platinum profile

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, silvery-white transition metal. It is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is found in some ores, but mostly in the free metallic state. Platinum is highly resistant to corrosion and is one of the least reactive metals. It is therefore used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, and other applications where resistance to corrosion is important. Platinum is also used in catalytic converters in automobiles. The study of platinum is important for understanding its unique properties and its applications in a variety of fields.'

Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	23939
CHEBI ID	33398
CHEBI ID	33400
CHEBI ID	33364
MeSH ID	M0017026

Synonym
platina l
platinum metallicum
platinum powder
metallic platinum
platinum(0)
pt(3+)
pt(0)
platinum metal
platinum(iii) cation
platinum black
platinum(3+) ion
CHEBI:33398
CHEBI:33400
platinum(3+)
CHEBI:33364 ,
platin
78pt
platine
platinum
platino
7440-06-4
liquid bright platinum
platinum, elemental
hsdb 6479
platinum, metal
platinum sponge
platin [german]
c.i. 77795
einecs 231-116-1
PT ,
platinum on silica, extent of labeling: 1 wt. % loading, granular, dry
platinum, wire, diam. 2.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum black, low bulk density, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum black, fuel cell grade, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 0.5 wt. % loading, tablet, dry
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 0.5 wt. % loading, spheres
platinum black, low surface area, >=99.9%
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 5 wt. % dry loading, degussa type f214ky/d
platinum, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, sulfided, on carbon, extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, dry, matrix carbon, reduced support
platinum, wire, diam. 1.5 mm, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.125-0.135 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, evaporation slug, diam. x l 0.6 cm x 0.6 cm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.10 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, powder
platinum, wire, diam. 0.076 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, evaporation slug, diam. x l 0.3 cm x 0.6 cm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, shot, <=3 mm, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.20 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, gauze, 100 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, sponge, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.127 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 1 wt. % loading, 3.2 mm, pellets
platinum, wire, diam. 0.127 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, -325 mesh, powder
platinum, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, thermocouple grade
platinum, evaporation slug, diam. x l 0.6 cm x 1.2 cm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.127 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 1 wt. % loading, powder
platinum, gauze, 52 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.25 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, powder, 0.5-1.2 mum, >=99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, powder (coarse), 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum black, black, powder, <=20 mum, >=99.95% trace metals basis
platinum, powder, <=10 mum, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum on alumina, extent of labeling: 0.5 wt. % loading, 3.2 mm, pellets
platinum on carbon, extent of labeling: 1 wt. % loading, 30-150 mesh
platinum, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis
platinum, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis
AKOS005259052
hsdb 6997
D017671000
platinum 10% on carbon dry powder
49dfr088my ,
unii-49dfr088my
EPITOPE ID:114076
BP-21259
platinum on carbon 1%
platinum powder [inci]
platinum [hsdb]
platinum [mi]
platinum [inci]
platinum metallicum [hpus]
platinum [who-dd]
platinum [mart.]
platinum (on carbon)
platinum on carbon
platinum-on-alumina
platinum-on-carbon
BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
platinum/charcoal
pt/c
platinum on charcoal
pt on carbon
pt(s)/c
platinum on alumina
platinum/carbon
sulfided platinum on carbon
pt on charcoal
pt-c
pt on alumina
sulphided platinum on carbon
DTXSID9064681
platinum wire, 0.25mm (0.010in) dia
platinum slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 6.35mm (0.25in) length
platinum foil, 0.203mm (0.008in) thick
platinum wire, 0.404mm (0.0159in) dia, annealed
platinum hydride
platinum gauze, unimesh n7433, expanded metal mesh, 0.34mm (0.013in) thick
platinum powder, -200+400 mesh
platinum nanoparticles (<20nm) in water at 30mg/l (surfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with <0.01 mmol/l of citrate)
platinum foil, 0.025mm (0.001in) thick, premion?
platinum slug, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia x 12.7mm (0.50in) length, premion?
platinum wire, 0.2032mm (0.008in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum, 5% on graphite
platinum foil, 0.1mm (0.004in) thick, premion?
platinum wire, 0.5mm (0.02in) dia, premion(r)
platinum foil, 0.127mm (0.005in) thick
platinum wire, 0.762mm (0.03in) dia, hard
platinum gauze, 100 mesh woven from 0.0762mm (0.003in) dia wire
platinum wire, 0.25mm (0.01in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum, 0.5% on 1/8 in alumina pellets, reduced
platinum, nominally 60% on high surface area advanced carbon support
platinum wire, 2.0mm (0.08in) dia, annealed
platinum foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick
platinum black, s.a. 10m 2/g
platinum wire, 0.508mm (0.02in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum tubing, 1.57mm (0.0618in) od, 1.32mm (0.0528in) id
platinum, 5% on alumina paste, 5r94
platinum, 0.3% on 2.7-3.3mm (0.11-0.13in) alumina pellets, reduced
platinum, 10% on alumina, reduced
platinum wire, 1.5mm (0.059in) dia, hard
platinum wire, 0.5mm (0.02in) dia, hard
platinum wire, 0.1mm (0.004in) dia, premion?
platinum foil, 0.5mm (0.02in) thick
platinum sponge, -60 mesh
platinum wire, 0.025mm (0.001in) dia
platinum powder, -22 mesh
platinum powder, -200 mesh
platinum thinfoil, 0.004?0.0025mm (0.00016?0.0001in) thick
platinum wire, 0.0762mm (0.003in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum powder, amorphous, aps <3 micron
platinum wire, 0.0508mm (0.002in) dia, hard
platinum powder, -325 mesh
platinum foil, 0.025mm (0.001in) thick
platinum wire, 0.1016mm (0.004in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum shot, 0.1-3mm (0.004-0.1in)
platinum gauze, 45 mesh woven from 0.198mm (0.0078in) dia wire
platinum wire, 0.127mm (0.005in) dia, hard
platinum rhodium palladium gauze, 80 mesh woven from 0.076mm (0.003in) dia wire
platinum wire, 0.25mm (0.01in) dia, premion?
platinum wire, 1.0mm (0.04in) dia, hard
platinum wire, 0.368mm (0.0145in) dia, hard
platinum foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick, premion?
platinum gauze, 52 mesh woven from 0.1mm (0.004in) dia wire
platinum wire, 1.0mm (0.04in) dia, premion
platinum, 10% on carbon
platinum wire, 0.127mm (0.005in) dia, for isa type r or s standard grade thermocouple
platinum, 0.5% on granular carbon, reduced
platinum, 1% on gamma alumina powder, reduced
platinum on graphitized carbon, extent of labeling: 20 wt. % loading
platinum on graphitized carbon, extent of labeling: 10 wt. % loading
platinum on graphitized carbon, extent of labeling: 40 wt. % loading
platinum, nanopowder, 200 nm particle size (sem), 99.9% (metals basis)
platinum, nanopowder, <50 nm particle size (tem)
platinum paste, screen printable
mfcd00011179
platinum foil, 0.25mm thick, 25x25mm
platinum, 5% on silica powder, reduced, dry (escat 2351)
platinum, 5% on alumina powder, reduced, dry (escat 2941)
platinum, 5% on calcium carbonate, unreduced, dry (escat 2371)
platinum, 5% on carbon, dry
platinum, 5% on alumina
platinum wire
platinum foil
platinum, 0.5% on alumina
platinum foil, 0.127mm (0.005in) thick, premion?
platinum foil, 0.05mm (0.002in) thick, premion??
platinum wire, 0.5mm (0.02in) dia, annealed
platinum, nominally 40% on carbon black
platinum, 5% on alumina powder, reduced
platinum wire, 0.3mm (0.012in) dia
platinum wire, 1.0mm (0.04in) dia, annealed
platinum wire, 0.6mm (0.024in) dia, hard
platinum wire, 0.0508mm (0.002in) dia, stress relieved
platinum sponge, 2mm (0.08in) & down
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, diameter 6 mm, purity 99.95%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, diameter 15 mm, purity 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.8mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.175mm, annealed, 99.95%
platinum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.1mum, specific density 120mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire, 0.635 mm diameter, size 100 mm, purity 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.6mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.3mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.65mm, inside diameter 0.57mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.125mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 100mm, diameter 1.25mm, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.0125mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, rod, 2mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.01mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.063mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 50mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.125mm, coil width 2.5mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.9%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 1.0mm, inside diameter 0.8mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.125mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 1.2mm, inside diameter 1.0mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), purity 99.95%, weight 2 g
platinum, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 2.8mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.3mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.025mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, powder, 3.5 max. part. size (micron), weight 2 g, purity 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.029mm, coil width .34mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 1.2mm, inside diameter 1.0mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.48mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.16mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.3mm, as drawn, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.15mm, coil width .9mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.0015mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.15mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, outside diameter 0.48 mm, length 25 mm, wall thickness 0.16 mm
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.5mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.001mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.030mm, coil width .7mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 25mm, diameter 3.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 8mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.01mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.025mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, mesh, nominal aperture 0.12 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, wire diameter 0.04 mm
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.5mm, inside diameter 0.42mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.05mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 1.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire, straight, 500mm, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.8mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.3mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 10mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, mesh, nominal aperture 0.4 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, wire diameter 0.1 mm
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.998%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.52mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.05mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, wire, 0.38 mm diameter, length 0.2 m, purity 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, diameter 8 mm, purity 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.025mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.15mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.05mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.002mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.7mm, inside diameter 0.4mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.001 mm, size 23 x 23 mm, purity 99.85%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.40mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.12mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.15mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .85mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, outside diameter 0.60 mm, length 7.3 mm, wall thickness 0.20 mm
