigid fixation.
Langdon, JD; Patel, MF, 1991)		3.17
"Titanium grommets have been promoted as having the advantage of a slower extrusion rate than other types of ventilation tube. "( Titanium grommets: a trial to assess function and extrusion rates.
Griffith, IP; Shone, GR, 1990)		3.16
"Titanium has good corrosion resistance, light density, high strength and excellent biocompatibility. "( Thermal oxidation effect on porcelain-titanium restoration.
Horng, CJ; Kimura, H; Okazaki, M; Takahashi, J, 1989)		1.99
"Titanium has a very sensitive catalytic polarographic wave in the system of cupferon-hexamine-sodium sulfate at pH 6.0-6.4. "( [Polarographic determination of titanium in natural water].
Bie, XL; Li, CF; Luo, YY; Zhang, KR, 1989)		2
"The titanium model which has been exclusively used from november 1987 has shown no signs of instability neither in the case of primary or revision sockets."( [Experiences with the "Balgrist" cement-free, self-anchoring conical acetabular prosthesis--March 1982 to September 1988].
Hilfiker, B; Jacob, HA; Kern, S; Schreiber, A, 1989)		0.76
"The titanium GF has a longer leg length (49 mm vs 43 mm), a greater span (38.5 mm vs 28.0 mm), and a larger hook angle (41 degrees vs 23.5 degrees)."( Vena caval filter splaying: potential complication of use of the titanium Greenfield filter.
Barth, KH; Chespak, LW; Fellmeth, BD; Jones, DL; Matsumoto, AH; Teitelbaum, GP; van Breda, A, 1989)		1
"Titanium has demonstrated excellent biocompatibility in long-term primate experiments."( Noncemented total knee arthroplasty.
Galante, JO; Landon, GC; Maley, MM, 1986)		0.99
"Titanium has been shown to be a very histocompatible material, although no reports of the histology of percutaneous titanium implants exist."( Percutaneous healing of clinical tympanic membrane implants.
Henricks, ML; Powers, DL; von Recum, AF, 1986)		0.99

Actions

Titanium plates may increase the risk of tethering. Titanium particles can inhibit proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The titanium alloys cause high machining heat generation and consequent rapid wear of cutting tool edges.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Titanium plates may increase the risk of tethering, however, further long-term follow-up is needed as there were only 6 steel plates versus 19 titanium in this study."( Efficacy and Safety of "Sleeper Plate" in Temporary Hemiepiphysiodesis and the Observation of "Tethering".
Chhina, H; Cooper, A; Gerges, M; Lim, B; Messner, J, 2022)		1.44
"· Titanium implants cause the greatest relative errors in SE techniques.."( Artifact Properties of Dental Ceramic and Titanium Implants in MRI.
Bracher, AK; Geibel, MA; Gelißen, B; Rasche, V, 2019)		1.34
"The titanium alloys cause high machining heat generation and consequent rapid wear of cutting tool edges during machining. "( Modelling and simulation of effect of ultrasonic vibrations on machining of Ti6Al4V.
Joshi, S; Joshi, SS; Patil, S; Tewari, A, 2014)		0.96
"Titanium particles can inhibit proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. "( [Effect of titanium particles on proliferation, differentiation, and cytomorphology of osteoblasts].
Lin, M; Shi, Y; Wanf, L; Ye, J, 2014)		2.23
"Titanium dioxide displays no cytotoxic effects on hepatocytes, and shows a performance in the range of standard collagen-coated tissue culture polystyrene dish."( Hepatocyte performance on different crystallographic faces of rutile.
Buchloh, S; Gauckler, L; Meier, PJ; Stieger, B, 2003)		1.04
"Titanium deposits increase surface roughness in definite areas, which probably causes wear to the ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-polyethylene articulations due to different roughness values and surface properties. "( [Titanium deposits on the ceramic heads of dislocated total hip replacements].
Göske, J; Holzwarth, U; Kachler, W; Schuh, A; Zeiler, G, 2004)		2.68
"Titanium alloys, because of their mechanical performances, their weak Young's modulus (11000 DaN/mm2) and their relative lightness (4.5."( Fatigue - corrosion of endoprosthesis titanium alloys.
Cornet, A; Jaeger, JH; Muster, D, 1979)		1.25
"Titanium miniplates allow an already primarily rather stable osteosynthesis."( The frontoorbital advancement--on the use of 3D-CT and the miniplate osteosynthesis.
Henn, M; Schwarz, M; Schweden, F; von Domarus, H; Voth, D; Wagner, W, 1992)		1

Treatment

Titanium surface treated with titanium oxide nanotubes was used in many studies to quantify the effect of surface topography on cell fate. SLA titanium was treated with UVC light for different lengths of time and then changes to its surface characteristics were evaluated via electron microscope scanning.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The titanium implant was treated with plasma electrolytic oxidation and subsequent ionic exchange and thermal treatment in order to obtain bioactive layer consisting of titanium oxide, calcium and sodium titanates and hydroxyapatite, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). "( Nanodesigned coatings obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium implant and their cytotoxicity.
Čolović, B; Jokanović, V; Magić, M; Stojadinović, S; Tadić, N; Vasilijić, S, )		0.93
"Titanium surface treated with titanium oxide nanotubes was used in many studies to quantify the effect of surface topography on cell fate. "( Modelling the role of membrane mechanics in cell adhesion on titanium oxide nanotubes.
Daniel, M; Eleršič Filipič, K; Filová, E; Fojt, J; Judl, T, 2023)		2.59
"SLA titanium was treated with UVC light for different lengths of time (10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours), and then changes to its surface characteristics were evaluated via electron microscope scanning, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement, and zeta potential measurement. "( Use of Various UVC Photofunctionalization Times to Modify Surface Characteristics and Enhance the Biologic Activity of SLA Titanium.
Huang, Y; Yu, H; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2023)		1.68
"Titanium surface treatment is a crucial process for achieving sufficient osseointegration of an implant into the bone. "( Treatments for enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium implants.
Bacakova, L; Kolarova, H; Matejka, R; Rosina, J; Stepanovska, J, 2020)		2.26
"Titanium samples were treated with three different concentrations of the new formula, as groups A, B and C, and treated with the traditional etching formula, as group T."( Interrelationships among hydrogen permeation, physiochemical properties and early adsorption abilities of titanium.
Jia, F; Wu, W; Zhou, L, 2017)		1.39
"Titanium and PEO-treated titanium pins were inserted into rat femurs under general anesthesia."( A comparison of micro-CT and histomorphometry for evaluation of osseointegration of PEO-coated titanium implants in a rat model.
Cao, C; Cao, H; Dong, Y; He, T; Li, G; Liu, X; Xu, Z; Zhang, C, 2017)		1.4
"Titanium surface treatment of sandblasting and etching can improve the bond strength between titanium and composite resin. "( [Effect of different surface treatments on bonding strength of composite resin to commercially pure titanium].
Fan, J; Gu, X; Liu, J; Qu, L; Wang, J, 2013)		2.05
"RBM titanium discs were treated with CHX-soaked cotton pellets, and change in surface roughness was measured using confocal microscopy. "( Removing bacteria from rough surface titanium discs with chlorhexidine and additional brushing with dentifrice.
Choi, BK; Jang, YJ; Kim, KK; Ko, Y; Koh, M; Park, JB, 2016)		1.27
"Titanium was treated with 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) or dopamine to immobilize bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), a biomolecule. "( Immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein on DOPA- or dopamine-treated titanium surfaces to enhance osseointegration.
Aigaki, T; Ito, Y; Kang, J; Kitajima, T; Son, TI; Tada, S, 2013)		2.06
"The titanium fixtures were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips, and surface roughness parameters were measured by confocal microscopy."( Instrumentation With Ultrasonic Scalers Facilitates Cleaning of the Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Titanium Implants.
Choi, BK; Jin, SH; Kim, KK; Kim, N; Ko, Y; Lee, SH; Park, JB; Park, S, 2015)		1.12
"Pure titanium samples were treated with different concentrations of H3PO4 + NaF at ambient temperature without auxiliary implementations (groups A, B and C), and were treated using the traditional method (group T)."( Phosphoric acid and sodium fluoride: a novel etching combination on titanium.
Ding, X; Jia, F; Lai, C; Li, S; Lin, X; Wen, B; Zhou, L, 2014)		1.09
"Titanium dioxide was treated with 0.1 mol/L of phosphoric acid at various P/Ti molar ratios, and then shaken in hot water for 1 h. "( Temperature dependence and P/Ti ratio in phosphoric acid treatment of titanium dioxide and powder properties.
Matsukura, A; Onoda, H, 2015)		2.09
"Titanium disks treated with 10 M NaOH solution and control were incubated with BMMSCs and exposed to P. "( Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis on a titanium nanosurface.
Komasa, S; Okazaki, J; Sekino, T; Taguchi, Y; Umeda, M; Xing, H; Yamawaki, I, 2015)		2.07
"Pure titanium samples were treated in the electrolyte of plasma electrolytic oxidation with 0.08 mol/L calcium and 0.06 mol/L phosphorus, and 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 zinc was added to each group in order to deal with pure titanium plate. "( [Study of relationship between different contents of zinc and antibacterial activity on calcium phosphate coating modified by plasma electrolytic oxidation method].
He, J; Jiang, LL; Wang, DN; Zhang, W; Zhao, BH, 2014)		0.92
"Titanium disks were treated with plastic curette, air-abrasive device (Perio-Flow(®) ), titanium brush (Ti-Brush(®) ) and implantoplasty. "( In vitro evaluation of peri-implantitis treatment modalities on Saos-2osteoblasts.
Brecx, MC; Lasserre, J; Nyssen-Behets, C; Toma, S, 2016)		1.88
"Titanium surface treatments for analysis by the atomic force microscope (AFM) were: polishing, alumina sandblasting and silica-coating."( Effects of silica-coating on surface topography and bond strength of porcelain fused to CAD/CAM pure titanium.
Fukuyama, T; Hamano, N; Ino, S, 2016)		1.37
"Cast titanium was treated with plasma nitriding and TiN coating. "( Effect of plasma nitriding and titanium nitride coating on the corrosion resistance of titanium.
Bai, S; Guo, T; Li, D; Li, F; Ma, C; Tian, M; Tong, Y; Wang, G; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2016)		1.23
"Titanium (Ti) treated with NaOH and hot water, and heated in an ammmonia (NH3) gas atmosphere for 1 or 3h exhibited in vitro apatite formation within 7days when soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). "( Formation of bioactive N-doped TiO2 on Ti with visible light-induced antibacterial activity using NaOH, hot water, and subsequent ammonia atmospheric heat treatment.
Abiko, Y; Endo, N; Furuya, M; Kanetaka, H; Kawashita, M; Miyazaki, T; Takahashi, N; Watanabe, T; Yokota, K, 2016)		1.88
"Titanium elements treated by porcelain firing processes do not lose their corrosion resistance."( The effect of heat treatment simulating porcelain firing processes on titanium corrosion resistance.
Rylska, D; Sokołowski, G; Sokołowski, J, 2016)		2.11
"Titanium discs were treated with 30% H(2)O(2) for 0-24 h or 1-4 weeks and subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), profilometry, X-ray photon spectroscopy and contact angle analysis. "( Optimisation of the hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment of titanium: surface characterisation and protein adsorption.
Carley, A; Daw, AE; Moseley, R; Nagassa, ME; Rowe, WG; Thomas, DW, 2008)		2.04
"Titanium samples were treated with a 5 N NaOH solution and heated at 600 degrees C for 24 hours. "( Bone formation on apatite-coated titanium incorporated with bone morphogenetic protein and heparin.
Goto, T; Kodama, T; Miyazaki, T; Takahashi, T, )		1.86
"Titanium surfaces were treated by machined(S0), micro-arc oxidation(S1) and micro-arc oxidation combined with IBAD(S2), respectively. "( [Effect of HA/TiO2 coating titanium surface on the growth of MG63].
Deng, CF; Zhang, C; Zhao, BH; Zhao, ZJ, 2009)		2.09
"Titanium implants treated with calcium titanate, may offer an interesting and promising implant surface modification for endoprosthetic implants."( Bony integration of titanium implants with a novel bioactive calcium titanate (Ca4Ti3O10) surface treatment in a rabbit model.
Bader, R; Ellenrieder, M; Haenle, M; Lindner, T; Mittelmeier, W; Schell, H; Willfahrt, M, 2012)		1.42
"MAO titanium samples were treated with 15 W bactericidal lamp UVC [λ = (250 ± 20) nm] or 15 W mercury lamp [λ = (360 ± 20) nm] for 24 h under ambient conditions."( [Effect of different wave-length ultraviolet light-treated micro-arc oxidation titanium surfaces on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity in vitro].
Gao, Y; Guo, ZH; Jiang, Y; Li, SB; Lu, HB; Zhou, L, 2012)		1.09
"RBM titanium disks were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips and a toothbrush, and change in surface roughness was measured by confocal microscopy. "( In vitro analysis of the efficacy of ultrasonic scalers and a toothbrush for removing bacteria from resorbable blast material titanium disks.
Choi, BK; Jang, YJ; Kim, KK; Ko, Y; Koh, M; Park, JB, 2013)		1.15
"Titanium plates treated in vitro with a mouthwash containing amine fluoride (100 ppm F-) and another containing zinc-substituted carbonate-hydroxyapatite have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to evaluate the modification of the surface roughness induced by treatment with these two different mouthwashes. "( Different corrosive effects on hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and amine fluoride-based mouthwashes on dental titanium brackets: a comparative in vitro study.
Covani, U; Foltran, I; Genovesi, A; Lelli, M; Marcaccio, M; Marchisio, O; Montebugnoli, G; Roveri, N, 2013)		2.05
"Titanium screws were treated by micro-arc oxidation to form porous oxide surface and 25 or 50 μg of simvastatin was loaded. "( Accelerated and enhanced bone formation on novel simvastatin-loaded porous titanium oxide surfaces.
Hao, J; Kasugai, S; Miyahara, T; Noritake, K; Nyan, M; Rodriguez, R, 2014)		2.08
"Titanium disks were treated with NaOH (NaOH treatment), NaOH + CaCl2 (CaCl2 treatment), or NaOH + Ca(OH)2 (Ca(OH)2 treatment)."( Calcium-incorporated titanium surfaces influence the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.
Haishima, Y; Isama, K; Kono, K; Matsuoka, A; Sawada, R, 2013)		1.43
"Titanium treated in NaOH can form hydroxycarbonated apatite (HCA) after exposition in simulated body fluid (SBF). "( Biomimetic apatite formation on chemically treated titanium.
Greil, P; Helebrant, A; Jonásová, L; Müller, FA; Strnad, J, )		1.83
"All titanium discs treated with ERL demonstrated nearly the same cell density per mm2 as the untreated C surfaces."( Effects of an Er:YAG laser and the Vector ultrasonic system on the biocompatibility of titanium implants in cultures of human osteoblast-like cells.
Becker, J; Georg, T; Rothamel, D; Scherbaum, W; Schwarz, F; Sculean, A, 2003)		1.02
"The titanium surfaces were treated by acidic etching and alkaline before coating."( A comparative study of electrochemical deposition and biomimetic deposition of calcium phosphate on porous titanium.
Leng, Y; Xin, R; Zhang, Q, 2005)		1.02
"Titanium surfaces were treated as follows: (1) treatment A: passivation in nitric acid, (2) treatment B: heated in air at 400 degrees C for 1 hour, (3) treatment C: immersed in 8.8 M H2O2/0.1 M HCl at 80 degrees C for 30 minutes, and (4) treatment D: treated as in treatment C and then heated at 400 degrees C for 1 hour."( Oxidation of titanium, RGD peptide attachment, and matrix mineralization rat bone marrow stromal cells.
Baran, GR; Little, K; Mante, FK; Mante, MO; Rawle, C, 2004)		1.41
"Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle portions of root canals from group 4."( Influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination.
Capelli, A; Estrela, C; Guerisoli, DM; Pecora, JD; Spanó, JC, 2005)		1.05
"Titanium surface treatment with hydrochloric acid, with or without bonding agent, produced values that were not statistically different than the control."( Effect of surface treatment on bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium.
Al Hussaini, I; Al Wazzan, KA, 2005)		1.27
"The titanium plates treated with low concentration of HF/HNO(3) solution still had some particles, but there were much nano-holes on the titanium surface."( [The preparation of the multilevel holes and analysis of the pure titanium surface].
Chen, S; He, FM; Liu, L; Shen, ZL; Wang, XX; Zhao, SS, 2005)		1.05
"Pure titanium disks were pretreated with 10 N HCl and ultrapure water at room temperature for 30 minutes respectively."( New surface modification of titanium implant with phospho-amino acid.
Abe, Y; Akagawa, Y; Hiasa, K; Suzuki, K; Takeuchi, M; Yoshida, Y, 2005)		1.08
"Pure titanium disks were pretreated with 10 N HCl and ultrapure water at room temperature for 30 minutes each."( Chemical interaction between titanium implant surface and amino acids.
Abe, Y; Akagawa, Y; Hiasa, K; Suzuki, K; Taji, T; Yoshida, Y, 2007)		1.09
"Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle root canal thirds of group 4."( Influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination in maxillary lateral incisors.
Barroso, JM; Capelli, A; Ibelli, GS; Pécora, JD; Spanó, JC, 2007)		1.06
"Titanium surfaces were treated by exposing them to a beam of sodium ions. "( Solution deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium pretreated with a sodium ion implantation.
Grambole, D; Herrmann, F; Matz, W; Pham, MT; Reuther, H; Richter, E; Steiner, G, 2002)		2.02
"Titanium tetrafluoride-treated specimens released significantly less fluoride than did Duraphat- or Elmex-treated specimens at day 16."( Effects of topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel lesion formation in vitro.
Ergücü, Z; Onal, B; Tezel, H, 2002)		1.04
"Pure titanium was treated in a porcelain furnace at temperatures of 600 to 1000 degrees C under either vacuum or air."( Oxidation effects on porcelain-titanium interface reactions and bond strength.
Horng, CJ; Kimura, H; Okazaki, M; Takahashi, J, 1990)		1.02
"Pure titanium was treated in a porcelain furnace at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 degrees C, under vacuum and in air, respectively."( Thermal oxidation effect on porcelain-titanium restoration.
Horng, CJ; Kimura, H; Okazaki, M; Takahashi, J, 1989)		1
"Acid-treated titanium implants were bilaterally placed in the maxillary alveolar ridge of streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DM group) and control rats after extraction of first molars. "( Impaired dental implant osseointegration in rat with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Buranasin, P; Hanawa, T; Hosaka, K; Ikeda, Y; Iwata, T; Kido, D; Kominato, H; Mikami, R; Mizutani, K; Nakagawa, K; Saito, N; Shinomura, T; Takeda, K; Takemura, S; Ueno, T, 2022)		1.09
"Pretreating titanium discs with d-arabinose for 3 min inhibited biofilm formation at a level comparable to that observed when d-arabinose was present over the entire period, suggesting that d-arabinose had initial anti-adhesive activity."( Inhibitory effect of d-arabinose on oral bacteria biofilm formation on titanium discs.
An, SJ; Choi, BK; Ha, KW; Jun, HK; Kim, HY; Namkung, JU, 2022)		1.32
"Heat-treated nickel-titanium files can differently perform according to environmental temperature and file dimensions. "( Influence of different heat treatments and temperatures on the cyclic fatigue resistance of endodontic instruments with the same design.
Diemer, F; La Rosa, GRM; Leotta, ML; Naaman, A; Nehme, W; Pedullà, E, 2023)		1.23
"UV-treated titanium was superhydrophilic and the contact angle of ddH"( UV-Photofunctionalization of Titanium Promotes Mechanical Anchorage in A Rat Osteoporosis Model.
Ghassemi, A; Hasegawa, M; Hirota, M; Ikeda, T; Mohammadzadeh Rezaei, N; Nakhaei, K; Ogawa, T; Okubo, T; Saruta, J; Sugita, Y; Taniyama, T, 2020)		1.22
"The treated titanium screws were implanted into rat tibias and the removal torques were measured 28 days post-surgery."( Bactericidal activity and recovery effect of hydroxyl radicals generated by ultraviolet irradiation and silver ion application on an infected titanium surface.
Epple, M; Ishiyama, K; Kanno, T; Miyashita, M; Nakamura, K; Ogawa, T; Prymak, O; Sasaki, K; Shirato, M; Takahashi, M; Tenkumo, T, 2020)		1.12
"Treating titanium implants with SLA-SBF can improve osseointegration as well as increase the interfacial shear strength."( Effects of Biomineralization on Osseointegration of Pure Titanium Implants in the Mandible of Beagles.
Dong, F; Mei, S; Rahman Khan, MS, 2018)		1.14
"Untreated titanium disks were used as controls."( The Effect of Bio-Conditioning of Titanium Implants for Enhancing Osteogenic Activity.
Faghihi, S; Hashemi, A; Houshmand, B; Montazeri, M, 2019)		1.17
"Untreated titanium surfaces covered with biofilm were 5-fold rougher than the original machined surface, while UV-treated surfaces remained 2-fold rougher due to a significantly less biofilm formation."( Ultraviolet Light Treatment of Titanium Suppresses Human Oral Bacterial Attachment and Biofilm Formation: A Short-Term In Vitro Study.
de Avila, ED; Ishijima, M; Lux, R; Nakhaei, K; Ogawa, T; Shi, W, )		0.8
"UV treatment of titanium surfaces significantly reduces attachment of human oral bacteria and subsequent biofilm formation as well as EPS production for at least 7 days. "( Ultraviolet Light Treatment of Titanium Suppresses Human Oral Bacterial Attachment and Biofilm Formation: A Short-Term In Vitro Study.
de Avila, ED; Ishijima, M; Lux, R; Nakhaei, K; Ogawa, T; Shi, W, )		0.76
"UV-treated titanium surfaces also manifest a unique electrostatic status and act as direct cell attractants without the aid of ionic and organic bridges, which imparts a novel physicochemical functionality to titanium, which has long been understood as a bioinert material."( Ultraviolet photofunctionalization of titanium implants.
Ogawa, T, )		0.77
"Treatment of titanium with UV light immediately before use, or photofunctionalization, is gaining traction as a simple method to improve the biologic capability and clinical performance of dental implants. "( Effect of UV Photofunctionalization on Biologic and Anchoring Capability of Orthodontic Miniscrews.
Goto, S; Hirota, M; Ikeda, T; Miyazawa, K; Nakagawa, K; Ogawa, T; Park, W; Tabuchi, M, )		0.5
"This treated titanium metal is believed to form a dense and uniform bone-like apatite layer on its surface in a simulated body fluid (SBF)."( Biomimetic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite by Mixed Acid Treatment of Titanium Surfaces.
Hwang, KH; Lee, JK; Park, WU; Yoon, SY; Zhao, JM, 2015)		1.01
"Treated titanium disks were then grafted with type I collagen using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinking agent."( Type I collagen grafting on titanium surfaces using low-temperature glow discharge.
Abiko, Y; Chang, WJ; Chen, JY; Huang, HM; Lee, SY; Lin, CT; Ou, KL, 2008)		1.04
"The treated titanium was soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 days and additionally soaked in SBF containing recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2; 1,000 ng/mL) with or without heparin (30 microg/mL) for 3 days at 37 degrees C."( Bone formation on apatite-coated titanium incorporated with bone morphogenetic protein and heparin.
Goto, T; Kodama, T; Miyazaki, T; Takahashi, T, )		0.77
"MAO treatment of titanium implants promotes more rapid formation of new bone, and increases bone-implant shear strength compared to untreated titanium implants."( Superior biocompatibility and osteogenic efficacy of micro-arc oxidation-treated titanium implants in the canine mandible.
Guo, B; Nan, KH; Ran, W; Shu, DL; Tian, ZH; Wang, YJ, 2009)		0.91
"This treated titanium metal was subsequently heated at 600 degrees C and soaked in hot water at 80 degrees C."( Preparation of bioactive Ti metal surface enriched with calcium ions by chemical treatment.
Kizuki, T; Kokubo, T; Matsushita, T; Nakamura, T; Takadama, H, 2010)		0.71
"Nontreated titanium surfaces were used as controls in this study."( In vivo histological response to anodized and anodized/hydrothermally treated titanium implants.
Kim, KH; Ong, JL; Shin, HI; Son, WW; Zhu, X, 2003)		0.92
"The treatment of titanium by acid etching in HCl and subsequently in NaOH is a suitable method for providing the metal implant with bone-bonding ability."( Biomimetic apatite formation on chemically treated titanium.
Greil, P; Helebrant, A; Jonásová, L; Müller, FA; Strnad, J, )		0.71
"Heat treatment of titanium fibers is conducted to precipitate titania particles on the fiber surface, which may improve the biocompatibility of the metal."( Improved mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement with short titanium fiber reinforcement.
Kotha, SP; Li, C; Mason, JJ; McGinn, P; Schmid, SR, 2006)		0.9
"Heat treatment of titanium fibers is conducted to precipitate titania particles on the fiber surface to improve the biocompatibility of the metal."( Improved mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement with short titanium fiber reinforcement.
Kotha, SP; Li, C; Mason, JJ; McGinn, P; Schmid, SR, 2006)		0.9
"Treatment with titanium screws for traction of impacted teeth might be a new treatment strategy for managing CCD patients."( Titanium screw anchorage for traction of many impacted teeth in a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia.
Kuroda, S; Kyung, HM; Takano-Yamamoto, T; Yanagita, T, 2007)		2.12
"The treated titanium surfaces with Pre-Ca were characterized after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h of immersion in SCS by means of scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption analysis."( Fast precipitation of calcium phosphate layers on titanium induced by simple chemical treatments.
Cui, FZ; de Groot, K; de Wijn, JR; Liu, Q; Wen, HB; Wolke, JG, 1997)		0.91
"Treatment with titanium dental implants is in general successful. "( Humoral immunity host factors in subjects with failing or successful titanium dental implants.
Braham, P; Erickson, E; Houston, L; Kronström, M; Persson, GR; Svensson, B, 2000)		0.89
"Pretreatment with titanium solution (both concentrations), aluminium or molybdenum solutions (higher concentrations) increased fluoride uptake in comparison with the control group."( Effects of fluoride and/or trace elements on enamel solubility.
Soyman, M; Stack, MV, 1989)		0.6

Toxicity

The implantation of cervical titanium cages into the atlantoaxial joint in combination with posterior fixation appears to be a safe and effective method for achieving C1/2 fusion. One- or 2-level ACDF using titanium-coated PEEK stand-alone cages appears safe and justified, even in elderly patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These effects were noted only with freshly prepared components however, so that the toxic reaction was less pronounced or minimal in a second incubation using the same particles sterilized in between."( Toxic effects of various retrograde root filling materials on gingival fibroblasts and rat sarcoma cells.
Oikarinen, K; Peltola, M; Salo, T, 1992)		0.28
"Crocidolite asbestos is toxic to macrophages in vitro."( Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in crocidolite asbestos toxicity to mouse macrophages.
Goodglick, LA; Kane, AB, 1986)		0.27
"Three materials, which had been previously found to be toxic when applied as pulp-capping agents in conventional rat molar pulps, were retested in germ-free rats."( Bacterial contamination as a factor influencing the toxicity of materials to the exposed dental pulp.
Paterson, RC; Watts, A, 1987)		0.27
" In contrast, Zn-HC smoke was very toxic and caused lethal injuries to the experimental animals, even at relatively low concentrations."( A comparative study of the acute inhalation toxicity of smoke from TiO2-hexachloroethane and Zn-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic mixtures.
Bergman, F; Cassel, G; Fängmark, I; Karlsson, N, 1986)		0.27
" Whereas DDP induced severe structural lesions of the epithelial cells of the proximal and distal tubules as well as profound functional disturbances of the kidneys, the dichlorides of titanium and vanadium caused only slight morphologic alterations such as increased vacuolation in the proximal tubular cells even after administration of LD50 doses; severe pathologic injuries within the kidneys were always lacking."( Organ toxicity of metallocene dichlorides. The effect of (C5H5)2TiCl2 and (C5H5)2VCl2 on renal structure.
Funke-Kaiser, P; Köpf-Maier, P, 1986)		0.46
" The fetuses were removed on day 18 by caesarian section and examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations as well as for toxic phenomena."( Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of titanocene dichloride in mice.
Erkenswick, P; Köpf-Maier, P, 1984)		0.27
"The prenatal toxic effects of contaminated vacuum pump oil (Sample A) and solid waste products (Samples B and C) originating from aluminum plasma etching processes in semiconductor manufacturing were investigated."( Toxicological investigations in the semiconductor industry: III: Studies on prenatal toxicity caused by waste products from aluminum plasma etching processes.
Bauer, S; Herzschuh, R; Pelzing, M; Scheufler, H; Schmidt, R; Wolff, L, )		0.13
" Nickel alloy showed high carcinogenic and toxic potencies, whereas other materials showed no evidence of them."( Evaluation of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity associated with orthopedic implants in mice.
Hayashi, K; Ishinishi, N; Sugioka, Y; Takamura, K; Yamada, T, 1994)		0.29
"We investigated the relationship between the toxic effects of metal wear particles and their ability to stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators implicated in bone resorption."( The differences in toxicity and release of bone-resorbing mediators induced by titanium and cobalt-chromium-alloy wear particles.
Hay, S; Haynes, DR; Howie, DW; Pearcy, MJ; Rogers, SD, 1993)		0.51
"The toxic effects of modified endodontic sealers, Fillcanal, N-Rickert, FS, and Sealer 26, were assessed."( Cytotoxicity of some modified root canal sealers and their leachable components.
Araki, K; Barbosa, SV; Spångberg, LS, 1993)		0.29
" AH26 had a severe cytotoxic effect whilst Topseal and AH-Plus showed a markedly lower toxic influence on the cells during the experimental period."( Cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canal sealers: an in vitro evaluation.
Beltes, P; Geromichalos, GD; Kortsaris, AH; Koulaouzidou, EA; Papazisis, KT, 1998)		0.3
" The data suggest that the induction of antioxidant enzymes by these cells for self-protection is not sufficient to cope against the toxic action of UF-TiO2, which may lead to oxidative stress."( Cytotoxicity, pro-oxidant effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to ultrafine titanium dioxide.
Abidi, P; Afaq, F; Matin, R; Rahman, Q, )		0.34
" The most toxic individual alloying elements were found to be hexavalent Cr, Ni, and Co, in that order: a finding in accord with prior biocompatibility research."( Toxicity measurement of orthopedic implant alloy degradation products using a bioluminescent bacterial assay.
Bundy, KJ; Shettlemore, MG, 1999)		0.3
"To study the toxic effect of vanadium-titanium-magnetite (VTM) dust on alveolar macrophage (AM) and its hazardous extent."( [An in vitro study on toxic effect of vanadium-titanium-magnetite dust on alveolar macrophage in rabbits].
Chen, Q; Guan, Y; Song, Y, 1998)		0.83
"Toxic effect of exposure to VTM dust was lower than that to vanadium oxide and silica, but higher than that to titanium dioxide, which had slight toxic effect."( [An in vitro study on toxic effect of vanadium-titanium-magnetite dust on alveolar macrophage in rabbits].
Chen, Q; Guan, Y; Song, Y, 1998)		0.77
"To minimize the environmental impact of textile effluents, mainly related to their high coloration and the presence of toxic or carcinogenic reactive dyes, the efficiency of photochemical and ozonation processes, applied in the form of isolated and combined procedures, were evaluated."( Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile effluent by combined photocatalytic and ozonation processes.
de Moraes, SG; Durán, N; Freire, RS, 2000)		0.31
" The results obtained in this study showed the high cytotoxcity of the new AH Plus root canal sealer, which was shown to be equally or more toxic to the standard AH26 and Diaket materials."( Cytotoxic effect of four root filling materials.
Anić, I; Karlović, Z; Marsan, T; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Pezelj-Ribarić, S, 2000)		0.31
"To present guidelines on GT file selection, and safe operation."( The standardized-taper root canal preparation--Part 2. GT file selection and safe handpiece-driven file use.
Buchanan, LS, 2001)		0.31
" However, with awareness of the appropriate manipulation and special attention to the equipment used, NiTi systems are safe with a minimal incidence of instrument failure."( Mechanical root canal preparation with NiTi rotary instruments: rationale, performance and safety. Status report for the American Journal of Dentistry.
Bergmans, L; Lambrechts, P; Van Cleynenbreugel, J; Wevers, M, 2001)		0.31
" Calcium hydroxide-based sealer was the least toxic sealer amongst the chemicals tested in both cultures."( Cytotoxicity of resin-, zinc oxide-eugenol-, and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal ligament cells and permanent V79 cells.
Chang, YC; Chou, MY; Huang, FM; Tai, KW, 2002)		0.31
" This observation indicates that these dusts were not acutely toxic and the effects were gradual; it took some time for neutrophils to be recruited into and accumulate significantly in the lung."( Pulmonary toxicity of simulated lunar and Martian dusts in mice: II. Biomarkers of acute responses after intratracheal instillation.
Hamilton, RF; Holian, A; James, JT; Lam, CW; Latch, JN, 2002)		0.31
" The cytocompatibility elution test was performed in order to determine PTN toxic potential at the in vitro cellular level: no reactivity was detected in cell layers exposed to PTN extracts or the negative controls."( A new porous titanium-nickel alloy: Part 1. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation.
Assad, M; Chernyshov, A; Leroux, MA; Rivard, CH, 2002)		0.68
" Finally, no toxic symptoms were observed with any of the mice injected with porous titanium-nickel extracts during the acute systemic toxicity test."( A new porous titanium-nickel alloy: part 2. Sensitization, irritation and acute systemic toxicity evaluation.
Assad, M; Chernyshov, A; Leroux, MA; Rivard, CH, 2002)		0.91
" AH Plus was also shown to be toxic in concentrations of 16."( Examination of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of AH26 and AH Plus sealers.
Anić, I; Garaj-Vrhovac, V; Jukić, S; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Zeljezić, D, 2003)		0.32
" This side effect can be avoided by using the macrosphere MCAO technique with a limited number of spheres."( Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 in different rat stroke models for permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion: adverse effects of hypothalamic damage and strategies for its avoidance.
Bachmann, G; Fisher, M; Gerriets, T; Kaps, M; Stolz, E; Walberer, M, 2003)		0.32
" Neither the bacterial assay nor the mammalian cell system after repeated test series under standardised conditions produced evidence of a toxic or mutagenic effect in the concentration range under study."( In vitro toxicity and mutagenicity of CoCrMo and Ti6Al wear particles.
Buchhorn, GH; Hockertz, S; Katzer, A; Loehr, JF, 2003)		0.32
" After repeated test series under standardized conditions, neither the bacterial nor the mammalian cell assays produced evidence of toxic or mutagenic effects in the concentration range under study."( [In vitro toxicity and mutagenicity of CoCrMo and TiAl wear particles].
Buchhorn, GH; Hockertz, S; Katzer, A; Loehr, JF, 2003)		0.32
" The specific metal responsible for the toxicity was not determined; the metals common to each of the toxic archwires were nickel, iron, and chromium."( In vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic archwires in cortical cell cultures.
David, A; Lobner, D, 2004)		0.32
" The absorbance values obtained for a-C, a-CN and Ti surfaces resulted significantly higher with respect to the positive control, indicating that the surface did not induce any toxic effect."( In vitro cytotoxicity of amorphous carbon films.
Arzate, H; Olivares, R; Rodil, SE, 2005)		0.33
"A survey regarding implant usage, MRI procedures, and adverse outcomes after MRI in patients previously undergoing stapes procedures."( Safety of magnetic resonance imaging of stapes prostheses.
Syms, MJ, 2005)		0.33
": Three adverse outcomes were reported on the clinical survey."( Safety of magnetic resonance imaging of stapes prostheses.
Syms, MJ, 2005)		0.33
" It means that many of the metabolites of TCE reduction are less toxic to Vibrio fischeri than the parent compound."( Oxidative degradation and toxicity reduction of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water using TiO2/solar light: comparative study of TiO2 slurry and immobilized systems.
Cho, IH; Kim, YG; Park, JH, 2005)		0.33
" No side effect was found during the triad."( [Comparison of the efficacy and safety of compound carraghenates cream and compound carraghenates suppository in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids].
Cao, JD; Chen, ZW; Kang, JB; Wang, JP; Yang, XD; Yang, XQ; Yao, LQ, 2005)		0.33
" The results from these studies demonstrated that for both inhalation and instillation, only the TiO(2) particle formulations with the largest components of both alumina and amorphous silica surface treatments produced mildly adverse pulmonary effects when compared to the base reference control particles."( Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with different TiO2 particle formulations: impact of surface treatments on particle toxicity.
Brock, WJ; Lee, KP; Reed, KL; Warheit, DB; Webb, TR, 2005)		0.33
"Pulmonary toxicology studies in rats demonstrate that nanoparticles administered to the lung are more toxic than larger, fine-sized particles of similar chemistry at identical mass concentrations."( Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area.
Colvin, VL; Reed, KL; Sayes, CM; Warheit, DB; Webb, TR, 2006)		0.33
" Anatase TiO(2), for example, was 100 times more toxic than an equivalent sample of rutile TiO(2)."( Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells.
Ausman, KD; Colvin, VL; Kurian, PA; Liu, Y; Sayes, CM; Wahi, R; Warheit, DB; West, JL, 2006)		0.33
" After the photocatalysis, however, no toxic effects on the hatching rates or morphogenesis of the zebrafish were observed."( Photodecomposition of bisphenol A on nanometer-sized TiO2 thin film and the associated biological toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) during and after photocatalysis.
Kang, M; Yeo, MK, 2006)		0.33
"Based on preliminary findings from this study, reconstruction involving TMC interbody fusion with ACP fixation after anterior cervical corpectomy serves as an effective and safe method for the treatment of cervical disease."( Efficacy and safety of the use of titanium mesh cages and anterior cervical plates for interbody fusion after anterior cervical corpectomy.
Chang, CS; Chen, CC; Cho, DY; Chuang, HC; Jung-Chung, C; Lee, HC; Lee, WY, 2006)		0.61
"RaCe rotary files were safe and more effective compared to the other instruments."( Shaping ability and safety of five different rotary nickel-titanium instruments compared with stainless steel hand instrumentation in simulated curved root canals.
Altenburger, MJ; Hellwig, E; Schirrmeister, JF; Strohl, C; Wrbas, KT, 2006)		0.58
" Radiation safety precautions facilitated safe handling."( Radiation safety with use of I-125 seeds for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.
Gray, RJ; Karstaedt, PJ; Pavlicek, W; Walton, HA, 2006)		0.33
"Clinically, the procedure has been accepted as routine, with standardized steps for safe and secure handling of radioactive seeds."( Radiation safety with use of I-125 seeds for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.
Gray, RJ; Karstaedt, PJ; Pavlicek, W; Walton, HA, 2006)		0.33
" It could be proven that the observed toxicity was not caused by accompanying contaminants, since the toxic effect was comparable for the cleaned and the commercially available product."( Ecotoxic effect of photocatalytic active nanoparticles (TiO2) on algae and daphnids.
Hund-Rinke, K; Simon, M, 2006)		0.33
" Exposures to quartz and to a lesser degree, uf-3 anatase/rutile TiO(2) particles produced pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity and adverse lung tissue effects."( Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with three forms of ultrafine-TiO2 particles: differential responses related to surface properties.
Frerichs, S; Reed, KL; Sayes, CM; Warheit, DB; Webb, TR, 2007)		0.34
" This generates great concern about the possible adverse effects of UF-TiO(2) for humans."( Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells.
Sanderson, BJ; Wang, H; Wang, JJ, 2007)		0.34
"This series found no evidence of AVF or other adverse clinical events in patients undergoing en bloc ligation of the renal hilum and laparoscopic nephrectomy."( Efficacy and safety of en bloc ligation of renal hilum during laparoscopic nephrectomy.
Derksen, JE; Gunn, K; Kouba, E; Pruthi, RS; Smith, AM; Wallen, E, 2007)		0.34
" This post-treatment toxicity might be due to toxic PCP byproducts, which may include polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, and other intermediates."( Application of a microbial toxicity assay for monitoring treatment effectiveness of pentachlorophenol in water using UV photolysis and TiO2 photocatalysis.
Cho, IH; Choi, K; Kim, JK; Son, HS; Zoh, KD, 2007)		0.34
" These particles are regulated on a mass basis in occupational settings, but mass might not be the appropriate metric as animal studies have shown that nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) produce a stronger adverse effect than fine particles when delivered on an equal mass basis."( The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area.
Donaldson, K; Faux, S; Jones, A; MacNee, W; Miller, B; Monteiller, C; Tran, L, 2007)		0.34
" An increase of the toxic effect of Tl(+) on rat liver mitochondria in the presence of nonactin is accounted for by disruption of mitochondria due to their more extensive swelling and uncoupling of mitochondria, resulting in the stimulation of State 4 and depletion of their energy store."( Increase in the toxic effects of Tl+ on isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence of nonactin.
Glazunov, VV; Korotkov, SM; Yagodina, OV, 2007)		0.34
" Ni release causes allergenic, toxic and carcinogenic reactions."( Dissolution effect and cytotoxicity of diamond-like carbon coatings on orthodontic archwires.
Aoki, H; Hirakuri, K; Kobayashi, S; Ohgoe, Y; Ozeki, K, 2007)		0.34
" Overall, rats exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles by a route that allows immediate systemic availability showed expected tissue distribution, no obvious toxic health effects, no immune response, and no change in organ function."( Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats.
Fabian, E; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L; van Ravenzwaay, B; Wiench, K; Wohlleben, W, 2008)		0.59
" Our innovative approach based on the combination of traditional ecotoxicology methods and metal-specific recombinant biosensors allowed to clearly differentiate the toxic effects of metal oxides per se and solubilized metal ions."( Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus.
Blinova, I; Dubourguier, HC; Heinlaan, M; Ivask, A; Kahru, A, 2008)		0.35
" (iii) Exposures of nTiO(2), nZnO and nAl(2)O(3) produced toxic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae, which was not different from the effects caused by exposing to their bulk counterparts."( Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage.
Duan, Z; Lang, Y; Li, Y; Qi, R; Zhu, L; Zhu, X, 2008)		0.35
" HAM were treated in vitro with these test dusts for 24 h; assays of cell viability and apoptosis showed that JSC-1 and TiO2 were comparable, and more toxic than saline control but less toxic than quartz."( Toxicity of lunar and martian dust simulants to alveolar macrophages isolated from human volunteers.
Hamilton, RF; Holian, A; James, JT; Lam, CW; Latch, JN, 2008)		0.35
" ESR studies revealed that the observed toxic effects of nanoparticulate TiO(2) were most likely due to hydroxyl radical (OH) formation."( Hydroxyl radicals (*OH) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells.
Davies, SJ; Dodd, NJ; Jha, AN; Reeves, JF, 2008)		0.61
" QDs were found to be more toxic to Chlamydomonas cells than TiO(2) under our experimental conditions."( Toxicity assessment of manufactured nanomaterials using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Chen, Y; Hu, Q; Sommerfeld, M; Wang, J; Zhang, X, 2008)		0.35
" In our conditions, carbon nanotubes were more toxic than metal oxide nanoparticles."( In vitro investigation of oxide nanoparticle and carbon nanotube toxicity and intracellular accumulation in A549 human pneumocytes.
Carrière, M; Gouget, B; Herlin-Boime, N; Mayne-L'hermite, M; Reynaud, C; Simon-Deckers, A, 2008)		0.35
" The mechanism of such adverse effects is (1) the attachment around erythrocyte change the surface native properties and ultimately lead to hemoagglutination; (2) the content leak to the outside of erythrocyte through the breakage induced by both the nano-TiO(2) trans-membrane and the oxidative stress under nano-TiO(2)."( Nanotoxicity of TiO(2) nanoparticles to erythrocyte in vitro.
Li, SQ; Sun, XY; Wang, SL; Xue, M; Yao, SD; Zhu, H; Zhu, RR, 2008)		0.35
" piaropi and the mycoherbicide formulation were shown to be moderately toxic with a bacterial bioluminescence assay."( Evaluation of toxicity of Cercospora piaropi in a mycoherbicide formulation by using bacterial bioluminescence and the Ames mutagenicity tests.
Jiménez, MM; Villasana, AM, 2009)		0.35
" ZnO nanoparticles were most toxic followed by nano CuO and nano TiO2."( Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.
Aruoja, V; Dubourguier, HC; Kahru, A; Kasemets, K, 2009)		0.35
"Previous research on the biological and toxic effects of nano-TiO(2) particles on animals only limit to a single dose."( Biochemical toxicity of nano-anatase TiO2 particles in mice.
Hong, F; Liu, H; Liu, J; Ma, L; Ruan, J; Yan, J; Zhao, J, 2009)		0.35
" subcapitata varied during the oxidation, probably due to the formation of some intermediate products more toxic than DCF."( Degradation of diclofenac by TiO(2) photocatalysis: UV absorbance kinetics and process evaluation through a set of toxicity bioassays.
Belgiorno, V; Guida, M; Kassinos, D; Meric, S; Rizzo, L; Russo, F, 2009)		0.35
" Laminotomy with an ultrasonic bone curette is safe and minimally invasive."( Safe and minimally invasive laminoplastic laminotomy using an ultrasonic bone curette for spinal surgery: technical note.
Hongo, K; Horiuchi, T; Ishizaka, S; Ito, K; Miyahara, T; Sakai, K; Sasaki, T; Shigeta, H, 2009)		0.35
" The high concentration of cobalt nanoparticles required for cytotoxicity of macrophages in vitro suggests that increased production of cobalt nanoparticles in vivo, due to excessive MoM implant wear, may lead to local adverse biological effects."( Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of clinically relevant cobalt nanoparticles and ions on macrophages in vitro.
Beard, D; Gill, HS; Glyn-Jones, S; Kwon, YM; Murray, DW; Xia, Z, 2009)		0.35
" As a reasonable deduction of this study, nano-TiO(2) might have some toxic impacts on biomolecules."( Interaction of nano-TiO2 with lysozyme: insights into the enzyme toxicity of nanosized particles.
Gao, HW; Liu, XW; Ma, YS; Xu, Z, 2010)		0.36
" These results demonstrate that in both photocatalytic processes studied, toxicity decreases significantly, producing a phototreated sample within safe toxicity limits."( Solar photocatalytic treatment of quinolones: intermediates and toxicity evaluation.
Agüera, A; Fernández-Alba, AR; Gernjak, W; Malato, S; Sirtori, C; Zapata, A, 2009)		0.35
" This study showed that nanoparticles of CuO were much more toxic compared to CuO micrometer particles."( Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles--a comparison between nano- and micrometer size.
Cronholm, P; Gustafsson, J; Karlsson, HL; Möller, L, 2009)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of nanosized ZnO, CuO and TiO(2) to Saccharomyces cerevisiae - a widely used unicellular eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology."( Toxicity of nanoparticles of ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Dubourguier, HC; Ivask, A; Kahru, A; Kasemets, K, 2009)		0.35
" There were no test-substance-related adverse effects on clinical observations."( Inhalation toxicity study of disk-shaped potassium octatitanate particles (terracess TF) in rats following 90 days of aerosol exposure.
Inada, K; Kelly, DP; Lee, KP; Sakai, S; Sykes, GP; Tanaka, AK, 2010)		0.36
" The interaction of p,p'-DDT and nano-TiO(2) at low concentrations may alter toxic response relative to nano-TiO(2) or p,p'-DDT alone."( Synergistic genotoxicity caused by low concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and p,p'-DDT in human hepatocytes.
Jiang, M; Lu, B; Shi, Y; Tan, HQ; Zhang, JH; Zhu, LH, 2010)		0.61
" The toxicity of the oxidation products obtained during the reaction was assessed by means of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna tests in order to evaluate the potential formation of toxic by-products."( Identification of intermediates and assessment of ecotoxicity in the oxidation products generated during the ozonation of clofibric acid.
Boltes, K; García-Calvo, E; Gonzalo, MS; Letón, P; Rosal, R; Vaquero, JJ, 2009)		0.35
" However, as the range of nanoparticle types and applications increases, it is also clear that the potential toxicities of these novel materials and the properties driving such toxic responses must also be understood."( Better safe than sorry: Understanding the toxicological properties of inorganic nanoparticles manufactured for biomedical applications.
Fadeel, B; Garcia-Bennett, AE, 2010)		0.36
" The aggregation of nano-TiO(2) plays an important role in the environmental effects of nanoparticles because the size and shape of nanoparticles will determine the magnitude of any potentially toxic effect."( Aggregation and toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aquatic environment--a review.
Sharma, VK, 2009)		0.65
" No technical or clinical adverse events were seen during the procedure."( A novel tongue implant for tongue advancement for obstructive sleep apnea: feasibility, safety and histology in a canine model.
Hamans, E; Roue, C; Shih, M, 2010)		0.36
" There is a large body of information that when viewed in its entirety is considered as sufficient to demonstrate that these nano-structured ultraviolet (UV) filters, irrespective of various treatments (coatings) or crystalline structure, can be regarded as safe for use at concentrations up to 25% in cosmetic products to protect the skin from harmful effects of solar UV radiation."( Human safety review of "nano" titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.
Bradford, B; Castelli, D; Dufour, E; Nash, JF; Pape, W; Schellauf, F; Schilling, K; Schulte, S; Tooley, I; van den Bosch, J, 2010)		0.65
" Al2O3, CeO2 and TiO2 showed little adverse effects on cell proliferation and cell viability."( Comparative cytotoxicity of Al2O3, CeO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to human lung cells.
Baek, M; Choi, SJ; Kim, IS, 2010)		0.36
"Understanding the nanoparticle-cell interaction is critical for the safe development of nanomaterials."( Functional assessment of metal oxide nanoparticle toxicity in immune cells.
Haynes, CL; Lin, YS; Maurer-Jones, MA, 2010)		0.36
" No adverse effects occurred."( Titanium alloys as fixation device material for cranioplasty and its safety in electroconvulsive therapy.
Kaido, T; Kaneko, Y; Nabatame, M; Nakai, T; Noda, T; Otsuki, T; Takahashi, A; Tani, M, 2011)		1.81
" The results, for the first time, revealed more detailed transcriptional information on the toxic mechanism of nAg and nTiO2_a, and led to a better understanding of the mode of action (MOA) of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials (NMs)."( Mechanistic toxicity assessment of nanomaterials by whole-cell-array stress genes expression analysis.
Gou, N; Gu, AZ; Onnis-Hayden, A, 2010)		0.36
" coli strains (superoxide dismutase (sod) single, double and triple mutants and a respective wild-type strain), transformed with luxCDABE genes responding to toxic compounds by decreasing their luminescence; and (3) three strains in which bioluminescence is specifically induced by bioavailable metals (Cu, Zn and Ag)."( Profiling of the reactive oxygen species-related ecotoxicity of CuO, ZnO, TiO2, silver and fullerene nanoparticles using a set of recombinant luminescent Escherichia coli strains: differentiating the impact of particles and solubilised metals.
Bondarenko, O; Ivask, A; Jepihhina, N; Kahru, A, 2010)		0.36
" Among the HNPs of different sizes, 50-nm HNPs demonstrated the highest toxic influence on macrophages."( Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and innate immune response of silica-titania hollow nanoparticles based on size and surface functionality.
Cho, BR; Choi, M; Hahn, JS; Jang, J; Jeong, YS; Kim, C; Kim, S; Oh, WK, 2010)		0.36
" We conclude that there may be modest but potentially adverse effects of TiO2 NPs if used in fast degrading polymers for myocardial tissue engineering (MTE) applications."( Assessment of cellular toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles for cardiac tissue engineering applications.
Ali, NN; Boccaccini, AR; Harding, SE; Jawad, H, 2011)		0.37
"Although a larger prostate requires more time and energy delivery, photoselective laser vaporization of the prostate is safe and efficacious for patients with LUTS regardless of prostate volume."( Impact of prostate volume on the efficacy of high-power potassium-titanyl-phosphate photoselective vaporization of the prostate: a retrospective, short-term follow-up study on evaluating feasibility and safety.
Kim, SW; Ku, JH; Paick, JS, 2010)		0.36
" There is a paucity of information regarding toxic effect of TiO(2) nanoparticles in plants and to certain extent in humans."( Genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at two trophic levels: plant and human lymphocytes.
Bandyopadhyay, M; Ghosh, M; Mukherjee, A, 2010)		0.71
"A safe UV filter may be obtained by inhibiting the photo-generation of free radicals through modification of the surface of TiO(2) nanoparticles with carbon."( Decreasing the oxidative potential of TiO(2) nanoparticles through modification of the surface with carbon: a new strategy for the production of safe UV filters.
Ceccone, G; Corazzari, I; Fenoglio, I; Fubini, B; Giamello, E; Livraghi, S; Paganini, MC, 2010)		0.36
" This study demonstrates that, at a concentration generally considered to be safe in the environment, nano-TiO(2) remarkably enhanced the toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna by increasing the copper bioaccumulation."( Nano-TiO2 enhances the toxicity of copper in natural water to Daphnia magna.
Cui, M; Fan, W; Liu, H; Shi, Z; Tan, C; Wang, C; Yang, X, 2011)		0.37
" The aim, to identify the biologically important characteristics of the nanoparticles that have most biological significance, was unsuccessful, no discernable correlation between primary particle size and toxic effect being apparent."( Ecotoxicity of nanosized TiO2. Review of in vivo data.
Drobne, D; Jemec, A; Menard, A, 2011)		0.37
" While many toxicity investigations have been conducted, there is little information about the synergistic effect of ENMs and other toxic compounds in the environment."( Synergistic toxic effect of nano-TiO and As(V) on Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Hu, J; Irons, DR; Wang, D; Wang, J, 2011)		0.37
" Results implied that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may not be totally responsible for the adverse effects exerted on the invertebrate."( Responses of Ceriodaphnia dubia to TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles: a dynamic nano-toxicity assessment of energy budget distribution.
Czymmek, KJ; Huang, CP; Li, M, 2011)		0.37
" The effect of nTiO(2) aggregates on the toxicity of the highly toxic marine antifouling compound tributyltin (TBT) to abalone embryos was also investigated."( TiO2 nanoparticles in the marine environment: impact on the toxicity of tributyltin to abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) embryos.
Cai, Z; Zhou, J; Zhu, X, 2011)		0.37
" However, a well-defined study is lacking on the dermal toxic effects of TiO(2) nanoparticles on rats, which are the appropriate model for systemic absorption study of nanoparticles."( Aqueous synthesis and concentration-dependent dermal toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in Wistar rats.
Ahmad, FJ; Rehman, MU; Samim, M; Unnithan, J, 2011)		0.37
"Data from 50 patients suggest that the SONATATI(100) cochlear implant (CI) is a safe and effective device."( The MED-EL SONATATI 100 cochlear implant: an evaluation of its safety in adults and children.
Anderson, I; Baumgartner, WD; Freijd, A; Godey, B; Gstoettner, W; Harris, S; Helbig, S; Mann, W; Mueller, J; Quevedo, MS, 2011)		0.37
" The device was proven to be safe after medium-term use and no unexpected adverse events were reported."( The MED-EL SONATATI 100 cochlear implant: an evaluation of its safety in adults and children.
Anderson, I; Baumgartner, WD; Freijd, A; Godey, B; Gstoettner, W; Harris, S; Helbig, S; Mann, W; Mueller, J; Quevedo, MS, 2011)		0.37
" There is limited information available on the feasibility of obtaining fingermarks, fibres, hair and DNA samples following an explosive incident, or a situation whereby an IED has been rendered safe following the utilisation of an appropriate defeat or render-safe tool."( Recovery of DNA and fingermarks following deployment of render-safe tools for vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED).
Houspian, A; Knott, F; Ramasamy, S, 2011)		0.37
" In this context, we examined the adverse effects of TiO2 and ZnO NPs of < 25 nm and < 100 nm sizes to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans."( Adverse effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.
Ali, S; Gupta, KC; Khare, P; Pandey, R; Satish, A; Sonane, M, 2011)		0.37
" These results demonstrated that, although nTiO2 is not acutely toxic to abalone, it does exert oxidative stress on abalone."( The toxicity and oxidative stress of TiO2 nanoparticles in marine abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta).
Cai, Z; Zhou, J; Zhu, X, 2011)		0.37
"Compression anastomosis clip is safe and effective."( [Safety and efficacy of gastrointestinal anastomosis with nickel titanium compression anastomosis clip].
Chen, Y; Hua, S; Liu, W; Pan, K; Wang, S; Wen, Y; Xiong, L, 2011)		0.61
" Moreover, we showed that nTiO(2) (∼100 nm) is significantly more toxic than non-nanosized TiO(2) (∼200 nm) prepared from the same stock suspension."( Biological surface coating and molting inhibition as mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna.
Dabrunz, A; Duester, L; Prasse, C; Rosenfeldt, R; Schaumann, GE; Schilde, C; Schulz, R; Seitz, F, 2011)		0.37
" However, to date, this hypothesis has been difficult to experimentally verify due to the high energy of UV light that is intrinsically highly toxic to biological systems."( Role of Fe doping in tuning the band gap of TiO2 for the photo-oxidation-induced cytotoxicity paradigm.
George, S; Henderson, BL; Ji, Z; Li, L; Mädler, L; Nel, AE; Pokhrel, S; Xia, T; Zink, JI, 2011)		0.37
" To our knowledge, this is the first study to show a photo-dependent toxic response in a whole organism from exposure to TiO(2)NPs."( Titanium dioxide nanoparticles produce phototoxicity in the developing zebrafish.
Bar-Ilan, O; Hamers, RJ; Heideman, W; Louis, KM; Pedersen, JA; Peterson, RE; Yang, SP, 2012)		1.82
" These challenges include application with high levels of achievement and low to no levels of adverse effects, such as instrument fracture, root canal wall ledging, dentine wall perforation and so forth."( Alteration in the inherent metallic and surface properties of nickel-titanium root canal instruments to enhance performance, durability and safety: a focused review.
Gao, Y; Gutmann, JL, 2012)		0.61
" These phenomena are mainly because that the strong interactions between copper and Aβ42 lead to great conformation changes, and stabilize Aβ42 aggregates at highly toxic nanoscale oligomer stage, whereas copper shows no similar impact on Aβ40."( Copper inducing Aβ42 rather than Aβ40 nanoscale oligomer formation is the key process for Aβ neurotoxicity.
Jin, L; Li, QY; Li, YM; Wu, WH; Zhao, YF, 2011)		0.37
"Results obtained after 48 hours showed no toxic effect of titanium compared to control group."( In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of permanent prosthetic materials.
Bukelskiene, V; Juciute, R; Puriene, A; Rutkunas, V; Sabaliauskas, V; Trumpaite-Vanagiene, R, 2011)		0.61
" In human SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma cells, our observations demonstrated that this drug delivery system markedly increased the efficiency of drug per dosage and decreased the IC(50), resulting in anticancer efficacy enhancement and side effect attenuation."( Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Chen, Y; Jiao, Z; Wan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, H, 2011)		0.59
" Further, this instrumentation does not worsen hypokyphosis and is safe since there were no adverse events."( Effectiveness and safety of posterior titanium instrumentation in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study.
Holmes, L; Mohammed, MA; Oto, M; Rogers, KJ; Shah, SA; Yorgova, P, 2011)		0.64
" Regulatory health risk assessment of such particles has become mandatory for the safe use of nanomaterials in consumer products and medicines; including the potential effects on reproduction and fertility, are relevant for this risk evaluation."( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells.
Asare, N; Brunborg, G; Instanes, C; Kruszewski, M; Refsnes, M; Sandberg, WJ; Schwarze, P, 2012)		0.38
" Results of the analysis illustrate that regardless of the duration of the study, estimated lung burdens in excess of ∼1 mg drug per g lung were associated with adverse changes consistent with those described in the literature for inert insoluble particles."( Interpretation and prediction of inhaled drug particle accumulation in the lung and its associated toxicity.
Jones, RM; Neef, N, 2012)		0.38
" We compared the toxic effects of the titanium dioxide nanoparticle UV-Titan L181 (NanoTiO2), pure or embedded in a paint matrix."( Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint.
Brunborg, G; Gützkow, KB; Jackson, P; Jacobsen, NR; Jensen, KA; Koponen, IK; Madsen, AM; Mortensen, A; Saber, AT; Szarek, J; Vogel, U; Wallin, H, 2012)		1.21
"This study aims to investigate and compare the toxic effects of four types of metal oxide (ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3)) nanoparticles with similar primary size (∼20 nm) on human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL1) in vitro."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
"The HFL1 cells were exposed to the nanoparticles, and toxic effects were analyzed by using MTT assay, cellular morphology observation and Hoechst 33 258 staining."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
"50 mg/mL and the toxic effects are obviously displayed in dose-dependent manner."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
" This may either increase the toxic outcome (e."( Biological interactions and toxicity of nanomaterials in the respiratory tract and various approaches of aerosol generation for toxicity testing.
Creutzenberg, O, 2012)		0.38
" Comparatively, the photogenerated products of both TiO(2) and the TiO(2)/H(2)O(2) association were less toxic than the in natura effluent."( Toxicity assessment of textile effluents treated by advanced oxidative process (UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2) in the species Artemia salina L.
Ambrósio, E; de Cinque Almeida, V; de Souza Freitas, TK; de Souza, NE; Garcia, JC; Palácio, SM; Santos, LB; Souza, MT, 2013)		0.39
" Through three different toxicity assays, the STNPs tested, which have a strong tendency to aggregate in complex media, showed no toxic effect in Caco-2 cells after exposures to STNPs up to 100 μg/mL over 4 h, 24 h and 72 h."( Intestinal toxicity evaluation of TiO2 degraded surface-treated nanoparticles: a combined physico-chemical and toxicogenomics approach in caco-2 cells.
Auffan, M; Berenguer, F; Fisichella, M; Prat, O; Rose, J; Steinmetz, G, 2012)		0.38
" Intermediates products were all less toxic than 4-chlorophenol and a significant removal of the overall toxicity was accomplished."( Photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol under P-modified TiO2/UV system: kinetics, intermediates, phytotoxicity and acute toxicity.
Elghniji, K; Hentati, O; Ksibi, M; Mahfoudh, A; Mlaik, N, 2012)		0.38
"Although engineered nanoparticles (NPs) could negatively impact environmental organisms, the synergistic effect of NPs and other toxic substances, which could be more significant than that of NP alone, have seldom been examined."( Toxicity of lead on Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of nano-CeO(2) and nano-TiO(2).
Hu, J; Wang, D; Wang, J, 2012)		0.38
"With increasing production and application of a variety of nanomaterials (NMs), research on their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential grows, as the exposure to these nano-sized materials may potentially result in adverse health effects."( Genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles: focus on in vivo studies.
Godnić-Cvar, J; Klien, K, 2012)		0.38
" Cell growth was analyzed with an inverted light microscope, photomicrographs were obtained, and the results were recorded as response rates based on modifications of the parameters of Stanford according to the size of diffusion halo of toxic substances."( Cytotoxicity of esthetic, metallic, and nickel-free orthodontic brackets: cellular behavior and viability.
De Menezes, LM; Freitas, MP; Luz, TB; Machado, DC; Marinowic, DR; Oshima, HM; Retamoso, LB, 2012)		0.38
" The results show that TiO2 NPs induce different toxic effects on young and adult rats."( Susceptibility of young and adult rats to the oral toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Ba, T; Chen, T; Chen, Z; Gu, Y; Jia, G; Pu, J; Qian, Q; Song, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xiang, K; Xu, Y, 2013)		0.63
" Relatively more toxic TiO(2) nanoparticles triggered cell death, ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, plasma membrane damage, intracellular calcium concentration increase and size-dependent TNF-α release, especially at a concentration higher than 100 μg/ml."( Size influences the cytotoxicity of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles.
Damoiseaux, R; France, B; George, S; Loo, JS; Ng, KW; Xiong, S; Yu, H, 2013)		0.62
"Nanostructured calcium-incorporated titanium implants seem to be at least as effective and safe as conventional titanium implants."( Safety and effectiveness of maxillary early loaded titanium implants with a novel nanostructured calcium-incorporated surface (Xpeed): 1-year results from a pilot multicenter randomised controlled trial.
Esposito, M; Felice, P; Grusovin, MG; Pellegrino, G; Soardi, E, 2012)		0.91
" Our results revealed that TiO(2) nanoparticles in anatase crystal structure are toxic in the entire set of tests conducted."( Toxicity of TiO(2) nanoparticles to cladocerans, algae, rotifers and plants - effects of size and crystalline structure.
Clément, L; Hurel, C; Marmier, N, 2013)		0.39
" Preliminary cytotoxicity assays show that the gum nano-TiO2 particles are relatively safe for gastrointestinal cells within 24 h even at a concentration of 200 μg mL(-1) ."( Characterization and preliminary toxicity assay of nano-titanium dioxide additive in sugar-coated chewing gum.
Cao, A; Chen, XX; Cheng, B; Du, LJ; Liu, JH; Liu, Y; Wang, H; Yang, YX; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.64
" On the other hands, the safety of NMs has not been well assessed, because NMs have been considered as safe as common larger sized materials which are known not to be absorbed by the body."( [Safety assessment of nanomaterials for development of nano-cosmetics].
Tsutsumi, Y; Yoshida, T; Yoshioka, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Our data here showed that acute TiO(2)-NPs exposure in the range of μg/L had no obviously adverse effects on nematodes, but the chronic toxicities of large sizes (60 nm and 90 nm) of TiO(2)-NPs in the range of μg/L were detected in nematodes in a modified chronic toxicity assay system."( Small sizes of TiO2-NPs exhibit adverse effects at predicted environmental relevant concentrations on nematodes in a modified chronic toxicity assay system.
Li, Y; Tang, M; Wang, D; Wang, W; Wu, Q; Ye, B, 2012)		0.38
"To compare the toxic effects of three different particles on vascular endothelial cells, and to investigate the influences of particle composition and sizes on the cardiovascular toxic effects."( [Comparative experiment on nanoparticle-induced toxicity in human vascular endothelial cells].
Li, J; Wang, ZL; Yan, QQ; Yang, L; Zhao, J, 2012)		0.38
"All the three particles are able to exert certain toxic effects on vascular endothelial cells."( [Comparative experiment on nanoparticle-induced toxicity in human vascular endothelial cells].
Li, J; Wang, ZL; Yan, QQ; Yang, L; Zhao, J, 2012)		0.38
" TiO(2) particles of different specific surface areas were compared for their toxic effects on RAW264."( Specific surface area of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles influences cyto- and photo-toxicity.
Chen, Z; Jiang, Z; Loo, SC; Ng, HS; Ng, KW; Tang, Y; Xiong, S; Zhao, X, 2013)		0.69
" TiO2NPs were more toxic in the presence of HA."( Influence of humic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity to developing zebrafish.
Bar-Ilan, O; Hamers, RJ; Heideman, W; Pedersen, JA; Peterson, RE; Yang, SP, 2013)		0.69
" Concentrations of most metals measured in the leachate were low; thus, the residue is unlikely to leach high levels of potentially toxic elements on exposure to low-ionic strength natural waters."( Environmental toxicity and radioactivity assessment of a titanium-processing residue with potential for environmental use.
Adams, MS; Binet, MT; Gissi, F; Koppel, DJ; Wendling, LA; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.64
" Formation of nano-TiO2 aggregates well beyond nano-scale does not eliminate their toxic effect, but photoactivity dominates over the primary size and extent of aggregation in determining the acute cytotoxicity of nano-TiO2."( Cytotoxicity of commercial nano-TiO2 to Escherichia coli assessed by high-throughput screening: effects of environmental factors.
Binh, CT; Gaillard, JF; Gray, KA; Kelly, JJ; Tong, T, 2013)		0.39
"We examined the utility of respiratory burst measurements in alveolar macrophages to assess adverse cellular changes following exposure to urban particles."( Respiratory burst in alveolar macrophages exposed to urban particles is not a predictor of cytotoxicity.
Breznan, D; Brook, JR; Cakmak, S; Chauhan, V; Goegan, P; Karthikeyan, S; Kumarathasan, P; Nadeau, D; Vincent, R, 2013)		0.39
" TEN in preschool children is a safe choice but involves a scar, risk of infection, and the need for a second operation."( The safety of titanium elastic nailing in preschool femur fractures: a retrospective comparative study with spica cast.
Assaghir, Y, 2013)		0.75
" In a majority of cases, aging and increase of temperature caused a reduction of toxicity of NPs, while light conditions increased the toxic effect of NPs."( Influence of soil type and environmental conditions on ZnO, TiO(2) and Ni nanoparticles phytotoxicity.
Jośko, I; Oleszczuk, P, 2013)		0.39
" In the meantime, habitats for that exploration, whether mobile or fixed, must be designed to limit human exposure to lunar dust to safe levels."( Estimate of safe human exposure levels for lunar dust based on comparative benchmark dose modeling.
James, JT; Lam, CW; Santana, PA; Scully, RR, 2013)		0.39
" The increased use of nanoparticles suggests the need to study their adverse effects on biological systems."( Screening of in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant potential and bioactivity of nano- and micro-ZrO2 and -TiO2 particles.
Kannan, N; Karunakaran, G; Manivasakan, P; Rajendran, V; Suriyaprabha, R; Yuvakkumar, R, 2013)		0.39
" However, a clear picture of the species mediating the observed toxic effects is still missing."( Singlet oxygen plays a key role in the toxicity and DNA damage caused by nanometric TiO2 in human keratinocytes.
Alloa, E; Capomaccio, R; Corazzari, I; Fenoglio, I; Ghiazza, M; Oliaro-Bosso, S; Ponti, J; Rembges, D; Rossi, F, 2013)		0.39
"The study determined the effect of intravenous administration of acutely toxic or sub-lethal doses of Na-oleate-coated Fe3O4 (OC-Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) on liver structure and function in Wistar rats, compared to titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs and saline-injected controls."( Health effects of selected nanoparticles in vivo: liver function and hepatotoxicity following intravenous injection of titanium dioxide and Na-oleate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in rodents.
Dusinska, M; Handy, RD; Kebis, A; Kucharská, J; Pribojova, J; Staruchova, M; Tulinska, J; Ulicna, O; Volkovova, K, 2015)		0.81
"Nano-TiO2 is toxic to rat neuroglia cells."( Cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rat neuroglia cells.
Li, X; Liu, Y; Xu, Z, 2013)		0.74
"Triclosan, one of the most widely used disinfectants, has been found to be toxic to animals and human beings."( Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of triclosan on TiO2 nanotube arrays and toxicity change.
Cao, X; Li, T; Liu, G; Liu, H; Tough, R; Wang, Y; Zhang, N, 2013)		0.39
" Regarding safety assessment, the differential genotoxicity observed for closely related NMs highlights the importance of investigating the toxic potential of each NM individually, instead of assuming a common mechanism and equal genotoxic effects for a set of similar NMs."( Genotoxicity evaluation of nanosized titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human lymphocytes.
Antunes, S; De Temmerman, PJ; Jensen, KA; Louro, H; Mast, J; Nesslany, F; Norppa, H; Quarré, S; Silva, MJ; Simar, S; Tavares, AM; Verleysen, E, 2014)		0.68
" We applied two numeric models, The Green Screen for Safer Chemicals and the Toxic Potential Indicator."( Comparative alternative materials assessment to screen toxicity hazards in the life cycle of CIGS thin film photovoltaics.
Eisenberg, DA; Lam, CW; Ogunseitan, OA; Schoenung, JM; Yu, M, 2013)		0.39
" The most pronounced and selective toxic action of MET and products of its photodegradation was observed in the hepatic cell line."( Toxicity assessment of metoprolol and its photodegradation mixtures obtained by using different type of TiO2 catalysts in the mammalian cell lines.
Abramović, BF; Armaković, SJ; Četojević-Simin, DD; Šojić, DV, 2013)		0.39
" However, an adverse effect induced by nano-TiO2 in many diseased conditions, typically characterized by oxidative stress (OS), remains unknown."( Oxidative stress increased hepatotoxicity induced by nano-titanium dioxide in BRL-3A cells and Sprague-Dawley rats.
Gao, W; Gou, X; Li, W; Liang, X; Lu, TJ; Qu, Z; Sha, B; Wang, S; Xu, F, 2014)		0.65
" In conclusion, nano-TiO2 is not toxic to the three plant species, in vitro or in situ."( Functional analysis of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in three plant species.
Kim, Y; Lee, EJ; Lee, G; Roh, J; Shin, M; Song, U, 2013)		0.39
" Studies suggest that interactions of TiO2 NPs with other chemicals or physical factors may result in an increase in toxicity or adverse effects."( Toxic effects of the interaction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with chemicals or physical factors.
Lin, X; Liu, K; Zhao, J, 2013)		0.66
"Metal oxide NPs are abundantly produced in nanotech industries and are emitted in several combustion processes, suggesting the need to characterize their toxic impact on the human respiratory system."( The modality of cell-particle interactions drives the toxicity of nanosized CuO and TiO₂ in human alveolar epithelial cells.
Camatini, M; Colombo, M; Fascio, U; Gualtieri, M; Mantecca, P; Moschini, E, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, our results suggest the relatively safe property of acute exposure to TiO2-NPs with certain durations at predicted environmental relevant concentrations or concentrations comparable to those in food in nematodes with mutations of some susceptible genes."( Biosafety assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in acutely exposed nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with mutations of genes required for oxidative stress or stress response.
Rui, Q; Tang, M; Wang, D; Wu, Q; Zhao, Y, 2013)		0.7
" Titania particles exposed to the simulated digestion media exhibited mild toxicity based on decrease of mitochondrial activity, likely due to transport of toxic bile salts via adsorption on the particle surface."( Minimal intestinal epithelial cell toxicity in response to short- and long-term food-relevant inorganic nanoparticle exposure.
Dutta, PK; Knight, DA; McCracken, C; Waldman, WJ; Zane, A, 2013)		0.39
" Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck was selected to assess the potential adverse effects of nTiO2 (0-64 mg/L) on its early larval development stages (pre-D shell stage, malformed D-shell stage and normal D-shell stage larvae) considering two exposure scenarios characterised by total darkness (ASTM protocol) and natural photoperiod (light/dark)."( Embryotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk).
Libralato, G; Marcomini, A; Mičetić, I; Minetto, D; Pigozzo, A; Sabbioni, E; Totaro, S; Volpi Ghirardini, A, 2013)		0.39
" These TiO(2) NPs may induce some unexpected toxic effects to aquatic systems."( Imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative systems: toward an understanding of visible light-induced titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity.
Xu, B; Yu, CP; Zhang, HW; Zou, XY, 2013)		0.6
" This paper describes a safe method of anterior sternal plating using locked plate fixation with limited depth drilling."( Surgical fixation of sternal fractures: locked plate fixation by low-profile titanium plates--surgical safety through depth limited drilling.
Blanke, M; Grupp, S; Hennig, FF; Mauerer, A; Schulz-Drost, S, 2014)		0.63
"Sternal plating using low profile locked titanium plates seems to be a safe and stable method with a high level of patient comfort."( Surgical fixation of sternal fractures: locked plate fixation by low-profile titanium plates--surgical safety through depth limited drilling.
Blanke, M; Grupp, S; Hennig, FF; Mauerer, A; Schulz-Drost, S, 2014)		0.9
" From in vitro cytotoxicity studies, it appears that the composite can be toxic to the cardiac cells and the value of IC50 investigated to be the highest concentration of 500 μg mL(-1), during 16-24 h of incubation period."( Cytotoxic effects of polystyrene-titanium-arsenate composite in cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
Arfin, T; Mohammad, F, 2013)		0.67
" The alloys are potentially toxic due to release of vanadium and aluminum."( Micronucleus assay assessment of possible genotoxic effects in patients treated with titanium alloy endosseous implants or miniplates.
Cimen, E; Emerce, E; Kadioglu, E; Karahalil, B; Kisnisci, RS; Tuzuner-Oncul, AM, 2014)		0.63
"The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) on rat kidneys and the possible prophylactic role of either quercetin or idebenone."( Potential impact of quercetin and idebenone against immuno- inflammatory and oxidative renal damage induced in rats by titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity.
Abdel Baky, NA; Al-Rasheed, NM; Faddah, LM; Mohamed, AM; Mohammad, RA, 2013)		0.84
" Furthermore, the mast cell (a type of immune cell traditionally associated with allergy) appears to contribute to certain inflammatory and toxic effects associated with some ENMs."( From immunotoxicity to nanotherapy: the effects of nanomaterials on the immune system.
Brown, JM; Smith, MJ; Walker, NJ; Zamboni, WC, 2014)		0.4
"The industrial production and commercial applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles have increased considerably in recent times, which has increased the probability of environmental contamination with these agents and their adverse effects on living systems."( In vivo genotoxicity assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by Allium cepa root tip assay at high exposure concentrations.