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.13mm, inside diameter 1.78mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0mum, specific density 900mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.99+%
platinum, rod, 100mm, diameter 1.6mm, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.95mm, inside diameter 0.60mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.40mm, as drawn, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.0006mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.29mm, inside diameter 0.07mm, wall thickness 0.11mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.125mm, coil width 2.5mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.95mm, inside diameter 0.60mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.5mm, inside diameter 0.42mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.5mum, specific density 600mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.002mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.40mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.12mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.030mm, coil width .7mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 0.95mm, inside diameter 0.60mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire, length 0.05 m, 1.0 mm diameter, high purity 99.998%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.175mm, annealed, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.0006mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, rod, 10mm, diameter 4.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.29mm, inside diameter 0.07mm, wall thickness 0.11mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire, 0.635 mm diameter, size 200 mm, purity 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.998%
platinum, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire, 0.5 mm diameter, length 0.1 m, high purity 99.995%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.05mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.006mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.3mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, 4 mm diameter, purity 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.7mm, inside diameter 0.4mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire, straight, 1000mm, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 1.0mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, wire, straight, 200mm, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, wire, 0.5 mm diameter, length 0.2 m, high purity 99.995%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 1.2mm, inside diameter 1.0mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.2mm, inside diameter 1.0mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.4mm, inside diameter 0.1mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.125mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 25mm, outside diameter 6mm, inside diameter 5.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.5mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.004mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.29mm, inside diameter 0.07mm, wall thickness 0.11mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .4mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.25mum, specific density 300mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.52mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 20m, diameter 0.025mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.002mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.125mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.3mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 6mm, inside diameter 5.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 1.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.005mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.02mm, as drawn, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.125mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.04mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 0.25mum, specific density 300mug/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5mum support, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.025mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.029mm, coil width .34mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, rod, 50mm, diameter 1.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.95mm, inside diameter 0.60mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.0025mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.20mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 15x15mm, thickness 0.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 5mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.003mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.15mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.01mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.998%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.40mm, as drawn, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.48mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.16mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.08mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.65mm, inside diameter 0.57mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.3mm, as drawn, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire, 0.5 mm diameter, length 0.05 m, high purity 99.995%
platinum, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 4mm disks, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .85mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, mesh, nominal aperture 0.12 mm, size 20 x 20 mm, wire diameter 0.04 mm
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.40mm, as drawn, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.002mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.05mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 2 g, purity 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.6mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, wire reel, 0.05m, diameter 0.8mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.175mm, annealed, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.045mm, coil width .75mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.05mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 10m, diameter 0.05mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.05mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 2.13mm, inside diameter 1.78mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, powder, max. particle size 3.5 micron, weight 1 g, purity 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 1.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.0006mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.05mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 0.40mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.12mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.0mm, inside diameter 0.8mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.063mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.48mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.16mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.52mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.3mm, as drawn, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.25mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.001mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, mesh, size 20 x 20 mm, size 0.25 mm, wire diameter 0.06 mm
platinum, foil, light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.999%
platinum, wire, 0.38 mm diameter, length 0.5 m, purity 99.99%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.01mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.025mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.125mm, coil width 2.5mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.175mm, annealed, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.15mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.004mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.40mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.12mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.001 mm, size 23 x 25 mm, purity 99.85%
platinum, rod, 10mm, diameter 3.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.5mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 1000mm, outside diameter 0.4mm, inside diameter 0.1mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.15 mm, 10 mm diameter, purity 99.95%
platinum, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, 1.2mm disks, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 200mm, diameter 1.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.04mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 150x150mm, thickness 0.0075mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 2.8mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .85mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.175mm, annealed, 99.95%
platinum, wire, straight, 100mm, diameter 0.1mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 1.2mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.04mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.48mm, inside diameter 0.16mm, wall thickness 0.16mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.015mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.15mm, coil width .9mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, rod, 25mm, diameter 1.6mm, 99.95%
platinum, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 1 g, purity 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.05mm, coil width 1mm, as rolled, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .4mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.025mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.2m coil, thickness 0.029mm, coil width .34mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width 8mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.004mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 1.0mm, annealed, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.01mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.005mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 100mm, diameter 1.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.004mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 25x25mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, length 0.1 m, coil width 5 mm
platinum, wire reel, 2m, diameter 0.08mm, hard, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.029mm, coil width .34mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.3mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.05m coil, thickness 0.2mm, coil width 5mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.006mm, wollaston, 99.9%
platinum, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 2.13mm, inside diameter 1.78mm, wall thickness 0.175mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, not light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.0025mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, rod, 10mm, diameter 5.0mm, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.3mm, as drawn, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 1m, diameter 0.3mm, as drawn, may be used as one component of a thermocouple, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 1m coil, thickness 0.029mm, coil width .34mm, annealed, 99.99%
platinum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.05mm, hard, 99.99%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.99+%
platinum, foil, 6mm disks, thickness 0.0125mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 0.1m coil, thickness 0.025mm, coil width .4mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.65mm, inside diameter 0.57mm, wall thickness 0.04mm, as drawn, 99.95%
platinum, foil, 8mm disks, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%
platinum, wire reel, 0.5m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.95%
platinum, tube, 50mm, outside diameter 3.0mm, inside diameter 2.8mm, wall thickness 0.1mm, as drawn, 99.95%