Chandrasekaran, N; Chandrasekaran, PT; Dalai, S; Jain, N; Jayakumar, J; Mukherjee, A; Pakrashi, S; Raichur, AM, 2014)		0.92
" Previous reports indicated that anTiO2 is less toxic than rnTiO2, however, under ultraviolet irradiation anTiO2 is more toxic than rnTiO2 in vitro because of differences in their crystal structures."( Comparative study of toxic effects of anatase and rutile type nanosized titanium dioxide particles in vivo and in vitro.
Alexander, DB; Fukamachi, K; Furukawa, F; Futakuchi, M; Hirose, A; Kanno, J; Numano, T; Suzui, M; Tsuda, H; Xu, J, 2014)		0.63
"Our results indicated that PVB is a feasible, safe and effective alternative surgical approach for the management of primary, clinically non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, especially for those with lifetime oral taken anticoagulation medicine, with fewer perioperative complications and lower recurrence."( Efficacy and safety of potassium-titanyl- phosphate laser vaporization for clinically non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Liu, X; Shan, Y; Xue, B; Yang, D; Zang, Y; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 2014)		0.4
"The ASCS® System combined with NPWT in patients with postoperative deep wound infection and sternal diastasis is a feasible and safe procedure."( Sternal closure following negative pressure wound therapy: a safe approach with a new titanium device.
Fischlein, TJ; Pollari, F; Santarpino, G, 2014)		0.63
" The superficially adhering PHMB film produces no adverse effects on MG63 cells within a 48 h-cell culture, but promotes the initial attachment and spreading of the osteoblasts on the modified Ti6Al4V surface within 15 min."( Poly (hexamethylene biguanide) adsorption on hydrogen peroxide treated Ti-Al-V alloys and effects on wettability, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity.
Benkhai, H; Finke, B; Friedrichs, W; Geist, N; Kramer, A; Langel, W; Matthes, R; Müller, G, 2014)		0.4
" Eight nanomaterials did not elicit pulmonary effects, and their no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) were at least 10 mg/m3."( Application of short-term inhalation studies to assess the inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials.
Gröters, S; Hofmann, T; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L; Strauss, V; Treumann, S; van Ravenzwaay, B; Wiemann, M; Wiench, K; Wohlleben, W, 2014)		0.4
"The STIS revealed the type of effects of 13 nanomaterials, and micron-scale ZnO, information on their toxic potency, and the location and reversibility of effects."( Application of short-term inhalation studies to assess the inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials.
Gröters, S; Hofmann, T; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L; Strauss, V; Treumann, S; van Ravenzwaay, B; Wiemann, M; Wiench, K; Wohlleben, W, 2014)		0.4
" Both acute and chronic exposure studies suggested higher bioaccumulation of TiO2 in daphnids when the particles were less toxic to the diet (algae)."( Different modes of TiO2 uptake by Ceriodaphnia dubia: relevance to toxicity and bioaccumulation.
Bhuvaneshwari, M; Chandrasekaran, N; Dalai, S; Iswarya, V; Mukherjee, A; Pakrashi, S, 2014)		0.4
" ZnO (nano and bulk) and nano-Ni were more toxic in soil than in water."( Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles--problems with bioassay choosing and sample preparation.
Jośko, I; Oleszczuk, P, 2014)		0.4
" Ag-HA coatings on implants may represent biologically safe antibacterial biomaterials and may be of value for reducing surgical-site infections related to implantation."( Acute and subacute toxicity in vivo of thermal-sprayed silver containing hydroxyapatite coating in rat tibia.
Akiyama, T; Ando, Y; Eto, S; Mawatari, M; Miyamoto, H; Noda, I; Sonohata, M; Tsukamoto, M; Yonekura, Y, 2014)		0.4
" Our observations that solar light could induce physicochemical transformation of TiO2 and Ag NPs and enhance their toxic potential emphasizes the need for conducting future toxicity studies under environmentally relevant exposure conditions to guide decision making on the safe handling of NPs."( Differential effect of solar light in increasing the toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos.
Chan, WK; Chang, H; Gardner, H; George, S; Richards, M; Seng, EK; Valiyaveettil, S; Wang, C; Yu Fang, CH, 2014)		0.63
" There were no adverse effects reported."( Safety of PVAP and PVAP-T including a 90-day dietary toxicity study in rats and genotoxicity tests with polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP).
Borzelleca, JF; DeMerlis, CC; Schoneker, DR, 2014)		0.4
" Fixation with TEN is an easy, effective, and safe method that can be used in tibia fractures that are open, irreducible, or with loss of reduction and in cases with accompanying trauma, such as floating knee."( How safe is titanium elastic nail application in the surgical treatment of tibia fractures in children?
Alemdar, C; Arslan, H; Boğatekin, F; Gem, M; Ozkul, E; Sentürk, I, 2014)		0.78
" In this study, the toxic effects and biodistribution of three pristine ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2), three aged paints containing ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2) along with control paints without ENPs were compared."( Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared with pristine nanoparticles in mice.
Brabants, G; Golanski, L; Hoet, PH; Kirschhock, C; Landuyt, KV; Luyts, K; Smolders, E; Smulders, S; Vanoirbeek, J, 2014)		0.4
"Many recent studies demonstrate that most nanoparticles (NPs) have an adverse or toxic action on liver."( Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Fakhredini, F; Khorsandi, L; Mansouri, E; Orazizadeh, M, 2014)		0.69
" The data was obtained that co-administration of Pb with NPs of SiO2 and TiO2 led to changes in a number of indicators that can be interpreted as a slight increase in the toxic effect of the tested substances."( [Influence of titanium dioxide and silica nanoparticles on accumulation and toxicity of lead in experiments with intragastric co-administration].
Gmoshinskiĭ, IV; Khotimchenko, SA; Mustaphina, OK; Shumakova, AA; Soto, SKh; Trushina, ÉN, 2014)		0.76
"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used historically for evaluating the toxicity of environmental and aqueous toxicants, and there is an emerging literature reporting toxic effects of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) in zebrafish embryos."( Mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Hong, F; Hong, J; Hu, R; Liu, D; Sheng, L; Su, M; Wang, H; Wang, L; Xu, B; Yu, X; Zhao, X; Zhu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" A significantly greater toxic effect was observed in aqueous, low body burden suspensions than that of TiO2 1h body burdens, which is dissimilar from the model presented in PAHs."( Photo-induced toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to Daphnia magna under natural sunlight.
Alloy, MM; Hamilton, J; Klaine, SJ; Mansfield, CM; Newton, K; Roberts, AP; Verbeck, GF, 2015)		0.72
" The sonotreated wool fabrics indicated no adverse effects on human dermal fibroblasts."( Rapid sonosynthesis of N-doped nano TiO2 on wool fabric at low temperature: introducing self-cleaning, hydrophilicity, antibacterial/antifungal properties with low alkali solubility, yellowness and cytotoxicity.
Behzadnia, A; Mahmoudi Rad, M; Montazer, M; Rashidi, A, )		0.13
" All TiO2 NPs tested were more toxic than bulk forms excepting for plasma produced ones, which were the least toxic TiO2 tested."( Cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to mussel hemocytes and gill cells in vitro: Influence of synthesis method, crystalline structure, size and additive.
Arostegui, I; Berhanu, D; Cajaraville, MP; Howard, KT; Katsumiti, A; Oron, M; Reip, P; Valsami-Jones, E, 2015)		0.42
"It was determined that the 2 brands of reciprocating files are safe when operated at the rotational angle in the proprietary motor."( Safety of the factory preset rotation angle of reciprocating instruments.
Cheung, GS; Ha, JH; Kim, HC; Kim, JW; Kwak, SW; Versluis, A, 2014)		0.4
"In the present study the photocatalytic degradation of a toxic priority pollutant, PCP, in the presence of N-F codoped TiO2 was explicitly investigated."( Photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol by N-F-TiO2: identification of intermediates, mechanism involved, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity evaluation.
Antonopoulou, M; Konstantinou, I; Vlastos, D, 2015)		0.42
"Increasing evidence link nanomaterials with adverse biological outcomes and due to the variety of applications and potential human exposures to nanoparticles, it is thus important to evaluate their toxicity for the risk assessment of workers and consumers."( Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce distinct molecular mechanisms of toxicity.
Baeza-Squiban, A; Boland, S; Hussain, S, )		0.47
" Regulatory health risk assessment of such particles has become mandatory for the safe use in consumer products and medicines; also, the potential effects on reproduction and fertility are relevant for this risk evaluation."( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in testicular cells of male wistar rat.
Kajal, K; Meena, R; R, P, 2015)		0.69
" Due to the induced shape and size recognition elements, the artificial antibodies specifically recognize and kill target microbes under visible-light irradiation with minimal toxic side effects toward mammalian cells."( Cell-imprinted antimicrobial bionanomaterials with tolerable toxic side effects.
Li, M; Qu, X; Ren, J; Zhang, Z, 2015)		0.42
"The most effective sources to search to identify adverse effects data for medical devices are currently unknown."( The contribution of different information sources to identify adverse effects of a medical device: a case study using a systematic review of spinal fusion.
Golder, S; Rodgers, M; Wright, K, 2014)		0.4
" Similarly, SiO2 (10) and/or CeO2 (23) were also more toxic in the lung tissue slices (ex vivo) and alveolar macrophages (in vitro) compared to other ENM."( Comparative lung toxicity of engineered nanomaterials utilizing in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches.
Boykin, E; Gilmour, MI; Kim, YH; Lavrich, K; Stevens, T, 2014)		0.4
" In conclusion, we demonstrated that although pristine ENPs show some toxic effects, no significant toxicological effects were observed when they were embedded in a complex paint matrix."( Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared to pristine nanoparticles, in vitro study.
Brabants, G; Golanski, L; Hoet, PH; Luyts, K; Martens, J; Smulders, S; Vanoirbeek, J, 2015)		0.42
" Then, the toxic effect of nano-TiO₂ was computed on the basis of the HC₅₀ value."( Freshwater ecotoxicity characterisation factor for metal oxide nanoparticles: a case study on titanium dioxide nanoparticle.
Olsen, SI; Pasteris, A; Righi, S; Salieri, B, 2015)		0.64
" Adverse effects of exposure to nanoparticles have been reported for both terrestrial and aquatic organisms, but the toxic effects of the substances on marine organisms remain poorly understood."( Genotoxicity, potential cytotoxicity and cell uptake of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the marine fish Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766).
Cardoso, CM; Gomes, V; Hasue, FM; Hewer, TL; Machado, AS; Nucci, JM; Passos, MJ; Phan, NV; Santos, TC; Sartório, PV; Vignardi, CP; Watanabe, IS, 2015)		0.66
" Although the M2 and M3 coatings appeared to be toxic for pre-osteoblast cells after 1 day in culture, the cell viability on M2 and M3 surfaces was greatly raised after culturing for 2 days."( Microstructure and cytotoxicity evaluation of duplex-treated silver-containing antibacterial TiO₂ coatings.
Geng, Z; Hang, R; Huang, X; Ma, Y; Tang, B; Wu, H; Yao, X; Zhang, X, 2014)		0.4
" We conducted several bioassays with Daphnia magna in order to determine how adverse effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (n-TiO2) are influenced by experimental set-up."( Does the exposure mode to ENPs influence their toxicity to aquatic species? A case study with TiO2 nanoparticles and Daphnia magna.
Baumann, J; D'Amato, R; Filser, J; Köser, J; Mazzesi, B; Pasteris, A; Righi, S; Salieri, B, 2015)		0.42
" Over the past decade research, TiO2 NPs have been focused on the potential toxic effects of these useful materials."( Subacute toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in male rats: emotional behavior and pathophysiological examination.
Abdelmelek, H; Amara, S; Ben-Slama, I; El Ghoul, J; El Mir, L; Jeljeli, M; Mrad, I; Omri, K; Rhouma, KB; Sakly, M; Younes, NR, 2015)		0.74
" These preliminary results clearly demonstrated that the nanoscale E171 and E551 particles had adverse effects on hMSCs by inducing oxidative stress-mediated cell death."( Identification of nanoscale ingredients in commercial food products and their induction of mitochondrially mediated cytotoxic effects on human mesenchymal stem cells.
Al-Warthan, AA; Alshatwi, AA; Athinarayanan, J; Periasamy, VS, 2015)		0.42
" This manuscript describes one possible safe way to stabilize different types of sternal fractures in a step by step guidance for anterior sternal plating using low profile locking titanium plates."( Surgical fixation of sternal fractures: preoperative planning and a safe surgical technique using locked titanium plates and depth limited drilling.
Buder, T; Carbon, RT; Grupp, S; Hennig, FF; Mauerer, A; Oppel, P; Schmitt, S; Schulz-Drost, S, 2015)		0.82
" Ag NPs were found to be more toxic than TiO2 or Au NPs."( A 3D co-culture of three human cell lines to model the inflamed intestinal mucosa for safety testing of nanomaterials.
Collnot, EM; de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz, C; Griffiths, GW; Lehr, CM; Repnik, U; Schneider-Daum, N; Susewind, J, 2016)		0.43
" The toxic effects were more pronounced when the algae was grown in SRW."( Size-dependent ecotoxicity of barium titanate particles: the case of Chlorella vulgaris green algae.
Brandão, HM; Brandão, MA; Brayner, R; Couté, A; Mouton, L; Polonini, HC; Raposo, NR; Sivry, Y; Yéprémian, C, 2015)		0.42
" In order to appreciate the long-term effects of NPs, sensitive human-based screening tests that comprehensively map the NP properties are needed to detect possible toxic mechanisms."( TiO2 nanoparticles tested in a novel screening whole human blood model of toxicity trigger adverse activation of the kallikrein system at low concentrations.
Bucht, A; Davoodpour, P; Ekdahl, KN; Ekstrand-Hammarström, B; Hong, J; Nilsson, B; Sandholm, K, 2015)		0.42
" Ecotoxicity tests on Artemia franciscana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum did not show any adverse effects related to the presence of alginate in the exposure media, and provided evidence on possible reduced bioavailability of nano-TiO₂."( Effects of alginate on stability and ecotoxicity of nano-TiO2 in artificial seawater.
Bilanicová, D; Callegaro, S; Hassellöv, M; Libralato, G; Marcomini, A; Minetto, D; Pojana, G; Volpi Ghirardini, A, 2015)		0.42
" Commercially available products are not usually accompanied by parameter/specification sheet providing the consumer with sufficient chemico-physical parameters allowing the evaluation of possible toxic effects."( Cytotoxicity, cell uptake and microscopic analysis of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles in vitro.
Dvorakova, M; Harvanova, M; Horakova, J; Hradilova, S; Jirova, D; Kejlova, K; Kolarova, H; Licman, L; Malina, L; Malohlava, J; Soukupova, J; Tomankova, K, 2015)		0.67
" Our study reported that at no toxic effect concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (5 mg/L), the toxicity of Cu ions to the algae Microcystis aeruginosa was significantly attenuated by TiO2 nanoparticles."( The reduced bioavailability of copper by nano-TiO₂ attenuates the toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa.
Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Li, H; Qian, Y; Zhao, M, 2015)		0.42
"Compared to Ti-MPs and NiTi-MPs, Ti-NPs induced higher cellular uptake efficiency and higher toxic potential in PDL-hTERT cells."( Intracellular uptake and toxicity of three different Titanium particles.
Hartlieb, E; He, X; Hickel, R; Högg, C; Michalke, B; Milz, S; Reichl, FX; Rothmund, L; Van Landuyt, KL; Waschke, J; Wu, X, 2015)		0.67
" Single-stage debridement and instrumentation appeared to be a safe and effective method of managing spinal infections."( Safety of instrumentation and fusion at the time of surgical debridement for spinal infection.
Kaye, AH; Lau, HC; Talia, AJ; Wong, ML, 2015)		0.42
"For safe and reliable skull base reconstruction combined with repair of cranial bone defects, we introduce the flap sandwich technique in this study."( The Flap Sandwich Technique for a Safe and Aesthetic Skull Base Reconstruction.
Iida, H; Okazaki, M; Tanaka, K; Yano, T, 2016)		0.43
" Data evidencing rapid distribution, slow or ineffective elimination, and potential long-time tissue accumulation are especially important for the human risk assessment of ultrafine TiO2 and represent new challenges to more responsibly investigate potential adverse effects by the action of TiO2 NPs considering their ubiquitous exposure in various doses."( Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: some aspects of toxicity/focus on the development.
Kiss, A; Kovriznych, J; Kuricova, M; Liskova, A; Mlynarcikova, A; Rollerova, E; Scsukova, S; Tulinska, J, 2015)		1.86
" Six MeOx NPs (Al2O3, Fe3O4, MgO, SiO2, TiO2, WO3) did not show toxic effects below 100 µg/mL."( Toxicity of 11 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Three Mammalian Cell Types In Vitro.
Heinlaan, M; Ivask, A; Kahru, A; Kakinen, A; Kisand, V; Madler, L; Pokhrel, S; Shimmo, R; Sihtmae, M; Titma, T; Vija, H; Visnapuu, M, 2015)		0.42
" It is well known that most metallic NPs are toxic to humans which raise concerns about these engineered particles."( Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast.
de Souza, TA; Franchi, LP; Manshian, BB; Matsubara, EY; Rosolen, JM; Soenen, SJ; Takahashi, CS, 2015)		0.42
" In this study, the toxic effects of two nanomaterials, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs with similar primary size (~20 nm), on marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated and compared."( The diverse toxic effect of SiO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles toward the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta.
Buono, S; Di Francia, G; Manzo, S; Miglietta, M; Rametta, G; Schiavo, S, 2015)		0.64
"In this study, aquatic stability and toxic effects of TiO2 and AgTiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on Artemia salina nauplii."( Determination of TiO2 and AgTiO2 Nanoparticles in Artemia salina: Toxicity, Morphological Changes, Uptake and Depuration.
Altinok, I; Ilhan, H; Ozkan, Y; Sokmen, M, 2016)		0.43
" However, the same treatment resulted in a reduction of the toxicity of MTX by forming less toxic TPs."( Removal of the anti-cancer drug methotrexate from water by advanced oxidation processes: Aerobic biodegradation and toxicity studies after treatment.
Baginska, E; Kümmerer, K; Lutterbeck, CA; Machado, ÊL, 2015)		0.42
"Data generated using standardized testing protocols for toxicity studies generally provide reproducible and reliable results for establishing safe levels and formulating risk assessments."( Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats with nanoscale and pigment grade titanium dioxide particles.
Brown, SC; Donner, EM; Warheit, DB, 2015)		0.64
"1 nm) for 24 hours pretreatment with or without methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger α-lipoic acid to assess the possible role of methylation and ROS in the toxic effect of TNPs."( Cross talk between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 methylation and oxidative stress involved in the toxic effect of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Bai, W; Chen, Y; Gao, A, 2015)		0.62
"36 mg kg(-1)) was highly toxic than that of bulk TiO2 (357."( Neurotoxicity and biochemical responses in the earthworm Pheretima hawayana exposed to TiO2NPs.
Khalil, AM, 2015)		0.42
" The results indicate a safe toxicological profile."( Acute and subchronic toxicity analysis of surface modified paclitaxel attached hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Gaddam, PR; Kumar, J; Ramasamy, S; Venkatasubbu, GD, 2015)		0.63
" To critically examine the toxic effects of nanoparticles and the response mechanism(s) offered by microbes, several aspects were monitored viz."( Decreased Phototoxic Effects of TiO₂ Nanoparticles in Consortium of Bacterial Isolates from Domestic Waste Water.
Chandrasekaran, N; Kumari, J; Mathur, A; Mukherjee, A; Parashar, A; T, L, 2015)		0.42
" In conclusion, these results point out to a safe use of PLGA NPs regardless of their surface coating compared to non-biodegradable ones."( Compared in vivo toxicity in mice of lung delivered biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanoparticles.
Aragao-Santiago, L; Coll, JL; Dufort, S; Fattal, E; Grabowski, N; Hillaireau, H; Mura, S; Nascimento, TL; Tsapis, N, 2016)		0.43
"In the last few years, the emission of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment has been raising concerns about their potential adverse effects on wildlife and human health."( Towards the standardization of nanoecotoxicity testing: Natural organic matter 'camouflages' the adverse effects of TiO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles on green microalgae.
Areitioaurtena, O; Barandika, G; Cerrillo, C; Igartua, A; Mendoza, G, 2016)		0.43
" Further embryotoxicity tests showed that acesulfame transformation products at the low g L(-1) level produced significant adverse effects in tail detachment, heart rate, hatching rate and survival rate during fish embryo development."( Photocatalytic transformation of acesulfame: Transformation products identification and embryotoxicity study.
Lenzen, C; Leung, KS; Li, AJ; Li, H; Li, K; Schmitz, OJ; Stephan, S; Yue, PY, 2016)		0.43
" On the contrary, minor phytotoxicity of nAl₂O₃ was only observed in maize, and no obvious toxic effects were found in the other four metal oxide NPs."( Assessment of the Phytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Two Crop Plants, Maize (Zea mays L.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Chen, J; Dou, R; Gao, X; Mao, C; Wang, L; Yang, Z, 2015)		0.42
" Based on the results of laboratory and animal experiments, we conclude that the hydrothermal modification of titanium implant is the more suitable way to achieve safe and effective osseointegration than the other three implant types for endosseous application."( Safety and efficacy of additive and subtractive surface modification of Ti6Al4V endosseous implant in goat bone.
Chanda, A; Datta, S; Jyoti Maitra, N; Mistry, S; Roy, R; Roy, S; Sarkar, S, 2016)		0.65
"SafeSider, ProTaper Universal and Lightspeed LSX rotary instruments maintained the original canal curvature well at the apical 3 mm and were safe to use."( Evaluation of Root Canal Cleaning and Shaping Efficacy of Three Engine-driven Instruments: SafeSider, ProTaper Universal and Lightspeed LSX.
Koren, T; Tsesis, I; Wigler, R, 2015)		0.42
"SafeSider, ProTaper Universal and Lightspeed LSX rotary instruments are safe to use in curved root canals."( Evaluation of Root Canal Cleaning and Shaping Efficacy of Three Engine-driven Instruments: SafeSider, ProTaper Universal and Lightspeed LSX.
Koren, T; Tsesis, I; Wigler, R, 2015)		0.42
" We hypothesised that the coated screws would not be toxic to the bone and that the likelihood of infection would be reduced since bacteria are not able to grow on these screws."( Cytotoxicity of a new antimicrobial coating for surgical screws: an in vivo study.
Bilsel, K; Elmadag, M; Güzel, Y; Tuncay, İ; Uzer, G; Yıldız, F, 2017)		0.46
" This outcome could be ascribable mainly to the release of toxic ions from the aggregate of ZnO particle in the proximity of cell membrane."( Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles for Dunaliella tertiolecta and comparison with SiO2 and TiO2 effects at population growth inhibition levels.
Manzo, S; Miglietta, M; Oliviero, M; Rametta, G; Schiavo, S, 2016)		0.43
" This study indicates that TiO2 nanofibres had significant toxic effects and, for most endpoints with the exception of pro-inflammatory changes, are more bio-active than TiO2 nanoparticles, showing the relevance of shape in determining the toxicity of nanomaterials."( Shape-Related Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanofibres.
Allegri, M; Bergamaschi, E; Bianchi, MG; Blosi, M; Bussolati, O; Chiu, M; Costa, AL; Ortelli, S; Poland, CA; Varet, J, 2016)		0.73
"This study evaluated the toxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) bulk salt as well as its nanoparticles (NPs) in anatase phase with mean crystallite size of 36."( Toxic Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Titanium Dioxide Bulk Salt in the Liver and Blood of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Assessed by Different Assays.
Fakhr-E-Alam, M; Jabeen, F; Qureshi, NA; Shakeel, M, 2016)		1.04
" The addition of n-TiO2 mitigated the negative effect of more toxic n-CeO2 and the binary toxicity (antagonistic toxicity) of n-TiO2 and n-CeO2 was generally lower than the single NPs induced one."( Toxicity of binary mixtures of metal oxide nanoparticles to Nitrosomonas europaea.
Chang, Y; Chen, L; Liu, M; Lu, H; Wu, J; Yu, R; Zhu, G, 2016)		0.43
" During the experiment, nTiO2 aggregates were found to entrap algae cells, which is likely responsible for the observed toxic effects."( TiO2 nanoparticles in the marine environment: Physical effects responsible for the toxicity on algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
Cai, Z; Huang, B; Lao, Y; Lv, X; Tao, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhou, J; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.43
" Further, the characterization of nano-TiSiO4 in suspensions used to spike the soil, performed by Dynamic Light Scattering, showed the formation of aggregates with important average size diameter, thus demonstrating that the toxic effects observed were likely not size dependent."( Ecotoxicity of titanium silicon oxide (TiSiO4) nanomaterial for terrestrial plants and soil invertebrate species.
Bouguerra, S; Gavina, A; Ksibi, M; Pereira, R; Rasteiro, Mda G; Rocha-Santos, T, 2016)		0.79
" The results demonstrated a low photoreactivity and toxic effects lower than Aeroxide P25 of the nano-TiO2 powders, probably as a consequence of the presence of acidic moieties at the surface."( Surface reactivity and in vitro toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) of nanomaterials intermediates of the production of titania-based composites.
Aldieri, E; Carlucci, C; Ciccarella, G; Fenoglio, I; Marucco, A; Vergaro, V, 2016)		0.43
"5) was more toxic than anatase (LC50=278."( Assessing the effects of surface-bound humic acid on the phototoxicity of anatase and rutile TiO₂ nanoparticles in vitro.
Aker, WG; Douglas, J; He, X; Hwang, HM; Lin, Y; Sanders, S, 2016)		0.43
" We first determined a range of nominal toxic concentration of each ingredient or substance using Daphnia magna, and then for the subsequent organismal level phenotypic assessment, chose the wild-type zebrafish embryos."( Sequential assessment via daphnia and zebrafish for systematic toxicity screening of heterogeneous substances.
Jang, GH; Kang, BJ; Kim, YJ; Lee, KH; Park, CB, 2016)		0.43
" Recent literature suggests that many metallic nanomaterials including those of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) cause significant toxic effects in animal cell culture and animal models, however, toxicity studies using plant species are limited."( Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in plants: A review of current research.
Cox, A; Sahi, S; Sharma, N; Venkatachalam, P, 2016)		1.04
"TMC offers an advantageous and safe technique for spinal debridement and fusion for hematogenous spinal infection."( Mesh cage for treatment of hematogenous spondylitis and spondylodiskitis. How safe and successful is its use in acute and chronic complicated cases? A systematic review of literature over a decade.
Fennema, P; Korovessis, P; Syrimbeis, V; Vardakastanis, K, 2016)		0.43
"Four different human cell lines were analyzed in their responses to a toxic (Tc52) and a structurally highly related but non-toxic (Tc53) titanium(IV)salan complex."( Differential cytotoxicity induced by the Titanium(IV)Salan complex Tc52 in G2-phase independent of DNA damage.
Beneke, S; Bürkle, A; Dirks, W; Huhn, T; Immel, T; Pesch, T; Schuhwerk, H; Wyrsch, P, 2016)		0.9
" Cellular data demonstrated that Zn-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity (cell viability reduction, membrane damage and cell cycle arrest) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species generation &glutathione depletion) in MCF-7 cells and toxic intensity was increases with increasing the concentration of Zn-doping."( Role of Zn doping in oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.
Ahamed, M; Akhtar, MJ; Alhadlaq, HA; Alshamsan, A; Khan, MA, 2016)		0.43
" A toxic unit (TU) approach was followed to determine the concentrations of binary mixtures of anatase and rutile."( Individual and binary toxicity of anatase and rutile nanoparticles towards Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Bhuvaneshwari, M; Chandrasekaran, N; Iswarya, V; Mukherjee, A, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse effects of NPs on soil microorganisms have been reported in several ecotoxicological studies using microcosms."( Combined Study of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Transport and Toxicity on Microbial Nitrifying Communities under Single and Repeated Exposures in Soil Columns.
Martins, JM; Richaume, A; Simonin, M; Uzu, G; Vince, E, 2016)		0.77
"Surgical tacks are a safe alternative to suture for the attachment of mesh to the anterior longitudinal ligament in laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy."( Titanium Surgical Tacks: Are They Safe? Do They Work?
Margulies, RU; Merchant, M; Ramm, O; Shatkin-Margolis, A, )		1.57
"There is increasing evidence that certain nanoparticles (NPs) can overcome the placental barrier, raising concerns on potential adverse effects on the growing fetus."( A 3D co-culture microtissue model of the human placenta for nanotoxicity assessment.
Buerki-Thurnherr, T; Correia, M; Diener, L; Ehrlich, N; Gallud, A; Jochum, W; Kucki, M; Loeschner, K; Manser, P; Monopoli, M; Muoth, C; Wichser, A; Wick, P, 2016)		0.43
" The LIDC-activated system demonstrated high antimicrobial efficacy against MRSA, but was also toxic to human cells immediately surrounding the electrodes."( Antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of low intensity direct current activated silver-titanium implant system prototype.
Havell, EA; Orndorff, PE; Shirwaiker, RA; Tan, Z, 2017)		0.68
"Currently, the treatment of leishmaniasis is increasingly insufficient as current antileishmanial drugs have many disadvantages such as toxic side effects, high cost, and growing drug resistance."( Meglumine antımoniate-TiO2@Ag nanoparticle combinations reduce toxicity of the drug while enhancing its antileishmanial effect.
Abamor, ES; Allahverdiyev, AM; Bagirova, M; Rafailovich, M, 2017)		0.46
" While several life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have assessed such products, only a few of them have quantitatively addressed the toxic impacts caused by released nanoparticles, thus leading to potential biases in their conclusions."( Development of Comparative Toxicity Potentials of TiO
Ettrup, K; Hansen, SF; Kounina, A; Laurent, A; Meesters, JA; Vea, EB, 2017)		0.46
" This study was designed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of TDN in male albino rats and the ameliorative role of Tiron to minimize such toxic effects."( Reproductive toxicity provoked by titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the ameliorative role of Tiron in adult male rats.
Ibrahim, MA; Morgan, AM; Noshy, PA, 2017)		0.73
" This article highlights the benefits of selecting each material or metal-based composite for certain applications while also addressing possible setbacks and the toxic effects of the nanomaterials on the environment."( Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials.
Fraze, C; Ngo, SM; Stout, DA; Vimbela, GV; Yang, L, 2017)		0.46
" In vitro toxicity studies in THP1 and H9c2 cell lines showed that CTNPs are safe even at a dose of 200 ng."( In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity evaluation of curcumin incorporated titanium dioxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
Abraham, A; Balachandran, S; Sheeja, S; Sherin, S; Soumya, RS; Sudha Devi, R, 2017)		0.68
"This is the first randomized clinical trial of a novel SNT rod for treating patients with AIS, noting it to be safe and has potential to gradually correct scoliosis over time."( A randomized double-blinded clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel superelastic nickel-titanium spinal rod in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 5-year follow-up.
Cheung, JPY; Cheung, KM; Luk, KDK; Samartzis, D; To, M; Yeung, K, 2018)		0.69
" Adverse events (AEs), clinical outcomes, and radiographic measures were documented using Good Clinical Practices."( Spine Growth Modulation in Early Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Two-Year Results of Prospective US FDA IDE Pilot Clinical Safety Study of Titanium Clip-Screw Implant.
Barnett, SJ; Bylski-Austrow, DI; Crawford, AH; Jain, VV; Reynolds, JE; Samuels, PJ; Thompson, GH; Wall, EJ, 2017)		0.66
"NPs can enter the CNS via the taste nerve translocation pathway and induce a certain adverse effect."( Central neurotoxicity induced by the instillation of ZnO and TiO
Aijie, C; Huimin, L; Jia, L; Junrong, W; Limin, W; Lingling, O; Longquan, S; Xuan, L; Xue, H, 2017)		0.46
" Their toxic effects on the male reproductive system had been reported, but the underlying mechanisms were still not clear."( Cytoskeletons of Two Reproductive Germ Cell Lines Response Differently to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Mediating Vary Reproductive Toxicity.
Chen, R; Han, X; Ji, X; Jiang, H; Li, X; Mao, Z; Tang, Q; Xia, Y; Xu, B; Yao, M; Zhou, Z, 2017)		0.69
" In many respects, the Al₂O₃-NP was found to be the most toxic species alone and the most dangerous component of the combinations studied."( Combined Subchronic Toxicity of Aluminum (III), Titanium (IV) and Silicon (IV) Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Alleviation with a Complex of Bioprotectors.
Bushueva, TV; Gurvich, VB; Katsnelson, BA; Klinova, SV; Makeyev, OH; Meshtcheryakova, EY; Minigalieva, IA; Panov, VG; Privalova, LI; Sakhautdinova, RR; Shishkina, EV; Shur, VY; Solovyeva, SN; Sutunkova, MP; Valamina, IE; Varaksin, AN, 2018)		0.74
" This may be explained by the rutile crystalline structure of the nanofibers, the lower concentration or the short duration of exposure toxic used during experimentation."( Short-term evaluation of hepatic toxicity of titanium dioxide nanofiber (TDNF).
Anderson, KB; Bartel, LK; Gato, WE; Hunter, DA; Wu, J; Yau, W, 2019)		0.77
"To ensure the safe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in modern society, it is necessary and urgent to assess the potential toxicity of NPs."( A review of cardiovascular toxicity of TiO
Cao, Y; Gong, Y; Liao, W; Luo, Y; Wang, M; Wu, C; Yang, Q, 2018)		0.48
"Animal models remain at that time a reference tool to predict potential pulmonary adverse effects of nanomaterials in humans."( Predicting the in vivo pulmonary toxicity induced by acute exposure to poorly soluble nanomaterials by using advanced in vitro methods.
Braun, A; Egles, C; Lacroix, G; Loret, T; Rogerieux, F; Trouiller, B, 2018)		0.48
"Increased production of engineered nanoparticles has raised extensive concern about the potential toxic effects on marine organisms living in estuarine and coastal environments."( Salinity mediates the toxic effect of nano-TiO
Guo, Q; Hu, M; Huang, W; Huang, X; Lan, Y; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Lu, W; Sui, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, F, 2018)		0.48
"The 170° pre-set angle of the dedicated endodontic motors for the Reciproc system was safe for Reciproc Blue in single or time-restricted use."( Safe pseudoelastic limit range under torsional loading with Reciproc Blue.
De-Deus, G; Ha, JH; Kim, HC; Kwak, SW; Versluis, A, 2019)		0.51
"Implanting deeply frozen, radiation-sterilized bone is a safe and effective surgical procedure."( Evaluation of the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of Allogeneic Bone Grafts in the Reconstruction of the Maxilla and Mandible.
Abed, K; Fiedor, P; Kamiński, A; Siewert-Gutowska, M; Stopa, Z; Szubińska-Lelonkiewicz, D, 2018)		0.48
"To evaluate the adverse vascular effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in vitro, extensive studies have investigated the toxicity of NPs on endothelial cells, but the knowledge of potential toxicity on human smooth-muscle cells (SMCs) is currently limited."( A comparative study of toxicity of TiO
Cao, Y; Ding, Y; Liao, G; Long, J; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Zou, X, 2018)		0.48
"The implant is safe and leads to a very high fusion rate."( [Safety and efficacy of an electron beam melting technique-manufactured titanium mesh cage for lumbar interbody fusion].
Hölzl, A; Putzier, M; Strube, P; Suleymanov, F; Zippelius, T, 2019)		0.75
" The memory effect might play key roles in increased tolerance of the A549 and HeLa cells to adverse effects (cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and plasma membrane damage) induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (as representative pollutant)."( Memory effect of arsenic-induced cellular response and its influences on toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticle.
Liu, S; Shen, Z; Wu, B; Yu, Y, 2019)		0.92
" This study investigated the toxic effects of rutile TiO₂ NPs on zebrafish by examining its embryos and adults."( Toxic Effects of TiO₂ NPs on Zebrafish.
Tang, T; Zhang, Z; Zhu, X, 2019)		0.51
" TEN are a safe and effective choice for operative fixation of length unstable femoral shaft fractures in children."( Titanium Elastic Nails Are a Safe and Effective Treatment for Length Unstable Pediatric Femur Fractures.
Abousamra, O; Compton, E; Illingworth, KD; Meisel, E; Siddiqui, AA, 2020)		2
" According to our study, radius and ulna locked intramedullary nailing treatments for adolescent forearm fractures are as safe and reliable as TEN treatment."( Radius and ulna locking intramedullary nails are safe and reliable after adolescent forearm fractures: a case-controlled study in adolescents.
Özcan, Ç; Taylan Öz, T; Türkmen, İ, 2020)		0.56
" We encourage replacing lead completely with more inert metals to deliver safe perovskite technologies."( Biological impact of lead from halide perovskites reveals the risk of introducing a safe threshold.
Abate, A; Cantone, I; Cao, HL; Jiao, WB; Li, J; Lü, J; Wang, Q; Wei, M, 2020)		0.56
" One- or 2-level ACDF using titanium-coated PEEK stand-alone cages appears safe and justified, even in elderly patients."( Safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using titanium-coated polyetheretherketone stand-alone cages: Multicenter prospective study of incidence of cage subsidence.
Naito, K; Nakanishi, Y; Nishikawa, M; Ohata, K; Shimokawa, N; Takami, T; Yamagata, T, 2020)		1.1
" All adverse events were evaluated, infections were graded as follows: grade 1 and 2: low- and high-grade soft tissue infection, respectively, grade 3: deep bone infection, grade 4: septic implant failure."( Safety, prosthesis wearing time and health-related quality of life of lower extremity bone-anchored prostheses using a press-fit titanium osseointegration implant: A prospective one-year follow-up cohort study.
Atallah, R; Frölke, JP; Leijendekkers, RA; van de Meent, H; Verhamme, L, 2020)		0.76
" The coexistence of HA and divalent cations enhanced PbPNPs aggregation and reduced toxicity, with both Pb-ions and the interaction between the PbPNPs-particles and bacterial cells contributing to the toxic effects."( The fate and toxicity of Pb-based perovskite nanoparticles on soil bacterial community: Impacts of pH, humic acid, and divalent cations.
Peijnenburg, WJGM; Vijver, MG; Wang, G; Wang, Z; Zhai, Y, 2020)		0.56
" The results suggested that this cell-based assay system using iNC-LCs is a potential method for in vitro screening as an alternative to animal testing to predict toxic effects of dental materials on early craniofacial development."( Cytotoxicity assay using a human pluripotent stem cell-derived cranial neural crest cell model.
Furue, MK; Mimura, S; Mine, Y; Minoda, M; Murayama, T; Nikawa, H; Suga, M, 2020)		0.56
" No other adverse events were observed."( Safety and Efficacy of a Novel 730 nm Picosecond Titanium Sapphire Laser for the Treatment of Benign Pigmented Lesions.
Angra, K; Lipp, MB; Wu, DC, 2021)		0.88
"The novel 730 nm picosecond titanium sapphire laser is a safe and effective treatment for benign pigmented lesions."( Safety and Efficacy of a Novel 730 nm Picosecond Titanium Sapphire Laser for the Treatment of Benign Pigmented Lesions.
Angra, K; Lipp, MB; Wu, DC, 2021)		1.17
" Ti particles were found toxic to SAOS2 cells at different dosages, while Mg particles at lower concentrations could improve cell viability."( A study of Titanium and Magnesium particle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity to human osteoblasts.
Anantharajan, SK; Dheen, ST; Fuh, JYH; Maskomani, S; Meenashisundaram, GK; Wang, N, 2020)		0.95
"05) ameliorated the toxic effects caused by TNP by increasing the antioxidant (CAT, SOD, GPx) activity and decreasing the levels of serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, ACP), macromolecular oxidation, excessive ROS production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, TNF-α, PGE-2)."( Tinospora cordifolia ameliorated titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity via regulating oxidative stress-activated MAPK and NRF2/Keap1 signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Anilkumar, TV; Devika, P; Prasitha, K; Vineetha, VP, 2021)		0.9
"REPLICA offered a safe solution at 1-year for the treatment of mandibular defects not suitable for reconstruction with traditional techniques, and was associated with subjective well-being and satisfaction."( Safety of boneless reconstruction of the mandible with a CAD/CAM designed titanium device: The replica cohort study.
Bedogni, A; Bedogni, G; Bettini, G; Di Carlo, R; Franco, P; Menapace, G; Michelon, F; Saia, G; Sandi, A, 2021)		0.85
" Here, we investigated the subchronic toxic responses of E171 (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg) and tried to elucidate the possible toxic mechanism using AGS cells, a human stomach epithelial cell line."( Toxicity of orally administered food-grade titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Han, HY; Heo, MB; Kim, DW; Kim, S; Kim, TW; Kwak, M; Lee, GH; Lee, TG; Lim, HJ; Oh, I; Oh, JH; Park, EJ; Yang, MJ; Yoon, C; Yoon, S, 2021)		0.88
"Local and systemic toxic reactions to implanted materials can result in morbidities."( A systematic review of cranioplasty material toxicity in human subjects.
Las, DE; Mommaerts, MY; Verwilghen, D, 2021)		0.62
" All human studies that identified toxic (aseptic) reactions to any types of material used as cranioplasty implants or onplants, published up to January 1, 2019, were included in the review."( A systematic review of cranioplasty material toxicity in human subjects.
Las, DE; Mommaerts, MY; Verwilghen, D, 2021)		0.62
" Collectively, 36 patients endured some type of toxic reaction to an implanted material."( A systematic review of cranioplasty material toxicity in human subjects.
Las, DE; Mommaerts, MY; Verwilghen, D, 2021)		0.62
"Based on localization of the visualized nanorods, on neuro-functional changes, and on literature data, the toxic mechanism involved mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death."( Presence of Titanium and Toxic Effects Observed in Rat Lungs, Kidneys, and Central Nervous System in vivo and in Cultured Astrocytes in vitro on Exposure by Titanium Dioxide Nanorods.
Bellák, T; Berkesi, DS; Gopisetty, MK; Horváth, T; Igaz, N; Kiricsi, M; Kónya, Z; Kozma, G; Papp, A; Patai, R; Polgár, TF; Razga, Z; Tiszlavicz, L; Vezér, T; Wilhelm, I, 2020)		0.94
" This raises the possibility that various types of NPs could be found in the same medium, thereby, the adverse effects of each NP either could be potentiated, inhibited or remain unaffected by the presence of the other NPs."( Combined Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles: Comparison of Individual and Mixture Particles Effect.
Engin, AB, 2021)		0.62
"This integrative review aimed to report the toxic effect of submicron and nano-scale commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) debris on cells of peri-implant tissues."( Cytotoxic effects of submicron- and nano-scale titanium debris released from dental implants: an integrative review.
Bousbaa, H; Henriques, B; Messous, R; Silva, FS; Souza, JCM; Teughels, W, 2021)		1.09
" Bacterial- and phytotoxicity data ascertain that the photocatalyzed and contaminant-free water is safe for the environment."( Enhanced visible light-driven photocatalysis of iron-oxide/titania composite: Norfloxacin degradation mechanism and toxicity study.
Duraisamy, M; Mohan, H; Natesan, K; Ramalingam, V; Ramasamy, M; Seralathan, KK; Shin, T; Venkatachalam, J, 2021)		0.62
"Noble metals nanoparticles (NPs) and metal oxide NPs are widely used in different fields of application and commercial products, exposing living organisms to their potential adverse effects."( Physico-Chemical Properties of Inorganic NPs Influence the Absorption Rate of Aquatic Mosses Reducing Cytotoxicity on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Model.
Cascione, M; De Matteis, V; Di Sansebastiano, GP; Mazzotta, S; Rinaldi, R; Rojas, M, 2021)		0.62
" However, their combined toxic effects on the species across various trophic levels remain quite unexplored."( Toxicity evaluation of nano-TiO
Alex, SA; Chandrasekaran, N; Mukherjee, A; Seenivasan, R; Thiagarajan, V, 2021)		0.62
" The bioassays indicated that polycrystalline SBSC (p-Si) and monocrystalline SBSC (m-Si) leachates were more toxic to fish embryos than the PSC leachates and that water fleas were sensitive to m-Si leachates, but less sensitive to PSC and p-Si leachates."( Comparative toxicity of potential leachates from perovskite and silicon solar cells in aquatic ecosystems.
An, YJ; Chae, H; Han, S; Jeong, SW; Kim, L; Kwak, JI; Lee, TY; Panthi, G, 2021)		0.62
" Intentional or unintentional (because of loading and wear) release of metal ions/nanoparticles (NPs) from metal-doped implants can be therapeutic or cause adverse local tissue reactions, compromising long-term survival."( Double-edged sword: Therapeutic efficacy versus toxicity evaluations of doped titanium implants.
Gulati, K; Ivanovski, S; Scimeca, JC; Verron, E, 2021)		0.85
" In particular, the gas formation in the carpal bones was identified as the main side effect of the Mg-alloys, during the corrosion/degradation phase of Mg."( Osteosynthesis devices in absorbable Magnesium alloy in comparison to standard ones: a Systematic Review on effectiveness and safety.
Bosetti, M; Cochis, A; Grassi, FA; Leigheb, M; Rimondini, L; Tortia, R; Veneziano, M, 2021)		0.62
"A 730 nm picosecond-domain laser was developed to improve the clearance of pigmented lesion and reduce adverse events."( Treatment of facial and non-facial lentigines with a 730 nm picosecond titanium: Sapphire laser is safe and effective.
Bhawan, J; Feng, H; Kauvar, ANB; Schomacker, K; Singh, G; Sun, R; Ugonabo, N, 2022)		0.95
" The results showed good clearance with no adverse events and good subject satisfaction in patients with skin type II-III."( Treatment of facial and non-facial lentigines with a 730 nm picosecond titanium: Sapphire laser is safe and effective.
Bhawan, J; Feng, H; Kauvar, ANB; Schomacker, K; Singh, G; Sun, R; Ugonabo, N, 2022)		0.95
" Some particulate metals released from implant surfaces, their degradation products and/or contaminants exhibited local and systemic reactions after implant installation and osseointegration, contributing to unexpected treatment drawbacks and adverse effects."( Innovative surfaces and alloys for dental implants: What about biointerface-safety concerns?
Campos, MM; Kunrath, MF; Muradás, TC; Penha, N, 2021)		0.62
" However, such fractures were not associated with any signs of recurrence or any adverse events."( Titanium bridge modification for type 2 thyroplasty to improve device mechanical & safety performance.
Aburada, T; Fukushima, M; Nishimura, T; Sanuki, T, 2022)		2.16
" Cytotoxicity investigations by MTT, LDH and propidium iodide assays and light microscopy showed that these coatings were not toxic to L929 cells."( Nanodesigned coatings obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium implant and their cytotoxicity.
Čolović, B; Jokanović, V; Magić, M; Stojadinović, S; Tadić, N; Vasilijić, S, )		0.37
"Although HAT showed moderate cytotoxicity, in vivo results indicated that HAT is safe because it does not come in direct contact with cells in normal usage, and HATS is safe when used in masks."( Studies on safety and efficacy of particles containing a mixture of hydroxyapatite-argentum-titanium oxide (HAT) and sheets coated with HAT particles to be used in masks to improve nasal allergy: II. Cellular, in vivo, and clinical studies.
Kamatani, N; Okazaki, N; Shimizu, M; Shindo, T; Takei, T; Yamaki, D, 2022)		0.94
"The implantation of cervical titanium cages into the atlantoaxial joint in combination with posterior fixation appears to be a safe and effective method for achieving C1/2 fusion."( Safety and Feasibility of DTRAX Cervical Cages in the Atlantoaxial Joint for C1/2 Stabilization.
Gadjradj, P; Goldberg, JL; Härtl, R; Kirnaz, S; McGrath, LB; Medary, B; Schmidt, F; Sommer, F, 2022)		1.01
" Implementing in vitro data in the HHRA methodology requires an extrapolation strategy; combining in vitro dosimetry and lung dosimetry can be an option to estimate the toxic effects on lung cells caused by inhaled nanomaterials."( Combined in vitro-in vivo dosimetry enables the extrapolation of in vitro doses to human exposure levels: A proof of concept based on a meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo titanium dioxide toxicity data.
Nowack, B; Romeo, D; Wick, P, 2022)		0.91
" There were no serious adverse events, such as surgical site infection, significant loss of body weight, or abnormal blood test results."( Safety of terminally gamma-ray-sterilized screws coated with fibroblast growth factor 2-calcium phosphate composite layers in non-human primates.
Hara, Y; Mataki, K; Matsumoto, Y; Mutsuzaki, H; Nagashima, K; Okano, E; Sankai, T; Yamazaki, M; Yanagisawa, Y, 2023)		0.91
"The use of TiO2 NPs caused severe histological and apoptotic changes in the filiform and fungiform papillae, and the ventral surface of the tongue of the rats, while allowing recovery minimized the toxic effect of the NPs."( Evaluation of lingual mucosa toxicity and recovery follow-up in rats, following sub-chronic exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Ankily, MA; Rady, D; Shamel, M, )		0.35
" Titanium dioxide has been considered no longer safe for use in foods (nano and microparticles of E171) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to concerns over genotoxicity."( A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO
Aardema, MJ; Battersby, RV; Beevers, C; Burnett, K; Burzlaff, A; Czich, A; Donner, EM; Fowler, P; Johnston, HJ; Kirkland, D; Krug, HF; Pfuhler, S; Stankowski, LF, 2022)		1.88
"With the discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment, NPs can interact with coexisting organic pollutants, resulting in combined toxic effects."( Combined toxic effects of TiO
Li, Q; Wang, J; Xie, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2023)		0.91
" The current comparative nanotoxicological study, therefore, aims at analyzing the toxic effects of nanomaterials on four human mucosa barrier models including nasal (RPMI2650), buccal (TR146), alveolar (A549), and bronchial (Calu-3) mucosal cell lines to better understand the modulating effects of tissue maturity, cultivation conditions, and tissue type using standard transwell cultivations at liquid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces."( The Cultivation Modality and Barrier Maturity Modulate the Toxicity of Industrial Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nasal, Buccal, Bronchial, and Alveolar Mucosa Cell-Derived Barrier Models.
Bauer, G; Ertl, P; Hundsberger, H; Neuhaus, W; Pflüger, M; Povoden, G; Reihs, EI; Resch, C; Rothbauer, M; Stuetz, H, 2023)		1.13
"The 730 nm picosecond laser is safe and effective for the treatment of freckles in Asian patients."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a 730 nm picosecond titanium sapphire laser and a 755 nm picosecond alexandrite laser for the treatment of freckles in Asian patients: A two-center randomized, split-face, controlled trial.
Cai, P; Ge, Y; Guo, L; Huang, Y; Lin, T; Shi, H; Wu, Q; Yang, Y; Zeng, R; Zhang, M; Zhao, H; Zhao, W; Zheng, H, 2023)		1.15
" Yet, TiO2NP exposure may possess toxic effects to different cells and tissues, including the brain."( From Mechanisms to Implications: Understanding the Molecular Neurotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.
Aschner, M; Buha Djordjevic, A; Jiang, Y; Lu, R; Santamaria, A; Skalny, AV; Tinkov, AA; Tizabi, Y; Virgolini, MB, 2023)		1.14
" NPs have adverse effects on the respiratory and intestinal tract; however, few studies have focused on the toxic consequences of orally ingested metallic NPs on the cardiovascular system."( Food-grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats.
Bautista-Pérez, R; Cano-Martínez, A; Chirino, YI; Del Pilar Ramos-Godinez, M; Delgado-Buenrostro, NL; Herrera-Rodríguez, MA; Lira-Silva, E; López-Marure, R; Pavón, N; Ruiz-Ramírez, A; Segura, FC; Thomas, RS, 2023)		1.3
"E171 and ZnO NPs induce adverse cardiovascular effects in rats after 90 days of exposure, thus food intake containing these additives, should be taken into consideration, since they translocate into the bloodstream and cause cardiovascular damage."( Food-grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats.
Bautista-Pérez, R; Cano-Martínez, A; Chirino, YI; Del Pilar Ramos-Godinez, M; Delgado-Buenrostro, NL; Herrera-Rodríguez, MA; Lira-Silva, E; López-Marure, R; Pavón, N; Ruiz-Ramírez, A; Segura, FC; Thomas, RS, 2023)		1.3

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma, as calculated in a two-compartment model: biological half-life t1/2beta in plasma was 22."( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of titanocene dichloride in adults with advanced solid tumors.
Bach, F; Baumgart, J; Berdel, WE; Fels, LM; Gründel, O; Harstrick, A; Knoche, M; Korfel, A; Sass, G; Scheulen, ME; Schmoll, HJ; Seeber, S; Skorzec, M; Thiel, E, 1998)		0.3
" The clearance of inhaled PT1 after 1-yr inhalation was prolonged so that the biological half-life time (BHT) was difficult to estimate."( Pulmonary effects and clearance after long-term inhalation of potassium octatitanate whiskers in rats.
Higashi, T; Hori, H; Ishimatsu, S; Kasai, T; Morimoto, Y; Ogami, A; Oyabu, T; Tanaka, I; Yamato, H, 2003)		0.32
" In order to determine the disposition of nano-TiO2 particles that are taken up, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed."( Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for dietary risk assessment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
Bachler, G; Hungerbuhler, K; von Goetz, N, 2015)		0.64
" Experience with industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs reveals that biokinetics can be described and predicted accurately by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."( Toward a general physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for intravenously injected nanoparticles.
Carlander, U; Emond, C; Johanson, G; Jolliet, O; Li, D, 2016)		0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

Maxillary defects were closely reconstructed combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft (BFP), temporalis myofascial flap (TMF) and titanium mesh. Then, the nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone (the fibula cortical bone particles) was implanted to repair the bone defects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"5-mm titanium cortical screws used in combination with LC-DCP plates for osteosynthesis are likely to break during surgery."( [Fracture behavior of AO 3.5 mm cortical titanium screws Synthes screws) combined with LC-DCP plates].
Matter, P; Perren, T; von Knoch, M, )		0.91
"028) only when applied in combination with autogenous bone (62."( Effects of platelet-rich plasma on bone healing in combination with autogenous bone and bone substitutes in critical-size defects. An animal experiment.
Kessler, P; Kloss, FR; Nkenke, E; Schlegel, KA; Schultze-Mosgau, S; Wiltfang, J; Zimmermann, R, 2004)		0.32
"We experienced a case of bone metastatic recurrence from gastric carcinoma that responded to TS-1 combined with low-dose cisplatin (CDDP) therapy."( [A case of multiple bone metastasis from gastric carcinoma given chemotherapy with TS-1 combined with cisplatin].
Hori, T; Osawa, N; Uchima, Y, 2005)		0.33
"These results suggest a slight tendency for vertical impaction after Le Fort I osteotomy both in combination with SSRO and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy with PLLA plates, although differences in time course changes were not clinically apparent, and normal occlusion was established in all patients."( Maxillary stability following Le Fort I osteotomy in combination with sagittal split ramus osteotomy and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: a comparative study between titanium miniplate and poly-L-lactic acid plate.
Alam, S; Marukawa, K; Nakagawa, K; Shimada, M; Ueki, K; Yamamoto, E, 2006)		0.53
" To provide much needed benefit basis for clinical practice, this study was carried out to analyze the stress distribution in weakened roots restored with different cements in combination with titanium alloy posts."( Three-dimensional finite element analysis of weakened roots restored with different cements in combination with titanium alloy posts.
Bai, ZC; Gao, B; Li, LL; Liu, B; Mao, Y; Wang, ZY; Xin, HT; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B, 2006)		0.73
"A pseudo three-dimensional model of a maxillary central incisor with flared root canal, theoretically restored with titanium alloy posts in combination with different cements, was established."( Three-dimensional finite element analysis of weakened roots restored with different cements in combination with titanium alloy posts.
Bai, ZC; Gao, B; Li, LL; Liu, B; Mao, Y; Wang, ZY; Xin, HT; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B, 2006)		0.75
"To study the feasibility of close and three-dimensional reconstruction of maxillary defects combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft, temporalis myofascial flap and titanium mesh."( [Reconstruction of maxillary defects combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft, temporalis myofascial flap and titanium mesh].
Chen, HB; Li, J; Li, LJ; Luo, XH; Yao, JG, 2006)		0.74
" Maxillary defects were closely reconstructed combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft (BFP), temporalis myofascial flap (TMF) and titanium mesh to restore the profile of maxilla."( [Reconstruction of maxillary defects combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft, temporalis myofascial flap and titanium mesh].
Chen, HB; Li, J; Li, LJ; Luo, XH; Yao, JG, 2006)		0.75
"In the present work, a synergistic system of pulsed corona discharge combined with TiO(2) photocatalysis has been developed to investigate the degradation rate of phenol solutions by varying experimental conditions of gas bubbling varieties (air, O(2), and Ar), solution pH values, and radical scavenger additives."( Formation of hydrogen peroxide and degradation of phenol in synergistic system of pulsed corona discharge combined with TiO2 photocatalysis.
Li, G; Li, J; Quan, X; Wang, F; Wang, H; Wu, Y, 2007)		0.34
"To compare the clinical effects of treating prolapse of the cervical intervertebral disc by the Solis cage fusion, the titanium cage fusion or the autogenous iliac crest graft combined with the titanium plate fixation."( [Comparison among solis cage, titanium cage, and autogenous iliac crest graft combined with titanium plate in treating prolapse of cervical intervertebral disk].
Gong, F; Wang, K; Yang, P, 2006)		0.83
"1; in Group C, 23 patients (18 males and 5 females, aged 32-76 years, 28 intervertebral spaces) were treated with the autogenous iliac crest graft combined with the titanium plate fixation, and the preoperative JOA scores were 9-14, averaged 10."( [Comparison among solis cage, titanium cage, and autogenous iliac crest graft combined with titanium plate in treating prolapse of cervical intervertebral disk].
Gong, F; Wang, K; Yang, P, 2006)		0.82
"The Solis cage fusion has a better therapeutic effect in treating prolapse of the cervical intervertebral disc than the titanium cage fusion and the autogenous iliac crest graft combined with the titanium plate fixation."( [Comparison among solis cage, titanium cage, and autogenous iliac crest graft combined with titanium plate in treating prolapse of cervical intervertebral disk].
Gong, F; Wang, K; Yang, P, 2006)		0.83
" Calcium phosphate precipitation combined with phosphopeptide enrichment using Fe(III) IMAC provided highly selective enrichment of phosphopeptides."( Highly Efficient Phosphopeptide Enrichment by Calcium Phosphate Precipitation Combined with Subsequent IMAC Enrichment.
Jensen, ON; Roepstorff, P; Ye, J; Zhang, X, 2007)		0.34
"To introduce individualized 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of maxillary defect by prefabricated titanium mesh combined with pedicled buccal fat pad flap (PBFPF) and bone autograft."( [Reconstruction of maxillary defect by prefabricated titanium mesh combined with pedicled buccal fat pad flap and bone autograft].
Chen, GF; Chen, L; Jiang, C; Liu, YM; Yan, JL; Zhang, WM; Zhao, S, 2007)		0.81
" This is common in the posterior maxilla, where the presence of the maxillary sinus combined with severe atrophy of the bone crest, owing to long-standing edentulism or pathological conditions, might preclude implant placement."( Sinus membrane elevation in combination with placement of blasted implants: a 3-year case report of sinus augmentation without grafting material.
Balleri, P; Cagidiaco, MC; Ferrari, M; Sani, E; Veltri, M, 2008)		0.35
"A method of atlantoaxial stabilization using individual fixation of the C1 posterior arch and the C2 pedicle with C2 pedicle screws and plates combined with C1 titanium cables is described."( C2 pedicle screw and plate combined with C1 titanium cable fixation for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability not suitable for placement of C1 screw.
Chen, QF; Gong, DF; Jiang, H; Luo, GB; Xiao, ZM; Zhan, XL, 2008)		0.8
"C2 pedicle screw and plate combined with C1 titanium cable could be used to treat atlantoaxial instability in the cases not suitable for placement of C1 screw."( C2 pedicle screw and plate combined with C1 titanium cable fixation for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability not suitable for placement of C1 screw.
Chen, QF; Gong, DF; Jiang, H; Luo, GB; Xiao, ZM; Zhan, XL, 2008)		0.87
"To report on the short-term results of CO2-laser assisted stapedotomy combined with the àWengen titanium clip stapes prosthesis."( CO2 laser-assisted stapedotomy combined with àWengen titanium clip stapes prosthesis: superior short-term results.
Delsupehe, KG; Forton, GE; Loncke, R; Verfaillie, J; Wuyts, FL, 2009)		0.82
"To compare the short- and long-term sealing ability of root canal fillings consisting of AH-26 and laterally compacted gutta-percha in combination with a self-etching dentin bonding system and the Epiphany-Resilon system."( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents.
Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)		0.35
"The Epiphany-Resilon system and the group obturated with AH-26 sealer and gutta-percha, in combination with the self-etching bonding system after removal of the smear layer with EDTA, demonstrated similar sealing ability."( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents.
Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)		0.35
"With the aim to enhance visible-light absorbance, calcination combined with light irradiation was used to modify nanosized AgI/TiO2."( [Enhanced visible-light absorbance of nanosized AgI/TiO2 by using calcination combined with light irradiation].
Liang, Z; Ni, JR, 2009)		0.35
" The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a non-aminobiphosphonate combined with a surfactant to increase the ability of the drug to link to the implant and bone surfaces in the development of osseointegration in rabbits."( Clodronate combined with a surfactant (Tween 20) does not improve osseointegration: a rabbit immunohistomorphometric study.
Berardi, D; Paolantonio, M; Perfetti, G; Raffaelli, L; Trisi, P, )		0.13
" The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of 16 cases of non-tuberculous thoracic or lumbar spondylodiscitis treated with anterior debridement and reconstruction (tricortical graft or titanium mesh cage), combined with single-stage posterior instrumentation and grafting."( Non-tuberculous thoracic and lumbar spondylodiscitis: single-stage anterior debridement and reconstruction, combined with posterior instrumentation and grafting.
Derincek, A; Onay, U; Ozalay, M; Sahin, O; Turunc, T; Uysal, M, 2010)		0.55
"This retrospective review examined the authors' patients who underwent reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with fibula osteomyocutaneous flaps in combination with titanium mesh or a zygomatic implant."( Reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with the fibula osteomyocutaneous flap in combination with titanium mesh or a zygomatic implant.
Li, J; Shen, Y; Sun, J; Zhang, ZY, 2011)		0.78
"Twenty patients who underwent reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with fibula osteomyocutaneous flaps in combination with titanium mesh (n = 19) or a zygomatic implant (n = 1) were reviewed."( Reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with the fibula osteomyocutaneous flap in combination with titanium mesh or a zygomatic implant.
Li, J; Shen, Y; Sun, J; Zhang, ZY, 2011)		0.79
"Reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with the fibula osteomyocutaneous flap in combination with titanium mesh or a zygomatic implant is a feasible and acceptable option with a high success rate, a low complication rate, excellent postoperative cosmesis, and well-accepted function."( Reconstruction of high maxillectomy defects with the fibula osteomyocutaneous flap in combination with titanium mesh or a zygomatic implant.
Li, J; Shen, Y; Sun, J; Zhang, ZY, 2011)		0.8
"The results suggest that nanoparticles combined with visible light can be used for sterilization purposes and may be effective for treating infected wounds."( Enhanced inactivation of bacteria by metal-oxide nanoparticles combined with visible light irradiation.
Gedanken, A; Lipovsky, A; Lubart, R; Nitzan, Y, 2011)		0.37
" Split calvarial bone graft in combination with titanium mesh plates is recommended in patients with a history of infection or high risk of infection."( [Cranioplasty using autologous calvarial bone graft in combination with titanium mesh plates for patients with a history of bone infections after initial cranioplasty].
Houkin, K; Kamoshima, Y; Kashiwazaki, D; Kawashima, K; Osanai, T; Sawamura, Y; Yamauchi, T, 2011)		0.86
"BG combined with TM promoted new bone formation and maturation by inhibiting the infiltration of connective tissue."( Effect of a collagen membrane combined with a porous titanium membrane on exophytic new bone formation in a rabbit calvarial model.
Chung, JH; Herr, Y; Kwon, YH; Shin, SI, 2013)		0.64
"Regardless of the use of graft materials, BG combined with TM promoted more bone formation than BA combined with TM or TM alone."( Effect of a collagen membrane combined with a porous titanium membrane on exophytic new bone formation in a rabbit calvarial model.
Chung, JH; Herr, Y; Kwon, YH; Shin, SI, 2013)		0.64
"With the increasing number of patients with facial trauma, orbital-zygomatic-maxillary (OZM) fracture combined with orbital wall fracture has become common."( Late correction of orbital-zygomatic-maxillary fractures combined with orbital wall fractures.
Fan, X; Lin, M; Lu, W; Shen, Q; Xiao, C; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
"Late reconstruction by osteotomy and 4-point fixation could recover midface cosmesis, correct the enophthalmos, and improve the diplopia of OZM fractures combined with orbital wall fractures."( Late correction of orbital-zygomatic-maxillary fractures combined with orbital wall fractures.
Fan, X; Lin, M; Lu, W; Shen, Q; Xiao, C; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
"In this work, ultrasonic assisted extraction combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environment samples."( Ultrasonic assisted extraction combined with titanium-plate based solid phase extraction for the analysis of PAHs in soil samples by HPLC-FLD.
Cai, Q; Chen, C; Huang, C; Pan, D; Wang, J; Yao, S, 2013)		0.65
" The toluene degradation efficiency increased when non-thermal plasma technology was combined with the catalyst."( Toluene degradation by non-thermal plasma combined with a ferroelectric catalyst.
Li, J; Liang, WJ; Liu, H; Ma, L, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the surgical techniques and clinical effect of Ni-Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope in treating comminuted patellar inferior pole fractures."( [Application of Ni-Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope for the treatment of comminuted patellar inferior pole fractures].
Fu, QG; Tang, Y; Wang, PF; Zhang, CC; Zhang, X; Zhang, YT, 2013)		0.39
"From March 2008 to June 2010,34 patients with comminuted patellar inferior pole fracture were treated with Ni-Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope."( [Application of Ni-Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope for the treatment of comminuted patellar inferior pole fractures].
Fu, QG; Tang, Y; Wang, PF; Zhang, CC; Zhang, X; Zhang, YT, 2013)		0.39
"Ni Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope for the treatment of comminuted patellar inferior pole fracture is an effective method and of great value to clinical application."( [Application of Ni-Ti patellar concentrator combined with Herbert screw and wirerope for the treatment of comminuted patellar inferior pole fractures].
Fu, QG; Tang, Y; Wang, PF; Zhang, CC; Zhang, X; Zhang, YT, 2013)		0.39
" Different treatment strategies based on advanced oxidation processes (ozonation and TiO2-photocatalysis), and their combination with biological treatment (MBR), are herein assessed for effluents of a recycled paper mill and a kraft pulp mill."( Assessing the application of advanced oxidation processes, and their combination with biological treatment, to effluents from pulp and paper industry.
Blanco, A; Blanco, L; Cortijo, L; Hermosilla, D; Merayo, N, 2013)		0.39
"To assess the clinical effects of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy bow-teeth screws combined with locking plate internal fixation in treating comminuted fracture of tibial plateau."( [Treatment of comminuted fracture of tibial plateau with ni-ti shape memory alloy bow-teeth screws combined with locking plate internal fixation].
Fu, QG; Tang, Y; Wang, YX; Zhang, CC; Zhang, X; Zhang, YT; Zhao, X, 2013)		0.39
" Multi drop lockedup may avoid wide-ranging stripping local soft tissue, and form three-dimension fixation after combined with locking plate internal fixation, can effective recover anatomic structure of fracture."( [Treatment of comminuted fracture of tibial plateau with ni-ti shape memory alloy bow-teeth screws combined with locking plate internal fixation].
Fu, QG; Tang, Y; Wang, YX; Zhang, CC; Zhang, X; Zhang, YT; Zhao, X, 2013)		0.39
"The efficiency of titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic degradation of pollutants can be enhanced by combination with another advanced oxidation procedure such as ozonation."( Degradation of industrial surfactants by photocatalysis combined with ozonation.
Fónagy, O; Hajós, P; Horváth, K; Horváth, O; Szabó-Bárdos, E; Zsilák, Z, 2014)		0.74
"To investigate the effect of entangled titanium fibre balls (ETFBs) combined with nano strontium hydroxyapatite (nano-Sr-HAP) on the repair of bone defects in vivo."( Entangled titanium fibre balls combined with nano strontium hydroxyapatite in repairing bone defects.
Hao, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, P; Qiao, Y; Wang, N; Zhao, Q, 2014)		1.07
" ETFBs combined with nano-Sr-HAP were selected randomly from 72 samples and implanted into the femoral bone defects of left legs, which served as the experimental group, while ETFBs without nano-Sr-HAP were implanted into right legs for comparison."( Entangled titanium fibre balls combined with nano strontium hydroxyapatite in repairing bone defects.
Hao, Y; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, P; Qiao, Y; Wang, N; Zhao, Q, 2014)		0.8
"The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to assess the clinical performance of single crowns in the posterior maxilla supported by either 6-mm or 11-mm implants combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation."( Single crowns in the resorbed posterior maxilla supported by either 6-mm implants or by 11-mm implants combined with sinus floor elevation surgery: a 1-year randomised controlled trial.
Guljé, FL; Meijer, HJ; Raghoebar, GM; Vissink, A, 2014)		0.4
"6-mm implants and 11-mm implants combined with sinus floor elevation surgery are equally successful to support a single crown in the resorbed posterior maxilla after 1-year follow-up."( Single crowns in the resorbed posterior maxilla supported by either 6-mm implants or by 11-mm implants combined with sinus floor elevation surgery: a 1-year randomised controlled trial.
Guljé, FL; Meijer, HJ; Raghoebar, GM; Vissink, A, 2014)		0.4
"To evaluate the cleaning effect of the C-shaped canal treated by manual K file and ProTaper rotary endodontic file combined with ultrasonic cleaning, and find a better cleaning program for the C-shaped root canal."( [Research on cleaning rate of the C-shaped canal treated by manual or rotary endodontic file combined with ultrasonic rinsing].
Gao, Y; Rong, L; Wang, J; Wang, QS; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
"In the process of shaping and cleaning of C-shaped canal, it is recommended that the ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary endodontic file should be chosen to clean the top of the taproot pipe and combined with ultrasonic rinsing to achieve better results."( [Research on cleaning rate of the C-shaped canal treated by manual or rotary endodontic file combined with ultrasonic rinsing].
Gao, Y; Rong, L; Wang, J; Wang, QS; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.62
"To evaluate the clinical outcome of sonic endo-instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files in root canal preparation of molars."( [Application of sonic endo-instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files in root canal preparation of molars].
Chen, ZH, 2014)		0.4
"Group 1 was shaped with sonic endo-instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files,while group 2 was treated with stainless-steel files, both groups were obturated with lateral condensation technique."( [Application of sonic endo-instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files in root canal preparation of molars].
Chen, ZH, 2014)		0.4
"Compared with stainless-steel files, sonic endo instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files in root canal preparation of molars seem more effective, cause less postoperative pain and offer higher success rates."( [Application of sonic endo-instruments in combination with Mtwo Ni-Ti files in root canal preparation of molars].
Chen, ZH, 2014)		0.4
" The aim of this study is to explore a new type of soft palatal surgery for the treatment of adult OSAHS, and describe the subjective and objective results of this new surgery combined with uvulopharyngoplasty and inferior turbinate radiofrequency, and assess its safety and feasibility."( A novel palatal implant surgery combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and inferior turbinate radiofrequency for the treatment of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study.
Sun, YQ; Tham, CJ; Yin, YL; Zhang, XM; Zhou, X, 2015)		0.42
"Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) and natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment may interact with background contaminants such as heavy metals and modify their bioavailability and toxicity."( MITIGATION OF Cu(II) PHYTOTOXICITY TO RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) IN THE PRESENCE OF TiO₂ AND CeO₂ NANOPARTICLES COMBINED WITH HUMIC ACID.
Duan, D; Fang, H; Feng, J; Liu, T; Peng, C; Shi, J; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
"This in situ study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnish combined with CO2 laser in controlling enamel demineralization caused by cariogenic challenges."( In situ study of the anticariogenic potential of fluoride varnish combined with CO2 laser on enamel.
Colucci, V; Corona, SA; Serra, MC; Souza-Gabriel, AE; Tenuta, LM; Turssi, CP, 2015)		0.42
" Treatment with a brush (BR), 1% oxygen/argon CAP (PL), or brushing combined with CAP (BR+PL) was used to eliminate the biofilm."( Cold atmospheric plasma in combination with mechanical treatment improves osteoblast growth on biofilm covered titanium discs.
Duske, K; Holtfreter, B; Jablonowski, L; Koban, I; Kocher, T; Matthes, R; Nebe, JB; Sckell, A; von Woedtke, T; Weltmann, KD, 2015)		0.63
"The primary purpose of this study was to (1) determine if cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation combined with vancomycin therapy is more effective at reducing the MRSA bacterial burden on the implant, bone, and synovial fluid in comparison to either treatment alone or no treatment controls."( Cathodic Electrical Stimulation Combined With Vancomycin Enhances Treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Implant-associated Infections.
Campagnari, AA; Cole, R; Ehrensberger, MT; Hansen, L; Luke-Marshall, NR; Nodzo, S; Tobias, M; Wild, L, 2015)		0.42
"In this rodent model, cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation combined with vancomycin is an effective treatment for titanium implant-associated infections showing greater than 99."( Cathodic Electrical Stimulation Combined With Vancomycin Enhances Treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Implant-associated Infections.
Campagnari, AA; Cole, R; Ehrensberger, MT; Hansen, L; Luke-Marshall, NR; Nodzo, S; Tobias, M; Wild, L, 2015)		0.62
"Cathodic voltage-controlled electrical stimulation combined with vancomycin may enable successful treatment of titanium orthopaedic implant-associated infections with implant retention."( Cathodic Electrical Stimulation Combined With Vancomycin Enhances Treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Implant-associated Infections.
Campagnari, AA; Cole, R; Ehrensberger, MT; Hansen, L; Luke-Marshall, NR; Nodzo, S; Tobias, M; Wild, L, 2015)		0.63
" Present study developed a new determination method for six sulfonamides such as sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfafurazole in water samples, which was based on micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) using TiO2 nanotube arrays as the adsorbent in combination with high performance liquid chromatography."( Highly sensitive determination of sulfonamides in environmental water samples by sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate enhanced micro-solid phase extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography.
Fang, Z; Zhou, Q, 2015)		0.42
"A high-performance and selective adsorbent was developed for simultaneous extraction of 6 chlorobenzenes residues in soil samples by using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) combined with automated SPE followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)."( β-cyclodextrin functionalized meso-/macroporous magnetic titanium dioxide adsorbent as extraction material combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of chlorobenzenes in soil samples.
Cao, Y; Chen, S; Gan, N; Pan, M; Wu, D; Zhang, J, 2015)		0.66
" Titanium dioxide composites are used as a UV filter in sunscreen products combined with organic compounds such as butyl methoxydibenzoyl methane (avobenzone) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) to improve the function of the sunscreen."( Photolysis of the organic UV filter, avobenzone, combined with octyl methoxycinnamate by nano-TiO2 composites.
Im, NR; Kim, EJ; Kim, MJ; Park, SN, 2015)		1.33
" To evaluate efficacy and relevant problems of in situ reconstruction of extensor muscle insertion on the C2 spinous process combined with titanium miniplates internal fixation in expansive open-door cervical laminoplasty in order to improve surgical treatment effect."( Expansive Open-Door Cervical Laminoplasty: In Situ Reconstruction of Extensor Muscle Insertion on the C2 Spinous Process Combined With Titanium Miniplates Internal Fixation.
Chen, W; Cheng, Z; Li, W; Qian, S; Yan, S, 2015)		0.82
" This article presents a novel intra- and extramedullary fixation technique: percutaneous external fixator combined with titanium elastic nails (EF-TENs system)."( Minimally invasive surgical technique: Percutaneous external fixation combined with titanium elastic nails for selective treatment of tibial fractures.
Chen, WK; Huang, ZL; Sun, T; Tao, ZS; Tu, KK; Yang, L; Zhou, Q; Zhou, XT, 2015)		0.85
"To evaluate the effectiveness of the screw-based intermaxillary traction combined with occlusal splint in the treatment of pediatric mandibular condylar fracture."( [SCREW-BASED INTERMAXILLARY TRACTION COMBINED WITH OCCLUSAL SPLINT FOR TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC MANDIBULAR CONDYLAR FRACTURE].
Cai, H; Deng, M; Li, B; Long, X; Meng, Q; Wu, Y, 2015)		0.42
"The screw-based intermaxillary traction combined with occlusal splint might be an effective method for pediatric mandibular condylar fracture."( [SCREW-BASED INTERMAXILLARY TRACTION COMBINED WITH OCCLUSAL SPLINT FOR TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC MANDIBULAR CONDYLAR FRACTURE].
Cai, H; Deng, M; Li, B; Long, X; Meng, Q; Wu, Y, 2015)		0.42
" The extended DLVO theory in combination with the thermodynamic analysis can be well applied to describe the enhanced AS flocculation after the NPs exposure."( Investigation of the effect of nanoparticle exposure on the flocculability of activated sludge using particle image velocimetry in combination with the extended DLVO analysis.
Li, XY; Xu, J, 2016)		0.43
" Methods In 10 patients, we explored the role of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in combination with autologous skin grafts (ASGs) for closure of chronic wounds after skull reconstruction with titanium."( Acellular Dermal Matrix Combined with Autologous Skin Grafts for Closure of Chronic Wounds after Reconstruction of Skull Defects with Titanium Mesh.
He, S; Lin, C; Lin, X; Liu, Y; Luo, X; Wang, X; Yang, R; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.83
" The SPME-HNTs-TiO2 combined with NCD-IMS was successfully applied for the determination of parathion in apple, strawberry, celery and water samples."( Halloysite nanotubes-titanium dioxide as a solid-phase microextraction coating combined with negative corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry for the determination of parathion.
Jafari, MT; Mossaddegh, M; Saraji, M, 2016)		0.75
" Here, we report combination therapies in which TOP3 was combined with gemcitabine or TS-1."( Hypoxia-inducible factor-targeting prodrug TOP3 combined with gemcitabine or TS-1 improves pancreatic cancer survival in an orthotopic model.
Hoang, NT; Kadonosono, T; Kizaka-Kondoh, S; Kuchimaru, T, 2016)		0.43
" This combination method which is tTMCP combined with TB and f-IC gel, would be useful for the treatment of segmental long bone defects."( Repair of segmental radial defects in dogs using tailor-made titanium mesh cages with plates combined with calcium phosphate granules and basic fibroblast growth factor-binding ion complex gel.
Amaya, K; Choi, S; Chung, UI; Hojo, H; Honnami, M; Ichimura, M; Kamimura, W; Koyama, H; Liu, IL; Mochizuki, M; Nishimura, R; Ohba, S; Sasaki, N; Shimohata, N; Taguchi, T; Urushisaki, Y, 2017)		0.7
" Herein, a novel N-glycans enrichment approach based on phosphate derivatization combined with Ti(4+)-SPE (solid phase extraction) was developed."( Highly specific purification of N-glycans using phosphate-based derivatization as an affinity tag in combination with Ti(4+)-SPE enrichment for mass spectrometric analysis.
Bin, Z; Lu, H; Peng, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2016)		0.43
"In this study, the effects of chemical conditioning using titanium salt coagulants (TSCs) of different hydrolysis speciation in combination with magnetic nano-particles on dewatering performance of waste activated sludge were evaluated by means of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and capillary suction time (CST)."( Improvement of wastewater sludge dewatering performance using titanium salt coagulants (TSCs) in combination with magnetic nano-particles: Significance of titanium speciation.
Cao, B; Chen, Z; Du, Y; Ma, T; Wang, C; Wang, D; Xia, H; Zhang, W, 2017)		0.94
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the deflection forces in coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) and esthetic archwires combined with ceramic brackets."( Comparison of deflection forces of esthetic archwires combined with ceramic brackets.
Francisconi, MF; Freitas, KMS; Freitas, MR; Higa, RH; Janson, G; Matias, M, 2018)		0.7
" This study aims to assess relative motion as an indicator for primary stability and osseointegration of two different titanium cups each combined with a titanium augment."( Treatment of High-Grade Acetabular Defects: Do Porous Titanium Cups Provide Better Stability Than Traditional Titanium Cups When Combined With an Augment?
Beckmann, NA; Bitsch, RG; Bruckner, T; Jaeger, S; Janoszka, MB; Klotz, MC, 2018)		0.94
"Both cup types combined with augments displayed minimal relative motion that was within the accepted range thought to allow osseointegration, although the traditional surface proved superior to the newer surface."( Treatment of High-Grade Acetabular Defects: Do Porous Titanium Cups Provide Better Stability Than Traditional Titanium Cups When Combined With an Augment?
Beckmann, NA; Bitsch, RG; Bruckner, T; Jaeger, S; Janoszka, MB; Klotz, MC, 2018)		0.73
"To evaluate the effectiveness of a new type of sutured titanium wire combined with titanium nail internal fixation in correction of serious old medial canthus deformity."( [New type of sutured titanium wire combined with titanium nail internal fixation for correction of serious old medial canthus deformity].
Chen, J; Guo, B; Zeng, C; Zhang, Y, 2018)		1.05
"Application of the new type of suture titanium wire combined with titanium nail in the correction of serious old medial canthus deformity can achieve good effectiveness with the low recurrence rate."( [New type of sutured titanium wire combined with titanium nail internal fixation for correction of serious old medial canthus deformity].
Chen, J; Guo, B; Zeng, C; Zhang, Y, 2018)		1.07
"The patient underwent titanium mesh bone grafting combined with pedicle screw internal fixation."( Titanium mesh bone grafting combined with pedicle screw internal fixation for treatment of Ku[Combining Diaeresis]mmell disease with cord compression: A case report and literature review.
Chen, Z; He, D; Huang, W; Jin, K; Lou, C; Mei, L; Sang, W; Zheng, L, 2018)		2.24
" The application of titanium mesh bone grafting combined with pedicle screw internal fixation is an effective treatment option for stage III Kümmell disease."( Titanium mesh bone grafting combined with pedicle screw internal fixation for treatment of Ku[Combining Diaeresis]mmell disease with cord compression: A case report and literature review.
Chen, Z; He, D; Huang, W; Jin, K; Lou, C; Mei, L; Sang, W; Zheng, L, 2018)		2.25
"To explore clinical effects of Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture in treating refractory fracture of patellar comminuted fracture."( [Clinical effects of Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture for the treatment of refractory fracture of patellar comminuted fracture].
Shu, F; Yang, R; Yang, XD; Zhang, H, 2018)		0.93
"From January 2014 to January 2016, 17 comminuted fracture treated by Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture were retrospectively analyzed, including 10 males and 7 females aged from 28 to 67 years old with an average of (48."( [Clinical effects of Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture for the treatment of refractory fracture of patellar comminuted fracture].
Shu, F; Yang, R; Yang, XD; Zhang, H, 2018)		0.91
"Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture in treating refractory fracture of patellar comminuted fracture has advantages of simple operation, good anatomical reduction, stable fixation and less complications, which is worth popularizing."( [Clinical effects of Kirschner wire with hole transverse fixation combined with titanium cable purse string suture for the treatment of refractory fracture of patellar comminuted fracture].
Shu, F; Yang, R; Yang, XD; Zhang, H, 2018)		0.95
"To evaluate the effect of nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone for living model of canine tibial plateau collapse fracture by biomechanical testing."( [Biomechanical study on nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone for living model of canine tibial plateau collapse fracture].
Fang, Y; Huang, F; Liang, Y; Yan, X; Yang, Y; Yao, X, 2018)		1.05
" Then, the nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone (the fibula cortical bone particles), the artificial bone (nano-hydroxyapatite), and autologous fibula cortical bone particles were implanted to repair the bone defects within 4 hours after modeling in groups A, B, and C, respectively; and the plate and screws were fixed outside the bone defects."( [Biomechanical study on nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone for living model of canine tibial plateau collapse fracture].
Fang, Y; Huang, F; Liang, Y; Yan, X; Yang, Y; Yao, X, 2018)		1.1
"The nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone for subarticular bone defect of tibial plateau in dogs has good biomechanical properties at 5 months after operation, and has better axial stiffness when compared with the artificial bone and autologous bone graft."( [Biomechanical study on nickel-titanium three-dimensional memory alloy mesh combined with autologous bone for living model of canine tibial plateau collapse fracture].
Fang, Y; Huang, F; Liang, Y; Yan, X; Yang, Y; Yao, X, 2018)		1.16
"To evaluate the short-term curative effects of ARCH titanium plate fixation combined with expansive single open-door laminoplasty (EOLP) in treating cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)."( [Short-term curative effects of ARCH titanium plate fixation combined with expansive single open-door laminoplasty in treating cervical spondylotic myelopathy].
Li, ZW; Liu, X; Yang, SX; Zhao, ZG, 2019)		1.04
"ARCH titanium plate fixation combined with EOLP in the treatment of CSM can significantly reduce the possibility of "re-closure" and other related postoperative complications and the short-term clinical efficacy is satisfactory."( [Short-term curative effects of ARCH titanium plate fixation combined with expansive single open-door laminoplasty in treating cervical spondylotic myelopathy].
Li, ZW; Liu, X; Yang, SX; Zhao, ZG, 2019)		1.3
"To investigate the effectiveness of allograft bones combined with poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cages or titanium mesh cages (TMCs) in the management of cervical spinal tuberculosis."( Could Allograft Bones Combined with Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Cages or Titanium Mesh Cages be an Alternative Grafting Method in the Management of Cervical Spinal Tuberculosis?
Chen, R; Chen, X; Huang, Y; Li, Z; Lin, J; Wu, W, 2019)		0.96
"A total of 16 patients with cervical spinal tuberculosis who underwent anterior debridement, reconstruction with allograft bones combined with PEEK cages or TMCs, and anterior plate fixation between 2013 and 2016 were retrospectively studied."( Could Allograft Bones Combined with Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Cages or Titanium Mesh Cages be an Alternative Grafting Method in the Management of Cervical Spinal Tuberculosis?
Chen, R; Chen, X; Huang, Y; Li, Z; Lin, J; Wu, W, 2019)		0.75
"Allograft bone combined with PEEK cages and TMCs could bring about favorable clinical results in patients with cervical spinal tuberculosis."( Could Allograft Bones Combined with Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Cages or Titanium Mesh Cages be an Alternative Grafting Method in the Management of Cervical Spinal Tuberculosis?
Chen, R; Chen, X; Huang, Y; Li, Z; Lin, J; Wu, W, 2019)		0.75
"We studied osteogenesis and morphofunctional features of the anterior tibial muscle using 3-mm high-frequency automated lengthening with the Ilizarov apparatus alone and in combination with intramedullary nailing."( Bone Formation and Adaptive Morphology of the Anterior Tibial Muscle in 3-mm Daily Lengthening Using High-Fractional Automated Distraction and Osteosynthesis with the Ilizarov Apparatus Combined with Intramedullary Hydroxyapatite-Coated Wire.
Filimonova, GN; Gorbach, EN; Kononovich, NA; Popkov, AV; Popkov, DA, 2019)		0.51
" In this paper, we report a novel surface modification strategy, large-grit sandblasting combined with micro-arc oxidation (SL-MAO), aiming to promote peri-implant bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants."( Enhancing osseointegration of titanium implants through large-grit sandblasting combined with micro-arc oxidation surface modification.
Chen, J; He, W; Li, J; Liu, Z; Xie, L; Yin, X; Zou, S, 2019)		0.99
"To summarize the techniques and clinical effectiveness in treating scaphoid nonunion with nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) arched shape-memory alloy connector in combination with autologous iliac bone grafts."( Nickel-titanium arched shape-memory alloy connector combined with bone grafting in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion.
Jiang, LQ; Wu, JH; Xia, DM; Xu, SG; Ye, Y; Zhou, PY, 2019)		1.19
"Using Ni-Ti arched shape-memory alloy connector in combination with autologous bone grafting provided a new modality to treat scaphoid nonunions in a less traumatic, convenient to operate and satisfactory manner in treatment outcomes, and thus is worthy of further application."( Nickel-titanium arched shape-memory alloy connector combined with bone grafting in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion.
Jiang, LQ; Wu, JH; Xia, DM; Xu, SG; Ye, Y; Zhou, PY, 2019)		0.97
" This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with a poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene)/barium titanate (PVDF-TrFE/BT) membrane on bone repair in osteoporotic rats."( Effect of stem cells combined with a polymer/ceramic membrane on osteoporotic bone repair.
Almeida, ALG; Beloti, MM; Freitas, GP; Gimenes, R; Lopes, HB; Rosa, AL; Siessere, S; Sousa, LG, 2019)		0.51
" In the present work, the aim was to evaluate the usefulness of hDPSCs (human dental pulp stem cells), in combination with autologous plasma components, for in vitro bone generation on biomimetic titanium dental implant materials."( Adhesion, integration and osteogenesis of human dental pulp stem cells on biomimetic implant surfaces combined with plasma derived products.
Ibarretxe, G; Irastorza, I; Luzuriaga, J; Martinez-Conde, R; Unda, F, 2019)		0.7
" Herein, we developed an effective and selective fluorescent turn-on nanosensor for glucose detection based on Ti3C2 nanosheets combined with red-emitting carbon dots (RCDs)."( Titanium carbide MXenes combined with red-emitting carbon dots as a unique turn-on fluorescent nanosensor for label-free determination of glucose.
Pang, X; Yao, S; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2019)		1.96
"Sandblasting combined with femtosecond laser-etching of pure titanium surface has excellent surface physicochemical properties and is a promising surface modification technology for titanium implant."( [Effect of sandblasting combined with femtosecond laser-etching on surface physicochemical properties of pure titanium].
Li, C; Liu, OS; Zhou, HB; Zhou, JH; Zhou, YY; Zhou, ZK, 2019)		0.97
"The aim of this study was to assess the long-term clinical and radiological outcome of titanium cementless acetabular cups when combined with a highly crosslinked polyethylene liner."( Titanium acetabular cementless cups combined with highly crosslinked polyethylene liner have very low rates of aseptic loosening.
Efe, T; El-Zayat, BF; Heyse, TJ; Klasan, A; Lahner, M; Neri, T; Sen, A, 2020)		2.22
" All manufacturers with available studies have at least one report of 100% survivorship at 10-year follow-up for their titanium cup and highly crosslinked polyethylene acetabular component combination with aseptic loosening as an endpoint."( Titanium acetabular cementless cups combined with highly crosslinked polyethylene liner have very low rates of aseptic loosening.
Efe, T; El-Zayat, BF; Heyse, TJ; Klasan, A; Lahner, M; Neri, T; Sen, A, 2020)		2.21
"The data suggests that the rate of aseptic loosening of a titanium cup combined with a highly-crosslinked polyethylene liner at 10-year follow-up could be as low as 0%."( Titanium acetabular cementless cups combined with highly crosslinked polyethylene liner have very low rates of aseptic loosening.
Efe, T; El-Zayat, BF; Heyse, TJ; Klasan, A; Lahner, M; Neri, T; Sen, A, 2020)		2.25
" The rapid osteoinduction of iPSCs combined with 3DTi scaffolds is a safe, effective, and reproducible method for repairing mandibular bone defects."( Rapid human-derived iPSC osteogenesis combined with three-dimensionally printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds for the repair of bone defects.
Bai, X; Fei, Q; Yang, Y; Yu, L; Zhang, B; Zhang, L, 2020)		0.56
" To investigate the physical and chemical changes of drugs due to the combination, the tested drugs, both alone and in combination with TDN, were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies."( Comparative Study of Antibacterial Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics on MDR
Abd El-Baky, RM; Ahmed, FY; Farghaly Aly, U; Waly, NGFM, 2020)		0.82
" The present study was to investigate the efficiency of TNSMPC combined with cannulated compression screws in the treatment of comminuted patella fractures."( Clinical outcomes of Ti-Ni shape-memory patella concentrator combined with cannulated compression screws in the treatment of C2 and C3 patella fracture: a retrospective study of 54 cases.
Liu, F; Sun, J; Tao, R; Wu, J; Yao, C; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2020)		0.56
"Between January 2014 and December 2017, 54 patients of C2 and C3 patella fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation with TNSMPC combined with cannulated compression screws."( Clinical outcomes of Ti-Ni shape-memory patella concentrator combined with cannulated compression screws in the treatment of C2 and C3 patella fracture: a retrospective study of 54 cases.
Liu, F; Sun, J; Tao, R; Wu, J; Yao, C; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2020)		0.56
"TNSMPC combined with cannulated compression screws is an effective internal fixation method for C2 and C3 patella fracture with excellent clinical outcomes."( Clinical outcomes of Ti-Ni shape-memory patella concentrator combined with cannulated compression screws in the treatment of C2 and C3 patella fracture: a retrospective study of 54 cases.
Liu, F; Sun, J; Tao, R; Wu, J; Yao, C; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2020)		0.56
" In our study, we assessed the efficacy and feasibility of single-stage posterior debridement, interbody fusion using a structural autograft combined with a titanium mesh cage, and posterior instrumentation for the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis with significant vertebral body loss."( Treatment of Lumbosacral Tuberculosis with Significant Vertebral Body Loss Using Single-Stage Posterior Surgical Management with a Structural Autograft Combined with a Titanium Mesh Cage.
Feng, P; Guo, C; Hu, Y; Kong, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, Y, 2021)		1.01
"From May 2011 to June 2018, 15 patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis with significant vertebral body loss had undergone single-stage posterior debridement, interbody fusion using a structural autograft combined with a titanium mesh cage, and posterior instrumentation."( Treatment of Lumbosacral Tuberculosis with Significant Vertebral Body Loss Using Single-Stage Posterior Surgical Management with a Structural Autograft Combined with a Titanium Mesh Cage.
Feng, P; Guo, C; Hu, Y; Kong, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, Y, 2021)		1
"To evaluate the surgical technique and clinical effect of less invasive intrame-dullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures."( [Clinical effectiveness of less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage for subtrochanteric fractures].
Dang, Y; Fu, ZG; Liu, ZD; Xu, TM; Zhang, DY, 2020)		0.99
" All the patients were treated with less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage."( [Clinical effectiveness of less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage for subtrochanteric fractures].
Dang, Y; Fu, ZG; Liu, ZD; Xu, TM; Zhang, DY, 2020)		1
"Less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage can obtain good alignment and stability of fracture ends, which is an effective method for the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures."( [Clinical effectiveness of less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage for subtrochanteric fractures].
Dang, Y; Fu, ZG; Liu, ZD; Xu, TM; Zhang, DY, 2020)		1.03
" According to the random number method, the patients were divided into two groups: the titanium cable group (fixed with a titanium cable in combination with a locking plate) and hook plate group (fixed with a clavicular hook plate only)."( Treatment of distal clavicle fracture of Neer type II with locking plate in combination with titanium cable under the guide.
Cui, Y; Guan, J; Liu, M; Wang, J; Zhang, Y, 2021)		1.06
" Then the authors desired to investigate the effect of this CaP-modified implant on bone regeneration and stabilization maintenance combined with PRP treatment by establishing an osteoporotic rat model."( The Calcium Phosphate Modified Titanium Implant Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment Promotes Implant Stabilization in an Osteoporotic Model.
Gong, K; Sun, P; Wang, Y; Xu, D, )		0.42
"Use of a distal clavicle locking plate in combination with a titanium cable for treatment of Neer type II fractures results in high union rate, a low complication rate, and good shoulder function."( Locking plate combined with titanium cable for Neer type II distal clavicle fractures.
Chen, A; Fu, Q; Li, Y; Lu, N; Zhang, F; Zhao, L, 2021)		1.16
" In the present study, 3D‑printed pTi scaffolds with ideal pore size and porosity matching the bone tissue, were combined with pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMF), an exogenous osteogenic induction stimulation, to evaluate osseointegration in osteoporosis."( 3D‑printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds combined with pulse electromagnetic fields enhance osseointegration in osteoporosis.
Cheng, S; Li, X; Liu, W; Qiao, S; Yan, L; Ye, M, 2021)		0.62
"To evaluate the change in ex vivo biomechanical properties of the canine cervical spine, due to an intervertebral cage, both as a stand-alone device and in combination with plates."( Biomechanical effects of a titanium intervertebral cage as a stand-alone device, and in combination with locking plates in the canine caudal cervical spine.
Beishuizen, R; Emanuel, KS; Meij, BP; Reints Bok, TE; Teunissen, M; Tryfonidou, MA; van der Veen, AJ, 2021)		0.92
"To analyse the sliding resistance of a modern 3D-printed polymer bracket combined with different archwire types and to compare the results with conventionally used polymeric, ceramic and metal brackets."( Comparative in vitro analysis of the sliding resistance of a modern 3D-printed polymer bracket in combination with different archwire types.
Bourauel, C; Braumann, B; Christ, H; Hodecker, L; Kruse, T; Scharf, S, 2022)		0.72
" This study evaluated the effectiveness of stapler closure combined with a titanium clip in distal pancreatectomy."( An analysis of the effectiveness of stapler closure combined with a titanium clip in distal pancreatectomy.
Chen, Q; Jia, B; Jiang, P; Liu, Y, 2022)		1.19
"Stapler closure combined with titanium clips to reinforce the pancreatic stump is simple and easy to implement, effectively reduces the incidence of clinical pancreatic fistula, and shortens the postoperative length of hospital stay."( An analysis of the effectiveness of stapler closure combined with a titanium clip in distal pancreatectomy.
Chen, Q; Jia, B; Jiang, P; Liu, Y, 2022)		1.25
"To investigate the application of impaction bone grafting (IBG) combined with Ti-alloy mesh for acetabular bone defect reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty (THA) revision and follow up the clinical outcomes and imaging findings."( Impaction Bone Grafting Combined with Titanium Mesh for Acetabular Bone Defects Reconstruction in Total Hip Arthroplasty Revision: A Retrospective and Mini-Review Study.
Fu, M; Li, X; Liao, WM; Pan, BQ; Sheng, PY; Wu, CH; Wu, XY, 2022)		0.99
"The clinical and imaging data of patients who were admitted to our hospital from January 2000 to December 2020 and underwent acetabular bone defects reconstruction using IBG combined with titanium mesh were retrospectively analyzed."( Impaction Bone Grafting Combined with Titanium Mesh for Acetabular Bone Defects Reconstruction in Total Hip Arthroplasty Revision: A Retrospective and Mini-Review Study.
Fu, M; Li, X; Liao, WM; Pan, BQ; Sheng, PY; Wu, CH; Wu, XY, 2022)		1.18
"The application of IBG combined with titanium-alloy mesh in revision THA patients with acetabular defects was found to provide satisfactory outcomes."( Impaction Bone Grafting Combined with Titanium Mesh for Acetabular Bone Defects Reconstruction in Total Hip Arthroplasty Revision: A Retrospective and Mini-Review Study.
Fu, M; Li, X; Liao, WM; Pan, BQ; Sheng, PY; Wu, CH; Wu, XY, 2022)		1.27
" The three-dimensional finite element method was used to establish the models of anterior cervical compression fusion and internal fixation surgical implants and anterior cervical compression fusion and internal fixation combined with the partial resection of different amounts of the unilateral or bilateral uncovertebral joints."( Effect of ACDF combined with different degrees of partial resection of uncovertebral joints on cervical stability and degeneration: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Guo, W; Huang, J; Jiang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2022)		0.72
"There were no significant differences in the stress distribution and peak displacement of the vertebral body of ACDF combined with different amounts of uncovertebral joint resection in the states of flexion and extension."( Effect of ACDF combined with different degrees of partial resection of uncovertebral joints on cervical stability and degeneration: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Guo, W; Huang, J; Jiang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Finite element analysis of the biomechanical changes in the cervical spine showed that anterior cervical compression fusion and internal fixation combined with bilateral resection of less than 30% of the uncovertebral joints or unilateral resection of less than 40% of the uncovertebral joints had little effect on the stability of the cervical spine."( Effect of ACDF combined with different degrees of partial resection of uncovertebral joints on cervical stability and degeneration: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Guo, W; Huang, J; Jiang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Through animal experiments, this study explored the feasibility, accuracy, and safety of a magnetic detector combined with magnetic beads for the preoperative labeling of gastric cancer."( Experimental Study on Gastric Labeling by Magnetic Detector Combined With Magnetic Bead.
Chen, X; Dai, L; He, X; Hong, D; Huang, J; Jiang, C; Li, D; Li, H; Liu, M; Wang, W; Wang, X; Xie, J; Zheng, Y, 2023)		0.91
"A magnetic detector combined with magnetic beads for gastric cancer labeling is feasible, accurate, and safe."( Experimental Study on Gastric Labeling by Magnetic Detector Combined With Magnetic Bead.
Chen, X; Dai, L; He, X; Hong, D; Huang, J; Jiang, C; Li, D; Li, H; Liu, M; Wang, W; Wang, X; Xie, J; Zheng, Y, 2023)		0.91
"In this study, sternal complication rates of sternal closures with steel wire or steel wire combined with titanium plate in patients with obesity that underwent cardiac surgery were investigated."( Does Elective Sternal Plating Combined with Steel Wire Reduce Sternal Complication Rates in Patients with Obesity?
Çelik, E; Çora, AR, 2023)		1.12
"The data of 316 patients that underwent cardiac surgery between May 2018 and October 2021 were analyzed retrospectively; 124 patients withbody mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were divided into group I, patients whose sternotomy was performed with steel wires, and group II, patients whose sternotomy was performed with steel wire combined with titanium plates."( Does Elective Sternal Plating Combined with Steel Wire Reduce Sternal Complication Rates in Patients with Obesity?
Çelik, E; Çora, AR, 2023)		1.08
" This study compared the effectiveness of three different approaches, chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) combined with erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and CHX only, for reducing biofilm vitality from implant-like titanium surfaces."( Efficacy of antibacterial agents combined with erbium laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing titanium biofilm vitality: an in vitro study.
Geng, T; Wang, J; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Yuan, C, 2023)		1.31
" CHX combined with Er:YAG laser treatment was superior to CHX combined with PDT, and CHX only was better than the control."( Efficacy of antibacterial agents combined with erbium laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing titanium biofilm vitality: an in vitro study.
Geng, T; Wang, J; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Yuan, C, 2023)		1.13
"Within the current in vitro model's limitations, CHX combined with Er:YAG laser treatment is a valid method to reduce biofilm vitality on titanium discs."( Efficacy of antibacterial agents combined with erbium laser and photodynamic therapy in reducing titanium biofilm vitality: an in vitro study.
Geng, T; Wang, J; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Yuan, C, 2023)		1.33
" A modified water jet system (WaterJet) was combined with cold plasma technology (CAP) to achieve superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to cotton gauze treatment."( In-Vitro Biofilm Removal Efficacy Using Water Jet in Combination with Cold Plasma Technology on Dental Titanium Implants.
Bekeschus, S; Eberhard, C; Gerling, T; Holtfreter, B; Jablonowski, L; Kocher, T; Matthes, R; Miebach, L; Pitchika, V; Schlüter, R; Seifert, L, 2023)		1.13
"To explore the effect of preformed titanium mesh combined with concentrated growth factor (CGF) membrane on implant restoration of insufficient bone mass in the anterior teeth."( [Effect of preformed titanium mesh combined with concentrated growth factor membrane on implant restoration of insufficient bone mass in anterior teeth of 31 consecutive cases].
Mi, DW; Peng, B; Yan, X; Zhao, M, 2022)		1.32
"Preformed titanium mesh combined with CGF membrane is used in implant restorations for patients with insufficient bone mass in the anterior teeth, and the effect is definite."( [Effect of preformed titanium mesh combined with concentrated growth factor membrane on implant restoration of insufficient bone mass in anterior teeth of 31 consecutive cases].
Mi, DW; Peng, B; Yan, X; Zhao, M, 2022)		1.44
"To investigate the clinical outcome of autogenous dermis combined with local flap transplantation in the treatment of titanium mesh exposure after cranioplasty."( Application of Autogenous Dermis Combined With Local Flap Transplantation in Repair of Titanium Mesh Exposure After Cranioplasty.
Cheng, J; Fang, X; Lin, T; Wei, Z; Yang, X; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y, )		0.56
"The application of autogenous dermis combined with local skin flap to repair titanium mesh exposure can effectively avoid skin flap necrosis, potential re-exposure of titanium mesh, sub-flap effusion, infection, and other problems."( Application of Autogenous Dermis Combined With Local Flap Transplantation in Repair of Titanium Mesh Exposure After Cranioplasty.
Cheng, J; Fang, X; Lin, T; Wei, Z; Yang, X; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y, )		0.58
"To explore the value of virtual surgery and 3D printing model combined with guide plate in treatment of mandibular condylar neck fracture."( [Clinical application of virtual surgery combined with guide plate in reduction and fixation of condylar neck fracture in 7 patients].
Li, QQ; Mao, B; Wang, L; Ying, K; Zhu, YW, 2023)		0.91
"Virtual surgery and 3D printing model combined with guide plate can ensure an accurate reduction of condylar neck fracture and simplify the operation process, which can be used as an accurate, efficient and predictable auxiliary method."( [Clinical application of virtual surgery combined with guide plate in reduction and fixation of condylar neck fracture in 7 patients].
Li, QQ; Mao, B; Wang, L; Ying, K; Zhu, YW, 2023)		0.91
" Only in combination with primer, CAP treatment had a small but positive significant effect (group CP vs."( Influence of cold atmospheric-pressure-plasma in combination with different pretreatment methods on the pull-off tensile load in two-piece abutment-crowns: an in-vitro study.
Görgen, CI; Lehmann, KM; Sagheb, K; Schmidtmann, I; Wentaschek, S, 2023)		0.91
"Within the limitations of this study, CAP treatment cannot be recommended in this specific field of indication due to its unreliable influence on TL in combination with other pretreatment methods."( Influence of cold atmospheric-pressure-plasma in combination with different pretreatment methods on the pull-off tensile load in two-piece abutment-crowns: an in-vitro study.
Görgen, CI; Lehmann, KM; Sagheb, K; Schmidtmann, I; Wentaschek, S, 2023)		0.91
" With the assistance of surgical guide, ameloblastomas were resected, and custom 3D printed titanium mesh combined with posterior iliac bone harvest was used in mandibular reconstruction."( Three-dimensional printed titanium mesh combined with iliac cancellous bone in the reconstruction of mandibular defects secondary to ameloblastoma resection.
Ding, G; Li, M; Shen, G; Shen, S; Yu, H; Zhao, Z, 2023)		1.43
" 3D printed titanium mesh combined with posterior iliac cancellous bone graft can be regarded as an ideal alternative in extensive mandibular reconstruction."( Three-dimensional printed titanium mesh combined with iliac cancellous bone in the reconstruction of mandibular defects secondary to ameloblastoma resection.
Ding, G; Li, M; Shen, G; Shen, S; Yu, H; Zhao, Z, 2023)		1.59
"We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 23 patients treated for segmental bone defects post open distal femur fracture using a titanium mesh cage combined with the Masquelet technique under a 2-staged protocol in our institution from 2017 to 2021."( Management of segmental defects post open distal femur fracture using a titanium cage combined with the Masquelet technique A single-centre report of 23 cases.
Cui, D; Han, TY; Liu, B; Ma, XY; Yu, HL; Yuan, H; Zhou, DP, 2023)		1.34