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platinum is a heavy metal that can be detected at low levels in serum many years after treatment, it is not known whether platinum also persists in semen and if platinum persistence in semen is associated with impaired fertility."	( Semen and serum platinum levels in cisplatin-treated survivors of germ cell cancer. Bedard, PL; Chen, EX; Hamilton, RJ; Hansen, AR; Jarvi, K; Lau, S; Lewin, J; Li, X; Malone, ER; Zhang, WJ, 2022)	1.79
"Platinum rechallenge is a well-established concept in the management of ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer and germ cell tumours."	( Platinum-Based Chemotherapy 'Rechallenge' in Advanced Non-ovarian Solid Malignancies. Crabb, SJ; Hack, J, 2022)	2.89
"Platinum segments are an ideal first-line loading implant for lagophthalmos."	( Long-Term Outcomes of Upper Eyelid Loading with Platinum Segment Chains for Lagophthalmos: An Adjustable Approach. Ben Artsi, E; Brusasco, L; Malhotra, R; Ullrich, K, 2020)	1.54
"Platinum resistance is a common occurrence in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and a major cause of ovarian cancer deaths. "	( Platinum-Induced Ubiquitination of Phosphorylated H2AX by RING1A Is Mediated by Replication Protein A in Ovarian Cancer. Ghobashi, AH; Matthews, TD; Miller, SA; Nephew, KP; O'Hagan, HM; Pawelczak, KS; Sriramkumar, S; Turchi, JJ; VanderVere-Carozza, PS, 2020)	3.44
"Platinum is a precious metal with many applications, such as: catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, digital thermometers, dentistry, and jewellery. "	( Platinum (IV) Recovery from Waste Solutions by Adsorption onto Dibenzo-30-crown-10 Ether Immobilized on Amberlite XAD7 Resin-Factorial Design Analysis. Buriac, O; Ciopec, M; Duţeanu, N; Grozav, I; Negrea, A; Negrea, P, 2020)	3.44
"Platinum compounds are an option in the treatment of TNBC."	( Role of Platinums in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Lynce, F; Nunes, R, 2021)	1.78
"Platinum compounds are a vital part of our anti-cancer arsenal, and determining the location and speciation of platinum compounds is crucial. "	( Cell-permeable lanthanide-platinum(IV) anti-cancer prodrugs. Baldwin, AJ; Christensen, KE; Farrer, NJ; Faulkner, S; Holdship, P; Howarth, A; Karunanithy, G; Thompson, AL; Yao, K, 2021)	2.36
"Platinum compounds are a mainstay of cancer chemotherapy, with over 50% of patients receiving platinum. "	( Third row transition metals for the treatment of cancer. Johnstone, TC; Lippard, SJ; Suntharalingam, K, 2015)	1.86
"Platinum(IV) complexes are an important class of compounds that can act as prodrugs, and due to their inertness, if correctly designed, they could have low toxicity outside the cancer cell and improve the pharmacological properties of the platinum(II) anticancer agents that are currently used in the clinic. "	( Investigation of the Inertness to Hydrolysis of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs. Mazzone, G; Ritacco, I; Russo, N; Sicilia, E, 2016)	2.13
"Platinum(IV) pro-drugs are an important class of molecules that might improve the pharmacological properties of the platinum(II) anticancer agents that are currently used in the clinic. "	( What do we know about the reduction of Pt(IV) pro-drugs? Gibson, D; Wexselblatt, E, 2012)	1.82
"Platinum resistance is a major limitation in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). "	( Tissue platinum concentration and tumor response in non-small-cell lung cancer. Chow, CW; Fujimoto, J; He, G; Kalhor, N; Kim, ES; Lee, JJ; Siddik, ZH; Stewart, DJ; Swisher, SG; Wistuba, II, 2012)	2.28
"Platinum is an excellent catalyst, can be used at high temperatures, and is stable in many aggressive chemical environments. "	( Platinum availability for future automotive technologies. Alonso, E; Field, FR; Kirchain, RE, 2012)	3.26
"Platinum is a well-known allergen and Pd also shows a strong sensitisation potential."	( Environmental routes for platinum group elements to biological materials--a review. Ek, KH; Morrison, GM; Rauch, S, 2004)	1.35
"Platinum (Pt) is a well-known constituent of particles emitted by catalytic converters during car operation. "	( Platinum levels in nasal lavage fluid as a biomarker for traffic-related exposure and inflammation in children. Becker, A; Begerow, J; Borm, PJ; Polat, D; Schins, RP; Turfeld, M, 2004)	3.21
"The platinum chain is a new implant which promises, due to its flexibility, lower postoperative complications."	( [Contouring of a rigid eyelid implant: indication for the replacement with the platinum chain]. Berghaus, A; Hölzl, M; Scherer, H; Schrom, T, 2005)	1.04
"Cisplatinum rechallenge is a feasible strategy to overcome carboplatin hypersensitivity."	( Cisplatinum rechallenge in relapsed ovarian cancer patients with platinum reinduction therapy and carboplatin hypersensitivity. du Bois, A; Gnauert, K; Harter, P; Kandel, MJ; Loehr, A; Traut, A, )	1.27
"Platinum is a particular concern as it has a known mutagenic and toxic effect, even at exceedingly low concentrations, in urban air (affecting human health) and urban water (affecting ecosystem health)."	( The impact of vehicular fallout on the Pra estuary of Ghana (a case study of the impact of platinum group metals (PGMs) on the marine ecosystem). Adokoh, CK; Dodoo, DK; Essumang, DK, 2008)	1.29
"Platinum is considered to be a noble metal and is often used for electrodes in biological investigations. "	( Evidence for growth inhibition by platinum electrodes at low current levels. Bojsen, J; Mortensen, BT, 1982)	1.99
"Cis-Platinum is a phase II chemotherapeutic agent effective against a variety of tumors. "	( Seizures and transient cortical blindness associated with cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride (PDD) therapy in a thirty-year-old man. Berman, IJ; Mann, MP, 1980)	1.06
"Platinum embolic coils are a promising mechanism of cell delivery for stimulation of scar formation or other desirable biologic effects."	( In vitro proliferation and adhesion of basic fibroblast growth factor-producing fibroblasts on platinum coils. Altes, TA; Borland, MK; Cloft, HJ; Dion, JE; Hankins, GR; Helm, GA; Jensen, ME; Kallmes, DF, 1998)	1.96
"Platinum-iridium is a highly biocompatible material with high performance, low inflammatory response with small NF."	( A novel platinum-iridium, potentially gamma radioactive stent: evaluation in a porcine model. Bhargava, B; Chan, R; Cottin, Y; De Scheerder, I; Kollum, M; Leon, MB; Ping, QB; Soo Kim, H; Yanming, H, 2000)	1.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platinum has a high affinity for ligands with sulfur donors."	( Reactions of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with penicillin G: implications for drug inactivation and biological activity. Prokes, I; Sadler, PJ; Shi, H; Song, L; Wang, FX, 2022)	1.44
"Platinum drugs have been a mainstay of cancer chemotherapy since the introduction of cisplatin in the 1970s. "	( A chemical perspective on the clinical use of platinum-based anticancer drugs. Alassadi, S; Pisani, MJ; Wheate, NJ, 2022)	2.42
"Platinum has a high affinity for ligands with sulfur donors."	( Reactions of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with penicillin G: implications for drug inactivation and biological activity. Prokes, I; Sadler, PJ; Shi, H; Song, L; Wang, FX, 2022)	1.44
"Platinum nanoparticles have been demonstrated to have excellent anticancer properties. "	( Exosomes loaded with ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles: a novel low-toxicity alternative to cisplatin. Lujan, L; Martín-Duque, P; Martín-Pardillos, A; Sancho-Albero, M; Santamaria, J; Sebastian, V, 2022)	2.16
"Platinum-based drugs have been widely used in cancer treatment. "	( ROS-Mediated Antitumor Activity, Apoptosis, and Molecular Docking Studies of Platinum(II) Coordination Complexes Bearing 2-(Diphenylphosphino)pyridine Ligands. Abedanzadeh, S; Bagherzadeh, M; Fereidoonnezhad, M; Foroutan, G; Khodayar, MJ; Mojaddami, A; Panahimehr, M, 2023)	2.58
"Nanoplatinum-coated FMμEs have been applied for"	( Magnetic Actuation of Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Activity Recordings. Du, M; Fang, Y; Gao, L; Guan, S; Tian, H; Wang, J; Wu, K; Xu, K; Zou, L, 2019)	0.99
"Platinum complexes have been studied for cancer treatment for several decades. "	( First Attempts of the Use of Gonçalves, MA; Kuca, K; Mancini, DT; Pereira, BTL; Ramalho, TC, 2019)	1.96
"Nanoplatinum has been found to induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the intravenous route."	( Are platinum nanoparticles safe to human health? Czerczak, S; Czubacka, E, 2019)	1.55
"Platinum electrodes have been electrochemically roughened (roughness factors up to 430) and evaluated for use as neural stimulation electrodes. "	( Investigating the interfacial properties of electrochemically roughened platinum electrodes for neural stimulation. Carter, P; Hibbert, DB; Weremfo, A; Zhao, C, 2015)	2.09
"Platinum black (PtBK) has long been used for microelectrode fabrication owing to its high recording performance of neural signals. "	( Electrochemical layer-by-layer approach to fabricate mechanically stable platinum black microelectrodes using a mussel-inspired polydopamine adhesive. Kim, R; Nam, Y, 2015)	2.09
"Platinum-based alloys have been extensively shown to be effective catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). "	( Synthesis and oxygen reduction activity of shape-controlled Pt(3)Ni nanopolyhedra. Fang, J; Yang, H; Zhang, J; Zou, S, 2010)	1.8
"Platinum (Pt) has become globally distributed by anthropogenic inputs, primarily from automobile emissions resulting from degradation of catalytic converters. "	( A first look at platinum in road-deposited sediments and roadside soils, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. Sutherland, RA, 2003)	2.11
"Platinum has been widely applied in catalytic industry and the recovery of noble metals from industrial wastes becomes an economic issue. "	( Studies of removal of platinum(IV) ion microquantities from the model solutions of aluminium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc chloride macroquantities on the anion exchanger Duolite S 37. Hubicki, Z; Wójcik, G, 2006)	2.09
"Platinum (Pt) has been the metal of choice because it provides very stable replicas and images of high contrast."	( Studying cellular architecture in three dimensions with improved resolution: Ta replicas revisited. Cabezas, P; Risco, C, 2006)	1.06
"Platinum has been increasing in the environment as a result of emissions from catalytic converters. "	( Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus in urban rivers. Morrison, GM; Rauch, S, 1999)	3.19

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platinum alone did not increase intracellular reactive oxygen species."	( Effects of platinum-coexisting dopamine with X-ray irradiation upon human glioblastoma cell proliferation. Kato, S, 2021)	1.73
"Platinum can suppress the tumor growth and impair normal cells together."	( Association of POLK polymorphisms with platinum-based chemotherapy response and severe toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Han, B; Jin, B; Lu, D; Niu, Y; Shao, M; Ye, J, 2014)	1.39
"Platinum agents can cause DNA damage and thus induce apoptosis of cancer cells, which has made them the backbone of cancer chemotherapy regimens. "	( Polymer nanoparticle delivery of dichloroacetate and DACH-Pt to enhance antitumor efficacy and lower systemic toxicity. Cai, J; Guo, J; Jing, X; Kang, X; Sun, S; Wang, Z; Yan, L; Yang, Q; Zhu, Y, 2016)	1.88
"Platinum agents cause DNA cross-linking and oxidative damage. "	( Genetic polymorphisms of GSTP1 and XRCC1: prediction of clinical outcome of platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Jiang, T; Liang, J; Lv, H; Yao, R; Yu, Z; Zhou, F, 2011)	2.04

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platinum treatment enriches for chemoresistant aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) + ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs), which contribute to tumor recurrence and disease relapse."	( Platinum-induced mitochondrial OXPHOS contributes to cancer stem cell enrichment in ovarian cancer. Ghobashi, AH; Huntington, TD; Metcalfe, TX; Nephew, KP; O'Hagan, HM; Sood, R; Sriramkumar, S; Vuong, TT; Wang, W, 2022)	2.89
"Platinum treatments as well as other medications comprising of nanoparticles have been utilized."	( Nanoparticles Loaded with Platinum Drugs for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Aderibigbe, BA; Alven, S; Buyana, B; Naki, T, 2022)	1.74
"Platinum treatment-induced ROS activates SRMS, which inhibits MKK4 kinase activity by directly phosphorylating MKK4 at Y269 and Y307, and consequently attenuates MKK4-JNK activation."	( ROS-mediated SRMS activation confers platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Gao, Q; Huang, S; Jiang, Y; Jin, L; Li, B; Li, T; Lin, Y; Mao, X; Nowialis, P; Song, L; Song, Q; Xing, C; Zheng, G, 2023)	1.9