Bioavailability

Antibiotics can be directly released around titanium-based implants, which can improve the bioavailability of drugs and reduce systemic toxicity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The purpose of this study was to assess the bioavailability and pulmonary toxicity of ZnCdS in rats."( Intratracheal instillation of zinc-cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) in Fischer 344 rats.
Beall, PA; Bergmann, JD; Lee, RB; McCain, WC; Metker, LW; Michie, MW, 2000)		0.31
" Identification of metal alloy-dependent biofilm compositions and dissolution products provides the basis for understanding the bioavailability and bioreactivity of these implant alloys and their degradation products."( Interfacial kinetics of titanium- and cobalt-based implant alloys in human serum: metal release and biofilm formation.
Hallab, NJ; Jacobs, JJ; Skipor, A, 2003)		0.63
"The results of this study report the novel use of electrostatic layer-by-layer nanoassembly of biocompatible nanoparticulate TiO2 multilayers to coat irregular nifedipine (NF) microcrystals to increase the photostability of the drug when exposed to simulated sunlight and to increase the dissolution rate and possibly the bioavailability of the drug after oral administration."( Nanoparticle multilayers: surface modification of photosensitive drug microparticles for increased stability and in vitro bioavailability.
De Villiers, MM; Kommireddy, DS; Li, N; Liebenberg, W; Lvov, Y; Tiedt, LR, )		0.13
" Therefore, even with 100% bioavailability of the 5 mg/kg TiO2 dose afforded by the intravenous route of administration, there were no remarkable toxic effects evident in the experimental animals."( Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats.
Fabian, E; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L; van Ravenzwaay, B; Wiench, K; Wohlleben, W, 2008)		0.59
" Moreover, the influence of TiO(2) nanoparticles on the bioavailability of As(III) was examined by bioaccumulation test using carp (Cyprinus carpio)."( Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on speciation and bioavailability of arsenite.
Chen, Y; Crittenden, JC; Sun, H; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2009)		0.72
" HAs affect the mobility and bioavailability of aquatic contaminants."( The role of calcium ions in the photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid at neutral pH.
Hinode, H; Mariquit, EG; Salim, C, 2008)		0.35
" These results indicate that in conjunction with microvascular dysfunction, nanoparticle exposure also decreases NO bioavailability through at least two functionally distinct mechanisms that may mutually increase local reactive species."( Pulmonary nanoparticle exposure disrupts systemic microvascular nitric oxide signaling.
Boegehold, MA; Castranova, V; Chen, BT; Frazer, DG; Hubbs, AF; Nurkiewicz, TR; Porter, DW; Stone, S, 2009)		0.35
" The presence of TiO(2) in algal tests reduced the observed toxicity due to decreased bioavailability of cadmium resulting from sorption/complexation of Cd(2+) ions to the TiO(2) surface."( Algal testing of titanium dioxide nanoparticles--testing considerations, inhibitory effects and modification of cadmium bioavailability.
Baalousha, M; Baun, A; Hartmann, NB; Hofmann, T; Ottofuelling, S; Von der Kammer, F, 2010)		0.7
"Adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on nanoparticles (NPs) is important for evaluating their transport, transfer, and fate in the environment, which will also affect sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) by NPs and thereby potentially alter the toxicity of NPs and the fate, transport, and bioavailability of HOCs in the environment."( Interactions of humic acid with nanosized inorganic oxides.
Lin, D; Xing, B; Yang, K, 2009)		0.35
" Bioavailability and distribution of Ti(IV) in T-lymphocytes was determined by energy-filtered electron microscopy (EFTEM)."( Titanium uptake, induction of RANK-L expression, and enhanced proliferation of human T-lymphocytes.
Cadosch, D; Chan, E; Filgueira, L; Gautschi, OP; Mhawi, A; Simmen, HP; Sutanto, M; von Katterfeld, B, 2010)		1.8
"Interactions between aqueous amino acids and mineral surfaces influence the bioavailability of amino acids in the environment, the viability of Ti implants in humans, and the role of mineral surfaces in the origin of life on Earth."( Attachment of L-glutamate to rutile (alpha-TiO(2)): a potentiometric, adsorption, and surface complexation study.
Cleaves, HJ; Hazen, RM; Jonsson, CL; Jonsson, CM; Sverjensky, DA, 2009)		0.35
"Four industrial by-products (phosphogypsum, PG; red gypsum, RG; sugar foam, SF and ashes from the combustion of biomass, ACB) were evaluated as possible amendments for reducing the leachability and bioavailability of As and Se in a metalloid-spiked acidic soil."( Assessment of the use of industrial by-products for induced reduction of As, and Se potential leachability in an acid soil.
García-González, MT; Garrido, F; Rodríguez-Jordá, MP, 2010)		0.36
" For organisms living in the aquatic environment, there is uncertainty on exposure because of a lack of understanding and data regarding the fate, behavior, and bioavailability of the nanomaterials in the water column."( Bioavailability of nanoscale metal oxides TiO(2), CeO(2), and ZnO to fish.
Baalousha, M; Cumberland, SA; Jarvis, K; Johnston, BD; Lead, JR; Linge, K; Moger, J; Scown, TM; Tyler, CR; van Aerle, R, 2010)		0.36
"Size is one of important factors determining titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO(2) NP) toxicity since penetration is eased with decreasing particle size and bioavailability is increased."( Oxidative stress responses of Daphnia magna exposed to TiO(2) nanoparticles according to size fraction.
Cho, J; Kim, KT; Kim, SD; Kim, SH; Klaine, SJ, 2010)		0.62
" A release of nano-TiO(2) from application sources to the aquatic environment may pose possible risks due to their bioavailability and toxicity."( Aggregation and toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aquatic environment--a review.
Sharma, VK, 2009)		0.65
" This phenomenon can be explained by better bioavailability of the coating material."( Relationship between osteoinductive characteristics of biocomposite material and physicochemical characteristics of coating.
Fedorova, MZ; Ivanov, MB; Kolobov, YR; Nadezhdin, SV; Pavlov, NA; Zubareva, EV, 2009)		0.35
"The bioavailability of iron is critical for the usefulness of double-fortified salt."( Iron in vitro bioavailability and iodine storage stability in double-fortified salt.
Diosady, LL; Li, YO; Wesley, AS, 2009)		0.35
" Iron in vivo tests in rats have confirmed that the ferrous fumarate microencapsulated in a lipid is highly bioavailable, with a bioavailability of 95% relative to ferrous sulfate."( Iron in vitro bioavailability and iodine storage stability in double-fortified salt.
Diosady, LL; Li, YO; Wesley, AS, 2009)		0.35
" The total radiation absorbed in the reactors, the volumetric rate of absorption (VRPA), was analyzed as a function of the optical properties (scattering albedo) of the photocatalyst."( Radiation absorption and optimization of solar photocatalytic reactors for environmental applications.
Colina-Márquez, J; Li Puma, G; Machuca-Martínez, F, 2010)		0.36
"Adducts based on a bisphosphonate drug (sodium risedronate) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles have been developed and characterized in order to improve the bioavailability of orally administrated bisphosphonates."( Particulate adducts based on sodium risedronate and titanium dioxide for the bioavailability enhancement of oral administered bisphosphonates.
Beggiato, S; Bignozzi, CA; Bozzi, P; Dalpiaz, A; Dissette, V; Ferraro, L; Leo, E; Pasti, L; Vighi, E, 2010)		0.85
" Collectively, these studies indicate that nanoparticle exposure reduces microvascular NO bioavailability and alters COX-mediated vasoreactivity."( Nanoparticle inhalation alters systemic arteriolar vasoreactivity through sympathetic and cyclooxygenase-mediated pathways.
Castranova, V; Chen, BT; Frazer, DG; Knuckles, TL; Leonard, HD; Nurkiewicz, TR; Yi, J, 2012)		0.38
"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO(2)) are now widely applied in consumer products, and the dispersion of nano-TiO(2) may adsorb metals and modify their behavior and bioavailability in the aquatic environment."( Role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the elevated uptake and retention of cadmium and zinc in Daphnia magna.
Fan, WH; Tan, C; Wang, WX, 2012)		2.26
" This study demonstrated that the assessment of the ecotoxicological impact of nanomaterials in aquatic environment should take into account the aging of these materials which can further influence their bioavailability for aquatic organisms."( Effects of aged TiO2 nanomaterial from sunscreen on Daphnia magna exposed by dietary route.
Abacci, K; Botta, C; Chaurand, P; Dufils, B; Fouqueray, M; Garric, J; Labille, J; Rose, J; Vollat, B, 2012)		0.38
" Nanoparticles have the potentials to increase photosensitizers' aqueous solubility, bioavailability and stability, and deliver photosensitizers to the target tissues."( Nanoparticles improve biological functions of phthalocyanine photosensitizers used for photodynamic therapy.
Jia, L; Jia, X, 2012)		0.38
"In the present study, Cd(2+) adsorption on polyacrylate-coated TiO(2) engineered nanoparticles (TiO(2)-ENs) and its effect on the bioavailability as well as toxicity of Cd(2+) to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were investigated."( Cd2+ Toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced by its adsorption on TiO2 engineered nanoparticles.
Miao, AJ; Yang, LY; Yang, WW, 2012)		0.38
" To determine factors necessary for bioactivity, we tested the cytotoxicity of different ligand compounds in conjunction with speciation studies and mass spectrometry bioavailability measurements."( Cytotoxicity of a Ti(IV) compound is independent of serum proteins.
Incarvito, CD; Saghatelian, A; Thomas, HR; Tinoco, AD; Valentine, AM, 2012)		0.38
" The temperature change was measured in a cylindrical keeper (GIGAUSS D600; GC, Tokyo, Japan) with coping of the casting alloy and a keeper with a dental implant at the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) for 20 min."( Radiofrequency heating and magnetically induced displacement of dental magnetic attachments during 3.0 T MRI.
Abe, Y; Hasegawa, M; Ishigami, T; Miyata, K; Namiki, T; Tabuchi, T, 2012)		0.38
" The behavior of NPs in soil will control their mobility and their bioavailability to soil organisms."( Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: fate, behavior, and effects on soil invertebrates.
Lofts, S; Loureiro, S; Soares, AM; Svendsen, C; Tourinho, PS; van Gestel, CA, 2012)		0.38
" The measurement of the thermal dependence of the specific absorption rate (SAR) of nanopowders by adiabatic magnetothermia reveals the existence of a dissipation peak just below T(C), which is assigned to a Hopkinson peak."( New insights into the heating mechanisms and self-regulating abilities of manganite perovskite nanoparticles suitable for magnetic fluid hyperthermia.
Andreu, I; Castro, M; Duguet, E; Epherre, R; Goglio, G; Mediano, A; Natividad, E, 2012)		0.38
" For this purpose, effects of bare titanium dioxide engineered nanoparticles (TiO(2)-NP) and their bulk counterpart (TiO(2)-BC) on Cd(2+) bioavailability and toxicity to the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were examined in the present study."( Cd2+ toxicity as affected by bare TiO2 nanoparticles and their bulk counterpart.
Li, Y; Miao, AJ; Yang, LY; Yang, WW, 2012)		0.66
"Using the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico as an impetus, we explored the potential for TiO(2)-mediated photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to increase the bioavailability (solubility) and biodegradability of weathered oil after a spill."( Photocatalytic pre-treatment with food-grade TiO(2) increases the bioavailability and bioremediation potential of weathered oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Alvarez, PJ; Brame, JA; Hong, SW; Lee, J; Lee, SH, 2013)		0.39
"Phenol was investigated for the ability of TiO2 photocatalysis to increase its bioavailability as an electron donor for denitrification."( Enhanced phenol bioavailability by means of photocatalysis.
Chen, J; Rittmann, BE; Wang, J; Yan, N; Zhang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" It is likely that the high concentration of calcium and extreme water hardness of the leachate reduced the bioavailability of some elements."( Environmental toxicity and radioactivity assessment of a titanium-processing residue with potential for environmental use.
Adams, MS; Binet, MT; Gissi, F; Koppel, DJ; Wendling, LA; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.64
" Owing to their ability to increase the bioavailability of low solubility drugs, to improve both their stability and their release kinetics, there are an increasing number of research articles concerning aerogels in different drug delivery applications."( An emerging platform for drug delivery: aerogel based systems.
Erkey, C; Ulker, Z, 2014)		0.4
"Interactions between organic toxicants and nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic environment may modify toxicant bioavailability and consequently the toxicant's environmental fate and toxicity."( Bioconcentration and metabolism of BDE-209 in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and impact on the thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae.
Chen, Q; Huang, C; Li, W; Lin, K; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zhou, B; Zhou, P, 2014)		0.64
" While, the toxicity of TiO2 NPs under SSL exposure could be explained by hydroxyl radical generation, the enhanced toxicity of Ag NPs under SSL exposure was due to surface oxidation and physicochemical modification of Ag NPs and shedding of Ag+, leading to an increased bioavailability of silver."( Differential effect of solar light in increasing the toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos.
Chan, WK; Chang, H; Gardner, H; George, S; Richards, M; Seng, EK; Valiyaveettil, S; Wang, C; Yu Fang, CH, 2014)		0.63
"Overall, the results of the present oral and IV study indicates very low oral bioavailability and slow tissue elimination."( Tissue distribution and elimination after oral and intravenous administration of different titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats.
Brandon, EF; de Jong, WH; Geraets, L; Jacobsen, NR; Krystek, P; Laurentie, M; Oomen, AG; Verharen, HW; Wallin, H, 2014)		0.62
"Natural organic matter (NOM) sorption to nanoparticles (NPs) can influence their transport and bioavailability in the aquatic environment."( Preferential sorption of some natural organic matter fractions to titanium dioxide nanoparticles: influence of pH and ionic strength.
Carraway, ER; Mwaanga, P; Schlautman, MA, 2014)		0.64
" Cell culture studies demonstrated the bioavailability of the OGP and that OGP remained on the surface for at least 2 weeks under in vitro cell culture conditions."( Bioactive surface modification of metal oxides via catechol-bearing modular peptides: multivalent-binding, surface retention, and peptide bioactivity.
Becker, ML; Doll, GL; Guo, K; Hua, G; Policastro, GM; Tang, W; Wesdemiotis, C; Zhou, J, 2014)		0.4
"Materials with high dielectric constant (HDC) have been used in high field MRI to decrease specific absorption rate (SAR), increase magnetic field intensity, and increase signal-to-noise ratio."( A novel method to decrease electric field and SAR using an external high dielectric sleeve at 3 T head MRI: numerical and experimental results.
Angelone, LM; Guag, JW; Park, BS; Rajan, SS, 2015)		0.42
"The dynamic nature of nanoparticle (NP) agglomeration behavior is of paramount interest to many current studies in environmental nanoscience and nano(eco)toxicology because agglomeration affects the NP bioavailability and toxicity."( Evaluation of charge and agglomeration behavior of TiO₂ nanoparticles in ecotoxicological media.
Baalousha, M; Lead, JR; Nur, Y, 2015)		0.42
"Specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions were predicted using SEMCAD-X (version 14."( Impact of silicone and metal port-a-cath implants on superficial hyperthermia treatment quality.
Drizdal, T; Paulides, MM; Trujillo-Romero, CJ; van Rhoon, GC, 2015)		0.42
" In this study we investigated effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and determined their influence on the bioavailability and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)."( The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis).
Bączek, T; Bergum, S; Ciesielski, TM; Farkas, J; Jenssen, BM; Konieczna, L; Nilsen, EW; Olsen, AJ; Salaberria, I; Salvenmoser, W, 2015)		0.68
", Pb) and NPs in aquatic environments may modify the bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals."( Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae.
Dirbaba, NB; Li, Y; Miao, W; Wu, H; Xiao, X; Zhou, B; Zhu, B, 2015)		0.81
"Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) and natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment may interact with background contaminants such as heavy metals and modify their bioavailability and toxicity."( MITIGATION OF Cu(II) PHYTOTOXICITY TO RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) IN THE PRESENCE OF TiO₂ AND CeO₂ NANOPARTICLES COMBINED WITH HUMIC ACID.
Duan, D; Fang, H; Feng, J; Liu, T; Peng, C; Shi, J; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
" Ecotoxicity tests on Artemia franciscana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum did not show any adverse effects related to the presence of alginate in the exposure media, and provided evidence on possible reduced bioavailability of nano-TiO₂."( Effects of alginate on stability and ecotoxicity of nano-TiO2 in artificial seawater.
Bilanicová, D; Callegaro, S; Hassellöv, M; Libralato, G; Marcomini, A; Minetto, D; Pojana, G; Volpi Ghirardini, A, 2015)		0.42
" The decreased bioavailability of Cu ions protected algae cells from being attacked by free Cu ions."( The reduced bioavailability of copper by nano-TiO₂ attenuates the toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa.
Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Li, H; Qian, Y; Zhao, M, 2015)		0.42
" As populations of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm2011 were similar in bulk/dissolved and ENM treatments, our results suggest that inhibition of nodulation in the ENM treatment was primarily due to phytotoxicity, likely caused by enhanced bioavailability of Zn ions."( Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula to Aged Biosolids Containing a Mixture of Nanomaterials (TiO₂, Ag, and ZnO) from a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Chen, C; Guo, J; Judy, JD; Lewis, RW; McNear, DH; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM, 2015)		0.42
"The stability and bioavailability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) suspension could be modified by the physicochemical properties of solution."( Effects of humic acid and ionic strength on TiO₂ nanoparticles sublethal toxicity to zebrafish.
Bao, SP; Fang, T; Yu, LP; Zhang, WC, 2015)		0.69
" We hypothesized that n-TiO2 may adsorb BPA, and thus modify its bioavailability and toxicity to aquatic organisms."( Enhanced Bioconcentration of Bisphenol A in the Presence of Nano-TiO2 Can Lead to Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Zebrafish.
Fang, Q; Guo, Y; Hua, J; Shi, Q; Wang, X; Zhou, B, 2016)		0.43
"In aquatic toxicity testing of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) the process of agglomeration is very important as it may alter bioavailability and toxicity."( Influence of pH and media composition on suspension stability of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles and immobilization of Daphnia magna under guideline testing conditions.
Baun, A; Cupi, D; Hartmann, NB, 2016)		0.66
" The results illustrated that the UV irradiation affected the behavior of light-active nanomaterial (such as TiO2) in an aquatic system, thus influencing their bioavailability and reactivity."( Effect of UV irradiation on the aggregation of TiO2 in an aquatic environment: Influence of humic acid and pH.
Ao, Y; Hou, J; Qi, N; Qian, J; Wang, C; Wang, P, 2016)		0.43
" Mercury increased expression of mt2 in larval zebrafish, but this response was lessened when zebrafish were exposed to Hg(2+) in the presence of TiO2-NPs, and which suggests that TiO2-NPs alter the bioavailability of Hg(2+) to zebrafish larvae."( Aqueous Hg(2+) associates with TiO2 nanoparticles according to particle size, changes particle agglomeration, and becomes less bioavailable to zebrafish.
Altinok, I; Boran, H; Boyle, D; Henry, TB; Patsiou, D, 2016)		0.43
" Furthermore, the bioavailability of nanoparticles versus their bulk counterparts was evaluated in rats after a single oral administration and intravenous injection, respectively."( Bioavailability of Silica, Titanium Dioxide, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Rats.
Choi, SJ; Jo, MR; Kim, MK; Lee, JA, 2016)		0.73
" Nano-TiO2 dispersion could, however, interact with metals and modify their behavior and bioavailability in aquatic environments."( Arsenate Accumulation, Distribution, and Toxicity Associated with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Daphnia magna.
Chi, Q; Li, M; Luo, Z; Wang, Z; Xing, B; Yan, C; Yan, Y, 2016)		0.67
" Therefore, beneficial biological effects were demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, which indicated that the bone-targeting effects of micelles greatly enhance the bioavailability of SV on the implant-bone interface, and the provision of SV-loaded targeting micelles alone exhibits the potential for extensive application in improving local bone regeneration and osseointegration, especially in osteoporotic subjects."( Study of a new bone-targeting titanium implant-bone interface.
Cai, L; Lai, R; Li, S; Li, Z; Liu, X; Sun, T; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, )		0.42
" This finding enriches our bioinspired drug design strategy for Ti(IV)-based anticancer therapeutics, which applies a family of Fe(III) chelators termed chemical transferrin mimetic (cTfm) ligands to inhibit Fe bioavailability in cancer cells."( Expanding the Therapeutic Potential of the Iron Chelator Deferasirox in the Development of Aqueous Stable Ti(IV) Anticancer Complexes.
Benjamín-Rivera, JA; Delgado, Y; Loza-Rosas, SA; Munet-Colón, C; Negrón, LJ; Parks, TB; Rivero, KI; Tinoco, AD; Vázquez-Maldonado, AL; Vázquez-Salgado, AM, 2017)		0.46
"The present study deals with the preparation of stable Curcumin incorporated Titaniumdioxide Nanoparticles (CTNPs) by coprecipitation method for improving the bioavailability of curcumin and site specific drug delivery."( In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity evaluation of curcumin incorporated titanium dioxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
Abraham, A; Balachandran, S; Sheeja, S; Sherin, S; Soumya, RS; Sudha Devi, R, 2017)		0.91
"Interactions between organic toxicants and nano-particles in the aquatic environment may modify toxicant bioavailability and consequently the toxicant's fate and toxicity."( Enhanced bio-concentration of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in the presence of nano-TiO
Duan, X; Fang, Z; Ren, X; Zhao, X, 2018)		0.48
" However, toxicity can be influenced by such modification, as the bioavailability of these substances may be influenced."( Metal accumulation, biochemical and behavioral responses on the Mediterranean clams Ruditapes decussatus exposed to two photocatalyst nanocomposites (TiO
Beyrem, H; Dellali, M; Joubert, O; Khazri, A; Mezni, A; Saidani, W; Sellami, B; Sheehan, D, 2019)		0.51
"The interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and metals in aquatic environments may modify the bioavailability and toxicity of metals to organisms."( Bioconcentration, depuration and toxicity of Pb in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in zebrafish larvae.
Guo, Y; Han, J; Hu, S; Li, S; Wu, H; Yang, L; Zhou, B, 2019)		0.75
" Absorption rate was calculated by measuring the clip volume."( Novel biodegradable magnesium alloy clips compared with titanium clips for hepatectomy in a rat model.
Fukumoto, T; Ikeo, N; Kido, M; Mukai, T; Naka, K; Tanaka, M; Toyama, H; Ueno, K; Urade, T; Yoshida, T, 2019)		0.76
" TG addition significantly improved the rice plants growth and reduced the bioavailability of Cd, Pb and As."( Simultaneous immobilization of the cadmium, lead and arsenic in paddy soils amended with titanium gypsum.
Chen, J; Chen, Z; Dai, Y; Gustave, W; Liu, X; Maguffin, SC; Qiu, D; Tang, X; Xu, J; Yuan, H; Zhai, W; Zhao, W, 2020)		0.78
"Reducing Cd bioavailability in the systemic circulation is an alternative strategy to reduce Cd exposure."( Use of Dietary Components to Reduce the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Rice.
Li, Y; Li, Z; Sun, S; Xia, H; Zhou, X; Zhuang, P, 2020)		0.56
" The effect of the amendments on the potential mobility and bioavailability of Cu was evaluated by the concentration of Cu in the overlying water and the chemical speciations of Cu in sediments."( Granular activated carbon-supported titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an amendment for amending copper-contaminated sediments: Effect on the pH in sediments and enzymatic activities.
Gao, W; Hui, K; Lin, Z; Song, H; Song, L; Wang, Q; Wang, Z; Xuan, L; Yin, Z, 2020)		0.83
" However, poor bioavailability of most SCNs and fast quenching of extracellular-generating ROS from SDT limit further applications of SCNs in the SDT of tumors."( Homology and Immune Checkpoint Dual-Targeted Sonocatalytic Nanoagents for Enhancing Sonodynamic Tumor Therapy.
Cheng, C; Du, F; Feng, Z; He, C; Huang, J; Ma, L; Qiu, L; Wei, X; Xiang, X; Zhou, M, 2021)		0.62
"The contamination and bioavailability of deleterious metals in arable soils significantly limits crop development and yield."( Low levels of TiO
Dias, CM; Mariz-Ponte, N; Santos, C; Silva, AMS; Silva, S, 2021)		0.62
" In wet tailings, the bioavailability of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn was higher than that in dry tailings as identified by BCR sequential extraction."( Contrasted speciation distribution of toxic metal(loid)s and microbial community structure in vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings under dry and wet disposal methods.
Gan, CD; Li, XY; Liu, R; Tang, QX; Yang, JY, 2022)		0.94
"In aquatic environment, engineered materials may inevitably interact with the coexisted organic pollutants, which affect their bioavailability and toxicity."( Combined exposure to titanium dioxide and tetracycline induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish.
Fu, Z; He, Y; Hu, Q; Xu, L; Yang, X, 2023)		1.23
" Due to the low local bioavailability of systemic antibiotics and possible off-target effects, localized drug delivery systems are of great importance."( Electrophoretic deposition of gentamicin and chitosan into titanium nanotubes to target periprosthetic joint infection.
Angenendt, K; Chiesa, R; Della Fara, G; Fischer, A; Hamilton, JL; Markovics, A; Radice, S; Sturm, A; Wimmer, MA, 2023)		1.15
" It is characterized in that antibiotics can be directly released around titanium-based implants, which can improve the bioavailability of drugs and reduce systemic toxicity."( [Progress in antibacterial/osteogenesis dual-functional surface modification strategy of titanium-based implants].
Fan, B; Gao, Q; Liu, P; Lü, L; Zou, L, 2023)		1.36