"Platinum-based treatment-induced anorexia and weight loss are attenuated in GDF-15 knockout mice, while GDF-15 neutralization with the monoclonal antibody mAB1 improves survival."	( GDF-15 Neutralization Alleviates Platinum-Based Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis, Anorexia, and Weight Loss in Mice and Nonhuman Primates. Bennett, D; Birnbaum, MJ; Breen, DM; Calle, RA; Collins, S; Esquejo, RM; He, T; Joaquim, S; Joyce, A; Kim, H; Lambert, M; Lin, L; Pettersen, B; Qiao, S; Rossulek, M; Weber, G; Wu, Z; Zhang, BB, 2020)	1.56
"Treatment with platinum drugs reduced neuronal transcription and cell body size to an extent that corresponded to the amount of preceding platinum DNA binding, but without any loss of neuronal cells."	( Role of platinum DNA damage-induced transcriptional inhibition in chemotherapy-induced neuronal atrophy and peripheral neurotoxicity. Ip, V; Jamieson, SM; Liu, JJ; McKeage, MJ; Yan, F, 2015)	1.19
"Retreatment with platinum after PLD may yield a good RR in selected patients even those with disease progression within 12 months after prior platinum treatment."	( Epithelial ovarian cancer: role of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin in prolonging the platinum-free interval and cancer antigen 125 trends during treatment. Ansari, J; Buckley, L; Fernando, I; Tanguay, JS, 2009)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Preliminary data are given on the LD50 of PdCl2 following different routes of exposure and on the LD50 of PtCl4 following intravenous exposure."	( Preliminary studies on the toxicity and metabolism of palladium and platinum. Campbell, K; Hall, L; Hysell, D; Moore, W; Stara, J, 1975)	0.49
" The hydrolysis product was found to be the most toxic of the three complexes studied and produced nephrotoxicity at doses lower than those at which cisplatin was nephrotoxic."	( The relative nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2(guanosine)2]2+, and the hydrolysis product of cisplatin in the rat. Basinger, MA; Beaty, JA; Holscher, MA; Jones, MM, 1991)	0.28
" Subsequent toxic effects included acute oliguric renal failure, metabolic acidosis, fever, muscle cramps, gastroenteritis and rhabdomyolysis."	( Toxicity after self-poisoning by ingestion of potassium chloroplatinite. Ebert, TH; Woolf, AD, 1991)	0.28
" CBDCA-induced MDA production was lower, compared to CDDP, which showed marked toxic effects on TEA and PAH accumulation, gluconeogenesis and glucose-6-phosphatase activity."	( Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin, carboplatin and transplatin. A comparative in vitro study. Baumann, K; Hannemann, J, 1990)	0.28
" Animals were treated at the respective LD50 of platin compounds, and we analyzed plasmatic testosterone level, microsomal cytochrome P-450 and platinum concentrations in the testis."	( In vivo toxicity of cisplatin and carboplatin on the Leydig cell function and effect of the human choriogonadotropin. Azouri, H; Bidart, JM; Bohuon, C, 1989)	0.48
" In the albino guinea pigs, concentrations of total platinum and of covalently bound platinum were greater in kidney subcellular organelles than in either liver or lung organelles, which may help explain the sensitivity of the kidney to the toxic effects of cisplatin."	( Covalent binding of platinum to renal protein from sensitive and resistant guinea pigs treated with cisplatin: possible role in nephrotoxicity. Litterst, CL; Schweitzer, VG, 1988)	0.85
" In fact, at equal levels of DNA binding, complexes with substituted amines were generally more toxic toward bacteria than DDP."	( Toxicity, mutagenicity, intracellular drug concentration and DNA binding in Escherichia coli treated with cis-platinum(II) complexes. Johnson, NP; Razaka, H; Villani, G; Wimmer, F; Wimmer, S, 1987)	0.48
" The accumulation of platinum on the proteins of Chinese hamster or African green monkey kidney cells treated with cis- or trans-DDP was also consistent with the respective toxic effects of the two isomers."	( Differential toxicity of cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) toward mammalian cells: lack of influence of any difference in the rates of loss of their DNA-bound adducts. Friedlos, F; Roberts, JJ, 1987)	0.84
" Concentrations at 24 and 48 hours in toxic and nontoxic patients were similar."	( Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Correlation with plasma platinum concentrations. Alcock, N; Kelsen, DP; Young, CW, 1985)	0.52
"The anticancer drug cisplatin has been known to produce severe renal lesions characterized by high levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), toxic nephrosis, and platinum (Pt) retention in the kidney."	( Effects of the diuretics mannitol or acetazolamide on nephrotoxicity and physiological disposition of cisplatin in rats. Copley, MP; Litterst, CL; Osman, NM, 1984)	0.46
"Renal dysfunction is the dose-limiting toxic effect for many patients receiving cisplatin (CP)."	( Plasma platinum levels: relationship to cisplatin dose and nephrotoxicity. Campbell, AB; Jacobs, C; Kalman, SM, 1983)	0.72
" Renal dysfunction is the major toxic effect of this drug."	( Mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Jacobs, C; Weiner, MW, 1983)	0.27
" Toxic effects monitored were stomach enlargement, kidney hypertrophy with tubular necrosis and proteinuria, evident visceral mucin, and lymphoid involution (thymus, spleen)."	( Platinum drugs: combined anti-lymphoproliferative and nephrotoxicity assay in rats. Aggarwal, SK; Broomhead, JA; Fairlie, DP; Whitehouse, MW, 1980)	1.7
" Tested in the range of peak concentrations in plasma of patients and at a clinically relevant fPt fraction of 10%, CDDP was not toxic for human bone marrow cells in the CFU-GM assay, whereas it was toxic at fPt fractions of 50% and 90%."	( Effect of ultrafilterable platinum concentration on cisplatin and carboplatin cytotoxicity in human tumor and bone marrow cells in vitro. de Vries, EG; Esselink, MT; Guchelaar, HJ; Meijer, C; Mulder, NH; Uges, DR; Vellenga, E, 1994)	0.59
"5-2 mmol l-1) ameliorated all these toxic effects of cisplatin in a concentration related manner."	( Amelioration of cisplatin toxicity in rat renal cortical slices by dithiothreitol in vitro. Lindup, WE; Ma, XL; Xia, YX; Zhang, JG; Zhang, M; Zhong, LF, 1994)	0.29
"The kidneys of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats are resistant to certain toxic effects of the antineoplastic drug cisplatin."	( Reduced renal accumulation and toxicity of cisplatin in experimental galactosemia. Cacini, W; Harden, EA; Skau, KA, 1993)	0.29
" The purpose of this study was to define the toxic effect and excretion of cisplatin in the chicken, a species widely applied to the study of tubular transport mechanisms but little used for toxicology studies."	( Toxicity and excretion of cisplatin in the avian kidney. Cacini, W; Fink, IM, 1995)	0.29
" The administration of vitamin E, 12 h prior to CP, diminished the toxic effect of CP in young and adult rats."	( Protective effects of vitamin E and C on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Appenroth, D; Fröb, S; Kersten, L; Splinter, FK; Winnefeld, K, 1997)	0.3
" We propose that procainamide, after accumulation in the kidney, may coordinate with cisplatin to form a less toxic DPR-like complex that renders rats less susceptible to cisplatin-induced toxicity."	( Reduction of cisplatin nephrotoxicity by procainamide: does the formation of a cisplatin-procainamide complex play a role? Cadoni, A; Cafaggi, S; Civalleri, D; Esposito, M; Lindup, WE; Lunardi, G; Mariggiò, MA; Pastrone, I; Tolino, G; Vannozzi, MO; Viale, M; Zicca, A, 2000)	0.31
" Although all adverse effects were mild under this system, tumor response and tissue platinum concentrations were augmented dose dependently with the administration of cisplatin."	( Super high-dose intraarterial cisplatin infusion under percutaneous pelvic perfusion with extracorporeal chemofiltration for advanced uterine cervical carcinoma: I. Analysis for pharmacokinetics, tumor response, and toxicity of platinum. Hamana, S; Ku, Y; Maruo, T; Miyahara, Y; Motoyama, S; Takeuchi, S; Tateiwa, Y; Yoshida, S, 2001)	0.72
"In preceding papers, we proposed that procainamide hydrochloride, a class I antiarrhythmic agent, was able to protect mice and rats from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and that it could exert its action through accumulation in kidneys followed by coordination with cisplatin (or its hydrolysis metabolites) and formation of a less toxic platinum compound similar to the new platinum(II) triamine complex cis-diamminechloro-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-amino-benzoate, N4]-chlorideplatinum(II) monohydrochloride monohydrate, obtained by the reaction of cisplatin with procaine hydrochloride."	( Reduction of cisplatin hepatotoxicity by procainamide hydrochloride in rats. Bocchini, V; Cafaggi, S; Caviglioli, G; Mariggiò, MA; Ottone, M; Vannozzi, MO; Viale, M; Zicca, A, 2002)	0.49
" Bioherador N was significantly less toxic than all the other alloys in the 72-hour conditioned group."	( Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys after conditioning in distilled water. Al-Hiyasat, AS; Bashabsheh, OM; Darmani, H, )	0.13
" The electrode surface has been designed to obey safe stimulation criteria (i."	( Thin film platinum cuff electrodes for neurostimulation: in vitro approach of safe neurostimulation parameters. Hyland, M; Mailley, P; Mailley, S; McAdams, ET; McLaughlin, JA, 2004)	0.73
" Neurotoxicity is the predominant side effect and is dose-dependent."	( Toxicity and cerebrospinal fluid levels of carboplatin chronically infused into the brainstem of a primate. Carson, BS; Gillis, EM; Guarnieri, M; Jallo, GI; Johnson, RM; Kiely, A; Liu, YJ; Storm, P; Strege, RJ, 2004)	0.32
"Ototoxicity is a common side effect of platinum-based chemotherapy."	( Ototoxicity of carboplatin delivered locally in a monkey brainstem. Carey, JP; Carson, BS; Cooper, T; Guarnieri, M; Jallo, GI, )	0.4
"Ototoxicity is a typical dose-limiting side effect of cancer chemotherapy with cisplatin but much less so with carboplatin."	( High accumulation of platinum-DNA adducts in strial marginal cells of the cochlea is an early event in cisplatin but not carboplatin ototoxicity. Lautermann, J; Liedert, B; Seiler, F; Thomale, J; Thomas, JP, 2006)	0.65
" Cisplatin was significantly more toxic in confluent monolayers of LLC-PK(1) cells that overexpressed mitAspAT than in control cells containing vector alone."	( Cisplatin-induced toxicity is associated with platinum deposition in mouse kidney mitochondria in vivo and with selective inactivation of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in LLC-PK1 cells. Bubber, P; Cooper, AJ; Gibson, GE; Hanigan, MH; Krasnikov, BF; Pinto, JT; Xu, H; Zhang, L, 2006)	0.59
"The HydroCoil embolization system is safe and provides excellent 1-year occlusion of small and large aneurysms with initial RROC Type 1, as well as those with RROC Types 2 and 3 with stasis of contrast material at the time of embolization."	( A prospective single-center analysis of the safety and efficacy of the hydrocoil embolization system for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Adamo, MA; Boulos, AS; Deshaies, EM, 2007)	0.34
" In summary, RKS262 has been identified as a molecule belonging to a new class of potential chemotherapeutic agents affecting the viability of multiple cancer cell-lines and causing selective adverse effects on the viability of ovarian cancer cells."	( A coumarin derivative (RKS262) inhibits cell-cycle progression, causes pro-apoptotic signaling and cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Brard, L; Kim, KK; Lange, TS; Singh, RK, 2011)	0.37
" Coordinated regulation of detoxification enzymes and drug transporters and suppression of inflammation by Nrf2 during cisplatin nephrotoxicity are probable defense mechanisms to eliminate toxic mediators and promote proximal tubule recovery."	( Transcriptional regulation of renal cytoprotective genes by Nrf2 and its potential use as a therapeutic target to mitigate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Aleksunes, LM; Goedken, MJ; Klaassen, CD; Manautou, JE; Rockwell, CE; Thomale, J, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, implanting coils is at least as safe as implanting seeds."	( High retention and safety of percutaneously implanted endovascular embolization coils as fiducial markers for image-guided stereotactic ablative radiotherapy of pulmonary tumors. Diehn, M; Dieterich, S; Hong, JC; Kothary, N; Le, QT; Loo, BW; Maxim, PG; Rao, AK; Sze, DY; Yu, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Among the nanoparticles studied, Ag-NPs were found to be the most toxic and Au-NPs the non-toxic."	( Comparison of the toxicity of silver, gold and platinum nanoparticles in developing zebrafish embryos. Asharani, PV; Gong, Z; Lianwu, Y; Valiyaveettil, S, 2011)	0.63
" The benzimidazole L is more toxic against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 58 μg/mL) than the standard tetracycline (MIC = 82 μg/mL)."	( Structural and in vitro cytotoxicity studies on 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl-N-phenyl amine and its Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes. Abdel Ghani, NT; Mansour, AM, 2011)	0.37
"Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and ototoxicity (NTX) are important adverse effects after chemotherapy for testicular cancer (TC)."	( Impact of long-term serum platinum concentrations on neuro- and ototoxicity in Cisplatin-treated survivors of testicular cancer. Beard, C; Campbell, ME; Cvancarova, M; Darrah, TH; Fosså, SD; Hannigan, RE; Haugnes, HS; Oldenburg, J; Peterson, DR; Sprauten, M; Travis, LB, 2012)	0.68
"001) and chemotherapy-related toxic deaths (p=0."	( The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) predicts toxicity and efficacy in platinum-based treated patients with metastatic lung cancer. Georgoulias, V; Giannousi, Z; Gioulbasanis, I; Kakalou, D; Makridou, M; Pallis, A; Perdikouri, IE; Vlachostergios, PJ; Xyrafas, A, 2012)	0.61
" MMS19L might be associated with the adverse events of chemotherapy in NSCLC, especially for all grade leucopenia (P = 0."	( Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and toxicity of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Gao, G; Li, A; Li, X; Ren, S; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhou, C, 2012)	0.38
"This is the first study to evaluate the effect of XBP1 polymorphism on severe chemotherapy-related adverse outcomes in platinum-treated advanced NSCLC patients using both pharmacogenomics and functional molecular analyses."	( XBP1 promoter polymorphism modulates platinum-based chemotherapy gastrointestinal toxicity for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Bai, CX; Chen, HY; Chen, YY; Gao, ZQ; Han, BH; Jin, L; Lu, DR; Peng, J; Qian, J; Wang, HJ; Wang, JC; Wu, WT; Yang, J; Yang, LX; Zhao, XY, 2013)	0.87
" In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of sub-nanosized platinum particles (snPt) in the mouse liver."	( Hepatotoxicity of sub-nanosized platinum particles in mice. Hayata, Y; Kondoh, M; Li, X; Tsutsumi, Y; Watari, A; Yagi, K; Yamagishi, Y, 2013)	0.91
" Subsequent toxicity study, in LLC-PK1 cells, has also been carried out and shows that none of these compounds are in vitro toxic in the tested concentration range."	( Palladium(II) and platinum(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes of the 2,6-diacetylpyridine series with high cytotoxic activity in cisplatin resistant A2780cisR tumor cells and reduced toxicity. Leitao, I; Matesanz, AI; Souza, P, 2013)	0.72
" This study aimed to clarify the safe and effective dose of CDDP in HAI for HCC."	( A safe and effective dose of cisplatin in hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aoyagi, Y; Igarashi, M; Kamimura, K; Kawai, H; Osaki, A; Suda, T; Takamura, M; Tamura, Y; Tsuchiya, A; Yamagiwa, S, 2013)	0.39
" Periprocedural serious adverse events occurred infrequently in those treated with and without stents (6."	( Stent-assisted coiling versus coiling alone in unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the matrix and platinum science trial: safety, efficacy, and mid-term outcomes. Barnwell, S; Carroll, K; Dowd, CF; English, JD; Ge, SG; Gholkar, A; Hetts, SW; Jin, JN; Johnston, SC; Lopes, D; McDougall, C; Mocco, J; Murayama, Y; Nesbit, G; Prestigiacomo, C; Turk, A, 2014)	0.62
" Kidneys from naive Mrp2-null mice had elevated glutathione S-transferase mRNA levels, which could increase the formation of cisplatin-glutathione conjugates that may be metabolized to toxic thiol intermediates."	( Transgenic expression of the human MRP2 transporter reduces cisplatin accumulation and nephrotoxicity in Mrp2-null mice. Aleksunes, LM; Buckley, B; Goedken, MJ; Manautou, JE; McCandlish, E; Pelis, R; Syed, S; Wen, X, 2014)	0.4
" These results confirm that the cationic modification of liposomes with PEI is efficient and safe for antitumor drug delivery."	( Efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin liposomes modified with polyethylenimine. Chen, J; Gu, X; Liang, W; Sun, X; Wang, J, 2014)	0.4
"Small vessel diameter and long lesion length are independently associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac events after drug-eluting stent implantation."	( Two-year safety and effectiveness of the platinum chromium everolimus-eluting stent for the treatment of small vessels and longer lesions. Allocco, DJ; Cannon, LA; Dawkins, KD; Dens, J; Dubois, CL; Feldman, RL; Lee, TC; Meredith, IT; Mooney, MR; Pompili, VJ; Rabinowitz, AC; Saito, S; Stone, GW; Teirstein, PS, 2015)	0.68
" Surface modification was applied to increase the surface area of the electrode and improve its ability to transfer charge within safe electrochemical stimulation limits."	( Laser patterning of platinum electrodes for safe neurostimulation. Byrnes-Preston, PJ; Dodds, CW; Dueck, WF; Green, RA; Hassarati, RT; Lovell, NH; Matteucci, PB; Palmer, J; Suaning, GJ, 2014)	0.73
" A new method was investigated and validated which enabled the assessment of in vivo electrochemically safe charge injection limits."	( Laser patterning of platinum electrodes for safe neurostimulation. Byrnes-Preston, PJ; Dodds, CW; Dueck, WF; Green, RA; Hassarati, RT; Lovell, NH; Matteucci, PB; Palmer, J; Suaning, GJ, 2014)	0.73
"Critical to the assessment of implant devices is accurate determination of safe usage limits in an in vivo environment."	( Laser patterning of platinum electrodes for safe neurostimulation. Byrnes-Preston, PJ; Dodds, CW; Dueck, WF; Green, RA; Hassarati, RT; Lovell, NH; Matteucci, PB; Palmer, J; Suaning, GJ, 2014)	0.73
" Propensity score methods created best matched pairs for platinum/pemetrexed versus other platinum-based doublets for head-to-head comparisons of early treatment discontinuation (completed treatment cycles <4), treatment failure (progressive disease or early treatment discontinuation), and adverse events (AE)."	( Clinical effectiveness and clinical toxicity associated with platinum-based doublets in the first-line setting for advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, J; Chen, W; Chen, Y; Hu, C; Li, X; Luo, Z; Rajan, N; Wang, Y; Wu, S; Yang, Y, 2014)	0.89
" While {[Pt(1,3-pd)Cl]2(μ-pz)}(2+) showed improved activity and {[Pt(en)Cl]2(μ-pydz)}(2+) showed comparable activity to that of clinically relevant cisplatin, {[Pt(en)Cl]2(μ-pydz)}(2+) was less toxic in an assay with zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, causing no adverse developmental effects."	( Synthesis and evaluation of series of diazine-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complexes through in vitro toxicity and molecular modeling: correlation between structure and activity of Pt(II) complexes. Djuran, MI; Nikodinovic-Runic, J; Pavic, A; Rajkovic, S; Senerovic, L; Veselinovic, A; Zivkovic, MD, 2015)	0.66
" Genetic factors may be important in predisposing patients to this adverse effect."	( Candidate pathway-based genetic association study of platinum and platinum-taxane related toxicity in a cohort of primary lung cancer patients. Aakre, JA; Johnson, C; Loprinzi, CL; Pankratz, VS; Staff, NP; Velazquez, AI; Windebank, AJ; Yang, P, 2015)	0.67
"The growing use of nanoparticles in a wide range of products has resulted in their release into the aquatic environment; therefore, an understanding of the toxic effects of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms is of permanent importance."	( Toxic effect of silver and platinum nanoparticles toward the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Asztemborska, M; Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska, G; Książyk, M; Stęborowski, R, 2015)	0.71
" The main serious adverse event (grade 3 or 4) was neutropenia (15 events, 13."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Platinum/Vinorelbine as More Than Second-Line Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Choi, YS; Jo, DY; Kim, S; Lee, HJ; Lee, MW; Moon, JY; Ryu, HW; Song, IC; Yang, YJ; Yun, HJ, 2015)	0.71
" It indicated CDDP was cleared more quickly from blood and spleen, and could reduce the accumulation and toxic possibility of CDDP in combination with ZMYL."	( Hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combination therapy with a traditional Chinese medicine compound of Zengmian Yiliu granules in ICR mice and SKOV-3-bearing nude mice. Gong, C; Ji, LL; Qi, C; Qian, L; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H; Zhou, WB, 2015)	0.42
"Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in eight (40%) of 20 patients."	( Safety and Antitumor Activity of Anti-PD-1 Antibody, Nivolumab, in Patients With Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Abiko, K; Baba, T; Chikuma, S; Hamanishi, J; Honjo, T; Hosoe, Y; Ikeda, T; Kanai, M; Kawaguchi, A; Konishi, I; Mandai, M; Matsumoto, S; Matsumura, N; Minami, M; Mori, Y; Morita, S; Murayama, T; Shimizu, A; Ueda, A; Yamaguchi, K; Yokode, M, 2015)	0.64
"This work presents a quantitative bioimaging method for platinum based on laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and its application for a biomedical study concerning toxic side effects of cisplatin."	( Quantitative imaging of platinum based on laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to investigate toxic side effects of cisplatin. Castanheira, I; Ciarimboli, G; Karst, U; Köppen, C; Reifschneider, O; Sperling, M, 2015)	0.97
" The primary outcome was all-grade, all-cause treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Cetuximab plus platinum-based chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind safety study comparing cetuximab produced from two manufacturing processes using the EXTREME study regimen. Adkins, D; Aguilar, JL; Bryant, K; Chang, SC; Chen, E; Chin, S; Ernst, S; He, S; Lee, HJ; Misiukiewicz, K; Obasaju, CK; Soulières, D, 2016)	0.79
" In risk groups based on 0-3 presence of adverse prognostic factors (PS ≥ 1, haemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dl and liver metastasis), median OS: 13."	( Efficacy and safety of Vinflunine for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma in routine practice based on the French multi-centre CURVE study. Di Palma, M; Guillot, A; Médioni, J; Spaeth, D; Théodore, C, 2016)	0.43
" The drug is safe with gastro-intestinal and haematological prophylaxis."	( Efficacy and safety of Vinflunine for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma in routine practice based on the French multi-centre CURVE study. Di Palma, M; Guillot, A; Médioni, J; Spaeth, D; Théodore, C, 2016)	0.43
"Fasting for 72 h around chemotherapy administration is safe and feasible for cancer patients."	( Safety and feasibility of fasting in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. Brandhorst, S; Cheng, CW; Cohen, P; Dorff, TB; Garcia, A; Groshen, S; Longo, V; Pham, H; Quinn, DI; Shah, M; Tsao-Wei, D; Wei, M, 2016)	0.68
" These complexes markedly differed in their toxic effects in tumor cells and comprised highly cytotoxic trinuclear platinum(II) complex BBR3464, less cytotoxic conventional cisplatin and ineffective transplatin."	( Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB proteins-platinated DNA interactions correlates with cytotoxic effectiveness of the platinum complexes. Brabec, V; Farrell, NP; Kasparkova, J; Kostrhunova, H, 2016)	0.85
" Myriad chemotherapeutic drugs produce adverse cardiovascular effects such as arterial hypertension, heart failure, and thromboembolic events."	( Pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity induced by nonanthracycline chemotherapy. Cadeddu, C; Deidda, M; Demurtas, L; Madeddu, C; Mercuro, G; Piras, A; Piscopo, G; Puzzoni, M; Scartozzi, M, 2016)	0.43
" Understanding these mechanisms is important as neurotoxicity is the predominant side-effect of platinum-based chemotherapy."	( Neurotoxicity Associated with Platinum-Based Anti-Cancer Agents: What are the Implications of Copper Transporters? McQuade, R; Nurgali, K; Rybalka, E; Stojanovska, V, 2017)	0.96
"PtCr-EES demonstrated comparable safety and effectiveness to CoCr-EES through 5 years of follow-up, with low rates of stent thrombosis and other adverse events."	( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Platinum Chromium Everolimus-Eluting Stents in Coronary Artery Disease: 5-Year Results From the PLATINUM Trial. Allocco, DJ; Bouchard, A; Carrié, D; Dawkins, KD; Dens, J; Dubois, CL; Farah, B; Feldman, RL; Hagiwara, N; Kelly, CR; Meredith, IT; Pompili, V; Rabinowitz, A; Saito, S; Stone, GW; Teirstein, PS, 2017)	0.74