Dosage Studied

Study found that brushite-coated titanium alloy surfaces supported the function of osteoblasts and the expression of extracellular matrix. Results provide only weak evidence that coating of titanium implants with RGD peptides may increase periimplant bone formation.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Two of the lambs were dosed orally and one intravenously with 3 muCi titanium-44 each."( Absorption, excretion, and tissue deposition of titanium in sheep.
Hansard, SL; Madsen, FC; Miller, JK, 1976)		0.75
" Dose-response curves for the SO2 and NOx exposures showed differences explainable by the routes by which these gases reach the alveolar macrophages."( The effects of selected air pollutants on clearance of titanic oxide particles from the lungs of rats.
Ferin, J; Leach, LJ, 1975)		0.25
" It compared the inflammogenicity of two nondurable, biological particulates (Corynebacterium parvum and zymosan) with a pathogenic mineral dust (quartz) and a nonpathogenic dust (titanium dioxide) by dosing rats via the intratracheal route and measuring the consequent alveolitis."( Persistent biological reactivity of quartz in the lung: raised protease burden compared with a non-pathogenic mineral dust and microbial particles.
Brown, DM; Brown, GM; Donaldson, K; Slight, J, 1991)		0.47
" This dosage regimen produced no consistent or biologically important changes in survival, body weight gains, hematologic or clinical chemistry parameters or histopathology."( Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of dietary titanium dioxide-coated mica in male and female Fischer 344 rats.
Bernard, BK; Hofmann, A; Mennear, JH; Osheroff, MR, 1990)		0.53
" The paper briefly discussed these pathological changes from the standpoint of the chemical composition of the dusts, dose-response relation, etc."( [Experimental study of pathogenic effects of dusts of vanad-titan-magnetite on rats lungs].
Song, YK, 1989)		0.28
"The Bone Growth Chamber (BGC) methodology was used to establish a dose-response relationship for regeneration of mature bone tissue after irradiation of 5, 8, 11, 15 and 25 Gy single dose 60Co."( Dose-response for bone regeneration after single doses of 60Co irradiation.
Albrektsson, T; Jacobsson, M; Jönsson, A; Turesson, I, 1985)		0.27
" Half of these animals in the dosage subgroup received a single injection at appliance placement and the other half received weekly injections."( The effects of exogenous prostaglandins on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.
Currier, GF; Howes, RI; Leiker, BJ; Nanda, RS; Sinha, PK, 1995)		0.29
" Such cell-particle interactions have been simulated in vitro by challenging macrophages with particles dosed according to weight percent, volume percent, and number of particles."( Macrophage/particle interactions: effect of size, composition and surface area.
Black, J; Galante, JO; Glant, TT; Jacobs, JJ; Shanbhag, AS, 1994)		0.29
" A clear dose-response effect on the histological parameters assessed in this study was not noted."( Histomorphological reaction of bone to different concentrations of phagocytosable particles of high-density polyethylene and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vivo.
Davidson, JA; Fornasier, VL; Goodman, SB; Martial, N; Song, Y, 1996)		0.29
" In order to minimize the number of animals required, a grouped sequential procedure combined with an "up and down" dosage technique was applied."( Infection after intramedullary nailing: an experimental investigation on rabbits.
Hauke, C; Melcher, GA; Metzdorf, A; Perren, SM; Printzen, G; Schlegel, U; Ziegler, WJ, 1996)		0.29
" To test this theory we examined the antiproteolytic activity of A1AT exposed to quartz in vitro and found that it was decreased in a dose-response fashion."( Mechanisms of mineral dust-induced emphysema.
Churg, A; Li, K; Zay, K, 1997)		0.3
" BAL TNF-alpha levels, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, showed no apparent correlation with cellular or biochemical BAL parameters for either particle size or dosing method."( Intratracheal instillation versus intratracheal inhalation: influence of cytokines on inflammatory response.
Baggs, RB; Oberdörster, G; Osier, M, 1997)		0.3
"The dose-response of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) exposed to 15 and 35 kVp (8."( Thermoluminescent response and relative efficiency of TLD-100 exposed to low-energy x-rays.
Brandan, ME; Buenfil, AE; Flores, A; Gamboa-deBuen, I; Rodríguez-Villafuerte, M; Ruiz, CG, 1998)		0.3
" Cell morphological changes and necrosis were observed to occur when the total mass of the particle dosage exceeded a threshold level."( In vitro response of human fibroblasts to commercially pure titanium.
Gradisar, IA; Kovacik, MW; Meerbaum, SO; Mostardi, RA, 1999)		0.55
" The results showed that the best reaction dosage of TiO2-zeolite catalysts is about 2 g/l and the photocatalytic kinetics follows first order for all supported catalysts."( Photocatalytic degradation of AZO dyes by supported TiO2 + UV in aqueous solution.
Chen, F; Kong, L; MaiZhi, F; Wang, L; Yang, X; Zheng, S; Zhu, C; Zong, H, 2000)		0.31
" The extinction coefficient increased with the titanium dosage by a quadratic polynomial law, which may be approximated by a linear function at lower dosage."( [Extinction characteristics of TiO2 suspension for different band ultraviolet radiation].
Huang, X; Meng, Y; Qian, Y, 2001)		0.57
" In all of these studies crystalline SiO2 did not fit into the overall exposure-response or dose-response relationship, clearly demonstrating that SiO2 is a very different (more cytotoxic) particle type."( Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles.
Oberdorster, G, 1996)		0.29
" The results of this pilot study thus provide only weak evidence that coating of titanium implants with RGD peptides in the present form and dosage may increase periimplant bone formation in the alveolar process."( Effect of RGD peptide coating of titanium implants on periimplant bone formation in the alveolar crest. An experimental pilot study in dogs.
Dard, M; Hoogestraat, D; Meyer, J; Rössler, S; Scharnweber, D; Schliephake, H; Sewing, A, 2002)		0.82
"The dosage of TiO2 and its surface-loaded silver had notable effect on the photocatalytic degradation of Aroclor1260, under ultraviolet light."( [The effect of the dosage of TiO2 and its surface-loaded silver on the photocatalytic degradation of aroclor1260].
Fu, J; Li, C; Lin, Z; Mai, B; Pan, H; Shen, G, 2002)		0.31
" Using the dose-response curves measured for MTS-N detectors after 137Cs gamma ray irradiation and local doses calculated using Monte Carlo generated electron tracks, it was possible to predict the relative TL effectiveness for different X ray energies."( Microdosimetric interpretation of the photon energy response of LiF:Mg,Ti detectors.
Bilski, P; Kim, JL; Olko, P, 2002)		0.31
" This study was undertaken to investigate the role of apoptosis in resolving particle-induced lung inflammatory responses in exposed rats, using a dose-response / time course experimental design."( Time course of quartz and TiO(2) particle-induced pulmonary inflammation and neutrophil apoptotic responses in rats.
Hartsky, MA; Warheit, DB; Zhang, DD, 2002)		0.31
" Dosage of nickel ions was also performed with the use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)."( Porous titanium-nickel for intervertebral fusion in a sheep model: part 2. Surface analysis and nickel release assessment.
Assad, M; Charette, S; Chernyshov, AV; Coillard, C; Jarzem, P; Leroux, MA; Rivard, CH, 2003)		0.77
" In dose-response studies, infusion of 1 ng/mL IL-10 yielded the greatest bone ingrowth in the presence of particles."( Modulation of bone ingrowth and tissue differentiation by local infusion of interleukin-10 in the presence of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles.
Bloch, D; Fox, N; Genovese, M; Goodman, S; Ikenou, T; Klein, J; Lee, M; Ma, T; Matsuura, I; Miyanishi, K; Regula, D; Smith, RL; Trindade, M; Wang, N, 2003)		0.32
" In this experiment, comparison on the removal of reactive dye by photolysis using UV light alone, photocatalyst adsorption using TiO2 alone and photocatalysis using UV light with photocatalysts as well as the effect of experimental parameters such as the number of column employed, intensity of the light, pH and TiO2 dosage affecting the reaction efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of reactive dye in circular type reactor was examined."( Removal of reactive dye using UV/TiO2 in circular type reactor.
Choi, E; Gil, KI; Park, JH, 2003)		0.32
" This potential depends on the dosage and potentially on the application method and may limit the clinical use."( Local and controlled release of growth factors (combination of IGF-I and TGF-beta I, and BMP-2 alone) from a polylactide coating of titanium implants does not lead to ectopic bone formation in sheep muscle.
Haas, NP; Kandziora, F; Krummrey, G; Palasdies, N; Raschke, M; Schmidmaier, G; Wildemann, B, 2004)		0.53
" Applied ozone dosage and irradiation time during the photocatalysis stage are the factors affecting the molecular size distribution in the treated humic acid samples."( Effects of oxidative treatment techniques on molecular size distribution of humic acids.
Bekbolet, M; Kerc, A; Saatci, AM, 2004)		0.32
" In this work, different AOPs (O3, TiO2/UV, Fenton and H2O2/UV) were examined to treat tannery wastewater or as a pre-treatment step for improving the biodegradation of tannery wastewater, at different pH and dosage of the chemicals."( Comparison of different advanced oxidation process to reduce toxicity and mineralisation of tannery wastewater.
José, HJ; Moreira, RF; Schrank, SG; Schröder, HF, 2004)		0.32
" The dose-effect relationships for nitrite and viability were modeled as a power function (Fold change = [Dose+1]beta), where beta represents the slope of the dose-response curve."( Effects of ambient air particles on nitric oxide production in macrophage cell lines.
Breznan, D; Brook, JR; Chauhan, V; Goegan, P; Karthikeyan, S; Nadeau, D; Vincent, R, 2004)		0.32
" Due to the low dosage (50 ng) of target compounds used, the amounts of Cl(-) and total organic carbon were too small for quantification."( Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: comparison of photocatalysts.
Chang-Chien, GP; Lee, WS; Wu, CH, 2004)		0.32
" The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the analysis of the drug in dosage forms."( Extractive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of doxepin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using titanium (IV) and iron (III) thiocyanate complexes.
Misiuk, W, 2005)		0.54
" From the factorial design and responses surface methodology (RSM), maximum removal efficiency (85%) of dyeing wastewater was obtained at TiO2 dosage (1."( Treatment of dyeing wastewater by TiO2/H2O2/UV process: experimental design approach for evaluating total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency.
Cho, IH; Kim, YG; Lee, SM, 2005)		0.33
" Through numerous experiments, the influences of five parameters including light source, pH, reaction time, dosage of Fenton reagent, and initial dye concentration were investigated intensively."( [Photo-fenton oxidation processes used in the degradation of rhodamine B].
Xiang, XY; Zheng, HL, 2004)		0.32
" The effects of the TiO2 separation were studied from the mixtures, after photocatalytic Acid Orange 7 degradation, with dosage of FeCl3 at different stages of the process."( The separation of catalyst after photocatalytic reactions conducted in the presence of TiO2/FeCl3/UV.
Baran, W; Makowski, A; Wardas, W, 2005)		0.33
" Several factors affecting the degradation of 4CP by MW/UV/TiO2 method, such as the dosage of photocatalysts, the initial pH value of the solutions, gas bubbling, light intensity and addition of H2O2 oxidant, were studied in detail."( Degradation of 4-chlorophenol by a microwave assisted photocatalysis method.
Ai, Z; Lu, X; Yang, P, 2005)		0.33
" Feeding the humic acid solution with TiO2 particles dosage of 1 g/L with calcium ions into UF membrane, after the same filtration time and PCO reaction at 120 minutes, the permeate flux was increased to about 90% of the initial permeate flux."( Removal of humic acid foulant from ultrafiltration membrane surface using photocatalytic oxidation process.
Fang, H; Phay, W; Sun, DD; Tay, JH; Wu, M, 2005)		0.33
"TiO2/UV/O3-BAC (biological activated carbon) process was employed to treat raw water and compared to UV/O3-BAC process in its optimum parameters (3 mg/L ozone dosage with 15 min oxidation time and 15 min empty bed contact time in BAC)."( TiO2/UV/O3-BAC processes for removing refractory and hazardous pollutants in raw water.
Li, L; Zhang, P; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhu, W, 2006)		0.33
" The influence of factors as EDLs, solution volume and TiO(2) catalyst dosage on the decomposition of MB in the PCD/EDLs process was also investigated."( Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in TiO2 aqueous suspensions using microwave powered electrodeless discharge lamps.
Hong, J; Liu, YZ; Sun, C; Yang, SG, 2006)		0.33
"The removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) and HA, using a TiO(2)-mediated photocatalytic process, were investigated with variations in the pH, TiO(2) dosage and Cr(VI)/HA ratio."( Removal of Cr(VI) and humic acid by using TiO2 photocatalysis.
Lee, SM; Yang, JK, 2006)		0.33
"The effects of a systemic treatment with the bisphosphonate ibandronate on osseointegration of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants and on periprosthetic bone volume have been evaluated and the dosage of medication had to be defined."( [Improved osseointegration and periprosthetic bone volume around cementless metal implants under bisphosphonate treatment].
Bauss, F; Eberhardt, C; Kurth, AA; Raussen, W; Schwarz, M; Thiemann, S, )		0.34
" A high dosed bisphosphonate treatment with 5 microg or 25 microg ibandronate is potent to improve osseointegrated implant surface significantly compared to an untreated control in both uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants and to enhance periprosthetic bone volume."( [Improved osseointegration and periprosthetic bone volume around cementless metal implants under bisphosphonate treatment].
Bauss, F; Eberhardt, C; Kurth, AA; Raussen, W; Schwarz, M; Thiemann, S, )		0.32
" A study on the effect of electron acceptors on photooxidation reveals that both decolourisation and degradation increase in the presence of H(2)O(2), (NH(4))(2)S(2)O(8), KBrO(3), to certain dosage beyond which the enhancement effect is negligible."( TiO2-UV photocatalytic oxidation of Reactive Yellow 14: effect of operational parameters.
Muruganandham, M; Swaminathan, M, 2006)		0.33
" Only at relatively high concentrations (100 microg/ml) of nanoscale titania did we observe cytotoxicity and inflammation; these cellular responses exhibited classic dose-response behavior, and the effects increased with time of exposure."( Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells.
Ausman, KD; Colvin, VL; Kurian, PA; Liu, Y; Sayes, CM; Wahi, R; Warheit, DB; West, JL, 2006)		0.33
"Optical absorption (OA) dose-response of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) is studied as a function of electron energy (ionisation density) and irradiation dose."( Search for ionisation density effects in the radiation absorption stage in LiF:Mg,Ti.
Avila, O; Brandan, ME; Buenfil, AE; Gamboa-Debuen, I; Horowitz, YS; Ipe, N; Nail, I; Olko, P; Oster, L; Rodríguez-Villafuerte, M; Ruiz-Trejo, C; Tovar, VM, 2006)		0.33
" The methods are applicable to the assay of the drug under investigation in different dosage forms and the results are in good agreement with those obtained by the official methods."( Sensitive spectrophotometric methods for quantitative determination of chlorprothixene in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Misiuk, W, 2006)		0.33
" In this article, key steps in quantitative risk assessment are illustrated, using dose-response data in rats chronically exposed to either fine or ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2), carbon black (CB), or diesel exhaust particulate (DEP)."( Lung dosimetry and risk assessment of nanoparticles: evaluating and extending current models in rats and humans.
Bailer, AJ; Castranova, V; Kuempel, ED; Tran, CL, 2006)		0.53
" A stepwise experimental design with an "up-and-down" dosage technique was used to adjust the bacterial challenge in the area of the ID50 (50% infection dose)."( Effect on infection resistance of a local antiseptic and antibiotic coating on osteosynthesis implants: an in vitro and in vivo study.
Arens, S; Frangen, TM; Kälicke, T; Klöckner, S; Köller, M; Muhr, G; Printzen, G; Schierholz, J; Schlegel, U; Seybold, D, 2006)		0.33
" One week before implant placement, 10 rabbits were given doses of alendronate and continued on weekly dosing for 5 weeks until euthanized."( Effect of alendronate on endosseous implant integration: an in vivo study in rabbits.
Beck, FM; Chacon, GE; Larsen, PE; McGlumphy, EA; Stine, EA, 2006)		0.33
"In summary, orally dosed alendronate administration in rabbits had no significant effect on dental implant torque-removal values 6 weeks after endosseous placement in femur and tibia."( Effect of alendronate on endosseous implant integration: an in vivo study in rabbits.
Beck, FM; Chacon, GE; Larsen, PE; McGlumphy, EA; Stine, EA, 2006)		0.33
" For higher dosage of Cerium, the absorbance edge shifts to blue slightly."( [Preparation and photocatalytic activity of boron doped CeO2/TiO2 mixed oxides].
Liang, JR; Tang, XH; Wang, BG; Wei, CH, 2006)		0.33
" Experimental results indicated that increasing dosage of aqueous nano-TiO2 dispersion improved the ammonia decomposition of cotton fabric, which was prepared."( Heterogeneous decomposition of indoor ammonia in a photoreactor with TiO2-finished cotton fabrics.
Bai, Z; Dong, Y; Liu, R; Wang, X; Yan, H; Zhu, T, 2006)		0.33
" catalyst dosage and 15 mL/min of flowing velocity in the circulating mode."( [Microwave assisted photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solution].
Hong, J; Liu, YZ; Sun, C; Yang, SG, 2006)		0.33
" It was found that the electric current and NaCl dosage had a considerably larger effect on the oxidization of ammonia; this was less for the effect of the initial pH."( Electrochemical treatment of anaerobic digestion effluent using a Ti/Pt-IrO2 electrode.
Lei, X; Maekawa, T, 2007)		0.34
" Both ozone dosage and initial concentration of nitrobenzene exerted a positive influence on the catalytic ozonation."( [Degradation of trace nitrobenzene by nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation].
Ma, J; Qin, QD; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J; Zhao, L, 2006)		0.33
"The purpose of this study was to review published dose-response data on acute lung inflammation in rats and mice after instillation of titanium dioxide particles or six types of carbon nanoparticles."( In search of the most relevant parameter for quantifying lung inflammatory response to nanoparticle exposure: particle number, surface area, or what?
Wittmaack, K, 2007)		0.54
" Linear dose-response relationships were identified at sufficiently low doses, with no evidence of a dose threshold below which nanoparticle instillation ceased to cause inflammation."( In search of the most relevant parameter for quantifying lung inflammatory response to nanoparticle exposure: particle number, surface area, or what?
Wittmaack, K, 2007)		0.34
" The effects of key operating parameters, such as initial pH, catalyst and hydrogen peroxide dosage as well as the effect of initial dye concentration on decolorization and mineralization extents were studied."( Comparative study of UV/TiO2, UV/ZnO and photo-Fenton processes for the organic reactive dye degradation in aqueous solution.
Bozić, AM; Koprivanac, N; Kusić, HM; Peternel, IT, 2007)		0.34
"Dose-response relationships observed in the in vitro assays appeared to be directly comparable with dose-response relationships in vivo when the doses were similarly standardised."( The pro-inflammatory effects of low-toxicity low-solubility particles, nanoparticles and fine particles, on epithelial cells in vitro: the role of surface area.
Donaldson, K; Faux, S; Jones, A; MacNee, W; Miller, B; Monteiller, C; Tran, L, 2007)		0.34
" The proposed kinetic model could be adequately applied to describe the temporal behavior of the o-cresol decomposition with and without the dosage of Pt on TiO(2) in aqueous solution by UV/TiO(2) process."( Effect of Pt/TiO2 characteristics on temporal behavior of o-cresol decomposition by visible light-induced photocatalysis.
Chen, HW; Ku, Y; Kuo, YL, 2007)		0.34
" Parameters affecting photocatalytic process such as the catalyst crystallinity, light absorption efficiency, the dosage of catalyst, dopant and phenol concentrations were investigated."( Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions by Pr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles.
Chiou, CH; Juang, RS, 2007)		0.34
" The technique has been used to average BMD dose estimates derived from dichotomous dose-response experiments, microbial dose-response experiments, as well as observational epidemiological studies."( Properties of model-averaged BMDLs: a study of model averaging in dichotomous response risk estimation.
Bailer, AJ; Wheeler, MW, 2007)		0.34
" By the treatment of the LFFS-VUV only process, it was found that the decomposition rates of the dye in aqueous solutions increased with the increasing of VUV light intensity, dosage of TiO2, dosage of H2O2."( Study on the treatment of Acid Red 4 wastewaters by a laminar-falling-film-slurry-type VUV photolytic process.
Liao, BH; Shen, YS, 2007)		0.34
" We have evaluated the rat dose-response data and conducted a quantitative risk assessment for TiO2."( An approach to risk assessment for TiO2.
Dankovic, D; Kuempel, E; Wheeler, M, 2007)		0.34
" Decomposition kinetics of NOM was investigated using a commercial TiO2 catalyst, and the effect of various experimental parameters including TiO2 dosage and initial total organic carbon (TOC) concentration were also determined."( Degradation of natural organic matter by TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation and its effect on fouling of low-pressure membranes.
Huang, X; Leal, M; Li, Q, 2008)		0.35
" In addition, effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on gamma-HCH photodegradation was investigated."( Photocatalytic remediation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst.
Chen, S; Liu, Y; Quan, X; Zhao, HM; Zhao, X, 2007)		0.34
"5-3g/l TiO2 was added, the effect of TiO2 dosage for RR2 decolorization was insignificant in the UV/TiO2/O3 system."( Decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by catalytic ozonation processes.
Chang, CL; Kuo, CY; Wu, CH, 2008)		0.35
" In a batch reactor, COD and TOC removals are about 100% and 77% after 120 min in the CWAO of phenol over CeO2-TiO2 1/1 catalyst at reaction temperature of 150 degrees C, the total pressure of 3 MPa, phenol concentration of 1000 mg/L, and catalyst dosage of 4 g/L."( Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol over CeO2-TiO2 catalyst in the batch reactor and the packed-bed reactor.
Chen, Z; Wang, J; Yang, S; Zhu, W, 2008)		0.35
" With the ozone dosage increase, AOC began to reduce slightly because the low molecular size organic carbon was mineralized."( [Impacts of AOC by O3/TiO2 catalytic oxidation in drinking water].
Liang, T; Ma, J; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
" Finally, the proper dosage of the water containing the pesticides to a photocatalytic reactor followed by a wetland reactor resulted to be the most successful strategy for the detoxification of the studied compounds and their mixtures."( Combining TiO2-photocatalysis and wetland reactors for the efficient treatment of pesticides.
Araña, J; Doña Rodríguez, JM; Fernández Rodríguez, C; Garriga I Cabo, C; Herrera Melián, JA; Ortega Méndez, JA; Pérez Peña, J, 2008)		0.35
" Treatment efficiency, which was assessed in terms of COD, total phenols, aromatics and color reduction, generally increased with decreasing initial COD and increasing contact time, catalyst and H2O2 concentrations; however, for H2O2 there was a maximum dosage above which performance deteriorated."( Photocatalytic treatment of black table olive processing wastewater.
Bousios, S; Chatzisymeon, E; Mantzavinos, D; Stypas, E; Xekoukoulotakis, NP, 2008)		0.35
" While MTBE photodegradation rates increased with increasing dosage of H2O2 (5-15 mM) and TiO2 (0."( Photodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2.
Chen, Y; Hu, Q; Mao, K; Wang, Z; Xiong, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zhu, M, 2008)		0.35
" pH, catalyst dosage and illumination on lignin degradation was investigated."( Photocatalytic degradation of lignin using Pt/TiO2 as the catalyst.
Chang, CN; Chao, AC; Chiang, YP; Ma, YS; Sung, HF, 2008)		0.35
" The effect of the initial pH of the solution and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide under different light sources was also investigated."( Photocatalytic degradation of Orange G on nitrogen-doped TiO2 catalysts under visible light and sunlight irradiation.
Qiao, L; Sun, J; Sun, S; Wang, G, 2008)		0.35
" One cycle of TS-1 treatment whose dosage was 80 mg/m2/day consisted of administration for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest."( Phase II study of 2-week TS-1 administration followed by 1-week rest for gastric cancer.
Furukawa, H; Imamura, H; Imano, M; Inoue, K; Kishimoto, T; Morimoto, T; Nakae, S; Okano, S; Shimokawa, T; Sugihara, S; Tsukahara, Y; Yamazaki, K, )		0.13
" The ultraviolet (UV) dosage used in this experiment did not affect the viability of bacteria, and all bacteria survived well in the absence of TiO2 nanoparticles."( Studies of photokilling of bacteria using titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Chang, WH; Huang, YC; Lu, CH; Sun, JS; Tsuang, YH; Wang, CC, 2008)		0.61
" Effect of ozone dosage, catalyst dosage and temperature were investigated respectively."( [Influence of nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation on the ammonia concentration in Songhua River water].
Liang, T; Ma, J; Qin, QD; Wang, SJ; Yang, YX; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physico-chemical properties of the polymers on the release profile of ketoprofen from the pellets dosage form."( The effect of the ratio of two acrylic polymers on the in vitro release kinetics of ketoprofen from pellets prepared by extrusion and spheronisation technique.
Kibria, G; Ul-Jalil, R, 2008)		0.35
" In addition, it was illustrated that acid region, increased voltage, more dosage of TiO2 and higher aeration intensity were all beneficial parameters for phenol oxidation rates."( The influence of TiO2 and aeration on the kinetics of electrochemical oxidation of phenol in packed bed reactor.
Fu, J; Wang, L; Zhao, Y, 2008)		0.35
" As a prerequisite, an extensive characterisation of the ENPs was carried out following sonication which enabled the synthesis of an efficient dosing strategy for the cells in which exposure in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) gave an optimal agglomeration effects compared to distilled water (H2O) and minimal essential media (MEM)."( Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on fish cells in vitro.
Jha, AN; Vevers, WF, 2008)		0.62
" Our results show that brushite-coated titanium alloy surfaces supported the function of osteoblasts and the expression of extracellular matrix even in the presence of highly dosed gentamycin."( In vitro investigation of orthopedic titanium-coated and brushite-coated surfaces using human osteoblasts in the presence of gentamycin.
Eulert, J; Hendrich, C; Ince, A; Löhr, JF; Schütze, N; Thull, R, 2008)		0.89
" The influences of current density, dosage of NaCl, initial phenol concentration on electrochemical phenol degradation were investigated."( Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO(2)-Pt and Ti/IrO(2)-Pt.
Feng, C; Hu, W; Li, M; Sugiura, N; Zhang, Z, 2009)		0.35
" Effects of TiO2 on OD540 were corrected and dose-response curves were analyzed by the Hill plot."( Hemolysis caused by titanium dioxide particles.
Aisaka, Y; Igisu, H; Ikeda, M; Kawaguchi, R; Watanabe, S, 2008)		0.67
" Moreover, effect of TiO2 dosage on the degradation efficiency was investigated."( Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of 17beta-estradiol in aqueous solution.
Liu, Y; Mai, J; Ni, J; Sun, W; Xiong, L, 2008)		1.79
" The photocatalytic kinetics for the reductions of PPD and COD associated with the initial PPD concentration, UV radiation intensity, and TiO2/mPMMA microsphere dosage are proposed."( Photocatalytic degradation of p-phenylenediamine with TiO2-coated magnetic PMMA microspheres in an aqueous solution.
Chen, YH; Lin, RH; Liu, YY; Yen, FS, 2009)		0.35
"Effective carrier technologies and dosing appear critical for the successful use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)."( Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: radiographic observations.
Leknes, KN; Polimeni, G; Qahash, M; Susin, C; Wikesjö, UM; Yang, J, 2008)		0.35
" A Hill model was used to reconstruct dose-response function based on data from rats exposed by chronic inhalation to poorly soluble fine and nanosized particles."( Model-based assessment for human inhalation exposure risk to airborne nano/fine titanium dioxide particles.
Chiang, YH; Chio, CP; Liao, CM, 2008)		0.57
" Dose-response experiments were carried out using rat primary calvarial cells exposed to GFs + proteins and 1:10 or 1:100 dilutions of the mixture."( Treatment with a growth factor-protein mixture inhibits formation of mineralized nodules in osteogenic cell cultures grown on titanium.
Beloti, MM; Ciancaglini, P; da Silva, PE; de Castro, LM; de Oliva, MA; de Oliveira, PT; Fernandes, RR; Maximiano, WM; Nanci, A; Rosa, AL, 2009)		0.56
" Moreover, the effects of ozone dosage, catalyst dosage and initial solution pH on the degradation of 4-CNB by TiO(2)/UV/O(3) process were also investigated."( Ozone enhanced activity of aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions for photodegradation of 4-chloronitrobenzene.
Ben, Y; Chen, Z; Liu, X; Shen, J; Ye, M, 2009)		0.63
", 1-50 mg L(-1)), TiO(2) dosage (i."( Photodegradation of bisphenol-A in a batch TiO2 suspension reactor.
Chang, YM; Lee, MK; Su, TY; Tsai, WT, 2009)		0.35
" The influence of CoFe(2)O(4) dosage on the photocatalytic activity and magnetism of TiO(2)/NMs photocatalysts was investigated."( Study on nanomagnets supported TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by a sol-gel process in reverse microemulsion combining with solvent-thermal technique.
Li, H; Liu, C; Wang, S; Wu, Q; Zhang, Y, 2009)		0.35
" The effects of initial BPA concentration, initial pH, TiO(2) dosage and temperature on BPA photodegradation were investigated in order to obtain the optimum operational conditions."( Photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) using immobilized TiO2 and UV illumination in a horizontal circulating bed photocatalytic reactor (HCBPR).
Ren, D; Wang, R; Xia, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2009)		0.35
" The porcine blood was anticoagulated either by low heparin dosage or citrate."( Impact of hyperthermal rotary blood pump surfaces on blood clotting behavior: an approach.
Hamilton, KF; Mager, I; Schlanstein, PC; Schmitz-Rode, T; Steinseifer, U, 2009)		0.35
"9% and 78% respectively, at a dye concentration of 250 mg L(-1), NaOCl dosage of 50."( Studies on UV/NaOCl/TiO2/Sep photocatalysed degradation of Reactive Red 195.
Karaoğlu, MH; Uğurlu, M, 2010)		0.36
" Experimental solutions were sonicated immediately before dosing the cells."( Genotoxic potential of TiO2 on bottlenose dolphin leukocytes.
Bernardeschi, M; Frenzilli, G; Guidi, P; Nigro, M; Scarcelli, V, 2010)		0.36
" The influences on the photocatalytic degradation such as the initial concentration of reactant (C0), catalyst dosage (CTiO2), UV intensity (Ia) and pH value have been investigated."( The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in an UV/TiO2 suspension system.
Chen, Q; Pan, F; Song, JM; Xia, FL; Yuan, JY, 2009)		0.35
" The experiments conducted at different dye concentrations (12 and 20 ppm), catalyst loading, pH and H2O2 dosage (1-10 ml l(-1)), revealed that the degradation rate is strongly influenced by respective experimental parameters."( Titamium oxide (TiO2) assisted photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.
Madhu, GM; Pai, KV; Raj, MA, 2009)		0.35
"Zoledronic acid (ZA), a new-generation intravenous bisphosphonate, exhibits the greatest affinity for bone mineral with the longest retention, thereby leading to its ability to be dosed at annual intervals in the treatment of osteoporosis."( Effect of zoledronic acid on osseointegration of titanium implants: an experimental study in an ovariectomized rabbit model.
Akova, T; Dağlioğlu, K; Damlar, I; Esen, E; Kürkçü, M; Yildiz, A, 2010)		0.62
" On day 14, the mice were oropharyngeally dosed with 40 μL of a NP suspension (0."( Lung exposure to nanoparticles modulates an asthmatic response in a mouse model.
Boland, S; De Vooght, V; Dinsdale, D; Hoet, PH; Hussain, S; Luyts, K; Marano, F; Martens, JA; Nemery, B; Thomassen, LC; Vanoirbeek, JA; Verbeken, E, 2011)		0.37
" The catalyst crystallinity, catalyst dosage and 4-CNB concentration were found to have a significant impact on the degradation efficiency whereas solution pH has relatively less effect."( Hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 hollow microspheres for the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chloronitrobenzene.
Chen, Z; Ma, J; Shen, J; Wang, W; Ye, M, 2010)		0.36
" Future investigations will include an inhalation study to obtain information on dose-response relationships in rats and to use it to establish a No Effect Exposure Level for setting guidelines for this consumer product."( Nanoparticles-containing spray can aerosol: characterization, exposure assessment, and generator design.
Afshari, A; Castranova, V; Chen, BT; Frazer, DG; Jackson, M; Schwegler-Berry, D; Stone, S; Thomas, TA, 2010)		0.36
" In order to understand the mechanistic detail of the metal dosage on the activities enhancement of the TiO(2) based photocatalyst, this study investigated the CV photodegradation reactions under UV light irradiation using a Pt modified TiO(2) photocatalyst."( Mechanistic pathways differences between P25-TiO(2) and Pt-TiO(2) mediated CV photodegradation.
Chen, CC; Chiou, MR; Fan, HJ; Lee, WL; Lu, CS, 2011)		0.37
" Both the proton and alpha particle relative TL efficiencies of the high-temperature TL (HTTL) peaks 7 and 8 are underestimated by an order of magnitude suggesting that the HTTL efficiencies are affected by other factors in addition to radial electron dose; (3) the dose-response supralinearity of peaks 7 and 8 change rapidly with photon energy: this behaviour is explained in the framework of the unified interaction model as due to a very strong dependence on photon energy of the relative intensity of localised recombination and (4) the increased width and decrease in T(max) of composite peak 5 as a function of ionisation density is due to the greater relative intensity of peak 5a (a low-temperature component of peak 5 arising from two-energy transfer events, which leads to localised recombination)."( Mysteries of LiF TLD response following high ionisation density irradiation: nanodosimetry and track structure theory, dose response and glow curve shapes.
Datz, H; Fuks, E; Horowitz, Y; Livingstone, J; Oster, L; Rosenfeld, A, 2011)		0.37
" Exposure dosage and crystal structure of TiO2 particles play effects on phagocytotic ability and chemotactic ability of PAMs."( The immune toxicity of titanium dioxide on primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages relies on their surface area and crystal structure.
Li, XB; Li, YF; Li, YH; Liang, GY; Liu, R; Pu, YP; Yin, LH; Zhang, J; Zhang, XQ; Zhang, XY, 2010)		0.67
" The amount of NO and TNF-alpha secreted by macrophages gradually increased as the dosage of TiO2 nanoparticles increased."( Small-sized titanium dioxide nanoparticles mediate immune toxicity in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vivo.
Li, X; Li, Y; Liang, G; Liu, R; Pu, Y; Yin, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2010)		0.74
" The influence of irradiation time, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), the dosage of TiO(2) and the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration on COD removal efficiency was ascertained and optimum process conditions for stable and effective operation were determined."( Photocatalytic pretreatment of oily wastewater from the restaurant by a vacuum ultraviolet/TiO2 system.
Kang, JX; Li, B; Li, DS; Liu, DQ; Lu, L; Ren, YZ; Zhan, W, 2011)		0.37
" The effect of solution pH, catalyst dosage and initial concentration of MCP on the photocatalytic activity of Mg-doped TiO(2) with different loadings was studied."( Photocatalytic degradation of monocrotophos pesticide--an endocrine disruptor by magnesium doped titania.
Avasarala, BK; Bojja, S; Tirukkovalluri, SR, 2011)		0.37
" Regardless of dosage and administration method, such as inhalation, endotracheal administration, nasal drip and subcutaneous administration, once nanomaterials enter the bloodstream of a pregnant mother mouse, they move to the offspring and have effects on them."( [Health effects of nanomaterials on next generation].
Ihara, T; Oshio, S; Shinkai, Y; Sugamata, M; Suzuki, K; Tainaka, H; Takeda, K; Umezawa, M; Yanagita, S; Yokota, S, 2011)		0.37
" HEK 293 and mesenchymal stem cells expressed the BMP-2 gene comprised in the gene-activated surface in a manner that was consistent with the predicted dose-response and toxicity profiles found in NIH 3T3 cells."( A strategy to establish a gene-activated matrix on titanium using gene vectors protected in a polylactide coating.
Deppe, H; Haczek, C; Koch, C; Kolk, A; Kullmer, M; Pautke, C; Plank, C; Vogt, S, 2011)		0.62
" For inspecting the relationship between rate constants and dosage of TiO2, two possible kinetics were proposed in this study."( Determination of reaction rate constants for phenol oxidation using SnO2/Ti anodes coupled with activated carbon adsorption in the presence of TiO2 as catalyst.
Ding, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhao, Y, 2011)		0.37
" Our results clearly show that these NPs provoke different dose-response effects, with the pre-osteoblasts being much more sensitive than fibroblasts."( Preosteoblasts and fibroblasts respond differently to anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a cytotoxicity and inflammation study.
Bernier, MC; Besse, M; El Kirat, K; Morandat, S; Vayssade, M, 2012)		0.62
" The calculations employ previously published TRIPOS-E Monte Carlo track segment values of the radial dose in condensed phase LiF calculated at the Instituto National de Investigaciones Nucleares (Mexico) and experimentally measured normalised (60)Co gamma-induced TL dose-response functions, f(D), carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Poland)."( Alpha particle and proton relative thermoluminescence efficiencies in LiF:Mg,Cu,P:is track structure theory up to the task?
Bilski, P; Emfietzoglou, D; Guatelli, S; Horowitz, YS; Livingstone, J; Obryk, B; Oster, L; Rosenfeld, A; Siboni, D, 2012)		0.38
" In human SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma cells, our observations demonstrated that this drug delivery system markedly increased the efficiency of drug per dosage and decreased the IC(50), resulting in anticancer efficacy enhancement and side effect attenuation."( Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Chen, Y; Jiao, Z; Wan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, H, 2011)		0.59
" Discs of a commonly used titanium alloy (Ti6AlV4) with an aluminium oxide-blasted surface were treated by Cu- or Ag-ion implantation with different dosage regimen (ranging from 1e15-17 ions cm(-2) at energies of 2-20 keV)."( Copper and silver ion implantation of aluminium oxide-blasted titanium surfaces: proliferative response of osteoblasts and antibacterial effects.
Brenner, RE; Fiedler, J; Henke, D; Kleffner, B; Kolitsch, A; Stenger, S, 2011)		0.91
" These changes are independent of any chemically- or pharmacologically-mediated toxicity and present a challenge to drug developers and regulators in that risk depends on the retained lung burden of undissolved drug material, rather than the delivered dose, systemic exposure or duration of dosing as traditionally used in risk assessment for inhaled compounds."( Interpretation and prediction of inhaled drug particle accumulation in the lung and its associated toxicity.
Jones, RM; Neef, N, 2012)		0.38
"The increase of TiO(2) dosage from 40 to 70 mg/L enhanced the degradation."( Effect of particle size of titanium dioxide nanoparticle aggregates on the degradation of one azo dye.
Lin, CH; Shih, YH, 2012)		0.68
" Adsorbed amount of cyanide slightly increased as the TiO(2) dosage increased."( Photocatalytic removal of cyanide with illuminated TiO(2).
Lee, SM; Samarghandi, MR; Siboni, MS; Yang, JK, 2011)		0.37
" As a preliminary study, the influences of applied AS dosage to CDHA coatings were evaluated using XRD and SEM."( Biomimetic coating of bisphosphonate incorporated CDHA on Ti6Al4V.
Bhaduri, SB; Lawrence, JG; Touny, AH; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
" We assessed lipid peroxidation and digestive gland cell membrane stability of animals fed on food dosed with nano-TiO(2)."( Effect of ingested titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the digestive gland cell membrane of terrestrial isopods.
Drobne, D; Novak, S; Valant, J, 2012)		0.71
" These observations suggest that a combination of nanoparticles and heat stress is dangerous and in such situations modification of drug dosage is needed to achieve comparable neuroprotection."( Nanowired drug delivery of antioxidant compound H-290/51 enhances neuroprotection in hyperthermia-induced neurotoxicity.
Muresanu, DF; Sharma, A; Sharma, HS; Smith, MA; Tian, ZR, 2012)		0.38
" The effect of dosing sequence was also investigated."( Anionic polymer compound bioflocculant as a coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate and titanium tetrachloride.
Bo, XW; Gao, BY; Kim, JH; Shon, HK; Wang, Y; Yue, QY; Zhao, YX, 2012)		0.6
" However, such toxicity difference disappeared and all the data points could be fitted to a single Logistic dose-response curve when cell growth inhibition was plotted against the free Cd(2+) concentration."( Cd2+ Toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced by its adsorption on TiO2 engineered nanoparticles.
Miao, AJ; Yang, LY; Yang, WW, 2012)		0.38
" The model invertebrate (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea) was exposed to food dosed with nano-TiO(2) containing 100, 1,000, 3,000, or 5,000 µg nano-TiO(2) per gram of food."( Cell membrane integrity and internalization of ingested TiO(2) nanoparticles by digestive gland cells of a terrestrial isopod.
Drobne, D; Falnoga, I; Grlj, N; Mazej, D; Novak, S; Pelicon, P; Pipan-Tkalec, Ž; Remškar, M; Valant, J; Vavpetič, P, 2012)		0.38
" Two-phase drug release behavior was observed including a fast release (burst) for the first 6 hours and a prolonged slow release phase for 8 days, both with acceptable dosage and desirable release kinetics."( Nanoengineered drug-releasing Ti wires as an alternative for local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the brain.
Aw, MS; Gulati, K; Losic, D, 2012)		0.38
" Bone area and bone contact evaluations have demonstrated that peri-implant bone regeneration is highly dependent on the dosage of PTH incorporated."( Biomimetic CaP coating incorporated with parathyroid hormone improves the osseointegration of titanium implant.
Jiang, X; Rowe, D; Wang, L; Wei, M; Yu, X, 2012)		0.6
" Previously, we developed a gentamicin-releasing coating for cementless titanium hip prostheses and derived an appropriate dosing of this coating by adjusting the amount of gentamicin in the coating to match the antibacterial efficacy of clinically employed gentamicin-loaded bone cement."( A gentamicin-releasing coating for cementless hip prostheses-Longitudinal evaluation of efficacy using in vitro bio-optical imaging and its wide-spectrum antibacterial efficacy.
Busscher, HJ; Dijkstra, RJ; Neut, D; Thompson, JI; van der Mei, HC, 2012)		0.61
" These systems overcome the drawbacks of traditional drug dosage form, and offer more effective and favorable methods to optimize drug delivery in optimum dose to specific sites or to prolong delivery duration."( pH-controlled delivery of gentamicin sulfate from orthopedic devices preventing nosocomial infections.
Amador, G; Brouillaud, B; Durrieu, MC; Héroguez, V; Jacqueline, C; Pichavant, L, 2012)		0.38
" Commercially available viability assays are frequently used to compare the toxicity of different particle types and to generate dose-response data."( Particle-induced artifacts in the MTT and LDH viability assays.
Goth-Goldstein, R; Holder, AL; Koshland, CP; Lucas, D, 2012)		0.38
" A marked difference between filtration activity and survival of animals dosed with 'standard' barite and 'fine' barite suggests that the observed effects were primarily caused by physical interference with gill function."( A comparative study on the effects of barite, ilmenite and bentonite on four suspension feeding bivalves.
Kingston, PF; Strachan, MF, 2012)		0.38
"5, catalyst dosage of 2 g/L, 20 mmol/100 mL of H(2)O(2) and initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L."( Zeolite Y encapsulated with Fe-TiO2 for ultrasound-assisted degradation of amaranth dye in water.
Abdullah, AZ; Alwash, AH; Ismail, N, 2012)		0.38
" Using the filters in conjunction with a 505 nm cyan light-emitting diode and a Si photodiode, dose-response measurements were made for T8661 Transfluosphere beads in the concentration range 1 × 10(9) to 1 × 10(5) beads μL(-1), yielding a limit of detection of 3 × 10(4) beads μL(-1)."( Non-emissive plastic colour filters for fluorescence detection.
deMello, AJ; deMello, JC; Krishnadasan, S; Yamazaki, M, 2012)		0.38
" In this work, ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to offer new insights into the dynamical processes of interaction of nanomaterials with macrophage cells dosed with different concentrations of metal oxide nanoparticles (CeO(2), TiO(2) and ZnO)."( Imaging interactions of metal oxide nanoparticles with macrophage cells by ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy techniques.
Armstrong, LS; José-Yacamán, M; Plascencia-Villa, G; Ponce, A; Starr, CR, 2012)		0.38
" The effects of different operating parameters such as duration of process, catalyst dosage or enzyme concentration, pH of the solution, initial phenol concentration and H(2)O(2) concentration on both processes were examined."( The comparision of Coprinus cinereus peroxidase enzyme and TiO2 catalyst for phenol removal.
Kariminia, HR; Sarkhanpour, R; Sarrafzadeh, MH; Tavakoli, O, 2013)		0.39
" The adsorption isotherm of TiO2 dosage fit to Langmuir's isotherm equation well, and the reaction kinetics of initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased with the increase of TiO2 dosage but decreased with the increase of initial DOC."( Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic degradation of humic acid under natural sunlight.
He, Y, 2013)		1.83
" The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the micrometer Gd-TiO2 particles was similar to that of the nanometer P-25 particles at their respective optimum dosage but the former could be easily separated out by gravity."( Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using an integrated system of a new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor and micrometer Gd-doped TiO2 particles.
Cheng, Z; Huang, Y; Quan, X; Xiang, J; Xu, Y, 2012)		0.38
"TiO₂ nanoparticles had extremely low absorption, while ZnO nanoparticles had higher absorption and a clear dose-response curve."( Comparative absorption, distribution, and excretion of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration.
Che, JH; Cho, WS; Jeong, J; Kang, BC; Lee, JK; Seok, SH, 2013)		0.64
" Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that dosed nanoparticles are in close proximity to the bacteria, but they are not internalized."( Impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on growth, biofilm formation, and flavin secretion in Shewanella oneidensis.
Christenson, CJ; Gunsolus, IL; Haynes, CL; Maurer-Jones, MA; Meyer, BM, 2013)		0.39
" The percent hemolysis of red blood cells is less than 5% even treated with a big dosage of the fasciculate rutile and under UV irradiation, and there are no obvious changes of plasma recalcification time after the rutile treatment."( Formation of rutile fasciculate zone induced by sunlight irradiation at room temperature and its hemocompatibility.
Chen, XP; Cheng, Y; Li, GH; Zhang, XH; Zheng, JH; Zheng, X, 2013)		0.39
" Floc growth rate and floc size were significantly affected by dosing sequence."( Cationic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid with titanium tetrachloride for low molecule organic matter removal.
Gao, BY; Kim, JH; Li, Q; Phuntsho, S; Qi, QB; Shon, HK; Wang, Y; Yue, QY; Zhao, YX, 2013)		0.65
" Agglomeration took place more readily along with increasing HA concentration in the optimum dosage range (7."( Elimination of TiO₂ nanoparticles with the assist of humic acid: influence of agglomeration in the dissolved air flotation process.
Guiraud, P; Zhang, M, 2013)		0.39
" The acute study, using a modified OECD 425 progressive dosing procedure, found LD50 values of 59."( Health effects of selected nanoparticles in vivo: liver function and hepatotoxicity following intravenous injection of titanium dioxide and Na-oleate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in rodents.
Dusinska, M; Handy, RD; Kebis, A; Kucharská, J; Pribojova, J; Staruchova, M; Tulinska, J; Ulicna, O; Volkovova, K, 2015)		0.63
" The lower point was the minimal laser peak power to form the black particles and was constant regardless of the dosage forms, for example film-coated tablets, soft gelatin capsules and hard gelatin capsules."( Imprinting on empty hard gelatin capsule shells containing titanium dioxide by application of the UV laser printing technique.
Hosokawa, A; Kato, Y; Terada, K, 2014)		0.65
" Using a standardized procedure to ensure the dispersion of the NMs and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (without metabolic activation), we observed significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBCs) for some TiO2 NMs and for two MWCNTs, although no clear dose-response relationships could be disclosed."( Genotoxicity evaluation of nanosized titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human lymphocytes.
Antunes, S; De Temmerman, PJ; Jensen, KA; Louro, H; Mast, J; Nesslany, F; Norppa, H; Quarré, S; Silva, MJ; Simar, S; Tavares, AM; Verleysen, E, 2014)		0.68
" Pulmonary Saa3 expression correlated with the number of neutrophils in BAL across different dosing regimens, doses and time points."( Particle-induced pulmonary acute phase response correlates with neutrophil influx linking inhaled particles and cardiovascular risk.
Hougaard, KS; Jackson, P; Jacobsen, NR; Lamson, JS; Madsen, AM; Nyendi, AN; Ravn-Haren, G; Saber, AT; Vogel, U; Wahlberg, P; Wallin, H, 2013)		0.39
"5 g/L of TiO2 produced tailing in the dose-response curves."( Photocatalytic-based inactivation of E. coli by UV 282 nm XeBr Excilamp.
Batoev, VB; Linden, KG; Matafonova, GG, 2013)		0.39
" The objectives of this research were to evaluate toxic effects of low dosage TiO(2) NPs on Tetrahymena pyriformis under visible-light illumination conditions and further discuss possible mechanisms."( Imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative systems: toward an understanding of visible light-induced titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity.
Xu, B; Yu, CP; Zhang, HW; Zou, XY, 2013)		0.6
" The effects of the operational factors, such as doping content of Ag, photocatalyst dosage and calcination temperature were evaluated in the catalytic activity of Ag/TiO2."( Photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol in an aqueous suspension of silver-doped TiO2 nanoparticles.
Behnajady, MA; Jodat, A; Modirshahla, N; Shokri, M, )		0.13
"The fate assessment of nanomaterials in municipal sewage treatment plants (STP) is a crucial step for their environmental risk assessment and may be assessed by monitoring full scale STP, dosage to medium scale pilot STP or by laboratory testing."( Behavior of nanoscale titanium dioxide in laboratory wastewater treatment plants according to OECD 303 A.
Damme, S; Erdinger, L; Flach, F; Gartiser, S; Kuhlbusch, TA; Nickel, C; Schaeffer, A; Stintz, M, 2014)		0.72
" Because the patient desired oral chemotherapy on an outpatient basis, TS-1 was administered at a dosage of 80 mg/day for 2 weeks, followed by a 1-week rest."( Relapsed cervicomediastinal lymph node carcinoma with an unknown primary site treated with TS-1 alone: a case report.
Kuwano, H; Mogi, A; Onozato, R; Shitara, Y; Tanaka, S; Yajima, T, 2013)		0.39
" Alterations in the activities of CAT and GST were indicative of oxidative stress, although no clear dose-response relationship was observed."( Toxicity assessment of TiO₂ nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos under different exposure conditions.
Castro, VL; Clemente, Z; Fraceto, LF; Jonsson, CM; Moura, MA, 2014)		0.4
" Studies in rodents have evaluated dose-response relationships following respiratory tract (RT) delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to identify potential hazards."( Equivalent titanium dioxide nanoparticle deposition by intratracheal instillation and whole body inhalation: the effect of dose rate on acute respiratory tract inflammation.
Baisch, BL; Corson, NM; Elder, A; Gelein, R; Kennell, AJ; Oberdörster, G; Wade-Mercer, P, 2014)		0.79
" Bottlenose dolphin leukocytes and murine fibroblasts exhibited increased DNA damage after rutile exposure at some doses/times, while human fibroblasts showed a significant dose-response effect after a 4 h exposure to anatase."( Effects of in vitro exposure to titanium dioxide on DNA integrity of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) fibroblasts and leukocytes.
Bernardeschi, M; Brunelli, A; Fossi, MC; Frenzilli, G; Guidi, P; Lucchesi, P; Marcomini, A; Marsili, L; Nigro, M; Pojana, G; Scarcelli, V, 2014)		0.69
" Furthermore, the effects of calcination temperature, pH, RR2 concentration, and the TiO2/CNTs composite dosage on RR2 decolourization were determined simultaneously."( Synergistic effects between TiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a TiO2/CNTs system under visible light irradiation.
Chen, ST; Kuo, CY; Wu, CH, )		0.13
"9% NaCl, and the injections were administered with a dosing schedule that was identical to that of the OVX/ZOL group."( Effect of systemic administered zoledronic acid on osseointegration of a titanium implant in ovariectomized rats.
Dikicier, E; Dikicier, S; Günaydın, Y; Karaçaylı, Ü, 2014)		0.63
" The observed reaction rate constant (kobs) was related to nanoparticles dosage and initial solution pH."( Synthesis of BiOI-TiO2 composite nanoparticles by microemulsion method and study on their photocatalytic activities.
Chen, Y; Chu, J; Fang, J; Liu, Z; Wu, S; Xu, W; Xu, X; Zhou, G; Zhu, X, 2014)		0.4
" The degradation kinetics was investigated under different conditions such as type of TiO2 (Anatase/Anatase-Rutile mixture), reaction pH, catalyst dosage and hydrogen peroxide (H202) concentration."( Photocatalytic degradation of herbicide bentazone in aqueous suspension of TiO2: mineralization, identification of intermediates and reaction pathways.
Haque, MM; Khan, A; Mir, NA; Muneer, M; Vijayalakshmi, S, )		0.13
" The degradation rate of COD was found to increase with increasing catalyst dosage up to 9 g/L for TiO2/AC and 6 g/L for TiO2/SG, above which the degradation began to attenuate."( Photodegradation of organic matter in fresh garbage leachate using immobilized nano-sized TiO2 as catalysts.
Chen, C; Hu, BQ; Xie, Q; Zhao, XL, 2014)		0.4
" However, no dose-response corrosion behavior could be observed."( Effects of dextrose and lipopolysaccharide on the corrosion behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a smooth surface or treated with double-acid-etching.
Assunção, WG; Barao, VA; de Carvalho, PS; Faverani, LP; Mathew, MT; Sukotjo, C; Yuan, JC, 2014)		0.4
" There was a better dose-response relationship among the varnishes exposed to water than to artificial saliva."( Evaluation of fluoride release from experimental TiF4 and NaF varnishes in vitro.
Buzalaf, MA; Comar, LP; Grizzo, LT; Magalhães, AC; Souza, BM, 2014)		0.4
" Besides, through photocatalytic-degradation of the mixed solution of TTC and sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin, the degradation of the two antibiotics showed obvious selectivity when the pH, TiO2 dosage and other conditions were changed."( [Characteristics and selectivity of photocatalytic-degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride].
Song, CY; Yin, DQ, 2014)		0.4
" Domestic rabbits were exposed to neat liquid SM at three dosage levels (0."( Monitoring urinary metabolites resulting from sulfur mustard exposure in rabbits, using highly sensitive isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Chen, J; Dong, Y; Feng, J; Lin, Y; Liu, Q; Nie, Z; Wu, B; Xie, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
" The dose-response curve for GSN may have a bimodal profile, which should be further investigated."( Effects of gelsolin on macrophage inflammatory responses to orthopaedic implant wear debris.
Cheema, PS; Djenderedjian, L; Mihalko, WM; Smith, R, 2014)		0.4
" The optimal dosage of TiO2 in the TZ system was 60% and that of Cu20 in the CTZ system was 20%."( Synergistic effects of TiO2 and Cu2O in UV/TiO2/zeolite-based systems on photodegradation of bisphenol A.
Kuo, CY; Lin, HY; Wu, CH, 2014)		0.4
" Furthermore, results of bioassay experiments on the model pest showed that the essential dosage of pesticide for pest control significantly decreased when nano-IND and nano-IND/TiO2 were used."( Linear-dendritic copolymers/indoxacarb supramolecular systems: biodegradable and efficient nano-pesticides.
Adeli, M; Ghadamyari, M; Memarizadeh, N; Talebi, K, 2014)		0.4
" The degradation of 2-CP was affected by solution pH, light intensity, photocatalyst dosage and 2-CP initial concentration."( InVO4/TiO2 composite for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol in wastewater.
Barakat, MA; Kuhn, JN; Pettit, SL; Rashid, J, )		0.13
" The effects of three variables, current density (milliampere per square centimeter), time of treatment (minutes), and supporting electrolyte dosage (moles per liter) upon the total organic carbon removal were evaluated."( Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate in a flow reactor: optimization using response surface methodology.
Bidóia, ED; Moraes, PB; Pliego, G; Silveira, JE; Zazo, JA, 2015)		0.42
" The photo-killing effect increased with increasing dosage in the investigated concentration range of 50-100 μg ml(-1)."( A novel folic acid-conjugated TiO₂-SiO₂ photosensitizer for cancer targeting in photodynamic therapy.
Feng, X; Lou, X; Wu, H; Zhang, S, 2015)		0.42
"In the 150 g force plus 20 J/cm(2) dosage group, the highest bone-to-implant contact values were observed."( Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of various diode lasers and force levels on orthodontic mini screw stability.
Goymen, M; Isman, E; Kurkcu, M; Taner, L, 2015)		0.42
"The unevenness of pulmonary nanoparticle (NP) distribution, which hinders the establishment of an absolute dose-response relationship, has been described as one of the limitations of intratracheal administration techniques for toxicological assessment of inhaled NPs."( Quantitative evaluation of the pulmonary microdistribution of TiO2 nanoparticles using X-ray fluorescence microscopy after intratracheal administration with a microsprayer in rats.
Fukushima, S; Gamo, M; Kano, H; Sasaki, T; Senoh, H; Shinohara, N; Suzuki, M; Zhang, G, 2015)		0.42
" The dosage of TiO₂ catalyst and the current intensity applied on PCP-Na degradation were optimized."( In-situ generated H₂O₂ induced efficient visible light photo-electrochemical catalytic oxidation of PCP-Na with TiO₂.
Ai, Z; Liu, H; Liu, W, 2015)		0.42
" However, when both nano- and large-size forms of TiO2 were evaluated with the comet assay in Drosophila hemocytes, a significant increase in DNA damage, with a direct dose-response pattern, was observed for TiO2 NPs."( Genotoxic testing of titanium dioxide anatase nanoparticles using the wing-spot test and the comet assay in Drosophila.
Carmona, ER; Escobar, B; Marcos, R; Vales, G, 2015)		0.74
" The results show that acephate can be efficiently degraded by the TiO2/Ce system under natural field conditions; the degradation efficiency was affected by the dosage of the photocatalyst and acephate."( Photocatalytic degradation of acephate in pak choi, Brassica chinensis, with Ce-doped TiO2.
Bai, L; Liu, K; Liu, X; Wang, L; Zhou, X, 2015)		0.42
" Agglomeration of nanomaterials in biologically relevant media used in in vitro methods further complicates dosing in toxicological study."( A comparison of three dispersion media on the physicochemical and toxicological behavior of TiO2 and NiO nanoparticles.
Gutierrez, ER; Jaspers, I; Kamens, RM; Sexton, K; Tolocka, M, 2015)		0.42
" For each species, dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the median lethal dose (LC50 ) of the following treatments: UV light emitted with a peak of 254 nm, UV light emitted with a peak of 254 nm in the presence of TiO2 and UV light emitted with a peak of 254 and 185 nm in the presence of TiO2 ."( Effects of UV-C and Vacuum-UV TiO2 Advanced Oxidation Processes on the Acute Mortality of Microalgae.
Carlsson, M; Gorokhova, E; Gustafsson, JP; McGivney, E, )		0.13
"A series of GnTiO2 {001} nanocomposites (GTN) with dominate exposed {001} facets has been synthesized by various dosage of graphite oxide (GO) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) during a facile solvothermal process successfully."( Efficient gaseous toluene photoconversion on graphene-titanium dioxide nanocomposites with dominate exposed {001} facets.
Shang, Q; Tan, X; Wang, S; Yu, T; Zhang, Z; Zou, Y, 2015)		0.67
" The mice were orally administered 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg body weight nano-TiO2 for five consecutive days, and then mice from each dosage group were sacrificed 24 h or one or two weeks after the last treatment."( Estimation of TiO₂ nanoparticle-induced genotoxicity persistence and possible chronic gastritis-induction in mice.
Mohamed, HR, 2015)		0.42
" The toxic effects of CYN on the samples are greatly influenced by the TiO2 dosage and reaction time, possibly yielding by-products that may change the mutagenic properties of CYN."( Degradation of cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin by TiO2-assisted ozonation in water.
Huang, WJ; Ji, BH; Wu, CC, 2015)		0.42
" To briefly summarize the findings: 1) In a subchronic 90-day study (OECD TG 408), groups of young adult male and female rats were dosed with rutile-type, surface-coated pigment-grade TiO2 test particles (d50 = 145 nm - 21% nanoparticles by particle number criteria) by oral gavage for 90 days."( Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats with nanoscale and pigment grade titanium dioxide particles.
Brown, SC; Donner, EM; Warheit, DB, 2015)		0.64
" Organisms were exposed by dissolving chemicals in seawater (salinity = 30) at nominal concentrations of 10 μg/L nTiO2 or As(III), dosed alone and in combination."( Evaluation of coexposure to inorganic arsenic and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
Cordeiro, L; Fattorini, D; Gelesky, MA; Monserrat, JM; Müller, L; Regoli, F; Ventura-Lima, J; Wasielesky, W, 2016)		0.69
" This work lays the foundation for future research that will monitor relative changes in protein abundance in plasma and tissue as a function of post-exposure time and TiO2 NP dosage to further elucidate mechanisms of pathway activation as well as to decipher other affected pathways."( Comparative plasma proteomic studies of pulmonary TiO2 nanoparticle exposure in rats using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Donohoe, GC; Maleki, H; Maurer, MM; McBride, C; Nurkiewicz, TR; Valentine, SJ; Yi, J, 2016)		0.43
"The TLD-100 dose-response curves were obtained."( Evaluation of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) for Intraoperative Electron Radiation Therapy Quality Assurance.
Cella, L; D'Avino, V; Liuzzi, R; Pugliese, M; Savino, F, 2015)		0.42
" During the in-life portions of the studies, body weights, food consumption, and clinical observations before and after dosing were collected on a daily basis."( Developmental toxicity studies with 6 forms of titanium dioxide test materials (3 pigment-different grade & 3 nanoscale) demonstrate an absence of effects in orally-exposed rats.
Boatman, R; Brown, SC; Warheit, DB, 2015)		0.67
" The endpoints of dose-response experiments were chlorophyll a, photosynthetic efficiency, and flow cytometry measurements."( An Environmentally Friendly Method for Testing Photocatalytic Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Propagation on a Hybrid Ag-TiO₂ Photocatalyst under Solar Illumination.
Chang, MC; Chang, SY; Chen, HL; Chen, Y; Fang, GC; Hsu, CF; Huang, WJ; Lu, BR, 2015)		0.42
" Here, we quantitatively evaluated the pulmonary microdistribution (per mesh: 100 μm × 100 μm) of TiO2 in lung sections from rats following one, two, three, or four doses of TiO2 NPs at a same total dosage of 10 mg kg(-1) using X-ray fluorescence microscopy."( Quantitative evaluation of local pulmonary distribution of TiO2 in rats following single or multiple intratracheal administrations of TiO2 nanoparticles using X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
Fukushima, S; Gamo, M; Kano, H; Sasaki, T; Senoh, H; Shinohara, N; Suzuki, M; Zhang, G, 2016)		0.43
" The degradation efficiency of AO7 is also affected by the dosage of the composite catalyst and pulsed discharge peak voltage."( Enhanced degradation of azo dye in wastewater by pulsed discharge plasma coupled with MWCNTs-TiO2/γ-Al2O3 composite photocatalyst.
Hu, S; Li, X; Liang, D; Qu, G; Wang, T, 2016)		0.43
"Stable, non-agglomerated TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) dispersions are a crucial requirement for an accurate NP dosing in in vitro and in vivo experiments."( Polycarboxylate ethers: The key towards non-toxic TiO2 nanoparticle stabilisation in physiological solutions.
Dembski, S; Hackenberg, S; Heuzé, K; Kessler, M; Koch, S; Mandel, K, 2016)		0.43
" Fast release of mineral ions from implant surface produce over dosage effect and it is a potential hazardous factor for osteoblasts."( Fabrication of TiO2-strontium loaded CaSiO3/biopolymer coatings with enhanced biocompatibility and corrosion resistance by controlled release of minerals for improved orthopedic applications.
Priya, P; Raj, RM; Raj, V; Sasireka, A, 2016)		0.43
"5 h under the following condition: the initial concentration of ASA was 2 mg x L(-1) and the dosage of TiO2 was 1 g x L(-1)."( [Photocatalytic Oxidation of p-arsanilic Acid by TiO2].
Hu, CZ; Li, J; Li, JF; Liu, HF; Xu, WZ; Yang, CF, 2016)		0.43
" The influence of pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, FeZ wt% within the composite, and photocatalyst dosage on DCF removal and conversion efficiency by solar/TiO2-FeZ/H2O2 process was investigated."( Solar-driven photocatalytic treatment of diclofenac using immobilized TiO2-based zeolite composites.
Bozic, AL; Dionysiou, DD; Fanetti, M; Kete, M; Kovacic, M; Kusic, H; Salaeh, S; Stangar, UL; Suligoj, A, 2016)		0.43
" Viability assays were used to reveal a suitable treatment range, flow-cytometry analysis was performed to monitor the impact of dosage and treatment time on cell-cycle distribution and cell death."( Differential cytotoxicity induced by the Titanium(IV)Salan complex Tc52 in G2-phase independent of DNA damage.
Beneke, S; Bürkle, A; Dirks, W; Huhn, T; Immel, T; Pesch, T; Schuhwerk, H; Wyrsch, P, 2016)		0.7
"Comparing with traditional drug dosage form, controlled release systems offer more effective and favorable route to deliver drugs in optimum dose to specific sites with long term release duration."( Construction of poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (lactide-glycolide acid)/vancomycin nanoparticles on titanium for enhancing the surface self-antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility.
Liu, X; Liu, Z; Wu, S; Yeung, KWK; Zhu, Y, 2017)		0.67
"The influence of inorganic anions on the photoreactivity and aggregation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed by dosing carbonate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate as potassium salts at multiple concentrations."( Influence of Aqueous Inorganic Anions on the Reactivity of Nanoparticles in TiO
Antonelli, M; Bottero, JY; Farner Budarz, J; Piasecki, AF; Turolla, A; Wiesner, MR, 2017)		0.68
" It is found that, with a small dosage of hydrogen peroxide, the mineralization efficiency of industrial biodegraded wastewater can be enhanced, with a superior mineralization of >75% total organic carbon (TOC) removal."( A Photocatalytic Rotating Disc Reactor with TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays Deposited for Industrial Wastewater Treatment.
Huang, H; Leung, DY; Li, F; Li, J; Szeto, W, 2017)		0.46
" Human health risk assessment is a method of identifying the intrinsic hazard of and quantifying the dose-response relationship and exposure to a chemical, to finally determine the estimation of risk."( Probabilistic risk assessment of emerging materials: case study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Hristozov, D; Jensen, ACØ; Jensen, KA; Koivisto, AJ; Marcomini, A; Pang, C; Sonnemann, G; Tsang, MP; Zabeo, A, 2017)		0.69
" Ti accumulation showed a dose-response manner in both wheat shoots and roots as TiO2 NPs concentrations increased."( Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings cultivated under super-elevated and normal CO2 conditions.
Cao, W; Jiang, F; Ma, C; Rui, Y; Shen, Y; Zhang, X, 2017)		0.46
" Doses associated with specific measures of pulmonary inflammation were estimated by modeling the continuous dose-response relationships using benchmark dose modeling."( A quantitative framework to group nanoscale and microscale particles by hazard potency to derive occupational exposure limits: Proof of concept evaluation.
Drew, NM; Kuempel, ED; Pei, Y; Yang, F, 2017)		0.46
" This, together with the fact that the electrochemical method can work at low bulk pH, without dosing chemicals and a need for a separation process, highlights the potential application of the electrochemical method for P removal and recovery."( Electrochemical Induced Calcium Phosphate Precipitation: Importance of Local pH.
Buisman, CJN; Lei, Y; Saakes, M; Song, B; van der Weijden, RD, 2017)		0.46
"In this study, the effects of reaction temperature, holding time, algae/water ratio and catalyst dosage on the yield and quality of bio-oil produced via the HTL of Spirulina were investigated."( Effect of operating conditions on hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina over Ni/TiO
Liu, R; Tian, W; Wang, W; Yi, X; Yin, Z, 2018)		0.48
" This means that having developed a printable formulation, printed pharmaceutical dosage forms can be obtained on any pharmaceutical grade substrate, such as polymer-based films."( Pharmaceutical-grade oral films as substrates for printed medicine.
Hsiao, WK; Markl, D; Paudel, A; Pichler, H; Planchette, C; Stegemann, S; Wimmer-Teubenbacher, M, 2018)		0.48
"The study aimed to mask and evaluate the unpleasant bitter taste of azithro-mycin (AZ) in the dry suspension dosage form by physisorption technique."( A new strategy for taste masking of azithromycin antibiotic: development, characterization, and evaluation of azithromycin titanium nanohybrid for masking of bitter taste using physisorption and panel testing studies.
Alsaid, MS; Amin, F; Hussain, Z; Khan, S; Rahim, H; Shah, SMH; Shahat, AA; Sohail, M; Ullah, R, 2018)		0.69
" The optimized nanohybrid was blended with other excipients to get stable and taste masked dry suspension dosage form."( A new strategy for taste masking of azithromycin antibiotic: development, characterization, and evaluation of azithromycin titanium nanohybrid for masking of bitter taste using physisorption and panel testing studies.
Alsaid, MS; Amin, F; Hussain, Z; Khan, S; Rahim, H; Shah, SMH; Shahat, AA; Sohail, M; Ullah, R, 2018)		0.69
" The localized release dosage of effectors could be controlled by the change of environmental temperature."( Temperature-Gating Titania Nanotubes Regulate Migration of Endothelial Cells.
Bai, J; Du, W; Duan, Y; Gao, C; Liu, Y; Ouyang, H; Wu, S; Zhang, D; Zou, X, 2019)		0.51
"This study aimed to test the dose-response effect of chlorhexidine on multispecies biofilms formed on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and titanium-zirconium (TiZr) alloy."( Dose-response effect of chlorhexidine on a multispecies oral biofilm formed on pure titanium and on a titanium-zirconium alloy.
Barão, VAR; Costa Oliveira, BE; Del Bel Cury, AA; Faveri, M; Feres, M; Lima, CV; Ricomini-Filho, AP; Souza, JGS; Sukotjo, C, 2018)		0.91
"Film tablets are a common oral dosage from."( Effect of coating time on inter- and intra-tablet coating uniformity.
Kleinebudde, P; Radtke, J; Wiedey, R, 2019)		0.51
" We found that the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in low dosage induced autophagy and might function as a survival pathway for breast cancer and exhibit resistance to SDT-mediated apoptosis."( Cancer Cell Membrane-Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy on Breast Cancer via Autophagy Regulation Strategy.
Feng, Q; Feng, X; Hao, Y; Hou, L; Wang, N; Yang, X; Zhang, Z, 2019)		0.51
" Future animal studies on a larger sample are indicated to refine the dosage and duration of drug delivery across different ages and both sexes with the view to undertake human clinical trials."( Titania nanotube-based protein delivery system to inhibit cranial bone regeneration in Crouzon model of craniosynostosis.
Anderson, PJ; Bariana, M; Kaidonis, JA; Losic, D; Ranjitkar, S, 2019)		0.51
" In contrast, pristine TiO2 nanoparticles induced toxicity to HaCaT cells with prior UV exposure before incubation, particularly at a dosage of 100 mg L-1."( Development of CeO
Bakand, S; Barker, P; Chaki Borrás, M; Konstantinov, K; Morlando, A; Rehman, Y; Sluyter, R, 2020)		0.56
" On the other hand, MLT-enriched sol-gel materials presented potential effects in the adsorption of proteins related to inflammation, coagulation and angiogenesis pathways depending on the dosage used."( A possible use of melatonin in the dental field: Protein adsorption and in vitro cell response on coated titanium.
Araújo-Gomes, N; Azkargorta, M; Cerqueira, A; Elortza, F; García-Arnáez, I; Goñi, I; Gurruchaga, M; Martinez-Ramos, C; Ozturan, S; Romero-Gavilán, F; Suay, J, 2020)		0.77
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."(
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Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; Immordino, P; Isla, MI; Jacquemond, V; Jacques, T; Jankowska, E; Jansen, JA; Jäntti, T; Jaque-Fernandez, F; Jarvis, GA; Jatt, LP; Jeon, JW; Jeong, SH; Jhunjhunwala, R; Ji, F; Jia, X; Jia, Y; Jian-Bo, Z; Jiang, GD; Jiang, L; Jiang, W; Jiang, WD; Jiang, Z; Jiménez-Hoyos, CA; Jin, S; Jobling, MG; John, CM; John, T; Johnson, CB; Jones, KI; Jones, WS; Joseph, OO; Ju, C; Judeinstein, P; Junges, A; Junnarkar, M; Jurkko, R; Kaleka, CC; Kamath, AV; Kang, X; Kantsadi, AL; Kapoor, M; Karim, Z; Kashuba, ADM; Kassa, E; Kasztura, M; Kataja, A; Katoh, T; Kaufman, JS; Kaupp, M; Kehinde, O; Kehrenberg, C; Kemper, N; Kerr, CW; Khan, AU; Khan, MF; Khan, ZUH; Khojasteh, SC; Kilburn, S; Kim, CG; Kim, DU; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, OH; Kim, YH; King, C; Klein, A; Klingler, L; Knapp, AK; Ko, TK; Kodavanti, UP; Kolla, V; Kong, L; Kong, RY; Kong, X; Kore, S; Kortz, U; Korucu, B; Kovacs, A; Krahnert, I; Kraus, WE; Kuang, SY; Kuehn-Hajder, JE; Kurz, M; Kuśtrowski, P; Kwak, YD; Kyttaris, VC; Laga, SM; Laguerre, A; Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; 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Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Maximum MeP degradation (100%) was achieved after 90 min of irradiation with 750 mg/L RGOCdS dosage at an acidic pH of 3, for an initial MeP concentration of 30 mg/L."( Enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic activity of reduced graphene oxide/cadmium sulfide composite: Methylparaben degradation mechanism and toxicity.
Karthi, N; Malathidevi, S; Mohan, H; Ramalingam, V; Seralathan, KK; Shin, T; Venkatachalam, J, 2021)		0.62
" The highest biofilm biomass and protein dosage were observed in co-cultures at 72 h of biofilm development."( Interkingdom interaction between C. albicans and S. salivarius on titanium surfaces.
Cavalcanti, YW; de Almeida, LFD; de Souza Borges, MH; Martorano-Fernandes, L; Rodrigues, NC, 2020)		0.8
" It was demonstrated that a fraction of the TL signal in LiF:Mg,Ti is generated in the supralinear dose-response range, due to the high local doses generated by photon-induced tracks."( MICRODOSIMETRIC UNDERSTANDING OF DOSE RESPONSE AND RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE DETECTORS.
Bilski, P; Olko, P, 2020)		0.56
" Further investigation revealed that alcohol could increase intestinal permeability and reduce the expression of tight junction proteins in mice pre-exposed high dosage of TiO2-NPs, thereby inducing the transfer of more lipopolysaccharides into the liver, ultimately triggering more severe liver inflammation."( Pre-Exposure to TiO2-NPs Aggravates Alcohol-Related Liver Injury by Inducing Intestinal Barrier Damage in Mice.
Liu, S; Liu, Y; Tang, Y; Tao, X; Wang, M; Xu, H; Xu, X; Zhao, Y, 2021)		0.62
" The locations of disease occurred at the areas of highest titanium plate burden, possibly attributed to IMRT dosing inaccuracy caused by the CSP-designed plating system."( Early-onset osteoradionecrosis following adjuvant volumetric-modulated arc therapy to an osteocutaneous free fibula flap with customized titanium plate.
Anzai, L; Barbee, D; Byun, DJ; Daar, DA; Hu, KS; Jacobson, AS; Levine, JP; Spuhler, K; Witek, L, 2022)		1.17
"Site-specific drug delivery has the potential to reduce drug dosage by 3- to 5-folds."( Cellular studies and sustained drug delivery via nanostructures fabricated on 3D printed porous Neovius lattices of Ti
Kalyanasundaram, D; Meena, VK; Singh, S; Vashisth, P, 2022)		0.72
" It facilitates elegant methods of identification for oral solid dosage forms, thus aiding in the battle against counterfeit products."( The Role of Titanium Dioxide (E171) and the Requirements for Replacement Materials in Oral Solid Dosage Forms: An IQ Consortium Working Group Review.
Blundell, R; Butterworth, P; Charlier, A; Daurio, D; Degenhardt, M; Hancock, B; Harris, D; Johnston, M; Kasina, R; Kaye, J; Kelly, R; Lienbacher, P; Meehan, L; Melnick, J; Ojakovo, P; Schimmelle, B; Schoell, J; Tobyn, M; Wagner-Hattler, L; Wakeman, J; Wiedey, R, 2022)		1.1
" The rate of cardiac self-recovery and the dosage of dopamine were observed."( Papaverine Infusion Through Aortic Root before Cardiac Self-recovery in Heart Valve Replacement with TiO2 Nanocrystalline Film Material.
He, G; Jin, W; Lai, Y; Li, J; Mei, B; Tan, X; Wang, Y; Wei, S, 2022)		0.72
" In addition to an improved Raman signal, the 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate provides a high detection sensitivity which may be attributed to the activation possibility at extremely low UV irradiation dosage and prolonged relaxation time (long measurement time)."( Nanoscale Synergetic Effects on Ag-TiO
Aktas, OC; Faupel, F; Mishra, YK; Sarwar, TB; Shondo, J; Tjardts, T; Veziroglu, S, 2022)		0.72
" The decolorization rate increased as the catalyst dosage was increased."( Photocatalysis process to treat polluted water by azo dye Cibacron Brilliant Yellow 3G-P.
Bentahar, F; Fouzia, T; Rachida, R; Radia, D; Wahib, NM, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (24 Items)