" Safety will be evaluated by the incidence of adverse events."	( An open-label, randomized, phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of standard of care with or without bevacizumab in platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer patients previously treated with bevacizuma Fujiwara, H; Hamano, T; Itamochi, H; Kamiura, S; Kato, K; Kigawa, J; Komiyama, S; Shoji, T; Sugiyama, T; Tanabe, H, 2018)	0.69
"Platinum drugs, including carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are commonly used chemotherapy drugs that kill cancer cells by forming toxic drug-DNA adducts."	( Correlation of Platinum Cytotoxicity to Drug-DNA Adduct Levels in a Breast Cancer Cell Line Panel. de Vere White, R; Henderson, PT; Malfatti, MA; Pan, CX; Scharadin, TM; Turteltaub, KW; Wang, S; Zimmermann, M, 2018)	2.28
"SCLC patients who underwent platinum-etoposide doublet therapy and molecular testing for UGT1A1 genotype were reviewed for the occurrence of adverse events during treatment."	( Association of nephrotoxicity during platinum-etoposide doublet therapy with UGT1A1 polymorphisms in small cell lung cancer patients. Anai, S; Iwama, E; Nakanishi, Y; Okamoto, I; Otsubo, K; Tanaka, K; Yoneshima, Y, 2018)	1.05
"The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of three different sizes of platinum nanoparticles on aquatic ecosystem and assess the toxic effect in term of particle size."	( Evaluation of platinum nanoparticles ecotoxicity using representatives of distinct trophic levels of aquatic biocenosis. Beklova, M; Havelkova, B; Hlavkova, D; Kopel, P, 2019)	1.1
"The most toxic have been the smallest sized platinum nanoparticles for all tested organisms."	( Evaluation of platinum nanoparticles ecotoxicity using representatives of distinct trophic levels of aquatic biocenosis. Beklova, M; Havelkova, B; Hlavkova, D; Kopel, P, 2019)	1.14
" The placenta protects the growing fetus from foreign or toxic materials, and provides energy and oxygen."	( Autophagy is a new protective mechanism against the cytotoxicity of platinum nanoparticles in human trophoblasts. Aoki, A; Higashisaka, K; Kusabiraki, T; Nagano, K; Nakashima, A; Ono, Y; Saito, S; Shima, T; Tsuda, S; Tsutsumi, Y; Ushijima, A; Yoshino, O; Yoshioka, Y, 2019)	0.75
" Adverse events were recorded."	( Second-line erlotinib after failure of pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Real-world effectiveness, safety and tolerability. Germonpré, P; Van den Wyngaert, T, 2019)	0.51
"9%) of patients due to adverse events, which were treatment related in 7%."	( Second-line erlotinib after failure of pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Real-world effectiveness, safety and tolerability. Germonpré, P; Van den Wyngaert, T, 2019)	0.51
" However, there are disturbing reports related to the toxic effects of nanoplatinum, which is the main reason why the authors of this study have decided to review and analyze literature data related to its toxicity and impact on human health."	( Are platinum nanoparticles safe to human health? Czerczak, S; Czubacka, E, 2019)	1.3
" Safety, based on adverse event (AE) reporting, was the primary endpoint."	( Nivolumab safety and efficacy in advanced, platinum-resistant, non-small cell lung cancer, radical radiotherapy-ineligible patients: A phase II study in Taiwan. Chang, GC; Chen, YM; Chih-Hsin Yang, J; Chiu, CH; Chong, IW; Ho, CC; Hsia, TC; Hung, JY; Lin, MC; Su, WC; Wang, CC; Wu, SY; Yang, TY; Yu, CJ, 2020)	0.82
" Adverse drug reactions (ADRs; any) occurred in 58."	( Nivolumab safety and efficacy in advanced, platinum-resistant, non-small cell lung cancer, radical radiotherapy-ineligible patients: A phase II study in Taiwan. Chang, GC; Chen, YM; Chih-Hsin Yang, J; Chiu, CH; Chong, IW; Ho, CC; Hsia, TC; Hung, JY; Lin, MC; Su, WC; Wang, CC; Wu, SY; Yang, TY; Yu, CJ, 2020)	0.82
"Nivolumab appeared to be safe and effective in Taiwanese patients."	( Nivolumab safety and efficacy in advanced, platinum-resistant, non-small cell lung cancer, radical radiotherapy-ineligible patients: A phase II study in Taiwan. Chang, GC; Chen, YM; Chih-Hsin Yang, J; Chiu, CH; Chong, IW; Ho, CC; Hsia, TC; Hung, JY; Lin, MC; Su, WC; Wang, CC; Wu, SY; Yang, TY; Yu, CJ, 2020)	0.82
"Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) attract much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility and catalytic properties, but their toxic effects on normal (CHANG) and cancerous (HuH-7) human liver cells are meagre."	( Platinum nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and apoptotic activity in human normal and cancer hepatic cells via oxidative stress-mediated Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expression. Alarifi, S; Alhadheq, AM; Ali, D; Alkahtani, S; Almarzoug, MHA, 2020)	3.44
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse event of grade 3 or higher was anaemia or decreased haemoglobin (80 [22%] patients in the rucaparib group vs one [1%] patient in the placebo group)."	( Rucaparib for patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian carcinoma (ARIEL3): post-progression outcomes and updated safety results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Aghajanian, C; Armstrong, DK; Banerjee, S; Cameron, T; Clamp, AR; Coleman, RL; Colombo, N; Dean, A; Fong, PC; Gancedo, MA; García-Donas, J; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Holloway, RW; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lorusso, D; Maloney, L; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Oza, AM; Scambia, G; Swisher, EM; Weberpals, JI, 2020)	0.85
" In order to understand why cisplatin is particularly toxic to the inner ear, we compared the hearing loss and cochlear uptake of cisplatin to that of two related drugs, carboplatin and oxaliplatin."	( Ototoxicity and Platinum Uptake Following Cyclic Administration of Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutic Agents. Cunningham, LL; Fernandez, KA; Fitzgerald, TS; Gersten, BK, 2020)	0.9
" The incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse events was 61."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sintilimab Plus Pemetrexed and Platinum as First-Line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Nonsquamous NSCLC: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Study (Oncology pRogram by InnovENT anti-PD-1-11). Bi, M; Cang, S; Chen, G; Cheng, Y; Fang, J; Feng, J; Han, B; He, Z; Li, B; Li, J; Li, W; Lu, Y; Ma, R; Mei, X; Ren, X; Song, Y; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Xie, C; Yang, N; Yang, Y; Yang, Z; Yu, Q; Yu, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhou, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, R; Zhu, D, 2020)	0.81
" Unfortunately, platinum-based treatment may lead to ototoxicity, an often-irreversible side effect without a known effective treatment and prevention plan."	( Potential use of n-3 PUFAs to prevent oxidative stress-derived ototoxicity caused by platinum-based chemotherapy. Burotto, M; Caglevic, C; Cortés Fuentes, IA; Frelinghuysen, M; Gormaz, JG; Retamal, MA, 2020)	1.13
"Severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is a common side effect after platinum-based chemotherapy."	( Impact of genetic factors on platinum-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Cai, P; Deng, Z; Tang, M; Xiao, D; Zheng, Y, )	0.66
"This post hoc analysis assessed the safety of pemetrexed and platinum in combination with pembrolizumab, including time-to-onset and time-to-resolution of all-cause any-grade and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) and renal AEs."	( Safety of pemetrexed plus platinum in combination with pembrolizumab for metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189. Aerts, J; Gadgeel, SM; Garon, EB; Kim, JS; Muehlenbein, CE; Peterson, P; Rizzo, MT, 2021)	1.16
" These results support the safe use of the KEYNOTE-189 regimen in clinical practice."	( Safety of pemetrexed plus platinum in combination with pembrolizumab for metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189. Aerts, J; Gadgeel, SM; Garon, EB; Kim, JS; Muehlenbein, CE; Peterson, P; Rizzo, MT, 2021)	0.92
" Cisplatin is invaluable in childhood cancer treatment but its use is limited due to a permanent hearing loss (cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, CIO) adverse effect."	( Toll-like receptor 4 is activated by platinum and contributes to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Allison, WT; Babolmorad, G; Bhavsar, AP; Delyea, C; Domingo, IK; Latif, A; Pollock, NM; Rieger, AM, 2021)	0.89
"The exposure-response analyses provide support for the approved starting dose of rucaparib 600 mg BID for maximum clinical benefit with subsequent dose modification only following the occurrence of a treatment-emergent adverse event in patients with BRCA-mutated recurrent ovarian carcinoma."	( Population exposure-efficacy and exposure-safety analyses for rucaparib in patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma from Study 10 and ARIEL2. Aghajanian, C; Beltman, J; Brenton, JD; Castro, C; Chen, LM; Coleman, RL; Goble, S; Green, M; Harding, T; Konecny, GE; Kristeleit, RS; Leary, A; Lin, KK; Ma, L; Maloney, L; McNeish, IA; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Oza, AM; Provencher, D; Ray-Coquard, I; Shapira-Frommer, R; Simmons, AD; Swisher, EM; Tinker, AV; Xiao, JJ, 2021)	0.62
" The random effects model in the single-arm meta-analysis was used to analyze the objective response rate (ORR) and the incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs) under the predefined subgroups according to race and the regimen."	( The impacts of race and regimens on the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel and platinum combination treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Huang, J; Li, L; Liu, H; Lv, Y; Wang, F; Yin, F; Zhao, C; Zheng, Q, 2021)	0.85
" Related adverse effects of platinum-containing chemotherapies involved gastrointestinal reaction, myelosuppression and liver function damage."	( The Impact of Platinum-Containing Chemotherapies in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Meta-Analytical Approach to Evaluating Its Efficacy and Safety. Han, XH; Liu, S; Shi, YY; Yang, R, 2021)	1.28
" We used fixed and random effects models to calculate pooled hazard ratios and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for progression-free and overall survival, objective response rates, and grade 3 and 4 adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cao, K; Chang, L; Chen, Z; He, X; Hou, Y; Jiang, J; Li, W; Lu, F; Xia, Y, )	0.44
" No grades 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred within the first two cycles."	( Cabozantinib Plus Durvalumab in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma After Platinum Chemotherapy: Safety and Preliminary Activity of the Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase 2 ARCADIA Trial. Alessi, A; Briganti, A; Calareso, G; Colecchia, M; Madison, R; Marandino, L; Martini, A; Montorsi, F; Necchi, A; Raggi, D; Ross, JS, 2021)	0.85
"The durvalumab and cabozantinib combination was safe and endowed with preliminary clinical activity in patients with advanced UC."	( Cabozantinib Plus Durvalumab in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma After Platinum Chemotherapy: Safety and Preliminary Activity of the Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase 2 ARCADIA Trial. Alessi, A; Briganti, A; Calareso, G; Colecchia, M; Madison, R; Marandino, L; Martini, A; Montorsi, F; Necchi, A; Raggi, D; Ross, JS, 2021)	0.85
" However, if chemotherapy was discontinued because of an adverse event, bevacizumab monotherapy was continued for patients who agreed to participate in this study and provided written informed consent."	( A Single Arm Prospective Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy and Safety of Bevacizumab Single Maintenance Therapy Following Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Cervical Cancer. Ishibashi, M; Nagai, T; Niikura, H; Sasaki, S; Shigeta, S; Shimada, M; Tokunaga, H; Toyoshima, M; Tsuji, K; Yaegashi, N, 2021)	0.83
" Serious adverse events occurred in 13."	( Efficacy and safety of tivozanib in recurrent, platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, an NCCN phase II trial. Adorno-Cruz, V; Berry, E; Cowan, M; Kocherginsky, M; Lurain, JR; Matei, D; Nelson, V; Neubauer, NL; O'Shea, KL; Pineda, MJ; Shahabi, S; Swetzig, WM; Taiym, D, 2021)	0.88