ItemProcessFrequency
Snackscore-ingredient18
Sweet snackscore-ingredient14
Confectioneriescore-ingredient13
Canned soupscore-ingredient6
Canned mealscore-ingredient6
Soupscore-ingredient6
Mealscore-ingredient6
Canned foodscore-ingredient6
Dessertscore-ingredient4
Frozen dessertscore-ingredient3
Frozen foodscore-ingredient3
Candiescore-ingredient2
Dehydrated beveragescore-ingredient1
Dried products to be rehydratedcore-ingredient1
Dried productscore-ingredient1
Beveragescore-ingredient1
Groceriescore-ingredient1
Condimentscore-ingredient1
Dietary supplementscore-ingredient1
Biscuitscore-ingredient1
Biscuits and cakescore-ingredient1
Pastry helperscore-ingredient1
Cooking helperscore-ingredient1
Non food productscore-ingredient1

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
titanium group element atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (41,146)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901875 (4.56)18.7374
1990's3472 (8.44)18.2507
2000's10193 (24.77)29.6817
2010's19456 (47.29)24.3611
2020's6150 (14.95)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 115.57

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index115.57 (24.57)
Research Supply Index10.71 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.07 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index233.21 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.11 (0.95)

This Compound (115.57)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,300 (2.99%)5.53%
Reviews1,609 (3.69%)6.00%
Case Studies1,611 (3.70%)4.05%
Observational64 (0.15%)0.25%
Other38,962 (89.47%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.7830C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0710chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.0610trichlorobenzene
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		2.4120dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
provitamin c
provitamin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; structure		2.1110hexose
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.5420catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		3.1850non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.4120monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.01404-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.1310hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		4.33180ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		6.35361monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		9.7270aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		4.81310ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		11.41216-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		1.9410imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
curdlan
D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.		2.7620hexose
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		10.181332azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.2110aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		4.32180arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		210acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		3.4870benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		7.76491aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		4.18160benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.5780benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		11.0171amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		5.76260halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		2.0310gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
butyraldehyde
[no description available]		2.0810butanalsbiomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		4.24170alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		4.0721fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.5680amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		12.3530carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		11.18400monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
catechol
[no description available]		4.99360catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		15.654627alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		7.4720chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
choline
[no description available]		10.6351cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		10.787910tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		8.031152halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		13.66931chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		8.3260coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.7330cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		5.31510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.1510alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		8.6990trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		2.1710aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		4.24170gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.8330aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
trimethylenediamine
trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.0710alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		3.8821(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		3.150guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.4110C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		3.43112-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0410catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		5.9741dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		3.2150aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		14.6180212-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		710ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.1110methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.16160sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.5520ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		9.561072aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		8.3160carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glycine
[no description available]		7.1390alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.4110aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		7.54391alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolaldehyde
[no description available]		2.110glycolaldehydesfundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		8.26602-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0510carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		5.19120hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.5490carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4110
histamine
[no description available]		10.9971aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		11.613301elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.78100benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		2.4720hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.7530imidazole
indole
[no description available]		3.1550indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.0710indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		7.77593diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		5.69181hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.5120dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.3720alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.05970alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		4.2140inositol phosphate
methyl coenzyme m
methyl coenzyme M: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110S-substituted coenzyme M
melatonin
[no description available]		6.91181acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
naphthalene
[no description available]		7.8330naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		26.523,392234metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.110pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		8.35891monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		6.45401nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		5.2331nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		8.21461monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		3.89120gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0210dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.7230octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		9.66260oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		4.61250alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		3.4470aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		10.094004-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.5220acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.4420long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		3.1550C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		4.76290aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		9.16150ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		6.111130phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.110alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		6.94372phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		5.07120phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		3.87110benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		5.2631glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.470propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.7330saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		1.9410azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		3.7190azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.1510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.1310benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.44202-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		3.0140aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		5.3841divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		2.9240sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.6320N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		2.4110selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		6.9310selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.6730divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		7.4920polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		7.4420polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		5.541alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		6.62640sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		7.38341sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		9.1131amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		2.0610pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		8.28831methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.830methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		8.6890pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.64251uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		9.38572isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		4.4141benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.6620xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.4420phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.4620hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.7190aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		3.6890bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.		2.7830chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
trichlorobenzene		defoliant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		4.78290chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
beta-resorcylic acid
beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.9740dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.0610alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0810aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
beta-phosphonopropionic acid
beta-phosphonopropionic acid: structure		2.1310
chlorocresol
chlorocresol: injections for relief of intractable pain; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-m-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.		2.0510hydroxytoluene;
monochlorobenzenes		antimicrobial agent;
disinfectant;
ryanodine receptor agonist
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.4620phenolsenvironmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.93401-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.4720imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.1110indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		1.9710monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.7930mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7372acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.8421monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor
acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.		2.110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		3.1250aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
albendazole
[no description available]		4.9921aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		6.044101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.0210secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		1.9610aluminium coordination entity
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.3110aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.110acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		2.610diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		1.9710N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		1.96101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.4110aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		210carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.1510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.5520pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.1110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.0610enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.1310aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.37180benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.4670ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		4.61240chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.4720azobenzenes
baclofen
[no description available]		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure		2.0610diarylmethane
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0810carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.2510benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0810benzamides
mellitic acid
mellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. mellitic acid : A benzene-derived hexacarboxylic acid in which each carbon of benzene carries a carboxy substituent.		2.0210hexacarboxylic acid
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		5.8361ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		4.6111benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate
spatozoate: structure in first source		2.1110benzyl ester
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		210pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.5220alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.420bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		2.0110aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.0140azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		2.7630organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		4.08150purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.2250aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		2.9440glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		5.67102bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.65250dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.55801-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		3.0120hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		2.5420carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.7230organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		5.64230quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		3.0140pyridinium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.2110aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.6831aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.4751organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		3.7290chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.3650aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.9940
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.94360aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
platinum tetrachloride
platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.9640platinum coordination entitycatalyst;
reagent
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0410amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		9.95110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clorprenaline
clorprenaline : A racemate comprise of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clorprenaline. It is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a bronchodilator.. 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is chlorobenzene which is substituted by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 2.		2.0410ethanolamines;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound
clotrimazole
[no description available]		7.5820conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		3.240aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine
[no description available]		2.0610organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4720indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.4220substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2860acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		7.0810dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		1.9510primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.07101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4720organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		3.5980diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		7.7130dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		8.1362amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.0310chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		8.6490benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.1710bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		8.360alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.9140pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		2.4110imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9510dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.1710oxazolidinone
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		3.1550monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
dimetridazole
Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.1110ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.1310benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		3.31603-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.7930branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.2510aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		7.0210dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		10.1421trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		210cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.83301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		5.25490
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		5.72102ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethion
ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).		2.1110organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		3.5880alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.63901,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		7.46201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		2.0610monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.4110organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.9830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.0430conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.0410aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.45203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		10.2140nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.1950(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.2510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		6.9600
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		3.1450dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		4.47220dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		3.4570glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gö6983
[no description available]		7.1710indoles;
maleimides
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.140methoxybenzenes
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.3360carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		210isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.4320isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		16.3640447aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0110haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		7.0610resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		3.5580phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.0340benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.2110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4720one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hypericin
[no description available]		8.0140
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		7.36373monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.6730benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		2.5201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.5920ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		7.5420dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.35200aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7430benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iomeprol
iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		2.4420benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		7.4220aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.6111organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.9440carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		9.75290secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0410catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.2431cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		6.3762benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.2510amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		3.0910furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.41104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		7.5220medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
letrozole
[no description available]		3.5611nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH		2.7630alkali metal hydroxide
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		2.4110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.0810benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		2.1710dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.1310cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		3.0140chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		3.3460diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
edaravone
[no description available]		4.911pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.7220aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		4.6111adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.04101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.911imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mequitazine
mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		7.0210phenothiazines
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		6.0771guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.1510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.9621benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		7.9640organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		11.631768polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.4620aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.7721aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		210organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		8.6890C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		4.9521benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		1.9910methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metolachlor
metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.		2.1510aromatic amide;
benzenes;
ether;
organochlorine compound
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.1650aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		7.49103C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.0740dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.4220ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.4420benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-methylephedrine
N-methylephedrine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110amphetamines
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		1.9910purine nucleoside
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.1110benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.5201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		7.3920C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		7.0210C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.84100fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.7330aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		3.5611
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		6.751613-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		10.5941aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4420carbazoles
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		3.05401,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		340aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0210aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		11.88111hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.520acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		4.061401,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.75100phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.4110benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		5.42570monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.9940aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.7730aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		7.2110aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.5551oxopurine
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4920diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenazine
[no description available]		2.1510azaarene;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenazines;
polycyclic heteroarene
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		5.0521barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.0710phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.39112,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		2.2110monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phosalone
phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.		7.02101,3-benzoxazoles;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.2510indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
piperazine
[no description available]		7.7730azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.4770inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		8.4370potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		3.1450aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.0210aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.1310isoquinolines
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.2110pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.1110benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		1.9510benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		2.0510quinolines
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.3820phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
propachlor
propachlor: structure. propachlor : An anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent.		7.4220anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		3.6390phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.610phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.4420aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.6280naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.110
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.811aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.9740benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.1102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.0430pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.7730chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		12.0311010fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		1.9910inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.2510haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.5320pyridines
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		4.1140long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4110pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.83100pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.1510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		5.34150isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamonomethoxine
Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.		2.3110benzenes;
sulfonamide
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.8330substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.3110isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220sulfonamide
tebuthiuron
[no description available]		7.0210organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
tegafur
[no description available]		3.0540organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temozolomide
[no description available]		5.1421imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0410phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		8.2660monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.5611phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		210sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.4720aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.3211phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		2.8430organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.7421monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.2510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bromoform
bromoform: structure		7.4120bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes
triclosan
[no description available]		4.12140aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.4870aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		7.0810dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		1.9910psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
tuaminoheptane
tuaminoheptane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610alkylamine
tyramine
[no description available]		3.830monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		3.99130carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		3.4470
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		4.0731inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.3110imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.5220mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.582011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		53111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.151016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.1350glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.7730pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		3.690pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.3820nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		2.110aminophenolbacterial metabolite
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		7.9540nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.472304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.74302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.7830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0710organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
lynestrenol
Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0810steroid
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.673011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
androsterone
[no description available]		2.111017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		7.52017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.9340penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.1310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.74302-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
n-methyl-4-aminophenol
4-methylaminophenol : The phenol that is the N-methyl derivative of 4-aminophenol.		2.0110phenolsallergen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.4520dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.8730guanidines
dipropylenetriame
N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source		2.2110polyazaalkanealgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.73100chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		7.2510cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.76100alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		8.7290L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		8.99130C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		5.07120aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		5.3131amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.44200aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		4.26170pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		1.9510carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		6.15162glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.810017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.4720ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0610aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.9640adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.4620azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		6.181220tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		2.0410uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.1740kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		5.84120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		4.4770D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		340monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.7630phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		8.6790amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		13.0313524ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.0210azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		4.4141benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		7.44351amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
monomethylhydrazine
Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.		2.2510
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.4420adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		7.9630penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.		1.9610tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.3110penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		10.162563organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		1.9410benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		10.4241amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		4.26170anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.1650calcium saltchelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		2.25102,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		3.1150nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		210cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9910pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.6190lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		5.3941aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.7530
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		8.3760amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		5.0521alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.6320penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.6830antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		3.0510psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0210diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		2.6930barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		6.25182chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
hexachloroethane
[no description available]		7.3720chlorocarbon;
chloroethanes		carcinogenic agent;
refrigerant
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		2.2110dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		4.3741organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.5680formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
hexachloro-4-xylene
hexachloro-4-xylene: structure		2.4110
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.85110beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.5380mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.0610nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.0710non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9410C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		3.3510C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		6.51131amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.4720pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		2.0110chloroethanespolar solvent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.7330L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.7630amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin
[no description available]		4.49220dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)		2.0310chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		xenobiotic metabolite
perthane
perthane: structure		2.0310
chlorquinaldol
Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.		1.9510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.3160erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		3.4270monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine
N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0610N-substituted diamine;
secondary amino compound		antioxidant
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		11.96121arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		210bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		9.7971alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		9.37421alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		9.03140alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		9.67240methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		4.6861boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.7530alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
systhane
systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.		2.2510monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		2.4720chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		7.8330chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.1110primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		4.6240aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol
ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.		2.4520alkanethiolrodenticide
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		4.14150chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
difluoromethane
difluoromethane: structure given in first source		7.0510fluoromethanesrefrigerant
methylene iodide
methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		4.6580gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
1,1-difluoroethylene
1,1-difluoroethylene: structure		2.8530olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		340acyl chloride
iodoform
[no description available]		2.110iodomethanes
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.7330epoxide
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.1110quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.7230tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tetrafluoromethane
tetrafluoromethane: structure in first source		2.4720fluorocarbon;
fluoromethanes		refrigerant
methyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.2510
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		2.0310fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.1550alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.9340monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		3.360fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0210fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		10.615111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue
Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.		2.06102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		111572benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
[no description available]		2.0110
5,5-dimethylhydantoin
5,5-dimethylhydantoin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dicyclopentadiene
[no description available]		2.610cyclic olefin
tabun
tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure		2.0410
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3920primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.5320mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
vinyltriethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.2110
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		3.78100
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate: inhibitor of drug-protein binding; present in stoppers of blood sample 'vacutainers'. tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.		2.2110trialkyl phosphateenvironmental contaminant;
flame retardant
isophorone
isophorone : A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.		2.0810cyclic ketone;
enone		plant metabolite;
solvent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		13.421097alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
isobutyraldehyde
isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.11102-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde;
propanals		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		2.7830butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		9.66270chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		3.1850acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		7.67441alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		3.8730a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.		2.1710chloroethanes
2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride
dichloroacetyl chloride : The acyl chloride obtained by displacement of the hydroxy group of dichloroacetic acid by chloride.		2.0310acyl chloridehapten
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		3.4370monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
camphene
camphene : A monoterpene with a bicyclic skeleton that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2 and a methylidene group at position 3. It is a widespread natural product found in many essential oils.		2.610carbobicyclic compound;
monoterpene		fragrance;
plant metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a
tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.		8.5470brominated flame retardant;
bromobisphenol
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		9.14641bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.7930pineneplant metabolite
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		12.89351enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		8.821411organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
skatole
[no description available]		210methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.76306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.7930diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		7.0210organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
phthalic anhydride
phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.		2.07102-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride		allergen
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorene
[no description available]		7.9140ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.9940carbazole
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.7830trichlorobenzene
2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene
[no description available]		2.1510
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
[no description available]		3.6790trichlorophenolcarcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		7.28291pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline
2-nitrotoluene
nitrotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.		2.0110mononitrotoluenecarcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		3.34602-nitrophenols
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		2.4620dinitrophenol
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		3.0740C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
pyromellitic dianhydride
[no description available]		2.0510
4-chloro-2-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.0310
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		6.2331monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
resacetophenone
resacetophenone: structure in first source. 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone : A dihydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'.		2.0310dihydroxyacetophenone;
resorcinols		plant metabolite
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.5920hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.0510naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste		2.0210
1-naphthylphenylamine
N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure		2.0310naphthalenes
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.0710aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
benzhydrylamine
[no description available]		2.0710
decalin
decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.		3.0240ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbonsolvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		11.962mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.7530azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.0610indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		7.37251
pyronine
Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.		2.4920iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		histological dye
2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene
2,3-naphthalenediol: structure in first source		2.0410naphthalenediol
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.5520aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810naphthoic acid
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		4.28170xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.4820phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
4,4'-dibromobiphenyl
4,4'-dibromobiphenyl: induces drug metabolism enzymes		2.0610
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		3.5320biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
creosol
[no description available]		2.110methoxybenzenes;
phenols
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.93110benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		3.5280carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.7530chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.0510benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-xylene
2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.5520xylene
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		3.4570dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
2-chloroaniline
[no description available]		2.7330
1,2-diaminobenzene
1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.		2.610phenylenediaminehydrogen donor
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		4.392002-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
2,4-xylidine
2,4-xylidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dimethylaniline : A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 4-positions are replaced by methyl groups. A clear to yellow liquid, it is used in production of certain dyes, pesticides and other chemicals.		2.0110dimethylaniline;
primary arylamine
durene
durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.		2.4110tetramethylbenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.		2.4720trichlorophenol
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		3.9110dioxanes
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants. 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is isopropanol in which one hydrogen of each methyl group is substituted by a chlorine. A liquid at room temperature (melting point -4degreeC, boiling point 174degreeC at 760 mm Hg), it is used as a solvent for hard resins and nitrocellulose.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		cross-linking reagent;
protic solvent
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		2.0310chloropropane-1,2-diol
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		3.4211enoate ester
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0410butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.4620phosphonic ester
sulfosalicylic acid
5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.		9.2550arenesulfonic acid;
benzoic acids;
phenols		metabolite
dichlofenthion
[no description available]		2.0610organic thiophosphate
butyl methacrylate
[no description available]		2.0510enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.7230enoate esterallergen;
cross-linking reagent;
polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		4.7661aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
benzenesulfonic acid
benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.		2.7630benzenesulfonic acids
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		2.1310organoarsonic acid
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.9640acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		8.91120nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-nitrotoluene
[no description available]		2.0110mononitrotoluene
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.5520trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5 are replaced by nitro groups.		2.0510benzoic acids;
C-nitro compound
carveol
carveol: structure given in first source; prolongs tumor latency and decreases tumor yield. carveol : A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.		2.110limonene monoterpenoidplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		7.8630botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.9430parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
dimethyl-4-toluidine
[no description available]		210
4-nitrotoluene
4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.		2.0110mononitrotoluene
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		8.1650C-nitro compound
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.		2.1710benzaldehydes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		3.570benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		6.0581alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		4.14150styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine
4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		2.4320aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenylhydroxylamine
phenylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-phenylhydroxylamine : An N-substituted amine that is a derivative of aniline in which one of the amino hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxy substituent.		2.0610N-substituted amine
methylphenylsulfide
thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
benzenes
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.5720dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
barban
barban: selective herbicide for wild oats; structure. barban : A carbamate ester that is 4-chlorobut-2-yn-1-yl ester of N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamic acid. A herbicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Community.		2.0110acetylenic compound;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
tripropylamine
tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0510tertiary amine
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.5220amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
boric acid
[no description available]		8.6180boric acidsastringent
anisyl alcohol
anisyl alcohol: structure given in first source		2.0410benzyl alcohols
ethyl bromoacetate
[no description available]		4.911
methyl acetoacetate
methyl acetoacetate: structure		2.1110oxo carboxylic acid
diethyl malonate
diethyl malonate: isomer of diethylmalonic acid; one of most used compounds in drug synthesis, don't confuse with ethylmalonic acid		2.0510dicarboxylic acid
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		6.1291caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
4-bromotoluene
4-bromotoluene: structure in first source		2.0310
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510xylene
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		2.4720chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.0510phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
1,2-epoxybutane
1,2-epoxybutane: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0510epoxide
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.0710epoxide;
organochlorine compound
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		2.1710enoate ester;
epoxide
propargyl bromide
propargyl bromide: structure in first source		2.110
1-butene
but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.		7.0510butene
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		3.3860butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		2.9340enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.0810
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		8.78100alkylamine
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		8.1750aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		10.03120primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0110propynol;
terminal acetylenic compound;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal
[no description available]		7.0210dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
methyl formate
methyl formate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.		2.1110formate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		fumigant;
insecticide;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.3110fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		3.3460alkane
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		3.4470
vinyl acetate
[no description available]		7.4520acetate ester
diisopropylamine
diisopropylamine: structure given in first source		2.4320
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		7.0710acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
gamma-valerolactone
gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.		2.1110butan-4-olideflavouring agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		7.6320cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
propylene carbonate
4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: structure in first source		2.0710
3-xylene
m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.4820xylene
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.4920monochlorophenol
mesitylene
mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.1310trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene: structure in first source. 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.4110trichlorobenzene
cyanuric chloride
cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.		1.9810chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
organochlorine compound		cross-linking reagent
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		8.2750triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		2.46201,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
methylcyclohexane
methylcyclohexane: structure in first source. methylcyclohexane : A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group.		2.110cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		aprotic solvent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		3.6890monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		3.360cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.4520cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		7.3110aryl thiol
2-chloropyridine
2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source		2.4320monochloropyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		6.23182
dibutyl sebacate
dibutyl sebacate: used in retail packaging of foods		2.0610fatty acid ester
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.4420alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
1-pentene
1-pentene: structure in first source		2.4420
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.5220primary aliphatic amine
dimethoxymethane
dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.		2.0310acetal;
diether
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.4820secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.61610pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.9340cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.5120furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		8.28481mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide
tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source		2.1110
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.		2.1310ethylenediamine derivativecatalyst;
chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide
[no description available]		2.1310
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		5.2531fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.5220alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		2.4920butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		3.1850cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.520cycloalkene
3,4-dihydropyran
[no description available]		2.0310
morpholine
[no description available]		2.3110morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
squalane
[no description available]		2.0310
hexylamine
hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0310primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.4320ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		2.0810hydroxyether
adiponitrile
[no description available]		2.0110
nonane
iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.		2.0710alkaneplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane: a solvent used in polysulfide elastomer production; structure in first source		2.0510
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		3.1950
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		2.4820alkaneplant metabolite
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.520polyazaalkanecopper chelator
propylene
propylene: structure		3.6790alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene: narcotic, sleep-producing principle from hops; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ene : A tertiary alcohol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.1110olefinic compound;
tertiary alcohol		animal metabolite;
fragrance;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol
2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol: structure		2.1110
bromphenol blue
Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.		2.96302,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
triphenyl phosphate
triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.		2.7620aryl phosphateflame retardant;
plasticiser
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate: has gonadotoxic effects. tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.		2.1310organochlorine compound;
trialkyl phosphate
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.5220diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
homosalate
homosalate: cpd not photoallergenic		2.0410benzoate ester;
phenols
2-ethylhexyl salicylate
2-ethylhexyl salicylate: structure given in first source		2.110benzoate ester;
phenols
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.5820aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
2-toluic acid
2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		210methylbenzoic acidxenobiotic metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		8.4670trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		6.0731aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		7.6120acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		2.5920ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
dibenzothiazyl disulfide
dibenzothiazyl disulfide: vulcanizing accelerant. dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.		2.110benzothiazoles;
organic disulfide		allergen
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		4.47210dichlorophenol
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.		2.5520dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		210methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amine
cyclonite
cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.		2.97401,3,5-triazinanes;
N-nitro compound		explosive
sulfan blue
sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure		7.0310organic molecular entity
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		7.08101,4-naphthoquinones
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		3.78100diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		2.1510monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.1510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole
3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310carbazoles
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0310naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		7.94351naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pentacene
[no description available]		2.5120acene;
pentacenes
methyl 2-cyanoacrylate
methyl 2-cyanoacrylate: structure		3.4111
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		8.4370NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
dodecyl sulfate
dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE		2.1110alkyl sulfate
benzyl acetate
benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.		2.0210acetate ester;
benzyl ester		metabolite
diphenylcarbazide
Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.		2.4920phenylhydrazines
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.03103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-tert-octylphenol
4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source		2.1310alkylbenzene
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		4.911monoterpenoidplant metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.0610acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine
hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0310monohydroxypyridineplant metabolite
magnesium acetate
magnesium acetate : The magnesium salt of acetic acid.		2.3110magnesium salt
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4820amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.9640alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.0810cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
monomethylarsonic acid
monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source		2.7430arsonic acids;
one-carbon compound;
organoarsonic acid
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		3.1550
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0310dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.5520organic molecular entity
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		4.911cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.9110catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		4.33180ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
fluoranthene
fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.		2.1510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene
chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.		7.1310ortho-fused polycyclic areneplant metabolite
benzo(c)cinnoline
[no description available]		2.1110
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.4220azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		1.9710acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure		2.0210dibenzodioxine;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
oxacycle;
polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.9221indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		10.25311,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.4820adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclohexene oxide
cyclohexene oxide: inhibitor of epoxide hydrase; structure		2.2510
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		6.94211cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.4941isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.3601,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		10.046621,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		2.47201,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		2.0210diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.1750diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid
di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0610organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		2.0110azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		7.0410calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.110phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		7.51231azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		2.1310pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.7830aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		3.351111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
bromacil
bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.		7.7230organobromine compound;
pyrimidone
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.1110N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		5.63220fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.		2.0510fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
diethyl sulfide
ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.		2.5120ethyl sulfide
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.1710fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
trifluoroethene
[no description available]		3.250
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.9840aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		210thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
4-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.		2.1310fluorophenol;
monofluorobenzenes
cyanoacetic acid
cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.		2.2510monocarboxylic acid
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.610amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.4320
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.		2.0310fluoroalkanoic acidchromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trifluoroacetic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0210
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		8.77553organosilicon compound
ethylene sulfide
[no description available]		2.0110organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone
phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone: converted to trifluoroacetic acid in water		210
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		4.5200dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		6.1391imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		1.9610amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.4420monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene
[no description available]		2.0310allenes
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		2.0210ketene
carbonyl sulfide
carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.		2.110one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.4201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		8.6491calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.7830bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		8.1150
nitramine
nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.		2.0510nitramineexplosive
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		7.2110bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
reticulin
Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.		1.9710benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		plant metabolite
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		7.15101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
isocarbostyril
isoquinolinone : An isoquinoline containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0310isoquinolines
methyl red
methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.		2.9940
hydrindane
hydrindane: structure in first source. hydrindane : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon comprising of a cyclohexane ring fused onto a cyclopentane ring.		2.0710ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		2.4920indoles
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		3.6590carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
2-norbornene
norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.		2.0210
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		3.1140botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.1110pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
biphenylacetylene
biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0310arylacetylene;
benzenes		fluorochrome
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4920phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.7290epsilon-lactone
oxetane
oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.		2.0710oxetanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.911
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.4320thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		3.75100ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
arachidic acid
icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.		2.0110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound
barium carbonate
barium carbonate : An inorganic carbonate salt of barium.		2.0610carbonate salt;
inorganic barium salt
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		4.131organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		5.64223'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		4.02130
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.8530gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.0340organic molecular entity
mandelonitrile, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0110cyanohydrin
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		1.9610thiazoles
perillyl alcohol
perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.		2.110limonene monoterpenoidplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		7.9440benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.1110amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
diphenylcarbazone
diphenylcarbazone: sensitive reagent for Hg, for which it gives blue color; structure		2.110
benzyl sulfide
[no description available]		7.0510
1,2-ethanedithiol
1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9		2.0610
maleimide
[no description available]		2.0510dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		5.18440dialdehydebiomarker
bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether: A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.. bis(chloromethyl) ether : An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.		2.1110ether;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
strontium acetate
[no description available]		2.4820
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.4720long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethylzinc
[no description available]		2.0310
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.7630carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		7.3110arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		6.22172organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		5.81260organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		3.94120phenoxazine
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.9640
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		5.29121hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.7330bipyridine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.520carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
trimesic acid
trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0510benzoic acids;
tricarboxylic acid
glycidol
glycidol: structure given in first source		2.4520epoxide;
primary alcohol
diethylzinc
[no description available]		2.0110
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.5420terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		2.4110glycerophosphocholine
isopropyl methyl ketone
[no description available]		2.0810ketone
2-hydroxybutyric acid
2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.		2.15102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		4.57230organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		5.47180bis(azo) compound
2-naphthol orange
Acid Orange II: structure in first source		3.360
2,3-dichlorophenol
dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.		2.4520
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.4720diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		5.1721flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		2.0610carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		2.4720toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
nitrosobenzene
[no description available]		2.0610benzenes;
nitroso compound		xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		10.5941aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
isovalerylaldehyde
isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.		2.110methylbutanalflavouring agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
volatile oil component
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.1110dichlorophenol
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.4920oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
1-hexene
1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.		8.1750alkene
1,3-cyclohexadiene
1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source		2.0610cyclohexadiene
fluoromethane
fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.		2.0310fluorohydrocarbon;
fluoromethanes;
methyl halides		refrigerant
4-cumylphenol
[no description available]		2.0610diarylmethane
(s)-binol
(1,1'-binaphthalene)-2,2'-diol: structure in first source		2.0110naphthols
pentafluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.0510perfluorinated compound
1,1'-binaphthyl
1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source		2.0710
erythropoietin
1,5-dinitronaphthalene: structure in first source. 1,5-dinitronaphthalene : A dinitronaphthalene carrying nitro groups at positions 1 and 5.		2.0510dinitronaphthalenegenotoxin
1,3-dinitronaphthalene
1,3-dinitronaphthalene: structure given in first source		2.0510dinitronaphthalene
pentachlorobenzene
pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.		2.0710pentachlorobenzenespersistent organic pollutant
3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid
3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid having nitro substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used in colorimetric testing for the presence of free carbonyl groups (C=O) in reducing sugars.		7.0310C-nitro compound;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		hapten
2-chloro-5-methylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510
methyl carbonate
methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.		2.4420carbonate esterreagent;
solvent
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		210pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		8.6690acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methyl nitrite
[no description available]		2.0310
dimethyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.0510organic disulfidexenobiotic metabolite
3,5-dichloroaniline
[no description available]		2.1710dichloroaniline
1,4-cyclohexadiene
[no description available]		2.0310cyclohexadiene
tetraphenylmethane
[no description available]		2.1510
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		5.07400
brilliant green
brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.		2.1110organic hydrogensulfate saltantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
poison
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		8.2550cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		2102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
diisopropylamine dichloroacetate
diisopropylamine dichloroacetate: stimulates smooth muscle & strongly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity		2.110carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		2.4920amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.9540delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
tetramethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0110
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
[no description available]		2.4220
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.2110
phosmet
Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.		2.4110organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phthalimides		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethyl methylphosphonate
[no description available]		2.7230
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		1.9710N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
eptc
EPTC: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-82)		1.9910tertiary amine
3,4-dichloro-1-butene
3,4-dichloro-1-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride
[no description available]		2.2110butenolide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.81117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
acryloyl chloride
[no description available]		1.9810
calcium lactate
[no description available]		2.2110
4-methylimidazole
4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.		2.110imidazolescarcinogenic agent;
reaction intermediate
2,6-diaminotoluene
2,6-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-diaminotoluene : A diamine that is toluene in which both of the hydrogens ortho- to the methyl group are replaced by amino groups.		1.9810diamine;
primary amino compound		mutagen
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		210piperidones
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.4620C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
ametryne
ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0810diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide
ethyl n-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate
ethyl N-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyl N-acetyl-L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-acetyltyrosine.		2.1310acetamides;
ethyl ester;
L-tyrosine derivative;
phenols
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		5.34121enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		2.830lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.4670
dodecylamine
dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120primary aliphatic amine
laurolactam
laurolactam: structure in first source		2.5920azamacrocycle;
keratan 6'-sulfate
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.0310organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		7.6193pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol
2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		2.7730dichlorobenzene;
quinone imine
diphenamid
diphenamid: do not confuse with anti-inflammatory agent difenpiramide; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
azure a
Azure A: RN given refers to chloride. azure A : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining.		2.0310
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		9.03130
benzopurpurine 4b
benzopurpurine 4B: structure		2.0210
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.0110ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		210bipyridines
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.		2.3110pyridinecarbaldehyde
4-hydroxybenzophenone
4-hydroxybenzophenone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5520benzophenones
decabromobiphenyl ether
decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.		3.1750polybromodiphenyl etherneurotoxin
ethylenediamine-n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)
ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid): synthetic iron chelator; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 3rd source		210
4-aminothiophenol
[no description available]		7.6620
4-aminophenylacetic acid
4-aminophenylacetic acid: peptide mimic; structure in first source		2.0510
3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocatechol
3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocatechol: structure in first source. tetrachlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which all of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chlorocatechol;
tetrachlorobenzene
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.830
beryl
beryl: Be3Al2(SiO3)6		2.0310
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		2.7530
beryllium oxide
beryllium oxide : A beryllium molecular entity consisting of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and oxide in the ratio 1:1. In the solid state, BeO adopts the hexagonal wurtzite structure form while in the vapour phase, it is present as discrete diatomic covalent molecules.		3.2710beryllium molecular entity;
metal oxide		carcinogenic agent
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		10.7241calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		27.071,56163
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		6.75700cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide
germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2		2.7630
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		8.99130alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.76880alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		11.51131manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide
[no description available]		3.8100molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		18.1463413zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		10.18440vanadium oxide
lead sulfide
lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa		3.6890
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		4.28160sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		2.5220
cupric sulfide
copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		3.2750
4-chloro-2-cresol
4-chloro-2-cresol: metabolite of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid & other phenoxyacetic acid herbicides; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-2-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is o-cresol in which the hydrogen para to the hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine.		2.1510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols
beta-pinene
beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.		2.0710pineneplant metabolite
chromium trioxide
chromium trioxide: oxidizing agent. chromium trioxide : A chromium oxide composed of a single chromium bound (oxidation state +6) to three oxygens; the acidic anhydride of chromic acid.		1.9710chromium oxide
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		7.62742hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		3.250inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		3.5180iron oxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		6.82740glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.8230enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.76181alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.610
dinoterb
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound;
phenols
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
selenomethionine
[no description available]		3.0540selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
selenocystine
selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7930diselenide;
selenoamino acid
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		7.72593diarylmethane
phenylphosphonic acid
phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1		2.2110benzenes
daminozide
daminozide: induces tumors		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
strontium carbonate
[no description available]		2.9540
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		8.1250etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		1.981012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
pyrazon
pyrazon: structure; do not confuse with phenazone which is a synonym to antipyrine. chloridazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 5, a chloro group at position 4 and a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0610benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
pyridazinone		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.4620organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.8930alkane
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent		2.0310
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.9940primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
4-nitrothiophenolate
4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea: used in cotton or cotton-polyester blend fabric		2.0810
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		4.3441aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		9.18160organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.4220aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
orange g
orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.		3.6590
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6120quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.1110hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
2,6-dichlorobenzamide
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
dichlorobenzene		herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.5120aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
1,6-diaminohexane
1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.		2.7830alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
basic blue k
Basic Blue K: RN given refers to chloride. victoria blue R : An iminium salt composed of 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl][4-(ethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.0510iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		fluorochrome;
histological dye
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		2.1710
molinate
molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.		2.110azepanes;
monothiocarbamic ester		agrochemical;
antispermatogenic agent;
herbicide
octachloronaphthalene
Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.		2.5520
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.94402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
3,4-dichlorophenylurea
3,4-dichlorophenylurea: structure in first source. diuron-desdimethyl : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 1. It is a metabolite of the herbicide diuron.		7.0610dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		marine xenobiotic metabolite
fast green fcf
Fast Green FCF: structure. Fast green FCF : An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent.		1.9910organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
food colouring;
histological dye
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.2110organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
ethyl violet
ethyl violet: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyl violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of ethyl violet cation. Used for inclusion in mixed dye solutions of the iron resorcin fuchsin type for demonstrating elastic fibres.		2.9540organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.420fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-methylcoumarin
7-methylcoumarin: structure in first source		2.0810coumarins
disperse blue 1
[no description available]		2.0410anthraquinone
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source		2.4820
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source		3.91120
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		2.7830sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
victoria blue b
victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.		2.0410iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		fluorochrome;
histological dye
c.i. direct blue 1
[no description available]		2.9640
direct red 81
Direct Red 81: RN given refers to disodium salt; structure given in first source. Sirius red 4B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red 4B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. Used as the plasma stain in some trichrome staining methods.		2.7730
ponceau 4r
ponceau 4R: structure in first source		1.9710
isoprocarb
[no description available]		2.1110carbamate esteragrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
octogen
octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.		2.7330N-nitro compound;
tetrazocane		explosive
tetramethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.0210thioureas
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.420
hexadecanethiol
[no description available]		2.4220
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride
glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride		2.0610
acid black 24
[no description available]		7.5320
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.0710primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		4.3180fluorescein isothiocyanate
levanol fast cyanine 5rn
Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.8330thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.3820D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		5.4411,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
zinc carbonate
[no description available]		2.4620organooxygen compound
d.c. red no. 33
D.C. Red No. 33: RN given refers to disodium salt		3.4470
azo rubin s
Acid red 14: a wster pollutant; structure in first source		2.1310
azo rubin s
azo rubin S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.2510
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.1110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
red 2g
red 2G: RN given refers to di-Na salt. azophloxine : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 5-acetamido-4-hydroxy-3-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.		2.2510organic sodium salthistological dye
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.1150antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid
[no description available]		1.9910chlorine oxoacid
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		11.42530carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue
brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4820organic molecular entity
sulisobenzone
[no description available]		2.2110benzophenones
2-octanol
2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.		1.9810octanol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
promethazine
1,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1,3-dimethylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is methyl.		3.21101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
direct blue 71
Direct Blue 71: structure in first source		2.0310
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		3.4470
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.6120
acid blue 80
acid blue 80: structure in first source		210
diphenylarsinic acid
diphenylarsinic acid: a degradation product of diphenylcyanoarsine or diphenylchloroarsine, both of which were developed as chemical warfare agents; structure in first source		7.5220
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		2.1710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ochratoxin b
ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.		2.1110isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
vantocil
polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8730
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenate
tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; see also record for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. tetrachlorophenol : A chlorophenol that is phenol in which four of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.. 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.		2.0510tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
thalicarpine
thalicarpine: obtained from Thalictrum dasycarpum		7.2510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
octylmethoxycinnamate
octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage		6.14162cinnamate ester
1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran
1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran: quencher of singlet oxygen, inhibits arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation		2.1310
tetrabutoxy titanium
tetrabutoxy titanium: RN given refers to monomer		3.2960
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.2510dioxolane
2-amino-1-butanol
2-amino-1-butanol: structure		1.9810
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		8.0440cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
octocrylene
[no description available]		4.3741diarylmethane
1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulfonic acid: structure in first source		2.4920
1-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenylazo)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-nitrophenylcarbamoyl)naphthalene
[no description available]		2.4620
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.0610ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-one : A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol : A hydroxypyridine that is pyridin-2-ol substituted by chloro groups at positions 3,5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.		2.1310chloropyridine;
hydroxypyridine;
pyridone		human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		3.6690alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
octyl 2-cyanoacrylate
[no description available]		2.1510
olaflur
Olaflur: cariostatic agent		4.5151
sodium metasilicate
sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.		2.9740inorganic sodium salt
2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.1310
tetrapotassium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		2.1110
hepes
[no description available]		2.7830HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.7930f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		5.31520cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		6.061080f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.9840d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		10.741612elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		10.81862elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		13.692487chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		7.7630actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		13.85470f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		3.150monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		12.013783vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		2.0810iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		13.012088metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		11.043081elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		2.9240actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		3.4670f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
promethium
Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.		1.9510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		3.5480manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		6.71290cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		9.84921iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		4.47220f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		10.54210d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		20.221,28247copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		15.552787vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.5980manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		8.1640f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		3.7100actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		6.96121f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		8.621320chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		1.9710actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		2.4420actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		11.3924monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		2.0710arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		10.351201cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		9.141770f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		17.9146419chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		9.11413f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		6.5401f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		11.07350f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		16.597055copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		10.25481titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		9.62260monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		10.3670f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		7.28311actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		12.692683elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		8.4980monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		6.74292f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		12.881294d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		23.211,47270titanium group element atom
lead sulfate
lead sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-SO4		2.0610
lead phosphate
lead phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified MF		2.1310
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.9340aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.9340copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.9240magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.4120mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.4620N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		4.811D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
titanium tetrachloride
titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4		6.061120
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		3.1150sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.7530inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
stannic chloride
[no description available]		3.1350
palladium chloride
palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.0210palladium coordination entitycatalyst
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		9.6490chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		6.0681delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
zirconium oxychloride
zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.		2.1110
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		8.89120iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.4120nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		8.1550iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		2.4420mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		8.98130diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		3.1650
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		8.14303barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		5.2731metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		2.7430inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		9.02130inorganic sodium salt
magnesium phosphate (2:3)
[no description available]		2.6320inorganic magnesium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		7.071060calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		7.051040calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		17.4868812calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220iron coordination entity
lead chloride
lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.		2.8430inorganic chloride;
lead coordination entity
lead chromate
lead chromate: RN given refers to unspecified lead chromate. lead chromate : A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio		2.0810chromium coordination entity;
lead coordination entity		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxin;
neurotoxin
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		4.1431chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		4.3641metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		840divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		4.14150inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.8321inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		16.06464calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		4.341potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.0510inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
zinc nitrate
[no description available]		2.110
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		9.57666
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		4.02140dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		7.51910diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		6.9500diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
magnesium fluoride
[no description available]		2.7930
fluorine monoxide
[no description available]		2.610oxygen halide
zinc fluoride
[no description available]		2.0110
silver chloride
[no description available]		4.2160inorganic chloride;
silver salt
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		3.4670
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		3.8221metal sulfateallergen
beryllium fluoride
beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.		2.0210beryllium molecular entity;
fluoride salt
cesium iodide
cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier		2.1510
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.4220deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		4.03130sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.110divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		9.460calcium phosphate
cadmium fluoride
[no description available]		2.1310
ammonium perchlorate
[no description available]		2.6620
propham
propham: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. propham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.		7.0210benzenes;
carbamate ester		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.44201-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		5.4941
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.0810epoxide
sodium hydride
[no description available]		2.1710
hexamethyldisiloxane
dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE		7.7330organosiloxane
trichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.420
silicon tetrachloride
[no description available]		2.0510
zirconium chloride
zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.		2.7730inorganic chloride;
zirconium coordination entity		catalyst
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		10.731282elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		3.5580iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
magnesium perchlorate
magnesium perchlorate: structure		2.0310alkaline earth salt
strontium nitrate
[no description available]		2.2510
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		8.4670aluminium sulfate
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		2.4420monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		3.1250chlorine dioxide
chromium sulfate
chromium(III) sulfate : A compound of chromium and sulfate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to sulfate is 2:3		2.7930metal sulfate
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9910inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7830tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		3.1250cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		3.3560cadmium salt
cobalt sulfate
cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.		2.4520metal sulfate
cobaltous nitrate
cobaltous nitrate: RN given refers to Co(+2) salt. cobalt dinitrate : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is nitrate.		2.0510cobalt salt;
inorganic nitrate salt
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate: slow-acting amine polymerization accelerator. parbenate : A benzoate ester that is ethyl benzoate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4.		2.0510benzoate ester;
ethyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
camphoroquinone
camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.730bornane monoterpenoid;
carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		8.69203
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
rhamnose
[no description available]		1.9510L-rhamnose
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.54201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		2.1310halide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.5220benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		4.38210
ammonium fluoride
ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.		4.34190ammonium salt;
fluoride salt
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.6930ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		3.0340
terbufos
[no description available]		7.0510organic thiophosphate;
organosulfur compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
procion blue mx-r
procion blue MX-R: used in affinity labeling of enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
platinum tetrachloride
platinum tetrachloride: see also platinum chloride		2.0410
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		26.6712,82757titanium oxidesfood colouring
3-carene
3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710monoterpene
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		2.4220chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		phenoxy herbicide
sodium aluminum hydride
[no description available]		3.1450inorganic sodium salt
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		3.87110
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.87110
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.21106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl		2.0210nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.5720monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
chlortoluron
chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.		2.7230monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trimethylolpropane triacrylate
trimethylolpropane triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis		2.110carbonyl compound
1,4-thioxane
1,4-thioxane: structure in first source		2.0510
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.0210iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.81110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
nickel sulfide
nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2		2.2110
fluoroboric acid
[no description available]		2.1310boron fluoride
gold tetrachloride, acid
gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)		2.0610
fluorides
[no description available]		16.8642520halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
reactive red 2
reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.		8.75100
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		7.431060tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		6.89591chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
methabenzthiazuron
[no description available]		2.110benzothiazoles
molybdenum dioxide
[no description available]		2.0710
taurolidine
[no description available]		3.511thiadiazinane
geosmin
geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.		2.1310geosmin
brilliant orange 3r
brilliant orange 3R: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not avail 11/92; structure given in first source		2.9430
reactive orange
[no description available]		2.4420
iodine
[no description available]		6.31440halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		8.1950aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
metribuzin
metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.		2.01101,2,4-triazines;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
padimate-o
padimate-O: active ingredient in sunscreen products		2.7330benzoate ester
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.4570L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O		2.0310
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		2.4110C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
zingerone
zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.		2.610methyl ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antiemetic;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent
tri-n-butylborane
[no description available]		8.6190
1,2-diphenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0110
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		8.07392benzenes;
phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol
phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.2110aromatic ether;
glycol ether;
primary alcohol		antiinfective agent;
central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.2510chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
isopentyl alcohol
isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		3.0140beta-diketone
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		1.9310azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		3.1550dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		5.2941mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
methanesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.111011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		2.1110trialkyl phosphate
dimedone
dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1710
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.730chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		2.520acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
n-chlorosuccinimide
N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.		2.0610dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		3.5480ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
pirimicarb
pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.		7.0710aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
procion brilliant red h 3b
[no description available]		2.0210
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		7.754
mono-benzyl phthalate
monobenzyl phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of benzyl alcohol. It is a major metabolite of the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP).		2.0510phthalic acid monoesterxenobiotic metabolite;
xenoestrogen
pronamide
pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.		2.0210benzamides;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound		agrochemical;
herbicide
triazophos
triazophos: structure		7.0310organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		5.76260
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		3.93120morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
aluminum oxide hydroxide
aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O		2.9740aluminium hydroxides;
aluminium oxides
alkenes
[no description available]		6.7690
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		8.0940organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.74280glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.570beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
allura red ac dye
Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure		2.0410
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.0510inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		10.31160pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.0610ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		8.18212penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		5.1212-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
norflurazone
norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
pyridazinone;
secondary amino compound		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
gallium citrate
[no description available]		4.911
enterobactin
[no description available]		8.0240catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
octachlorostyrene
[no description available]		2.0810organochlorine compound
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		2.1310aromatic ether;
coumarins
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.		3.0730dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.78100amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		11.33306taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
fluchloralin
fluchloralin: structure		2.0110C-nitro compound
etoposide
[no description available]		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.1650peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		2.8230organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		8.43703-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0310polychlorobiphenyl
enilconazole
enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.		2.1710dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
avridine
[no description available]		1.9910amino alcohol
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid
[no description available]		2.4620
iprodione
iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.		7.9840benzenes;
dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
nematicide
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.49201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan
[no description available]		2.7430
2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.1310
thiocholine
Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.		2.0610
2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0110
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		7.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
pendimethalin
pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.		2.0410C-nitro compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide
profenofos
[no description available]		2.1510monochlorobenzenes;
organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.5120L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
metamitron
metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.		2.21101,2,4-triazinesenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.15105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
triadimefon
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		2.1310aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
triazoles
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		2.1710dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		2.4620organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0210alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dichlorfop-methyl
dichlorfop-methyl: structure; herbicide for control of wild oat & foxtails in cereal crops. diclofop-methyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.. methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
diether;
methyl ester
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		8.0730cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
thidiazuron
[no description available]		2.2510ureas
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0210chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine
diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.		2.4920diol;
nitrosamine;
secondary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		2.520
triclopyr
trichlopyr : A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.		7.7930aromatic ether;
chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.2510aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source		2.3720
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.6120alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
octyl dimethyl 4-aminobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		14.811628conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.4920alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		210acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
fluazifop-butyl
fluazifop-butyl: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. fluazifop-butyl : A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.. butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.		2.2110aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		5.81221
avobenzone
[no description available]		11.1101dihydrochalcones
octenidine
[no description available]		7.5320dihydropyridine
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.420aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.8830aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
mono-n-butyltin
[no description available]		2.110
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.69280delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
imazapyr, (+-)-isomer
imazapyr: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. imazapyr : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapyr. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (generally as the isopropylamine salt, known as imazapyr-isopropylammonium) as a herbicide, particularly for the control of perennial grasses, broad-leaved weeds, woody plants, brambles, etc., on non-crop land. It is not approved for use within the European Union.. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, ethyl, and oxo groups, respectively.		2.110imidazolines;
imidazolone;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
pyridines
imazaquin
imazaquin: RN given refer to parent cpd. imazaquin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazaquin. It is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds.. 2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group at position 2.		2.0310imidazolone;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
imazethapyr
imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr		2.7230aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0810isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.7530hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		5.3631aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ractopamine
ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.		7.4110benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
antineoplaston a10
antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine		2.1710
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		5.1421naphthoic acid
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0210N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		1.9810
delmopinol
delmopinol: structure in first source		210morpholines
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		4.7421methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		6.5472organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		7.0810aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		5.2531monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		7.0510duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.3360carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.4570
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.1310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		6.1281adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
metaldehyde
metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.		2.4820tetroxocanefuel;
molluscicide
n-butyllithium
[no description available]		2.0510
nitroaniline
nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.		2.2110
cuprous thiocyanate
[no description available]		2.1310
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		2.0510iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
sudan black b
Sudan black B : A member of the class of perimidines that is 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine carrying a [4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl]diazenyl substituent at position 6. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections and for staining of protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		3.8521azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
perimidines		histological dye
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		7.8730benzofurans
pyranine
pyranine: structure		7.1310organic sodium saltfluorochrome
nitrogen trioxide
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxide
titanium disulfide
[no description available]		3.5980
lead selenide
[no description available]		2.9840
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.5720
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		5.36200trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		3.0140
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		10.3121
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.4320
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		4.2160
scarlet red
Scarlet Red: structure. Sudan IV : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		2.0310azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
naphthols		carcinogenic agent;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
sudan iii
sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		2.0310azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
naphthols		carcinogenic agent;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.7830aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
perfluoropropionic acid
perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
barium oxide
[no description available]		2.7830
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.4520one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-ethylguaiacol
4-ethylguaiacol: a constituent of wood creosote; suppresses intestinal smooth muscle contraction		2.110methoxybenzenes;
phenols
tellurium dioxide
[no description available]		2.0510
titanium trichloride
[no description available]		9.35200
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		2.9940
cuprous chloride
cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.		2.0110copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		agrochemical;
molluscicide
sodium persulfate
sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt		2.7530
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		3.2960inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
rubidium chloride
rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
rubidium molecular entity		antidepressant;
biomarker
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium: RN given refers to chloride		2.0210
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		4.92320hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.911acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		2.0710
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.29111D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
simvastatin acid
simvastatin acid: structure given in first source		2.4420carbonyl compound
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.75302-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		3.9630hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		2.1510
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		6.2490organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		3.3510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		7.2110lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		4.6111dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.1310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.1110acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.1110methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		2.9640
guanidine thiocyanate
guanidine thiocyanate: a powerful chaotropic agent		2.0310
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		2.0710
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.5770flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8840
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		4.47220xanthene dyefluorochrome
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		1.9710
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.0510
bathocuproine
bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0210aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.7530iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		4.6480
neocuproine
neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.		2.110phenanthrolineschelator;
copper chelator
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		2.4920ruthenium coordination entityfluorochrome
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.4770fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.0510dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0810glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.7230benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4420cephalosporinfungal metabolite
adipic dihydrazide
[no description available]		2.610
silver bromide
[no description available]		8.84110
boron nitride
[no description available]		8.890nitride
silicon monoxide
silanone: structure in first source		2.7530silicon oxide
iridium radioisotopes
Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.		3.1950
hexaconazole
2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.5820dichlorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		chelator
chloranilic acid
chloranilic acid: structure		2.0210
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.4110hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		2.2510styrenes
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.6120boronic acids
acetamidine
acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510carboxamidine
3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
[no description available]		2.0710
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.2960phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.0710
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		5.721811,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.110one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		3.93110carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone
monoacetylphloroglucinol: structure in first source. 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone : A benzenetriol that is acetophenone in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 6 on the phenyl group are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides.		2.0610aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
methyl ketone		MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		3.2460anthocyanidin chloride
sesamol
sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.5820benzodioxoles
toltrazuril
toltrazuril: structure in first source		7.2110aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		7.31632-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.6320dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.1710aryl sulfate;
pyridines
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		5.093801,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
leucogentian violet
leucogentian violet: metabolite of gentian violet; structure given in first source		3.1610benzenoid aromatic compound
1,2-benzenedithiol
1,2-benzenedithiol: structure in first source		2.4420
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine
[no description available]		2.110
cyclopropylamine
cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.		7.0510primary aliphatic aminemouse metabolite
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone
1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source		7.0510
glutarimide
[no description available]		2.0410dicarboximide;
piperidones
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.1110aminopyrimidine;
aromatic primary alcohol;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bicinchoninic acid
[no description available]		2.4320
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		8.2350cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
camphorated parachlorophenol
camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol		2.0410
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4820tocol
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		2.110disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.6111conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		2.2510amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
losoxantrone
losoxantrone: structure given in first source		1.9910
tiemonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0510aralkylamine
procion reactive red 4
Procion Reactive Red 4: inhibits phosphotransferase activity of yeast hexokinase; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		2.3110
magnolol
[no description available]		2.1110biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.1110biphenyls
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.3110benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		7.1110indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
xylenol orange
xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal		3.1450
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		7.2510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
reactive red 120 dye
reactive red 120 dye: used in dye ligand chromatography; MF & structure unknown. Reactive red 120 : A bis(azo) compound that consists of a benzene core having two (4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino groups attached at positions 1 and 4 and which in turn have 5-hydroxy-6-[(2-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]-2,7-disulfonaphthalen-4-yl groups attached to their 4-amino functions.		3.1350azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		dye
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		2.6120N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium
[no description available]		2.0410
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		3.4370carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		8.091140cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
sodium oxide
[no description available]		3.6890
2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		3.1550
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		4.06130perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
c.i. direct red 80
Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.		2.9840organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane
n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane: used to form self-assembled monolayers for high contrast patterned adsorption of bovine serum albumin and deriviatives		2.4320
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid : A member of the class of furans carrying two carboxy substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.4920dicarboxylic acid;
furans		human urinary metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.0310monocarboxylic acid
cobalt phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.7430
trifluoromethyl hypofluorite
trifluoromethyl hypofluorite: reagent in fluorination of nucleosides; structure		2.0210
6-chloronicotinic acid
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.6320
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate: RN given refers to monomer		2.4720
trimethylsilyl cyanide
[no description available]		2.0410
molybdate
[no description available]		2.2510molybdenum oxoacid
iridium oxide
iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2		9.65260
platinum oxide
[no description available]		2.0610
ruthenium dioxide
ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2		4.62250
vanadium dioxide
[no description available]		7.8430vanadium oxide
strontium titanium oxide
[no description available]		13.231340
gallium phosphide
[no description available]		2.0410
c.i. basic blue 41
[no description available]		2.5120
ytterbium fluoride
[no description available]		2.4820
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine: reagent for making polymers; structure in first source		2.7930
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.1110organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.7530macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
4-azidoaniline
4-azidoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		5.22111bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane
[no description available]		2.0310
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		3.0340monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
cyproconazole
cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.		2.520cyclopropanes;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
spiroxamine
spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.		2.4110dioxolane;
spiroketal;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
mepanipyrim
mepanipyrim : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
aminopyrimidine;
anilinopyrimidine fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
hepatotoxic agent
a 8947
A 8947: RN & structure given in first source. azimsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a nitrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by a 4,6-dipyrimidin-2-yl group while a hydrogen attached to the other urea nitrogen has been replaced by a [1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]sulfonyl group. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of broad-leaved and sedge weeds in paddy fields and other aquatic situations.		2.0510aromatic ether;
biaryl;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazole pesticide;
tetrazoles		EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
herbicide
sulfosulfuron
[no description available]		2.1110
bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane
bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane: used as surface modifier of metal vie the sol-gel process and dip coating		3.4311
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.4220adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
titanium hydroxide
titanium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.18160
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.942023-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
aluminum nitride
[no description available]		3.1250nitride
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source		2.4720
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		9.68821iditolfungal metabolite
ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate
ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate: improves viability of encapsulated human stem cell preparations		2.1310
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane: structure in first source		2.0210
c.i. direct red 23
C.I. Direct Red 23: azo dye; structure in first source		2.4420
aucubin
[no description available]		7.1710organic molecular entitymetabolite
galaxolide
galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.		7.5720isochromenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound		fragrance
indium arsenide
[no description available]		2.9840
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		9.11140
goethite
[no description available]		8.5880
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrimethanil
pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.		2.2110aminopyrimidine;
anilinopyrimidine fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane
4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane: causes allergic or photoallergic contact dermatitis; structure given in first source; used as a UVA filter for sunscreens		3.3611
quinclorac
quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.0710monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		agrochemical;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin
pyridaben
[no description available]		2.0310organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
pyridazinone		mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
sulcotrione
sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.		2.1110aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
cyclohexanones;
sulfone		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.0310hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.0710
4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl
[no description available]		2.5520
reactive yellow 2
reactive yellow 2: structure in first source		2.4110
lopinavir
[no description available]		4.9621amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
totarol
totarol: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Podocarpus nagi		2.2510diterpenoidmetabolite
2,2'-sulfinylbisethanol
2,2'-sulfinylbisethanol: metabolite of sulfur mustard		2.110
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		3.1750
titanium nitride (tin)
titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF		15.1730013
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.2110phosphatidic acid
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		3.3110
zirconium nitride
[no description available]		7.8930nitride
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		4.89320D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
diffractaic acid
difractaic acid: from Lichen, Usnea steineri; active against Gram-positive, multidrug-resistant bacteria; structure in first source		2.0710carbonyl compound
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available]		2.8230aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		3.0140
imidazoleacetic acid
imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.		3.3460imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid: C8-H6-O5; structure in first source		2.0410
1,3,4-oxadiazole
1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source		2.1310
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.4920phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
tetrathiafulvalene
tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4420fulvalenes;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
2,5-dihydroxypyridine
pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		4.911dihydroxypyridinemouse metabolite
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.1710methyladenosine
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate: RN given refers to unknown molecular fragment in Chemline		2.0510
4'-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0510
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		18.5751420cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.0810sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		3.5611
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.9940chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		7.39820oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		4.04140calcium salt;
hydrate
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.2110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.9640
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		4.6111imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
n2 dental cement
N2 Dental Cement: root canal filling material containing 92% eugenol, rose oil, powder containing 72% zinc oxide & paraformaldehyde; do not confuse with N2, synonym for ethyl nitrite spirit; also used as dental cement; RN in Chemline for Kalzinol (no MF): 56748-44-8; RN for zinc-eugenol cement (contains zinc octadecanoate, cottonseed oil, eugenol, rosin, zinc acetate & zinc oxide): 8027-50-7		4.38210
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		3.5470diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate
prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC		2.4320
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		210carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		4.2450
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		2.0110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		3.6330
((18)O)water
((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.		2.4110isotopically modified compound;
water
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		5.27311,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		1.9910
aminomethyltrioxsalen
[no description available]		1.9910
bremazocine
bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source		7.0510
indoxacarb
indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.		2.520methyl ester;
organochlorine insecticide		voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		3.1450
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		8.2450proanthocyanidin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.2510phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
parinaric acid
parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.		2.110octadecatetraenoic acid
triptolide
[no description available]		2.5220diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.610germacranolide
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0710
titanium isopropoxide
titanium(IV) isopropoxide : A titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.		4.7280
bismuth iodide
bismuth iodide: RN given for cpd with unspecified MF		2.5920
5,6-dihydroxyindole
[no description available]		2.1710dihydroxyindolemouse metabolite
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		4.811flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.5720organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.0510
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		2.4820
geraniin
Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source		2.1110
selenocystamine
selenocystamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610organoselenium compound
thiacloprid
thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.		2.0510monochloropyridine;
nitrile;
thiazolidines		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer		2.7130
gallium nitride
[no description available]		3.1850
basic blue 3
Basic Blue 3: structure in first source		2.0510
obacunone
obacunone: from bark of Chinese plant Phellodendron amurense; shortens sleeping time induced in mice by alpha-chloralose-urethane		2.4110limonoid
ruthenium tetraoxide
ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4		2.7630
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		5.76250fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		4.911phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		2.0610isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
titanium tetrafluoride
[no description available]		13.8611915
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		2.830azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
(20s)-20-hydroxycholesterol
20-hydroxycholesterol: RN given refers to (20S)-isomer. 20-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.492020-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
meridol
Meridol: contains amine fluoride 242 & stannous fluoride		2.0210
prisma-fil
heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins		4.6732
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		2.0410
benzoyl-coenzyme a
benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9810
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent		2.1710
astragaloside a
[no description available]		2.1110
celastrol
[no description available]		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
niobium pentoxide
[no description available]		4.42200
phenoxy radical
phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.		2.4820organic radical
stannane
[no description available]		2.0310mononuclear parent hydride;
tin hydride
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		8.79100carbene;
methanediyl
cyclopropene
cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.		2.0610cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes
diazene
[no description available]		2.1310nitrogen hydride
lithium aluminate
[no description available]		2.110
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		4.9421nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate
perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.		8.3560chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
cyclopropanol
[no description available]		7.3110aliphatic alcohol;
cyclopropanes
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		7.26500fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		5.7451methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		7.14254
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells		2.1110
technetium tc 99m etidronate
[no description available]		1.9610
polytrimethylene carbonate
trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source		4.5251
htr composite
HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities		2.3920
benzoylarginine ethyl ester
benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
octacalcium phosphate
octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate		5.67240
phosphohistidine
phosphohistidine: RN given refers to N-phosphono-L-histidine		2.2110
glycylglutamine
glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite;
protective agent
1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane
bis-tris propane : A water-soluble buffer substance used for the preparation of the biochemical and biological buffer solutions; pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.		2.0810hexolbuffer
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection; structure given in first source		2.4820benzoic acids;
quinolines		fluorochrome
ectoine
[no description available]		2.17101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
7-goniofufurone
7-goniofufurone: from Goniothalamus giganteus; structure given in first source		2.0810
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.3660dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
8-chloro-4-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinolin-3(2h)-one
8-chloro-4-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinolin-3(2H)-one: selective, non-steroidal inhibitor of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 1; structure given in first source		210
agrocinopine
agrocinopine: opine phosphorylated sugar synthesized by crown gall tumors & utilized as nutrient source by bacteria responsible for infection. agrocinopine : A subclass of opines, which are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumours or hairy root tumours produced by parasitic bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium. Agrocinopines are set of sugar phosphodiester opines known to induce transfer of another Ti plasmid, pTiBo542.. agrocinopine A : A member of the class of agrocinopines that consists of sucrose and L-arabinose units joined via a phosphodiester linkage between position 4(F) of sucrose and position 2 of arabinose.		2.4110
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		2.1310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.2110
cyanidin
cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.		7.46205-hydroxyanthocyanidinantioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
[no description available]		3.0340
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine: used for determination of hydroperoxides; structure given in first source		2.0810
reveromycin a
reveromycin A: from an actinomycete strain; structure given in first source; inhibits the mitogenic activity of the epidermal growth factor		2.0710
7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline
7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline: a hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer		2.610
bismark brown
Bismark Brown: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
carbapenems
[no description available]		5.331
3-bromoacetoxyandrostan-17-one
3-bromoacetoxyandrostan-17-one: structure given in first source		2.1110
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.2110
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
vinyl phosphate
vinyl phosphate: used against rodents, weeds, and animal ectoparasites		2.3110
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source		5.66181
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.3920D-xylose
fulvene
fulvene: structure. fulvene : An organic cyclic compound that consists of cyclopentadiene bearing a methylene substituent. The parent of the class of fulvenes.		2.7630fulvenes
dithiane
dithiane: structure in first source		2.1310dithiane
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.911beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
phytol
[no description available]		2.4110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		6.55141amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.5520
fusidic acid
terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid: structure given in first source; abreviated as TDSA; FDA approved 2006 as component of Anthelios SX along with avobenzone and octocrylene		3.3811monoterpenoid
aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (ii)
aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (II): structure given in first source		1.9710
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.681secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.44609-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
[no description available]		4.1231
pentacyanoferrate (ii)
[no description available]		2.0310
gulonic acid
gulonic acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. gulonic acid : A hexonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of gulose to a carboxylic acid group.		2.1110gulonic acid
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.1110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
terephthalate
terephthalate(2-) : A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid dianion
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.7190methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
reactive red 195
[no description available]		2.9940
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		9.871741oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		7.7830
edotreotide
Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes		2.0710
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide
spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin		3.6790
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		4.5210
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		8.0540
samarium oxide
[no description available]		7.4110
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		7.0810
ilmenite
ilmenite: cpd has MF: FeTiO3; RN in Chemline for other FeTiO3: 12022-71-8		9.77290
gadolinium sulfoxylate
gadolinium sulfoxylate: used in radiation-protective screen; structure		2.110
lead titanate zirconate
[no description available]		8.091100
potassium titanylphosphate
[no description available]		15.5212612
bismuth orthovanadate
bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic		3.78100
strontium phosphate
strontium phosphate: RN given refers to Sr salt without specified ratio		2.0510
titanium phosphate
titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate		5.21460
sodium percarbonate
sodium percarbonate: RN given refers to unspecified Na salt		2.0510
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		12.39321chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
silver phosphate
silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test		3.7190
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		6.45111sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		6.72420
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		3.2760carbodiimide
dimethylsulfonioacetate
dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source		2.4820sulfonium betaine
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		4.960
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.7930
ferric ferricyanide
[no description available]		2.0510
pyropheophorbide a
pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer		2.3110
3'-fucosyllactose
3'-fucosyllactose: antiserum against fuc alpha 1-3 gal linkage reacted with human colon adenocarcinoma cells		1.9810
potassium ferrate
potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent		2.4920
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		2.17105-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		7.051040
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		7.9740
cupric hydroxide
copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent		2.9440organic molecular entity
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.3510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
silver fluoride
[no description available]		2.0610fluoride salt;
silver salt
diopside
[no description available]		3.1410
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.0510
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.7530iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid
thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6930phosphorothioic acid
ferrioxalate
ferrioxalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
vinylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		7.110
iron (3+) oxalate
Sensodyne: a commercial dentifrice; contains 5% potassium nitrate, 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base		2.2110
molybdenum blue
molybdenum blue: spray reagent prepared by dissolving molybdenum trioxide in H2SO4 & adding powdered molybdenum; for staining phospholipids in thin layer chromatography		2.0210
terics
terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use		2.4320
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii)
N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source		2.1110
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		4.13140biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.3631amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.4320
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		4.89320
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.520imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		8.21451divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
manzacidin a
manzacidin A: structure in first source		2.0310
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		4.68260
cyhalofop-butyl
cyhalofop-butyl: structure in first source		2.0610aromatic ether
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		2.3110very long-chain fatty acid
1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole: structure in first source		2.0210
stemonamine
stemonamine: isolated from Stemona japonica; structure in first source		2.0410
mycosamine
mycosamine: structure		2.0710deoxymannose derivative;
mannosamine
spinosyn d
spinosyn D: a macrolide, structure in first source. spinosyn D : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated with an additional methyl substituent attached to the tetracyclic skeleton. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.		2.110spinosyn insecticide;
spinosyn		pediculicide
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		7.1310glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.8930aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
fr dental filling
FR dental filling: contains powder consisting of calcium hydroxide 50%, zinc oxide 20%, barium sulfate 30% & liquid consisting of guaiacol-formaldehyde cpd 40%. propylene glycol 30%, dehydrated alcohol 15%, & castor oil 15%		1.9510
cyclohexane-1,2,4-tris(methylenesulfonate)
cyclohexane-1,2,4-tris(methylenesulfonate): a potent inhibitor of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-5-phosphatase; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1R,2R,4R)-isomer		3.5110
pentafluorophenylmethacrylate
pentafluorophenylmethacrylate: copolymerized with methylmethacrylate		2.2110
zirconium molybdate
zirconium molybdate: generator for technetium-99m		3.1410
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe		2.2110
diazipine
diazipine: structure given in first source		2.0310
cucurbit(6)uril
cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.		2.2110
4-anisoyl-3-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane carboxylic acid)
4-anisoyl-3-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane carboxylic acid): structure given in first source		2.610
6-(n-(4-aminobutyl)-n-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione
6-(N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethyl)amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione: forms a conjugate with progesterone; conjugate used for immunoassay of plasma progesterone		2.2110phthalazines
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310iron coordination entity
anabasine
Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.		2.3920anabasine
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		3.460carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide
N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.		2.0610anilide fungicide;
aromatic amide;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.1510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.811aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0310alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
erythritol
[no description available]		10.5851butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
brazilin
brazilin: structure given in first source. brazilin : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a red pigment obtained from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil-wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (sappan-wood).		2.11101-benzopyran
delrin
delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer		3.690
cortisone
[no description available]		2.693011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		5.64730
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		2.3110
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.15502-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		4.5851arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.4620
propargylamine
propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.5220
2-chlorobiphenyl
2-chlorobiphenyl: RN from Toxlit. 2-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.. monochlorobiphenyl : A chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.. chlorobiphenyl : A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.		1.9910monochlorobiphenyl
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.5220monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		7.26171
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.1310bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
calendula
Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.		7.3110
hafnia
Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)		4.6880
bicyclo(3,2,0)hept-2-en-6-one
bicyclo(3,2,0)hept-2-en-6-one: structure in first source		2.0310
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.110gamma-lactam;
indolinone
diethoxy-(1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionato)titanium (iv)
[no description available]		5.290
cercosporin
cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants. cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.		2.0510
1-(chloromethyl)silatrane
Silimin: contains collagen, hydroxyapatite & CM-silitrane; Russian compound; a biogenic composite material for dental implants		1.9910
zinc tetraphenylporphyrin
[no description available]		2.0410
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.5820bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		5.751amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.47202-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.96211,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.0310
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		8.5370
2,3-diaminophenazine
2,3-diaminophenazine: product form horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine		2.2510
permanganate
[no description available]		521manganese oxoacid
carboplatin
[no description available]		4.6111
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.6180inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
biotinyl n-hydroxysuccinimide ester
biotinyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used to prepare biotinylated erythrocytes		2.0310
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.4320
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		2.1110L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		7.9540L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		4.890N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate
beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		7.2110D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		8.92382peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.4220oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		2.0510D-galacturonic acid
elastin
[no description available]		3.3360oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		3.1140amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		7.110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.8930
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		7.1310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
d-tagatose
D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.		2.3110D-tagatose
7-dehydrocholesterol
[no description available]		3.03403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
cholestanoid;
Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0710myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.061011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		2.0710puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
mannuronic acid
mannuronic acid: hydrolysis product of alginic acids from ALGAE; has anti-inflammatory activity. D-mannopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-mannonic acid.		2.0610D-mannonic acid
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.9540tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
1-kestose
1-kestose: sugar found in vegetables; structure given in first source. 1-kestose : A trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively.		2.0510trisaccharide
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		7.3121
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		2.0510
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		3.1750cellotriose
gulose
gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.		2.0710D-aldohexose;
D-gulose;
gulopyranose
psicose, (d)-isomer
[no description available]		2.2510monosaccharide
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.2110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.0810cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
linezolid
[no description available]		2.4620acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		3.5480homodetic cyclic peptide
notoginsenoside r1
notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.151012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
carnosol
carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata		7.3110diterpenoid
genipin
[no description available]		2.5820iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		3.5770(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		7.8430isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.1510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.0940
bispyribac
bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrimidines		herbicide
spinosyn a
spinosyn A: a macrolide ; structure in first source. spinosyn A : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.		2.110spinosyn insecticide;
spinosyn		pediculicide
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		2.0710
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.520tripeptide
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.3110arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		2.662017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		4.88310cyclodextrin
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.9940butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.4620cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.4941retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		8.3870icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.4820cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.4620butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4620farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		6.98142resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.9130retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		5.9290microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		5.17140octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		7.4620macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		8.3260
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.3110ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		4.15140D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		8.6990benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		7.7830icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.8330
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		2.0210
lycopene
[no description available]		7.5520acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.1710macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
epothilone b
[no description available]		2.0110epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.5220aromatic amide
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.1110olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0110epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.4720azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
acid fuchsin
acid fuchsin: RN refers to disodium salt. acid fuchsin : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)(4-imino-3-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-3-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used in the Van Gieson method in conjunction with picric acid to demonstrate collagen fibres red, and in Masson's trichrome to colour smooth muscle in contrast to collagen.		10.2441
decitabine
[no description available]		2.57202'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		5.431
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.2110anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.0110cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		1.9910actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		2.0210tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.911nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.1310
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2760flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine
5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine: structure		3.4211
ammonium metavanadate
[no description available]		2.0310
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.0510potassium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.3820
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		6.05150one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		1.9910organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0810organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.4720acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.0510metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl
Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.		210aminoxyls;
piperidones		radical scavenger
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.4120fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		2.4220oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		6.651612-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid
[no description available]		2.4720
1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane
[no description available]		2.0310
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		2.8430
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.57203-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
pichtosin
pichtosin: contains mainly isobornyl acetate		2.610
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.07104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
geraniol
[no description available]		4.9113,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		9.01130
ethyl cinnamate
ethyl cinnamate: a pine weevil antifeedant; structure in first source		2.0310alkyl cinnamate;
ethyl ester
benzylideneacetone
benzylideneacetone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1153. trans-benzylideneacetone : The trans-isomer of benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.. benzylideneacetone : An enone in which a phenyl ring is attached to the beta-carbon atom of but-3-en-2-one. Although both cis- and trans-isomers are possible for the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, only the trans-isomer is observed.		2.4110benzylideneacetonebacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.21160isomethyleugenol
piplartine
piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source		2.4110cinnamamides;
dicarboximide
crotonyl alcohol
crotonyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. crotyl alcohol : A primary alcohol in which the hydroxy function is bonded to a CH3CH=CHCH2- (crotyl) group.		2.0210primary alcohol
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		7.3110enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.0310triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		6.22121stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9910
1,4-dichloro-2-butene
1,4-dichloro-2-butene: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		210organochlorine compound
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.2510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		3.1550flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.5120diphosphate ion
chloramphenicol succinate
chloramphenicol succinate: inactive precursor (PRODRUGS) of chloramphenicol; used for parenteral administration of chloramphenicol; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.1310amphetamines;
hemisuccinate
iothalamate meglumine
Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		210oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.3110
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.5580
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.0310chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.0710aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.5220
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		8.3460caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first source		2.110anhydrohexose;
deoxyketohexose
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.4220urocanic acidhuman metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.9740N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.61221aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
hypocrellin b
hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source		2.7130
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		2.0510thiazolidinone
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		4.811
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.321cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.0610
2-mercaptothiazoline
[no description available]		210
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		6.1791one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		2.0310organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		3.87110
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.0340cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine
4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd		2.520
sodium ethoxide
sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.		2.0310organic sodium saltnucleophilic reagent
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		8.3260aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		4.8190
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		10.31170
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		7.7630dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.2510cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, (r-(r*,s*))-isomer
diphenylethylenediamine: structure in first source		3.5611
acid orange 6
Acid Orange 6: structure in first source		2.0310
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.		2.08101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexylpyridinium
[no description available]		2.0510
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source		2.4820
4-vinylphenyl boronic acid
4-vinylphenyl boronic acid: structure in first source		2.2110
nadp
[no description available]		10.8151
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.1550
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		1.9410pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester
[no description available]		2.110
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium: a fluorescent redox probe used to provide direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria		1.9810
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate: an ionic liquid; structure in first source		2.0410
krn 7000
KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.1310glycophytoceramide;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine		allergen;
antigen;
antineoplastic agent;
epitope;
immunological adjuvant
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source		2.1510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		2.6930carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.7630C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
maraviroc
[no description available]		2.4110tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.5320aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.5920aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		1.9410
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		3.7290
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		1.9710
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		2.0810dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.351612alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		5.2562cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		7.07231nitrogen oxide
phosphamidon
Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.0110
fremy's salt
Fremy's salt: mild reagent for conversion of phenols to quinones; structure		2.0210aminoxyls;
potassium salt
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.0710amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
quinine
[no description available]		2.0410cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
silver diethyldithiocarbamate
[no description available]		7.0310
methyl radical
[no description available]		2.4720organic radical
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source		2.4420
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.4220
5-(2'-naphthyl)-7-4-chlorophenyl-(2,3,6,8-tetrahydro)pyrrolo-(3,4-e)(1,4)-diazepine-6-thioxo-8-(1h,7h)one
5-(2'-naphthyl)-7-4-chlorophenyl-(2,3,6,8-tetrahydro)pyrrolo-(3,4-e)(1,4)-diazepine-6-thioxo-8-(1H,7H)one: structure given in first source		4.7671
cystine
[no description available]		5.5341
6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol
6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol: adhesive bonding promoter for precious alloys; structure given in first source		2.940
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ha 1100
HA 1100: intracellular calcium antagonist		2.0610
fipronil sulfone
fipronil sulfone: insecticide fipronil and its metabolite fipronil sulphone inhibit the rat alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptor. fipronil-sulfone : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl, and amino groups, respectively. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical fipronil.		2.6620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
sulfone		marine xenobiotic metabolite
tert-butoxy
tert-butoxy: structure given in first source		2.0410
oxalylglycine
oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.		2.2110amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
redta
REDTA: combination of di-Na EDTA , cetyltriammonium bromide & sodium hydroxide soln		210