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea and rash."	( Treatment Outcomes and Safety of Mobocertinib in Platinum-Pretreated Patients With EGFR Exon 20 Insertion-Positive Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 1/2 Open-label Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. Bunn, V; Felip, E; Garcia Campelo, MR; Griffin, C; Jänne, PA; Jin, S; Kim, SW; Kim, TM; Lin, HM; Lin, J; Mehta, M; Mekhail, T; Nguyen, D; Ramalingam, SS; Riely, GJ; Vincent, S; Yang, JC; Zhou, C, 2021)	0.88
" OS and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were analyzed in both groups by treatment duration."	( Overall Survival and Safety With Pemetrexed/Platinum ± Anti-VEGF Followed by Pemetrexed ± Anti-VEGF Maintenance in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 4 Randomized Studies. Garon, EB; Kim, JS; Peterson, P; Rizzo, MT, 2022)	0.98
"Irreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is a common side effect of platinum compounds."	( Long-term auditory follow-up in the management of pediatric platinum-induced ototoxicity. Brigato, F; De Corso, E; Fetoni, AR; Galli, J; Lucidi, D; Ruggiero, A; Scarano, E; Sergi, B, 2022)	1.19
"Platinum-induced nephrotoxicity is a severe and unexpected adverse drug reaction that could lead to treatment failure in non-small cell lung cancer patients."	( How platinum-induced nephrotoxicity occurs? Machine learning prediction in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Bai, KJ; Chang, JH; Chen, HY; Chu, CY; Hsu, YC; Huang, SH; Kuo, LN; Liu, EH; Wang, SY; Yu, MC, 2022)	2.72
" Information about treatment efficacy and adverse effects was collected retrospectively from medical records."	( Efficacy and safety of olaparib maintenance monotherapy for Japanese patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. Aoki, D; Chiyoda, T; Kobayashi, Y; Kuroda, Y; Nanki, Y; Sakai, K; Saotome, K; Takahashi, M; Yamagami, W; Yoshihama, T; Yoshimura, T, 2022)	0.95
"Olaparib maintenance therapy for platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer in the Japanese population is sufficiently safe and no less effective than reports from previous studies."	( Efficacy and safety of olaparib maintenance monotherapy for Japanese patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. Aoki, D; Chiyoda, T; Kobayashi, Y; Kuroda, Y; Nanki, Y; Sakai, K; Saotome, K; Takahashi, M; Yamagami, W; Yoshihama, T; Yoshimura, T, 2022)	1.23
" Compared with data from doublet chemotherapy studies, triplet chemotherapy appeared to improve ORR, but did not seem to prolong OS, possibly due to an increased incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy regimens for first-line treatment of advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Asia: a systematic review. Bai, Y; Li, E; Qian, J; Shi, D; Xu, J; Xu, N, 2022)	0.72
"To investigate the association between the onset, severity, and type of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and the efficacy of pembrolizumab in patients with platinum-pretreated advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC), we retrospectively collected clinical datasets of 755 patients and conducted landmark analysis."	( Immune-related adverse events in urothelial cancer patients: Adjustment for immortal time bias. Inokuchi, J; Ito, K; Kawahara, T; Kita, Y; Kitamura, H; Kobayashi, T; Kurahashi, R; Maruyama, S; Matsumoto, K; Morita, S; Mukai, S; Otsuka, H; Ozaki, Y; Sano, T; Segawa, T; Takahashi, A; Tomida, R; Tsutsumi, M; Uegaki, M, 2022)	0.92
" Seven patients discontinued chemotherapy owing to serious adverse events, including one patient with treatment-related death."	( Efficacy and Safety of Platinum Rechallenge in Patients With Platinum-resistant Ovarian, Fallopian Tube or Primary Peritoneal Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Abe, M; Aida, T; Baba, T; Kagabu, M; Kaido, Y; Nagasawa, T; Shoji, T; Takatori, E; Tatsuki, S; Tomabechi, H, 2022)	1.03
"Platinum rechallenge therapy for patients with platinum-resistant recurrence did not cause previously unreported adverse events, and the adverse events were manageable."	( Efficacy and Safety of Platinum Rechallenge in Patients With Platinum-resistant Ovarian, Fallopian Tube or Primary Peritoneal Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Abe, M; Aida, T; Baba, T; Kagabu, M; Kaido, Y; Nagasawa, T; Shoji, T; Takatori, E; Tatsuki, S; Tomabechi, H, 2022)	2.47
" The incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs) was 58."	( Safety and efficacy of anlotinib in combination with standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A multi-center, prospective study (ACTION-2). Chen, L; Chen, Y; Deng, P; Dong, Y; Han, B; Kong, T; Liu, D; Qian, F; Yang, H; Zhang, B; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" However, it remains challenging to realize safe and synergistic chemotherapy and radiation sensitization."	( Self-targeting platinum(IV) amphiphilic prodrug nano-assembly as radiosensitizer for synergistic and safe chemoradiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chen, J; Chen, P; Pan, Y; Qin, P; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhou, D, 2022)	1.07
" Considering the efficacy and acceptable adverse events, neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors plus platinum may be considered as an option for patients with TNBC."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line neoadjuvant treatments in triple-negative breast cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Huo, X; Li, J; Ren, D; Shen, G; Wang, M; Zhao, F; Zhao, J; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.12
" The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were analyzed."	( Efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors of apatinib plus platinum doublet chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Liu, X; Shi, Y; Xu, J; Yang, S, 2022)	0.97
" The most common treatment-related adverse events included fatigue (83."	( Efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors of apatinib plus platinum doublet chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Liu, X; Shi, Y; Xu, J; Yang, S, 2022)	0.97
"Hearing damage is one of the main toxic effects of platinum compounds, it derives from the irreversible degeneration of hair cells of the ear."	( Platinum-induced ototoxicity in pediatric cancer survivors: GSTP1 c.313A>G variant association. Ahmed, R; Attia, M; Hanna, D; Kamal, NM; Oshi, MAM; Rifky, E; Sherief, LM, 2022)	2.42
"6%) had a grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event (AE), and one (1."	( Final results of DIADEM, a phase II study to investigate the efficacy and safety of durvalumab in advanced pretreated malignant pleural mesothelioma. Belletti, M; Bono, F; Bonomi, M; Canova, S; Carlucci, L; Ceresoli, GL; Cortinovis, DL; D'Aveni, A; De Angelis, A; De Simone, I; Galli, F; Gelsomino, F; Grosso, F; Mencoboni, M; Pasello, G; Perrino, M; Rulli, E; Zucali, PA, 2022)	0.72
" The median time to onset of the most common nonhaematological treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was typically early (<56 days) and was later for haematological TEAEs (53-84 days)."	( Efficacy and safety of rucaparib treatment in patients with BRCA-mutated, relapsed ovarian cancer: final results from Study 10. Balmaña, J; Banerjee, S; Borrow, J; Burris, HA; Chen, LM; Domchek, SM; Drew, Y; Glasspool, RM; Goble, S; Kristeleit, RS; Lin, KK; Maloney, L; Oza, AM; Patel, MR; Safra, T; Shapira-Frommer, R, 2023)	0.91
" Objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and treatment-related adverse events were analyzed."	( Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy between B3 Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma. Hao, Y; Jin, J; Si, J; Song, Z; Wei, J; Xiang, J; Xu, C, 2022)	0.99
" This study aimed to clarify the efficacy and adverse events of cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC compared to conventional therapy for advanced and platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (OC)."	( Prognostic value and adverse events of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in primary advanced and platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xia, Y; Zhang, J, 2023)	1.31
" Adverse events (AEs) were examined."	( Effectiveness and safety of nab-paclitaxel and platinum as first-line chemotherapy for ovarian cancer: a retrospective study. Han, Z; Hong, Z; Li, S; Qin, Y; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhu, D, 2023)	1.17
" Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) of any grade and AEs of grade 3 or higher were the primary endpoints for this analysis, while specific AE types were secondary endpoints."	( The safety of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Deng, Q; Gong, Y; Mei, T; Wang, T, 2023)	1.16
"Of the evaluated regimens, camrelizumab + chemotherapy and avelumab + chemotherapy were associated with significantly higher rates of AEs of any grade, whereas durvalumab and sintilimab were relatively safe PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitors, respectively, when administered in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy."	( The safety of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Deng, Q; Gong, Y; Mei, T; Wang, T, 2023)	1.33
" Only one patient discontinued chemotherapy due to an adverse event of proteinuria."	( Efficacy and Safety of Platinum-based Chemotherapy With Bevacizumab Followed by Bevacizumab Maintenance for Recurrent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer During PARP Inhibitor Therapy: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Abe, M; Aida, T; Baba, T; Chiba, Y; Kagabu, M; Kaido, Y; Nagasawa, T; Shoji, T; Takahashi, F; Takatori, E, 2023)	1.22
"Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive nivolumab (3 mg/kg intravenously [IV] every 2 weeks) plus ipilimumab (1 mg/kg IV every 6 weeks) or nivolumab (3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks) plus placebo for up to 2 years or until disease progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or consent withdrawal."	( Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab vs Nivolumab Alone for Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: The Phase 2 CheckMate 714 Randomized Clinical Trial. Argiris, A; Bratland, Å; Chung, CH; Coutte, A; de Azevedo, S; Even, C; Fayette, J; Ferris, RL; Gillison, M; Grant, C; Grell, P; Haddad, R; Hansen, AR; Harrington, KJ; Khan, TA; Miller-Moslin, K; Redman, R; Roberts, M; Salas, S; Schenker, M; Soulières, D; Tahara, M; Walker, JWT; Wei, L, 2023)	0.91
" The rates of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events with nivolumab plus ipilimumab vs nivolumab were 15."	( Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab vs Nivolumab Alone for Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: The Phase 2 CheckMate 714 Randomized Clinical Trial. Argiris, A; Bratland, Å; Chung, CH; Coutte, A; de Azevedo, S; Even, C; Fayette, J; Ferris, RL; Gillison, M; Grant, C; Grell, P; Haddad, R; Hansen, AR; Harrington, KJ; Khan, TA; Miller-Moslin, K; Redman, R; Roberts, M; Salas, S; Schenker, M; Soulières, D; Tahara, M; Walker, JWT; Wei, L, 2023)	0.91
" We also analyzed the adverse events associated with bevacizumab and survival time from the start of subsequent chemotherapy in both groups."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of bevacizumab single-maintenance therapy following platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Hirata, T; Kawai, Y; Kishigami, Y; Kondo, E; Kotaka, S; Nagao, K; Okamoto, K; Suzuki, S; Yamawaki, T, 2023)	1.14
" The major ≥ grade 3 adverse event was neutropenia."	( Real-world Efficacy and Safety of Bevacizumab for Advanced or Recurrent Müllerian Cancer: A Single-institutional Experience. Awazu, Y; Fukuda, T; Ichimura, T; Imai, K; Noda, T; Sumi, T; Tasaka, R; Uchikura, E; Yamauchi, M; Yasui, T, 2023)	0.91
" The most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were anaemia (28."	( Efficacy and safety of KN046, a novel bispecific antibody against PD-L1 and CTLA-4, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who failed platinum-based chemotherapy: a phase II study. Fan, Y; Fang, J; Kang, M; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, Q; Ma, Z; Wang, J; Wang, N; Xie, Q; Xiong, A; Xu, M; Xu, T; Zhi, L; Zhou, C; Zhuang, W, 2023)	1.11
" Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 21 patients (95."	( The efficacy and safety of sintilimab combined with chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Wang, CJ; Yin, MM; Zhao, WF; Zhao, Z, 2023)	0.91