dicyclanil
[no description available]		7.0110
barium hydroxyapatite
barium hydroxyapatite: Ba replaces Ca in hydroxyapatite		2.5220
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		15.9122612
ruthenium bis(bipyridine)dicarboxybipyridine
ruthenium bis(bipyridine)dicarboxybipyridine: structure given in first source		2.0310
bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(dipyrido(3,2-alpha-2',3'-c)phenazine)ruthenium (ii)
bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(dipyrido(3,2-alpha-2',3'-c)phenazine)ruthenium (II): serves as molecular light switch for DNA, displaying no photoluminescence in aqueous solution but luminescing intensively in presence of DNA; structure given in first source		2.1510
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		3.3760
silicon nitride
[no description available]		4.5220
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		3.7390
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.6320
1,4-benzothiazine
[no description available]		210
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.4420L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		9.55230
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		4.55230organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		7.2110
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		2.4920oligosaccharide
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.4320
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.1310organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		3.5780organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		3.1350
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.5611benzenes;
thiadiazolidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rhodamine b hydrazide
rhodamine B hydrazide: structure in first source		2.1710
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.5120
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7530N-acylindole
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.1710inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		9.4782long-chain fatty acid
triacetone triperoxide
triacetone triperoxide: very sensitive explosive		2.110
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0610organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(n-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
[no description available]		2.1310
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.0810
sodium niobate
[no description available]		3.5920
palladium oxide
palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO		8.3160
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7330monocarboxylic acid anion
erbium oxide
[no description available]		2.0810
ku 55933
2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source		2.0710
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.9830sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		4.492007-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		340biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		8.13751prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.1510monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		7.31104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.830trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		10.36313'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.7530octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		10.82211D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quercitrin
[no description available]		7.5220alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9
ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		3.4211ubiquinonesantioxidant;
human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.4120
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		3.4770carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		7.6730dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.110leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		3.1510all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
rosin
rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.		2.4920
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.		2.2510HETEhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		11.5981D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.6651disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		7.7630linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		7.3110harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3407-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.4360antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.8220carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.		2.4520carotenonebiological pigment;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fungal metabolite
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		1.9410carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
torularhodin
[no description available]		7.5220
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		5.221alpha-humulene
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		4.911beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		3.1140macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		5.0821trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
diosmin
[no description available]		3.511dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.2110beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		7.15107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.48207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
morusin
morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.		4.911extended flavonoid;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		7.11107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
forsythiaside
forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)		7.1710hydroxycinnamic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		3.4511alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		10.2521rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
bacteriopheophytin
bacteriopheophytin: pigment which is the degradation product of bacteriochlorophyll; structure. bacteriopheophytin a : A bacteriopheophytin consisting of bacteriochlorophyll a with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.. bacteriopheophytin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole comprising any bacteriochlorophyll molecule with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.		7.1110
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.5611ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
rhoifolin
rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.		7.2110dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
neohesperidoside		metabolite
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		7.4420L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.1510F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.		2.9840(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate;
phosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		1.9910phosphatidylglycerol
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.9210
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		2.4110amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.4110cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.7130thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, (z & r)-isomer
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine: structure in first source. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 9Z-octadecenoyl (oleoyl) respectively.		2.11101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine;
phosphatidylethanolamine 34:1 zwitterion;
phosphatidylethanolamine		mouse metabolite
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		5.722ubiquinonesbiomarker
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		5.9132
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		3.6620sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
purmorphamine
purmorphamine: structure in first source. purmorphamine : A member of the class of purines that is purine substituted at C-2 by a 1-naphthyloxy group, at C-4 by a 4-morpholinophenylamino group, and at N-9 by a cyclohexyl group.		7.7730aromatic ether;
morpholines;
purines;
secondary amino compound		osteogenesis regulator;
SMO receptor agonist
codeine
[no description available]		3.0440morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		6.96380hydrochloride
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.511organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.610phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		16.672212antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.5320cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		5.622menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.6830morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyoverdin
pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined		2.0510
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		5.142111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
ono-ae1-329
ONO-AE1-329: a 16-(m-methoxymethyl)phenyl derivative		2.0210
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		3.37601-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.31101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.9440cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid		metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		3.3460phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		7.4820cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
icariin
[no description available]		3.6880flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.0710
su 11248
[no description available]		2.1710monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		13.44331carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		9.451230carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.0710
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		11.82460metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		11.09350alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		5.68790alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
mevinphos
Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.0110
oleylamine
oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		3.6420
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		8.91120alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		16.065535boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		12.163252alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		17.544944metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		9.3660boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		10.771311metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
manganite
[no description available]		9.4460
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		11.41391boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4320cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		9.2512boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		10.29862chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
methyl oleate
[no description available]		210fatty acid methyl ester
monocrotophos
Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		7.7230alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
plastoquinone
[no description available]		2.1710plastoquinone
puerarin
[no description available]		2.5320C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.2510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.2510
cytochalasin a
[no description available]		2.110cytochalasin
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.47201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		7.11014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		1.9910deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formylmethanofuran
formylmethanofuran: proposed as intermediate in reduction of CO2 to methane		1.9810pentacarboxylic acid
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.1850butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		6.24190alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.3720
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.76290cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
isophthalate
isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510dicarboxylic acid dianion
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		11.483361carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		10.181972monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		8.65731boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		3.5320
lavandulol
lavandulol: defensive pheromone of the red-lined carrion beetle and additive in perfumes; structure in first source. lavandulol : A monoterpenoid alcohol that is hepta-1-5-diene which is substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group. It is commonly found in lavender oil.		2.1510lavandulol
cystothiazole a
cystothiazole A: a bithiazole-type antibiotic isolated from Cystobacter fuscus; structure in first source. cystothiazole A : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that is 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted by an isopropyl group at position 2' and a 3,5,7-trimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl group at position 4 (the 2E,4R,5S,6E stereoisomer). It is isolated from the culture broth of myxobacterium, Cystobacter fuscus, and exhibits antifungal and cytotoxic activity.		2.07101,3-thiazoles;
biaryl;
enoate ester;
enol ether;
methyl ester;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
callystatin a
callystatin A: structure in first source		7.0410diterpenoid
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		3.2350
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.9340
caesium-137
[no description available]		2.2510caesium atom
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.1510benzamides
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		1.9910
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.5220cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		7.58201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.7630ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		3.5680ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
bisabolol
bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation		2.1310
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		8.632000
coomassie brilliant blue
[no description available]		2.0510
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		10.78270carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.53530chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		3.3260
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		9.43200chalcogen;
metalloid atom
boron oxide
boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3		2.7530boron oxide
trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.2110
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0410
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		2.7130alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth oxychloride
bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses		2.8830
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		4.29180
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		2.5220
epoque 80
Epoque 80: a lathe cut single composition alloy containing 22.8% copper		1.9810
valiant phd
Valiant PhD: composed of 52.5% silver, 29.5% tin, 17.5% copper, and 0.5% palladium		2.9140
duralloy
Duralloy: silver alloy containing copper (24.0%) and tin		2.0110
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.4520(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
selenocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.0510organic radical
tytin
tytin: composed of Ag, Cu, Sn		2.420
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		5.2431maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
cobalt oxide
[no description available]		3.1130
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		2.0510dicarboxylic acid
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		1.9810
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		3.250
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.2510cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
diniconazole
diniconazole: structure given in first source. diniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.. (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol substituted at position 1 by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
secondary alcohol;
triazoles
acrinathrin
acrinathrin: structure in first source		210cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
terrein
terrein: from culture solution of fungus, Pestilotiopsis microspora;structure in first source		7.0510polyol
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		2.2110
microcystin yr
microcystin YR: structure given in first source; isolated from cyanobacterium		2.2510
cyanoginosin-la
cyanoginosin-LA: from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa		2.2510peptide
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.2510phosphatidylethanolamine
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound		2.0210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
microcystin rr
microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium		2.2510microcystin;
organic molecular entity		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
r 761
[no description available]		2.0310
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.		2.4920phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)mouse metabolite
comfrey
Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested.		7.4520
everolimus
[no description available]		11.382818cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
axitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sultan
Sultan: root canal sealer		2.6830sulfonamide
cobaltite
cobaltite: a sulfosalt mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic and sulfur, CoAsS		2.0610
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		2.0210
brazilein
brazilein: structure given in first source; do not confuse with the dye brazilin. brazilein : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a red pigment obtained from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil-wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (sappan-wood).		2.1110
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		2.5220triterpenoid saponin
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.06101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.0850
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.4110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		7.2510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
shellac
shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.7330gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
corrole
corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.		7.7830
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		7.7430carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.1710cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
teroxirone
[no description available]		2.0210
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.1110amino acid amide
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.3110beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.610borneol
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0210ammonium ion derivative
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		2.051014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		7.4110penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		13.0510914biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.9640
aldicarb sulfoxide
aldicarb sulfoxide: metabolite of aldicarb		2.0510
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		7.7830
aldicarb sulfone
aldicarb sulfone: metabolite of aldicarb		2.0510sulfone
phoxim
phoxim: structure		3.5980
basic yellow 28
basic yellow 28: a textile dye compound		2.0510
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		8.2150
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		2.0610L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disilver oxide
[no description available]		5.74250
ono4819
ONO4819: prostanoid receptor EP4 agonist		2.0510benzyl ether
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		4.3822
andarine
[no description available]		2.2110acetamides;
anilide
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2650oligopeptide
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.5820bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.11101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
tramadol n-oxide
tramadol N-oxide: N-oxide of tramadol hydrochloride; structure given in first source		2.1310
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.8290aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		5.8222lactam;
macrolide
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		5.1421dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin: an NF-kappaB inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1710
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		4.911glycoside
msi 1436
3-N-1(spermine)-7, 24-dihydroxy-5-cholestane 24-sulfate: a spermine-cholesterol adduct which causes reversible suppression of food and fluid intake in mammals resulting in profound weight loss, not associated with other signs or symptoms of illness, and which exhibits antidiabetic properties in genetically obese mice		2.0410bile acid
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.4110ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		4.6111fatty acid ester
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.911azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
viridiofungin a
viridiofungin A: inhibits serine palmitoyltransferase; isolated from Trichoderma viride; structure in first source		2.0710
s 5682
S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside		3.511
zeolites
[no description available]		9.78902
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
aq4n
AQ4N: structure given in first source		2.3110
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.110alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
potassium oxide
potassium oxide : A metal oxide with formula K2O.		3.1350metal oxide;
potassium salt
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2074529
phosphoramidite
phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.		2.0510
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0610benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cuprous sulfide
[no description available]		2.7830copper sulfide
furanone c-30
furanone C-30: structure in first source		2.5920
calcium bicarbonate
calcium hydrogen carbonate: disinfectant for influenza A viruses		2.1110
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		6.52171
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid): structure in first source		210
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		7.4320hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		5.121
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.2150
nafuredin
nafuredin: inhibits fumarate reductase (NADH); structure in first source		2.0610
norvancomycin
norvancomycin: glycopeptide; adverse reactions tend to occur in older patients, those who use other antibiotic concomitantly or those who receive this agent longer than 14 days		2.0610
artemisitene
artemisitene: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,12beta,12aR*))-isomer; structure in first source		210
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		5.3331
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.9240D-ribose;
ribopyranose
thyrsiferol
thyrsiferol: RN given for (2R-(2alpha(S*(S*(2R*,5R*))),4abeta,(alpha(2S*,5R*),8aalpha)-isomer; a marine algae metabolite; structure in first source		7.0210
molybdenum carbide
molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils		3.4110
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		5.0621
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.3110triterpenoid
cardanol
cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation		2.0610phenols
saliphenylhalamide
saliphenylhalamide: a V-ATPase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.7530nystatins
pirarubicin
[no description available]		2.2110anthracycline
mk 2866
[no description available]		2.2110
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		2.0510cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
resolvin d2
resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).		2.4110hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
secondary allylic alcohol;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent;
anti-obesity agent;
estrogen receptor agonist;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
rat metabolite
titanium boride
titanium boride: a ceramic powder with high hemolytic activity		9.07140
iodosulfuron
[no description available]		2.0310
quisinostat
[no description available]		7.3110indoles
hu 308
HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.		2.110aromatic ether;
bridged compound;
carbobicyclic compound;
primary allylic alcohol;
synthetic cannabinoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
CB2 receptor agonist
carfilzomib
[no description available]		5.2521epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
tembotrione
tembotrione : An aromatic ketone that is 2-benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione in which the phenyl group is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by chlorine, (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl, and methylsulfonyl groups, respectively. It is a post-emergence herbicide used (particularly in conjunction with the herbicide safener cyprosulfamide) for the control of a wide range of broad-leaved and grassy weeds in corn and other crops.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor;
herbicide
apremilast
[no description available]		3.5611aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.2510
pf 573228
6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source		2.2510quinolines
4-[2-(2-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]-N-[(1S)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide
Vx-11e: ERK1-2 inhibitor		2.2110aromatic amide;
heteroarene
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.2231
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		2.0410triazolopyrimidines
guluronic acid
[no description available]		2.0610carbohydrate acid derivative
pyripyropene a
pyripyropene A: from Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289; structure given in first source. pyripyropene A : A sesquiterpenoid that consists of (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-(acetoxymethyl)-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromene-3,6-diol in which the hydrogens of the 3- and 6-hydroxy functions are substituted by acetyl groups.		2.4620organic heterotetracyclic compound;
sesquiterpenoid		acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor;
metabolite
3',4'-anhydrovinblastine
3',4'-anhydrovinblastine: structure given in first source		2.0110
n-acetylmannosamine
N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent		3.5611
empagliflozin
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.1150benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.7930
ferryl iron
[no description available]		2.0410
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.3260
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		8.35501,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.0610
pyrostatin a
pyrostatin A: inhibits N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source. 5-hydroxyectoine : A carboxamidine heterocycle which is obtained by formal condensation of 4-amino-L-allothreonine with acetic acid.		2.17101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
iminium betaine;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
basic red 46
basic red 46: monoazoic dye used for acrylic textiles implicated in contact dermatitis		2.7330
resorcinarene
resorcinarene: structure in first source		7.0810
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.0310
ethidium homodimer
ethidium homodimer: structure		2.5120
titanocene
titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.		6.73230
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.4220
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		11.12470
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		2.7630
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		2.1510
tetrahydrouridine
Tetrahydrouridine: An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism.		3.4211
titanium citrate
[no description available]		8.1350
titanium sulfide
[no description available]		3.5580
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		2.0110borate salts
nodularin
nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA		2.1110ether
3-demethoxyerythratidinone
3-demethoxyerythratidinone: erythrina alkaloid; structure in first source		2.1110
hypocrellin a
hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc		2.1310
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein		2.1510
perylenetetracarboxylic diimide
perylenetetracarboxylic diimide: structure in first source		2.110
discodermolide
discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol		7.0310
nickel silicide
nickel silicide: has the formula NiSi		2.0510
jaw
[no description available]		11.35432indolecarboxamide
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.4211aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
pentaborane
[no description available]		2.0110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		6.41121organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine
Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.		2.3920aromatic amino acid
subincanadine f
subincanadine F: structure in first source		7.0510
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		4.86320
picogreen
PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.		2.0710benzothiazoles;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.8830
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		2.1710polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
cecropin b protein, insecta
cecropin B protein, Insecta: from cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia; small basic protein; has potent antibacterial activity against E coli & other Gram-negative bacteria; also found in a variety of other insects; structure given in first source; also prevents development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector		2.0810
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.0710
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus
glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus		3.4211
fullerene c70
[no description available]		3.0140fullerene
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.1510
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		210
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		4.8921peptide hormone
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		3.0240
htn1 protein, human
HTN1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_002159		2.1510
cucurbit(8)uril
cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges		2.0410
cortistatin 14
cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.4110
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		5.76171
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		4.37190
vivit peptide
VIVIT peptide: a potent inhibitor of the NFAT-calcineurin; amino acid sequence in first source		2.9940
calcium crimson
calcium crimson: a fluorescent calcium indicator		2.0510ammonium betaine;
sulfonamide		fluorochrome
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		11.411324glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0410
lead titanate
lead titanate: ceramic fiber compound		5.95320
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		2.0810
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		14.026971
sodium titanate
[no description available]		6.37480
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.1531
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.321801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
lead magnesium niobate
[no description available]		4.08140
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		11.54570chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
ceragenin csa-13
ceragenin CSA-13: has antibacterial activity; isolated from Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source		2.0810
bismuth subgallate
bismuth subgallate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		19.0868122organotin acaricide
bismuth subcarbonate
[no description available]		3.1810bismuth coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		210alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
cordierite
cordierite: contains magnesium, aluminum oxides, and silicon oxides		3.0340
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source		4.911
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.7630
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		6.7563
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		7.0510
sodium cyanoborohydride
sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides		2.0210
3,4-methylenedioxyphenylisobutylamine
[no description available]		2.610
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.6530
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate: structure in first source		2.1510
1,2,4-trioxane
1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source		2.0610
hexafluorosilicic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
silicate cement
Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)		8.87120
chitosan
[no description available]		13.013155
choline methacrylate
choline methacrylate: choline methacrylate = trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride salt		2.2110
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		2.0110
umirolimus
umirolimus: sirolimus derivative from a biodegradable polylactic acid polymer; possesses enhanced anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity with an improved pharmacokinetic profile; structure in first source		2.0510lactam;
macrolide
enzacamene
enzacamene: structure in first source; 4-MBC for short;		4.6432
isosaccharinic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.0110organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium perchlorate
lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound		2.4420
lithium niobate
[no description available]		4.01130
potassium iodate
[no description available]		7.110
osteum
[no description available]		2.110organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		16.3919946inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		2.0810lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0710inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
lithium cobalt oxide
lithium cobalt oxide: primary cathode material of rechargeable lithium batteries		2.1710
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		4.5551bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		6.421530
docusate sodium
[no description available]		2.1510organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		3.3510monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.7620
sodium tantalate
[no description available]		2.1510
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		3.7921
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		1.9510
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate: RN given refers to Na salt		1.9510
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		2.7930glycoside
insulin, isophane
Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.		2.0110
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.0510
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		4.8112-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.5920
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		3.0140BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		8.495
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		2.0610
osteogenic growth peptide
osteogenic growth peptide: circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity; identical to the C-terminus of histone H4; see also osteogenin; amino acid sequence of 14 amino acids given in first source		3.460
silicotungstic acid
silicotungstic acid: RN given refers to parent compound; structure		2.0810
mannans
[no description available]		5.8461
alexa fluor 546
Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye		2.0510organic heteropentacyclic compoundfluorochrome
leptomycin a
[no description available]		2.0410
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		2.6930
phosphinothricin
phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.		2.4520organic anion
plx4032
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
danicalipin a
danicalipin A: chlorosulfolipid from algae, Ochromonas danica, structure in first source		2.1310
glycolipids
[no description available]		6.0742
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		6.7652
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		2.0310
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		3.0240
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		8.93621
dabrafenib
[no description available]		2.15101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
punicalagin
punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source		2.2510tannin
potassium titanate
potassium titanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-TiO3		5.15140
heliosit
[no description available]		1.9710
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.1310
tylosin
[no description available]		7.5120
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		4.6111benzoxazole
ophiopogonin d
ophiopogonin D: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source		7.1710steroid saponin
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		8.95130
di-4-aneppdhq
di-4-ANEPPDHQ: a commercially available voltage-sensitive dye used for probing live primary and immortalized neurons; structure in first source		2.3110
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.3110polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		5.9271
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		2.0710
dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate
[no description available]		2.2510
lanthanide nitrate
[no description available]		2.0610
yellow 2g
yellow 2G: RN given refers to parent cpd. lissamine fast yellow : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2,5-dichloro-4-{5-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]pyrazol-1-yl}benzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used as the erythrocyte stain in Garvey's method for elastic, fibrin and collagen as well as a substitute for martius yellow in Lendrum's MSB.		7.2110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		5.27480ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		9.6702
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		3.250
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		5.58260
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.6480
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		1.9510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		10.05634monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		1.9910benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ascorbic acid 2-sulfate
[no description available]		2.1710butenolide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.78301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.07140benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate
ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.		2.5220aldonolactone phosphate
gimeracil
gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU		2.3110organic molecular entity
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.0631
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		2.5520hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		1.9510
teriflunomide
[no description available]		4.911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl biscoumacetate
Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)		1.9410hydroxycoumarin
doxycycline hyclate
Tetraclean: antibiotic-based product for root canal irrigation to remove both the microorganisms and the smear layer present in the root canals; contains cetrimide (Cetrimonium Compounds)		3.8621
ledermix
Ledermix: contains above two cpds		3.8121
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside
ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid		2.1110glycoside
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		2.830
byl719
[no description available]		4.811proline derivative
whitlockite
whitlockite: structure; used to coat metal implants		3.5320
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		4.37180
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		8.3260peptide
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		4.76300aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		5.18440
gluma
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral		2.0110
brevetoxin
brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis		2.0510
bismuth oxybromide
bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation		11.2491
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		2.0810
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		13.762014
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		4.911
anorthite
[no description available]		2.0110
bismuth titanate
[no description available]		5.64130
chromated copper arsenate
chromated copper arsenate: wood preservative; serves as substrate for trimethylarsine biosynthesis; RN given refers to (Cu(+2)[2:3] salt)		2.1110
cyanophycin
[no description available]		2.0510
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.3110alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.2510ketal
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		7.4920
brass
[no description available]		4.73110
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.1850
soda lime
soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant		2.7230
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.2110
araldite
araldite: induces experimental asthma in immunized guinea pigs; RN given refers to araldite; see also record for araldite B		2.1110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		9.99120
olivine
olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1		2.7230
schorl
schorl: a member of the tourmaline group; chemical formula in first source		2.110
ivosidenib
ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.		2.3110cyanopyridine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		5.1421
hectorite
hectorite: clay constituent of bentonite; approx. formula: Na0.67(Mg,Li)6Si8020(OH,F)4		7.0610
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.1310
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.4620
chromium dioxide
chromium dioxide: magnetic particles used as solid support in immunoassay		2.5220
alcohol oxidase
[no description available]		2.1110
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		5.82820
praliciguat
praliciguat: soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator. praliciguat : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 5-fluoro-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine which is substituted by a 2-fluorobenzyl group at position 1, 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group at position 5, and by a [3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]nitrilo group at position 4. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator under clinical development for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.		3.4211aminopyrimidine;
isoxazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
illite
[no description available]		2.1710
tetracarboxyphenylporphine
[no description available]		2.7530
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		4.14160
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		5.6220phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine
tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source		2.2110
urethane tetramethacrylate
urethane tetramethacrylate: structure in first source		2.0810
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.0210
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		6.52570
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		3.0240cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
aqua regia
aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids		2.4620
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.4920
zirconium diboride
[no description available]		2.0810
epoxyhomofarnesyl diazoacetate
[no description available]		2.0610
feldspar
feldspar: structure		6.86184
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.0710
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.0810
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.1510
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.7830
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		7.4320
nonactin
nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)		2.0310
leurosine
leurosine: RN given refers to parent cpd(3'alpha,4'alpha)-isomer		2.4120
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.9440
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.1710
titanium carbonitride
[no description available]		4.89100
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.4320
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		8.2960
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		2.9740
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.9330
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		3.99130
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		2.1310
bulleyaconitine a
bulleyaconitine A: isolated from Aconitum bulleyanum Diel; structure given in first source		2.1710
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.7590
factor f430
factor F430: low mol wt nickel-containing cpd from Methanobacterium. coenzyme F430 : A nickel tetrapyrrole found only in methanogenic Archaea. It is the prosthetic group of the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase which catalyses the release of methane in the final step of methanogenesis.		2.9140
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
icg 001
ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source		2.1310
4-acryloxyethyltrimellitic acid
4-acryloxyethyltrimellitic acid: structure in first source		2.420
asbestos, amosite
Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.4980
tremolite
tremolite: see also actinolite; structure		2.7330
carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin
[no description available]		2.4820
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.88110
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		3.470
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.9340
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		6.73521
polident
Polident: contains sodium perborate & potassium monopersulfate		2.0710
rhamnogalacturonan i
rhamnogalacturonan I: pectic polysaccharide from sycamore cell walls; composed of galactosyluronic acid, rhamnosyl, galactosyl, arabinosyl & fucosyl residues. rhamnogalacturonan I : A family of polysaccharides that all contain a linear backbone composed of repeating units of the disaccharide alpha-D-GalpA-(l->2)-alpha-L-Rhap joined by alpha-(1->4) linkages.		2.5520
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.0610
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		5.55210
perlite
Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide		2.7830
all-bond 2
All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate		3.3870
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.7230
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		3.5611
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.5205-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate
8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate: mutagenic nucleotide; hydrolyzed by 8-oxodGTPase to 8-oxodGMP. 8-oxo-dGTP : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine as the nucleobase.		1.9910purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphatemutagen
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.06103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		3.95120purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		210deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		210guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		9.85712-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		2.3110guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		2.830nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.49210folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.5320
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		4.27170
neopterin
[no description available]		2.110
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		9.890cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.5920benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0810benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.0340nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source		210
diazeniumdiolate
diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		2.2510
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.1710aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
direct yellow 4 dye
Direct Yellow 4 dye: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.4420oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.690
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		3.87110guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		4.98360
amido black
Naphthol Blue Black: commercially available industrial azo dye; structure in first source. Amido Black 10B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Amido Black 10B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide.		2.1110
remazol black b
Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.		4.13150
2'-guanylic acid
2'-guanylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. guanosine 2'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.1310purine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphateEC 3.1.27.3 (ribonuclease T1) inhibitor
fast red s
[no description available]		2.4920
acid orange 12
acid orange 12: structure		2.0510
cupferron
cupferron: superoxide dismutase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.3720
bemotrizinol
[no description available]		2.7630methoxybenzenes
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		8.4670imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
direct black 3
[no description available]		2.4920
acid chrome blue k
acid chrome blue K: a spectrophotometric reagent; structure in first source		2.0510
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.53201,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
betaxanthin
betaxanthin: structure in first source		2.1110
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.1710
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		2.4620
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		3.1750
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		2.0610
eye
[no description available]		7.43152
zinc(ii) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid
zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid: agent for photodynamic therapy		2.4820
mitotempo
MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant		2.2510
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		6.87181
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		7.4820
mordenite
[no description available]		2.7330
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.4220
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		2.0210
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		5.16130
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		3.2150
aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.1110
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.150
thrombin aptamer
thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide		2.1310
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.0442
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.9940
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		4.44200
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		08.3661
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		013.3661
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		06.38141
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		03.6980
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		022.1476989
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		027.1476989
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		03.6980
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		02.4720
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		02.4720
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		012.061782
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		012.061782
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		013.11726
Ache
[description not available]		018.3116889
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		018.3116889
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		06.94380
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		013.856923
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		012.298114
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.16363
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		06.05271
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.16363
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		06.05271
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		09.53514
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		09.53514
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		016.79445
Spinal Curvatures
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).		05.9891
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		09.87305
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		018.2839239
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		018.2839239
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		09.55901
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		08771
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		09.55901
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08771
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		012.613815
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		012.613815
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		017.0318419
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		017.0318419
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		08.11261
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		014.5312632
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		011.032223
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		020.5419214
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		021.3445491
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		015.5419214
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		06.08152
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		016.891757
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		09.73491
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		016.891757
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		09.6265
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		013.63895
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.4920
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		09.6265
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		013.63895
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		023.421,14264
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		05.57110
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		08.0440
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		015.9123930
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.45220
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		04.58240
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		05.45220
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		04.58240
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		03.7930
Leg Length Inequality
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.		03.84110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.29160
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.29160
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.6690
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		05.5931
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		011.382013
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.5275
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		08.94165
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		08.51571
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		06.2532
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		010.11129
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.3110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		08.5275
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.4520
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		08.94165
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		08.51571
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		06.2532
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		010.11129
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.6690
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		05.5931
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		016.512811
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		07.48181
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		09.37175
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		011.51397
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		09.37175
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		011.51397
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		07.48181
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		06.34143
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		014.537520
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.7181
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		05.7181
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		06.94370
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		03.8640
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		08.61341
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		08.61341
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		06.94370
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		015.073127
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		011.63902
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		012.493717
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		07.17182
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		07.69335
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		07.17182
Pott Disease
[description not available]		05.93340
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		02.3110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		021.34402113
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		016.4411722
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		016.6613242
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.320
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		016.4411722
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		016.6613242
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.3324
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		09.3324
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		07.67123
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		011.03923
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		07.67123
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		011.03923
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		04.1850
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		04.1850
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		013.611236
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		013.611236
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.428112
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.428112
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		010.05734
Co-infection
[description not available]		05.8131
Anoxemia
[description not available]		06.17101
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		011.17101
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.5920
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		010.74415
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.5220
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		07.5220
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		010.74415
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		017.3230813
Blow Out Fracture
[description not available]		014.511629
Diathesis
[description not available]		06.6111
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.7220
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.7220
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		011.51725
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		013.77514
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		08.77514
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.72100
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.8220
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		06.29121
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.24291
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		06.29121
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.9640
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.9640
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		010.99517
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		015.99517
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.4110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		08.58134
Atheroma
[description not available]		04.9221
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.4720
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		08.76177
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.4720
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		08.76177
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		013.58134
Pericementitis
[description not available]		015.1911210
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		015.1911210
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		05.9542
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		05.9542
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		03.3310
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		08.13401
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		08.13401
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		05.28121
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		06.23321
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		09.3263
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		010.891641
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		011.411276
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		010.04842
Fractures, Avulsion
Tearing away of the CORTICAL BONE fragment at the location of a strong ligament or tendon attachment. The bone fragment detachment site often occurs near a soft site (e.g., GROWTH PLATE) at the base where LIGAMENTS; TENDONS; or JOINT CAPSULES attach. In younger patients it is most often caused by a sudden forceful pull on a tendon in the opposite direction of the bone movement. In the elderly it is associated with osteoporotic INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES.		02.3110
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		010.04842
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		07.51242
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.5720
Infection Reactivation
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		012.08687
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		07.63501
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		07.63501
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		09.09542
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.04110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.04110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.33241
Hallux Rigidus
A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see OSTEOARTHRITIS) of the METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion.		09.3570
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		020.8714923
Blood Clot
[description not available]		011.71756
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		011.71756
Cranial Airocele
[description not available]		02.4110
Greater Tuberosity Fractures
[description not available]		05.3180
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		016.216843
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		021.216843
Recrudescence
[description not available]		014.4610014
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.4110
Fractures, Comminuted
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.		010.6633
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		02.4110
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		06.16111
Intra-Articular Fractures
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.		05.8471
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		011.62904
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		04.5790
Hip Dislocation
Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.		05.36131
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		09.61273
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		010.82436
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.61273
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		013.571488
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		03.74100
Esophagotracheal Fistula
[description not available]		03.3260
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		09.05572
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		09.05572
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		010.62974
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		010.62974
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.4110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.1834
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		08.51203
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		013.51203
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		05.6822
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.81411
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		07.81411
Zygomatic Fractures
Fractures of the zygoma.		012.155610
Joint Pain
[description not available]		05.25111
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		012.18388
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		012.18388
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		05.25111
Cartilage Fractures
[description not available]		07.8530
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		03.3460
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		03.3460
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.474011
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		011.474011
Fractures, Periprosthetic
[description not available]		06.06240
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		010.76147
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		08.61254
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		06.2832
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		06.2832
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		09.3232
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		011.43417
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		011.43417
Patent Foramen Ovale
[description not available]		03.3310
Foramen Ovale, Patent
A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.		03.3310
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		013.91656
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		08.1182
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		08.1182
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		014.547219
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		019.7611923
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		09.67556
Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures
[description not available]		05.8571
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		09.67556
Ankle Fractures
Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.		05.8571
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.5380
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		012.32213
Palsy
[description not available]		03.2760
Myelopathy
[description not available]		06.88350
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		08.2760
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		06.88350
Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity
[description not available]		04.4360
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		05.3280
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.8671
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		010.3280
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		06.22172
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		011.13013
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		011.13013
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		04.75110
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		04.0721
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		04.75110
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		04.0721
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		012.939317
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.4110
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		07.16182
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		07.16182
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		09.92202
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		09.73475
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		05.15160
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		013.483426
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		05.6871
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.7261
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		05.6871
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		04.7261
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		05.5761
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		05.5761
Diverticula
[description not available]		07.4110
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.4110
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		07.08101
Angle Class II
[description not available]		012.489616
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
[description not available]		04.6990
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		08.71395
Prognathism
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.57256
Angle Class III
[description not available]		010.32497
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		012.9330
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		05.27190
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		05.27190
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		05.3862
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		08.9396
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		07.11442
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		013.9396
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		03.1450
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		05.43131
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		013.66193
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		08.66193
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.8130
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.8130
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		07.92281
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.8530
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.8530
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		04.5890
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.4110
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.9130
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		08.81462
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.9130
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		08.81462
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		09.27104
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		09.27104
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		07.46161
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		04.6980
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		018.4522454
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
[description not available]		04.77100
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		08.05195
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		08.05195
Injuries, Maxillofacial
[description not available]		08.41211
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.9640
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		08.5580
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		03.5580
Urogenital Prolapse
[description not available]		06.0522
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.		06.0522
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		04.97140
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		05.9691
Bunion
Abnormal swelling of the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head affecting the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT.		02.4110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		08.78134
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		08.78134
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.4420
Yolk Sac Tumor
[description not available]		02.4110
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		02.4110
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.4420
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)		02.4110
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.1440
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		06.68292
Pus
[description not available]		06.4282
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		09.3255
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.520
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.		02.6120
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		07.48103
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.48103
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		06.77160
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.4110
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.6820
Chloasma
[description not available]		04.2821
Lentigines
[description not available]		08.7430
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		03.7430
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		04.2821
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.6820
Enophthalmos
Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.		010.08532
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		012.81231
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		03.3720
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		07.81231
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		08.88354
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		08.88354
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		07.62182
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		07.62182
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		03.3360
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.730
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.730
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		03.6730
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		03.6730
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		02.420
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		02.420
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		08.35242
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		08.35242
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		012.272720
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.272720
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.2150
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.4110
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.4110
Anasarca
[description not available]		09.76285
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		03.9121
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		09.76285
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		011.33741
Acrania
[description not available]		04.09110
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		09.09110
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		04.1140
Cervical Spondylosis
[description not available]		010.18453
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.		010.18453
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.54181
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		07.54181
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		013.644626
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.7751
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		017.222018
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		05.7191
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.930
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		012.464919
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		012.464919
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		013.142611
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		08.23122
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		011.98706
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		011.98706
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.3150
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		03.3150
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.8330
Flail Chest
A complication of multiple RIB FRACTURES; RIB and STERNUM fractures, or thoracic surgery. A portion of the THORACIC WALL becomes isolated from the RIB CAGE and exhibits paradoxical respiration.		05.66100
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4670
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		06.28141
Myringosclerosis
The formation of dense connective tissue in the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE that does not necessarily cause or lead to loss of hearing.		0421
Compound Depressed Skull Fracture
[description not available]		03.5480
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		05.03130
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		07.5720
Exanthem
[description not available]		05.2441
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.5841
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		05.2441
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		04.5841
Claw Toe
[description not available]		02.610
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		014.682325
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		06.9260
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.610
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.4420
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.610
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.4420
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		04.3180
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		04.3180
Apoplexy
[description not available]		05.0931
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		05.0931
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		09.2352
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.4870
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.610
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		02.4820
Synostosis
A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.7830
Forearm Injuries
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.		010.8971
Cyst
[description not available]		04.5351
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		04.1450
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.5210
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.5210
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		05.231
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		05.231
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		07.06171
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		07.06171
Anotia
[description not available]		02.8730
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		03.630
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.4920
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.4920
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.7430
Dysphagia
[description not available]		011.84141
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		06.84141
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.4370
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.1750
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.1750
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		011.62696
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		012.535211
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		07.21353
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		04.9971
Arthropathies
[description not available]		06.9250
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		06.9250
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.0540
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0540
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		04.2560
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		04.8171
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		04.8171
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.610
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.610
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.3860
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.3860
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.284
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		010.78211
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		011.51161
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		08.0587
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		08.0587
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		08.12172
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		013.12172
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		012.37232
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		07.37232
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		03.3520
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		02.610
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.41181
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		07.41181
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.5920
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.8430
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis
[description not available]		04.8171
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		06.59460
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		03.140
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)		02.7830
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.2110
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.2110
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		07.95162
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		04.3570
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		04.3570
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		012.0192
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		09.39666
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		08.76185
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		08.76185
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		02.2110
Ankylosis of Teeth
[description not available]		04.3570
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		05.97430
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		05.97430
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		05.981
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		06.8791
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		03.6930
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.09101
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.1160
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.1160
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		08.49172
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		011.01605
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.83763
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.51161
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.51161
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		03.2350
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		017.18356
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.11121
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		07.11121
Injuries, Mandibular
[description not available]		05.78340
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		05.26190
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		015.198328
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		020.198328
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		08.17123
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		07.3683
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		07.3683
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.5720
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		08.17123
Abdominal Hernia
[description not available]		04.1650
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		08.35431
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		08.35431
Aura
[description not available]		03.2960
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		08.2960
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.2180
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		011.093011
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.5220
Giant Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.7530
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.7530
Parodontosis
[description not available]		013.61854
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		013.61854
Hyperdactyly
[description not available]		02.2510
Nanism
[description not available]		02.5420
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.5420
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
A nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, DIARRHEA, and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY. It was first reported by Cronkhite and Canada in 1955.		07.6620
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.2510
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		016.79286
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		013.095712
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		013.095712
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		011.79286
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		08.92301
E coli Infections
[description not available]		08.35252
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		08.35252
Fracture Malunion
[description not available]		05.15101
Infection
[description not available]		010.0191
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		05.0191
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		03.0340
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		03.0340
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.39220
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		05.44220
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		02.7530
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		010.59419
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		010.59419
Foot Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.		02.5520
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.6830
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.2510
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.8821
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.2510
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.8821
Craniofacial Microsomia
[description not available]		02.4720
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		010.51244
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		010.51244
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.72100
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.56171
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.72100
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.56171
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		08.2196
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		013.2196
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.89360
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		03.0850
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.89360
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.2510
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.9940
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.9940
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		012.763213
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.6630
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.2110
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.2110
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.821
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		05.6161
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.4311
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		04.4311
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		011.111514
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		04.4311
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		04.8621
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.4311
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.4311
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		09.3147
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		05.7621
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.4311
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		04.4311
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.4311
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.4311
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		06.5682
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		05.7332
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		06.5433
Amaurosis
[description not available]		05.7841
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		06.47171
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		08.5105
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		06.22121
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.4311
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		06.4491
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.4311
Bleeding
[description not available]		08.63143
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.6854
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.8621
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.4311
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.96102
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		08.06104
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		05.4651
Metastase
[description not available]		011.9195
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		04.4311
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.4311
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		05.5932
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		05.0931
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.361310
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		05.7671
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		09.23126
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		05.1331
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		09.29193
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		04.4311
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		06.5682
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.7841
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		08.5105
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		012.182112
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.4311
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.9931
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		06.4491
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		04.4311
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		08.63143
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.6854
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.8621
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.4311
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.96102
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		08.06104
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		05.4651
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		011.9195
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		011.111514
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4311
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		04.4311
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		05.5932
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4311
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		010.0931
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.361310
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		05.7671
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		09.23126
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		05.6161
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		04.4311
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		011.111514
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.4311
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		04.8621
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.4311
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		05.1331
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		04.4311
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		04.9560
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		06.33104
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.2510
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.2510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		04.1431
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		09.1431
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		03.4211
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.8921
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.4211
Leanness
[description not available]		03.4211
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		04.1431
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		04.1831
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		03.4211
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		04.0931
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.4211
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		04.1831
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.8921
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		08.16145
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.86110
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.2510
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.2510
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		03.3620
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		05.3572
Incisional Hernia
Protrusion of tissue at or near the site of an incision from a previous surgery.		09.8721
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		05.46141
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		010.08484
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.6280
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.6280
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.730
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.9840
Bone Antetorsion
[description not available]		02.2510
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		02.2510
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.5720
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.2510
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.2510
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.5720
Back Ache
[description not available]		04.0850
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		04.0850
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.2510
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		02.2510
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		02.2510
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.2510
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		07.3110
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.49343
Carditis
[description not available]		02.730
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		05.0221
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.730
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.3110
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.3110
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		06.11490
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		07.152
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		07.5254
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.8444
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		06.3342
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.7211
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.4585
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		07.351
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		04.7211
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		05.2241
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		04.721
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		04.7211
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		05.2231
Berger Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		05.2941
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		07.3795
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.8221
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.1431
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.7211
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.8721
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		06.3751
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.8821
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		06.2671
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.8842
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		05.0721
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.7211
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		04.7211
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		04.721
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		04.7211
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		04.7211
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		05.2941
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		07.3795
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		04.8221
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.7211
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.1431
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		04.7211
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		04.8721
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		06.51101
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		011.3751
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.8821
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		06.2671
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.8842
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.8444
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		06.3342
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.7211
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		08.4585
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		07.351
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		04.7211
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		05.6161
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6211
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		011.541310
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		04.6211
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		05.2441
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		04.7921
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		07.67211
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		05.2641
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		05.2341
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.6211
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		04.6211
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.6921
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		05.1841
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.9631
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.9221
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		05.7842
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		08.19184
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.6211
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.6211
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		012.98824
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		04.8421
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		011.912913
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.18174
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		05.2441
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.7421
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		04.7921
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		07.67211
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		011.912913
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		04.6211
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		05.0931
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		04.6211
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.6921
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		05.1841
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.9631
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.9221
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		05.7842
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		08.19184
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.6211
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		011.4422
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		012.98824
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		05.6161
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		04.6211
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		011.541310
Uterine Perforation
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.		02.5420
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		03.7930
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		03.7930
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		04.7971
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		05.0291
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		010.0291
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.3110
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.5280
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.4720
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.5280
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.8430
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.4720
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.8940
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		03.1710
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		03.1710
Jaw Fractures
Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.		010.17180
Osteoma
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1650
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		03.4870
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.4870
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.360
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		03.360
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.4470
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.4470
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.5920
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.3110
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.5920
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		07.9440
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.5820
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.5820
Dental Wear
[description not available]		03.9540
Growth Plate Fractures
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.3110
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.2310
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		03.2310
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		03.2310
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.2310
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.5820
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.3110
Grippe
[description not available]		03.0340
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		03.0340
Nevus of Ota
A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.		07.3110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		04.6151
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		09.6151
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.3110
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.3110
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.3110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.9340
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.3110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.3110
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.3110
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.3110
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.9340
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.3110
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.3110
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.5220
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.5220
Monteggia's Fracture
Fracture in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.		02.3110
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		07.9140
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.9240
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.9240
Ear Infection
[description not available]		03.4120
Seroma
Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.		06.72112
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		08.150
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.3110
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.150
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		05.5261
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		04.64100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.3110
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.6730
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.6730
Harelip
[description not available]		06.47161
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		06.79231
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		06.47161
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		011.79231
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		04.11150
Keratocysts
[description not available]		03.1250
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.4770
Nails, Ingrown
Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.		02.4110
Sick Building Syndrome
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.1510
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.4920
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
[description not available]		02.1310
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.		02.1310
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		02.5720
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.9340
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.76100
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.76100
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.5320
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I
[description not available]		03.7130
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)		03.7130
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.7630
Maxillary Fractures
Fractures of the upper jaw.		010.5366
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		04.38200
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.5420
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.5420
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		03.4820
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.		02.5520
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2110
Pseudophakia
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.		02.1510
Aphakia, Postcataract
Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.		02.1510
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.1510
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		02.1510
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.1510
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.1510
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		02.1510
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		06.54120
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially
Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.		017.4723435
Dentofacial Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.1510
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		05.3472
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		05.3472
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.1510
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		05.2441
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.4920
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		03.6490
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		04.7771
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		05.87122
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		03.0240
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		013.34584
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		05.61171
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		05.61171
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.81110
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.81110
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		05.7371
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.1510
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.1510
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		011.4992
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.2560
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		05.75140
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.2560
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		09.88185
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.4920
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.1510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		05.67102
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		05.67102
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.1510
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		03.250
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.5220
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.		02.1510
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.5220
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.0140
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.0140
Lymphedema And Yellow Nails
[description not available]		03.9640
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.1510
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.1510
Exomphalos
[description not available]		05.0631
Hernia, Umbilical
A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.		05.0631
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.7830
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.7830
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7930
Neoplasms, Skull Base
[description not available]		05.03150
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		02.4820
Acquired Nasal Deformities
[description not available]		05.0490
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		012.0914220
Dermatoses
[description not available]		011190
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		06190
Allergy, Egg
[description not available]		02.1510
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.29180
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		04.29180
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		012.014510
Dislocation Fracture
[description not available]		02.8530
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		02.7330
Adverse Effects, Long Term
[description not available]		02.1710
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		05.18170
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		02.4720
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.1510
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.1510
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		02.1510
Electric Injuries
Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.		02.1710
Crush Fractures
[description not available]		02.1710
Mandibular Retroposition
[description not available]		05.77112
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.1710
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.4520
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.73110
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.1710
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.5120
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.5220
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.1710
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.3160
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.3160
Bladder, Underactive
[description not available]		02.1710
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.7630
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.7330
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.7630
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.7330
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.0850
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.0850
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		04.8942
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.1710
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.1710
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.4820
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.4820
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.2860
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		08.2860
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.9540
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.9540
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.7130
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.7130
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.4620
Injuries, Teeth
[description not available]		08.91143
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		04.3241
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.1710
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		04.3241
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		03.0440
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.9240
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.7130
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		02.9240
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.7130
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.8640
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.8640
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.7721
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.7721
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		02.7230
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		02.7230
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.1831
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		03.5611
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.651
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5611
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		04.4951
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.5611
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		03.5611
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.1831
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.651
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		03.5611
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		04.4951
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.5611
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5420
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.5420
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.4420
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5820
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba
[description not available]		02.1710
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.		02.1710
Apertognathia
[description not available]		07.99262
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.2110
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.2110
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1710
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.5120
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3920
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.3920
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.8740
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.8740
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural
Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.		05.5970
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.4420
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.4420
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		07.35111
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		05.0490
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		05.0490
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.470
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		08.77332
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.5220
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		02.5220
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		07.67223
Ear Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.		03.6230
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		03.5520
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		07.7185
Impotence
[description not available]		04.2231
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		04.2231
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		05.63170
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.9440
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.5170
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.5170
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		03.9240
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		03.1710
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.2110
Kashin-Beck Disease
Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.		02.2110
Bed Sores
[description not available]		02.730
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		02.730
Renal Nutcracker Phenomenon
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		03.5911
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.7430
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.0140
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.0140
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		03.1150
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		07.41152
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.8130
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		02.2110
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.2110
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.2110
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		06.35143
Deep Bite
[description not available]		07161
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		03.1650
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		07.45171
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		012.45171
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		07.3193
Exposure, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		05.4151
Dental Pulp Exposure
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.		05.4151
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		07.3193
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.520
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.520
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		04.94130
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		06.59181
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Contusion
[description not available]		02.0810
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		06.59181
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		03.7290
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		07.57154
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		04.3141
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.29131
Cecitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		013.933628
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		013.933628
Dental Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.6761
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		012.64398
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		012.64398
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.7130
Angle Class I
[description not available]		09.41355
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0810
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		04.3470
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		04.3470
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		07.03102
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		06.3133
Mucocele
A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.7830
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		03.8740
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		04.260
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.9640
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		06.21182
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		06.8391
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		06.6111
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		06.8391
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		06.6111
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous
An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6830
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.		02.4420
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.0810
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.0810
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		03.5680
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		03.5680
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.520
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.520
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		04.0731
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		03.3420
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		03.3420
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		0310
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.520
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.8940
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		04.4280
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		09.4280
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.320
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.0810
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		03.87120
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		02.4220
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal
[description not available]		04.3870
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.1350
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.1350
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.1650
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.1650
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.0810
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		03.0240
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		03.0240
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		02.9440
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.110
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.7530
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.9740
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		07.7530
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.0810
Orbital Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		03.89120
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		03.4370
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.4811
Anastomotic Leak
Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.		05.2943
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		03.4811
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.5180
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5180
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.110
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.110
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.8940
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.8110
Amyoplasia Congenita
[description not available]		02.110
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		03.8940
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		08.02144
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		04.5490
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0810
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		02.0810
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0810
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		06.3172
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.9840
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		02.110
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		02.110
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.1110
Colles' Fracture
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.		03.4811
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5220
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		02.5220
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		04.5490
Tooth Eruption, Ectopic
An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.		03.91120
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.520
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.520
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.9240
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.9240
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		02.9740
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.4420
Deafness Unilateral
[description not available]		02.4620
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.4420
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		03.3420
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		02.1110
Spondylolysis
Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.		07.4620
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
[description not available]		02.7330
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.110
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		02.110
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		02.110
Adie Pupil
[description not available]		02.110
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.110
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		02.110
Cranial Nerve V Injury
[description not available]		03.150
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		04.551
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		05.81120
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.4420
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		02.4420
Abscess, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.1110
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		06.7383
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		05.8781
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		05.8781
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.9440
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.830
Basilar Artery Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.110
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		07.830
Environmental Hypersensitivities
[description not available]		02.110
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		06.09111
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		05.4882
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		06.09111
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		02.110
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		03.4170
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.921
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		03.921
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		05.1250
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		05.1450
Acne
[description not available]		04.9831
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		04.9831
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		04.440
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.6930
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.1583
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		05.2841
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		05.2841
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		02.7830
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		011.75131
Vaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).		02.110
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		02.4620
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		02.110
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		05.341
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		05.341
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		03.4811
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		08.8740
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus
[description not available]		03.2860
Dentigerous Cyst
Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.		02.1110
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.7730
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.1110
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.1110
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		012.1396
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		017.1396
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		05.2370
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		05.2941
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		05.2941
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.1110
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1110
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.5220
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.5220
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.2260
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		03.2260
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.1110
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.1110
Heatstroke
[description not available]		03.6730
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		04.0950
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		04.0950
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		03.6730
Brain Injuries, Penetrating
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.110
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.110
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		08.8121
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.110
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		04.0631
Frontal Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.		02.1110
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		03.4470
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		03.4470
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
A condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from TENOSYNOVITIS to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, FLATFOOT deformity. Pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ANKLE, hindfoot, and midfoot. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults.		02.1110
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.4820
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		07.22101
Odontalgia
[description not available]		012.472117
Dental Fistula
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.		04.6561
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		012.472117
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.1110
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.		03.8721
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.1110
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		07.8840
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.1110
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.1310
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Bell Palsy
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)		02.1110
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		07.7330
Ghost Teeth
[description not available]		02.1110
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		03.9221
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		02.4220
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.4420
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		02.1110
Epulides
[description not available]		07.2160
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		07.2160
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.86120
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.86120
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		03.1650
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.1110
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		03.1650
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.9540
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.7420
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1350
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		03.1350
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		03.3870
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		03.3870
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		02.1110
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		07.4520
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		05.0731
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.511
Varices
[description not available]		03.7721
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.511
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		03.7721
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		07.7330
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.7330
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		05.2341
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.8940
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.1110
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.4120
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		02.4820
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.4120
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4320
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.4320
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.4920
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.1110
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.1110
Joint Deformities, Acquired
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.		02.4420
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.6830
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.6830
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.1110
Tooth Mobility
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)		08.27142
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.5420
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.1310
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.1110
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.1110
Fractures, Multiple
Injuries involving the breaking of either several bones or one bone in two or more places.		02.1310
Respiratory Tract Fistula
An abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs.		02.1110
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.9340
Oral Fistula
An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures.		04.5451
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.		02.1110
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.1110
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.1110
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.940
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Autism
[description not available]		07.1110
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.1110
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.1110
Flatus
[description not available]		03.0410
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.0410
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		02.4520
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4720
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		02.1310
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		02.1310
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt
[description not available]		02.1310
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)		02.1310
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.1310
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.1310
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.730
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.730
Regurgitation, Gastric
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER		02.1310
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.4620
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.		02.1310
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1310
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1960
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		05.8181
Myoepithelial Tumor
[description not available]		02.1310
Myoepithelioma
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.		02.1310
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.8740
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.8740
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.8110
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.		02.1310
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.4220
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		04.4311
Cyst, Lymphatic
[description not available]		03.5311
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain
[description not available]		02.1310
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.7530
Cantrell Haller Ravitch syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Currarino-Silverman Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Tooth Drift
[description not available]		04.3341
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.1310
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.1310
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		04.8981
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.1510
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		04.8981
Hives
[description not available]		02.3920
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		07.3920
Fibroma, Ossifying
A benign central bone tumor, usually of the jaws (especially the mandible), composed of fibrous connective tissue within which bone is formed.		02.520
Bronchomalacia
A congenital or acquired condition of underdeveloped or degeneration of CARTILAGE in the BRONCHI. This results in a floppy bronchial wall making patency difficult to maintain. It is characterized by wheezing and difficult breathing.		07.1510
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.1510
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.1510
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.2660
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.2660
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.0410
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.0410
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		08.09192
Collagenous Fibroma
[description not available]		02.4220
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		04.32190
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0410
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		05.11100
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		02.4620
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		03.72100
Diastema
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.		05.2180
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4980
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		08.4980
Amputation, Traumatic
Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.		03.2760
Acrocephalosyndactylia
Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.		02.7130
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.6330
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		04.3441
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		04.3441
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		06.28104
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		05.8851
Caries, Cervical
[description not available]		02.730
Abnormalities, Maxillofacial
[description not available]		03.8220
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		08.3970
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.8940
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.730
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		07.730
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		02.0510
Cervicogenic Headache
[description not available]		02.9610
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.9240
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.9240
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.6430
Bone Malalignment
Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.		02.7630
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		02.7230
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		02.7230
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0510
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0510
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		04.5390
Cementifying Fibroma of Mandible
[description not available]		02.0510
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		02.0310
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.4420
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.6930
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		04.480
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		04.480
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.6930
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		03.2760
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.8840
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		04.6632
Diaphragmatic Hernia, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		010.880
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		03.3120
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		03.3120
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		05.880
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.4420
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.4420
Dysarthosis
[description not available]		02.9610
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.9610
Absence of Voice
[description not available]		02.9610
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.9610
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		02.0510
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		03.8640
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.0510
Prostatism
Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.		02.0510
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.0510
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		03.6430
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		03.6430
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.0510
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.0510
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.0510
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.0510
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.6490
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.0510
Genu Valga
[description not available]		02.0510
Bow Leg
[description not available]		02.0510
Ectropion
The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8740
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar
[description not available]		04.7721
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.4320
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.4320
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.3720
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0510
Equinus Contracture
[description not available]		02.0510
Emphysema, Subcutaneous
[description not available]		02.4620
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.4620
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.6730
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0510
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.0510
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
[description not available]		02.0510
Orbital Pseudotumor
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).		02.0510
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.7430
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.7430
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		04.1131
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		09.1131
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.7330
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.7330
Cheiralgia Paresthetica
[description not available]		03.8221
Bone Hypertrophy
[description not available]		04.0931
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4720
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		03.8121
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		06.51110
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.3820
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		04.3170
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.0510
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.0610
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0610
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.0610
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.4620
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		02.0610
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		02.0610
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		07.0510
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.0510
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7330
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.7330
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.0510
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		02.0510
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0510
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		02.0510
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0510
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.4120
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.6930
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.7130
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.6930
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.0510
Actinobacillus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.		02.0610
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		02.0610
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		02.0610
Bruise
[description not available]		02.7130
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.7130
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0610
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		02.0610
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0510
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Digestive System
[description not available]		02.0610
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		04.3711
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		04.0150
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.0333
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy
[description not available]		05.0333
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.		05.0333
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.0333
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.0610
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.3920
Femoral Hernia
[description not available]		03.4511
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.420
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.0610
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.0610
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.0610
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0610
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0610
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.4520
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Medial Neuropathy, Distal
[description not available]		02.0610
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.0610
Furcation Defects
Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.		06.952
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.821
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.3920
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.0610
Poland Anomaly
[description not available]		02.7530
Odontogenic Cyst, Calcifying
A mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion of the jaws with features of both a cyst and a solid neoplasm. It is characterized microscopically by an epithelial lining showing a palisaded layer of columnar basal cells, presence of ghost cell keratinization, dentinoid, and calcification. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.4120
Glenohumeral Dislocation
[description not available]		04.0931
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.4220
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.5661
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.4220
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.5661
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.3820
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.9640
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.0610
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.6830
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.6830
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.0610
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.6730
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.6930
Fibro-Odontoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.0710
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.0710
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.0810
Epiretinal Membrane
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)		02.0710
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		02.4220
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		02.4220
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0710
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0710
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		02.0710
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		03.150
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		03.150
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.0610
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0610
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		07.0710
BOOP
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		03.8221
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		03.4511
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		08.4511
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.0710
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0710
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.0710
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.0810
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.0810
Injuries, Neck
[description not available]		03.8321
Oroantral Fistula
A fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity.		02.4220
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.4320
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.4320
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		02.4120
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.420
Implant Capsular Contracture
The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.		02.0710
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.6530
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		02.7330
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		02.7330
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4120
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4120
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.0810
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation
[description not available]		04.3911
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		03.2460
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.0710
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.0710
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.0710
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		04.0150
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		04.0150
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0710
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.0710
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		02.0710
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0810
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Asialia
[description not available]		02.4320
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.0810
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.4320
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.0710
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.0710
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		02.0710
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.0710
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.4620
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		07.7130
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.7130
Nail Fungus
[description not available]		03.9310
Onychomycosis
A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.		03.9310
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.4120
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.4120
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.0810
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.0810
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3920
Epiphyses, Slipped
A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.		02.4220
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		02.0110
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse
[description not available]		04.9731
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		02.3720
Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4220
Gingival Hypertrophy
Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.		02.0110
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0110
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.6930
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		07.6930
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0110
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.		02.0110
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		04.530
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.0110
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		08.98140
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.3920
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		03.85120
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		02.420
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		02.420
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.3620
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.3620
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		01.9310
Porphyria
[description not available]		05.1741
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		05.1741
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Emesis
[description not available]		02.3620
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.3620
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		01.9410
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		01.9410
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		01.9310
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		01.9310
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		01.9310
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		01.9310
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		01.9310
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		01.9310
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		01.9310
Hemangioma, Capillary
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Spider Veins
[description not available]		01.9410
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		01.9410
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		02.0110
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.0110
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4220
Siderosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.		02.0210
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.0210
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.0210
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		02.0210
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.9310
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		02.9310
Decalcification, Pathologic
The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.		02.0210
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		04.2941
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		04.4751
Teeth, Unerupted
[description not available]		02.9240
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.0210
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.0210
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.4320
Meniscitis
[description not available]		03.411
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Abnormalities, Jaw
[description not available]		04.2841
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.0210
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0210
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		02.4420
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		02.0210
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		02.0210
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		02.0210
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0210
Acquired Meningocele
[description not available]		02.4320
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		05.2441
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		03.4111
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		03.4111
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		06.1441
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.0210
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		02.0210
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		03.3320
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		03.3320
Neoplasms, Vascular
[description not available]		02.0210
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		04.8881
Basilar Impression
[description not available]		02.0210
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		03.4111
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.4111
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		07.0210
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.4320
Lentiginosis, Perioral
[description not available]		02.0210
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.		02.0210
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0210
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0210
Diverticula, Esophageal
[description not available]		02.0310
Attrition, Dental
[description not available]		02.0210
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		03.5730
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		02.3720
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		07.3720
Molluscum Contagiosum
A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.0310
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.0310
Mesial Drift of Teeth
[description not available]		02.0310
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		02.6930
Atresia, Choanal
[description not available]		02.9410
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		03.5930
Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis with Tylosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		02.0310
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.730
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		04.9931
Hip Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.		02.0310
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.6930
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		03.3320
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.4211
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.0310
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.		02.4120
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0310
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.0310
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.3820
Cleidocranial Digital Dysostosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		02.0310
Birth Injuries
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.		02.0310
Cerebrospinal Fluid Effusion, Subdural
[description not available]		02.0310
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.9510
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.9510
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		02.4220
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		02.4220
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		03.2560
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		07.0310
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.6830
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		04.4951
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		04.4951
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		02.0310
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		02.0310
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		07.3820
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.3820
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
[description not available]		02.9610
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))		02.9610
Entropion
The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.0410
Sprains
[description not available]		02.0310
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		02.0310
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.9610
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.0410
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.0410
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.0410
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3620
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.9610
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.0410
Itching
[description not available]		03.3320
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.3320
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.0410
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		02.0410
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		02.0410
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.0410
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.0410
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.0410
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.0410
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6630
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		01.9610
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.6630
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9610
Ozena
[description not available]		01.9610
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9610
Rhinitis, Atrophic
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).		01.9610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.7840
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		02.3820
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		02.8940
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		01.9610
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		01.9610
Angiitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		01.9610
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		01.9610
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		01.9610
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.3720
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		01.9610
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		03.2360
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		03.5930
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.5930
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		03.8140
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		01.9810
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		01.9810
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.2460
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9810
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		06.9810
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.3920
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		01.9810
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		01.9810
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		06.162
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		06.162
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		03.3711
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		01.9810
Blepharophimosis
The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		03.320
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		03.320
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.3920
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9810
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		01.9810
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.910
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.910
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.910
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		02.6730
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		07.6730
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.3920
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.3920
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Histiocytosis, Sinus
Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.		01.9810
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9810
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9810
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9810
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.8940
Congenital Micrognathia
[description not available]		01.9910
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		01.9910
Infarct
[description not available]		01.9910
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		01.9910
Cyclitis, Heterochromic
[description not available]		01.9910
Iridocyclitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.		01.9910
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		01.9910
Rhinophyma
A manifestation of severe ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and surrounding CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The nose is reddened and marked with TELANGIECTASIS.		02.910
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.910
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		03.3120
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.6730
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		01.9910
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9910
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3920
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.3920
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9910
Hypertelorism
Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.		02.420
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.320
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9910
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9910
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		01.9910
Jaw Cysts
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.		01.9910
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9910
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		02.3820
Inadequate Velopharyngeal Closure
[description not available]		01.9910
Esophageal Dysmotility
[description not available]		01.9910
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		01.9910
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.6730
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.6730
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9910
Vascular Fistula
An abnormal passage between two or more BLOOD VESSELS, between ARTERIES; VEINS; or between an artery and a vein.		01.9910
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		01.9910
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9910
Ureterocele
A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.		01.9910
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		01.9910
Angiofibroma
A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Verruca
[description not available]		02.9110
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.9110
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		02.9110
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		0210
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		0210
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		02.9110
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		0210
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		0210
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Mesothelioma, Cystic
A peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. The disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. Malignant potential is exceptional. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1345)		0210
Granuloma of Larynx
[description not available]		0210
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		0210
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		0210
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.		0710
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		0210
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		0210
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		0210
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		0210
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		0210
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		0210
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		0210
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		0210
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		0210
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		0210
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		0210
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		0210
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Bone Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Tooth Resorption
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)		03.3911
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.4120
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.4120
Argyria
A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		01.9810
Embolus
[description not available]		0210
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		0210
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		02.0110
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
Incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually X-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests.		02.0110
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0110
Embryopathies
[description not available]		01.9510
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.8840
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		03.2720
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		01.9510
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.8840
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		03.2720
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		01.9510
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		01.9510
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		01.9510
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		01.9510
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		01.9510
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		01.9510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.3620
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9510
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9510
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9510
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9510
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		01.9810
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		01.9810
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		01.9810
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.3720
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		01.9710
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.3611
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3611
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Mesonephroma
A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		01.9710
Fibrous Dysplasia, Monostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE involving only one bone.		01.9710
Follicular Cyst
Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.		01.9710
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		03.3611
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9710
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		01.9710
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		01.9710
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		01.9710
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9710
Dermoid
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		01.9710
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.3720
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		01.9710
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		01.9710
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		01.9710
Balanitis
Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.		06.9710
Phimosis
A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.		06.9710
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		01.9610
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		01.9610
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		01.9610
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		01.9610
Alveolalgia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		01.9610
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9610
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		01.9410
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		01.9410
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.3520
Bleb
[description not available]		01.9410
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.3520
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.3520
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		01.9410
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		01.9410
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9410
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		01.9510
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9510
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9510
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9510
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3520
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		01.9410
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.3520
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.3520
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		06.9410
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3520
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3520
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		01.9410
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		01.9410
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		03.3211
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		03.3211
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		01.9410
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		01.9410
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		01.9410
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		01.9410
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9410
Aganglionic Megacolon
[description not available]		01.9410
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		01.9410
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.		01.9410
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		01.9410