" In terms of treatment-related adverse events (AEs), the incidence of grade ≥ 3 treatment-related AEs was 19% (95% CI 13-24%)."	( Efficacy and safety of PD-1 inhibitors in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after failure of platinum-containing regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, Y; Hua, F; Luo, J; Wang, D; Wang, X; Xiao, W, 2023)	1.12
" Adverse effect (AE)-related discontinuation occurred in 4 (4."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety between PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors plus platinum-etoposide as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter, real-world analysis. Dai, G; Gao, M; Hu, J; Li, L; Ma, J; Wang, Y; Yan, H; Yang, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The terminal plasma half-life from 12-48 hr was 21."	( Changes in pharmacokinetics of cisplatin after hepatic resection in rats. Bergan, A; Endresen, L; Hall, KS; Lien, B; Rugstad, HE, )	0.13
" Blood and urine samples were collected over a 4-hour period for statistical moment pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of time of cisplatin administration on its toxicity and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Fischer, WD; Hardie, EM; Page, RL; Williams, PL, 1991)	0.28
" The terminal half-life of total platinum is comparable between the 2 compounds (5."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. van der Vijgh, WJ, 1991)	0.56
" Platinum plasma pharmacokinetic data measured following intrapleural cisplatin administration (4 patients) were compared with those observed in 7 patients treated intravenously with the same dose of cisplatin (90 mg/m2) under the same modalities of hydration."	( Regional pharmacokinetic selectivity of intrapleural cisplatin. Bogliolo, GV; Bottino, GB; Esposito, M; Fulco, RA; Lerza, R; Mencoboni, MP; Merlo, F; Pannacciulli, IM; Vannozzi, M, 1991)	1.19
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of total and ultrafiltrable platinum (UFPt) was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry."	( Continuous infusion carboplatin on a 21-day schedule: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study. de Vries, EG; Meijer, S; Mulder, NH; Postmus, PE; Sleijfer, DT; Smit, EF; Terheggen, PM; Uges, DR; Willemse, PH, 1991)	0.53
" The Cmax and AUC of active 254-S in plasma determined by bioassay following an intraperitoneal infusion were about 60% and 60-80% of those following an intravenous infusion, respectively."	( [Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine (glycolato) platinum (254-S), a new platinum antitumor agent, following an intravenous and intraperitoneal infusion bioactive platinum concentration profile]. Hirabayashi, K; Oguma, T; Okada, E; Shimamura, K, 1990)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma-free platinum were analyzed in 13 CDDP infusions by the one-compartment open model method."	( Studies on age-dependent plasma platinum pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of cisplatin. Fujimoto, T; Inoue, S; Murakami, T; Sasaki, K, 1990)	0.83
"The effect of normal saline (NS) on the antitumor activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetic of cisplatin (DDP) was investigated in BDF1 mice bearing P388 leukemia."	( Effect of normal saline on cisplatin pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity in mice bearing P388 leukemia. Civalleri, D; Collecchi, P; Esposito, M; Fulco, RA; Merlo, F; Parodi, B; Vannozzi, M, )	0.13
"6 L/m2/hr) were also independent of dose; AUC and Cmax increased proportionally to dose."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. Ishikawa, K; Kimura, K; Mase, H; Oguri, S; Sakakibara, T; Shimizu, T; Smyth, RD, 1988)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of total platinum in plasma after short-term and prolonged infusion were similar in terms of terminal half-life (3."	( Pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum species after rapid and prolonged infusions of aqua (1,1-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane) sulfatoplatinum (II) (spiroplatin) during a phase I trial. Elferink, F; Gall, HE; Klein, I; McVie, JG; Pinedo, HM; Simonetti, G; ten Bokkel Huinink, WW; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB, 1988)	0.82
"A pharmacokinetic study was carried out in two infants and two (older) children with high-dose cisplatin (CP) (40 mg/m2/day) by 5-day continuous infusion."	( Continuous infusion of high-dose cisplatin in children: pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum. Bernard, JL; Breant, V; Bues-Charbit, M; Cano, JP; Gentet, JC; Raybaud, C, 1987)	0.49
" Its pharmacokinetic profile was very similar to that of CDDP."	( Toxicology and pharmacokinetics of (1,1-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane)oxalatoplatinum(II) (TNO-38). Lelieveld, P; van der Vijgh, WJ; van Velzen, D, 1986)	0.5
" A physiologically based three-compartment open model was used for pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of four platinum cytostatics in rats. Drobník, J; Filipová, M; Kvĕtina, J; Láznícek, M; Láznícková, A; Svoboda, D, 1987)	0.55
"After administration of cisplatin (50 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2) by intra-arterial or intravenous infusions over 1 or 6 hr to a total of 24 patients with head and neck cancer, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of platinum were determined according to a multicompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intra-arterial and intravenous cisplatin in head and neck cancer patients. Apchin, A; Foka, M; Gouyette, A; Richard, JM, 1986)	0.46
" Classical pharmacokinetic studies of cisplatin have been based on blood and urine samples."	( Noninvasive estimation of bound and mobile platinum compounds in the kidney using a radiopharmacokinetic model. Brechner, RR; D'Argenio, DZ; Dahalan, R; Wolf, W, 1986)	0.53
"In vitro and in vivo cisplatin pharmacokinetic studies were conducted at 37 degrees C and 42-43 degrees C in dogs."	( Effect of hyperthermia on cisplatin pharmacokinetics in normal dogs. Dewhirst, MW; Page, RL; Riviere, JE; Thrall, DE; Tyczkowska, K, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic profiles suggest a possible therapeutic advantage for giving the drug intraperitoneally for the treatment of tumour nodules situated in the peritoneum."	( Phase I study and pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal carboplatin. Dubbelman, R; Franklin, H; Klein, I; McVie, JG; ten Bokkel Huinink, W; van der Vijgh, W, 1985)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in patients receiving CBDCA (20 to 520 mg/sq m) as a 1-hr infusion without hydration or diuresis."	( Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Calvert, AH; Chadwick, R; Harland, SJ; Harrap, KR; Newell, DR; Siddik, ZH, 1984)	0.51
" WBH did not alter plasma or urinary pharmacokinetics of total or ultrafilterable platinum compared with pharmacokinetic data of the same or other patients given DDP euthermically."	( Renal failure and platinum pharmacokinetics in three patients treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and whole-body hyperthermia. Aisner, J; Egorin, MJ; Gerad, H; Van Echo, DA; Whitacre, M, 1983)	0.83
" Slow phase of half-life time of total platinum was very long ranged 86-197 hours."	( [Pharmacokinetics of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)]. Fujii, M; Horiuchi, M; Inuyama, Y; Kohno, N; Mashino, S, 1982)	0.8
" In the elimination phase, the half-life values are high and vary between 149 and 541 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II, in children after rapid infusion. Bernard, JL; Bues-Charbit, M; Cano, JP; Catalin, J; Placidi, M; Raybaud, C; Rigault, JP, 1981)	0.52
" In 14 patients the pharmacokinetics of platinum was characterized by low initial levels, a progressive accumulation, and a long terminal half-life with a very late steady state."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic behavior of platinum after cisplatin administration. Allain, P; Delva, R; Gamelin, E; Larra, F; Lortholary, A; Maillart, P; Turcant, A, 1995)	0.83
"Seven patients with recurrent gynecological malignancies (2 cervical, 2 endometrial, 3 ovarian) treated with CDDP at the initial chemotherapy were studied for the pharmacokinetic analysis of platinum (Pt) and changes of blood biochemistry in the continuous CDDP-CBDCA infusion therapy."	( [Pharmacokinetic analysis of platinum in the continuous CDDP-CBDCA treatment; its relation to the changes of blood biochemistry]. Chen, JT; Hasumi, K, 1995)	0.77
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed: distribution (t1/2 alpha) and elimination (t1/2 beta) half-lives, total body clearance (ClT), renal clearance (ClR), and areas under the concentration versus time curve (AUCs)."	( Cisplatin pharmacokinetics using a five-day schedule during repeated courses of chemotherapy in germ cell tumors. Apostoli, P; Bonetti, A; Cetto, GL; Franceschi, T; Leone, R; Messori, A; Molino, A; Sperotto, L, 1995)	0.29
" Since the toxicities of either drug largely depended upon circadian dosing time, such a pharmacokinetic study was performed following injection of either Pt complex at a time of low (16 h after light onset-HALO), intermediate (0 HALO) or high (8 HALO) toxicity."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (L-OHP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) in mice with reference to circadian dosing time. Boughattas, NA; Bouzouita, K; Bruguerolle, B; Fournier, C; Hecquet, B; Lévi, F; Omrane, B; Trabelsi, H, 1994)	0.29
" In studies described here, we examined the potential of combining IL-1 alpha and the platinum analogue carboplatin (CBDCA) and compared the schedule-dependent and pharmacokinetic effects for IL-1 alpha combinations with cDDP and CBDCA."	( Potentiation by interleukin 1 alpha of cisplatin and carboplatin antitumor activity: schedule-dependent and pharmacokinetic effects in the RIF-1 tumor model. Chang, MJ; Egorin, MJ; Erkmen, K; Furmanski, P; Johnson, CS; Modzelewski, RA; Reyno, LM; Vlock, DR; Yu, WD, 1994)	0.51
" The plasma concentrations of ultrafilterable platinum were similar to those of total platinum and there was little difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters between total platinum and ultrafilterable platinum."	( Pharmacokinetics of platinum in cancer patients following intravenous infusion of cis-diammine(glycolato)platinum, 254-S. Oguma, T; Ota, K; Shimamura, K, )	0.71
" Pt clearance from the skin fitted a monoexponential curve with a half-life of about 30 days."	( Noninvasive follow-up of platinum pharmacokinetics in the skin of patients on cisplatin chemotherapy. Catane, R; Gorodetsky, R; Kaufman, B; Loewenthal, E; Mou, X; Vexler, A, 1993)	0.59
" The results show that elimination half-life of total platinum was 13 hours in the children with normal renal function and 42 hours in the anephric child following the 100 mg/m2 dose."	( Comparison of carboplatin pharmacokinetics between an anephric child and two children with normal renal function. Klein, J; Koren, G; Moselhy, G; Weitzman, S, 1993)	0.53
" This report characterizes the pharmacokinetic profile of both the total plasma concentrations of elemental platinum and the unbound ultrafiltrate concentrations of elemental platinum, following a 30 min intravenous infusion of ormaplatin."	( Pharmacokinetics of elemental platinum (ultrafiltrate and total) after a thirty minute intravenous infusion of ormaplatin. Christian, MC; Davis, P; Figg, WD; Jacobs, J; Kohn, E; Link, CJ; Lush, R; Reed, E; Rothenberg, ML; Ryan, N; Sarosy, G; Weiss, RB, 1997)	0.8
"The pharmacokinetic study on cis-(glycolato-O,O') [(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxolane]-platinum(II) (SKI 2034R, NSC D642489) was performed in beagle dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of platinum following the administration of cis-(glycolato-O,O')[(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1, 3-dioxolane]platinum(II) in dogs. Cho, YB; Hong, WS; Kim, DK; Kim, HT; Kim, KH; Kim, TS, )	0.67
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental and compartmental analyses."	( Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in children with cancer. Boddy, AV; English, MW; Newell, DR; Pearson, AD; Peng, B; Price, L; Tilby, MJ; Wyllie, R, 1997)	0.3
" To clarify the pharmacokinetic differences according to the administration schedules of cisplatin, we compared three different administration schedules of cisplatin such as single short-term infusion, daily short-term infusion and daily continuous infusion in combination with 5-fluorouracil."	( Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combined cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy: a comparative study of three different schedules of cisplatin administration. Ikeda, K; Ishida, K; Iwaya, T; Kawamura, H; Koeda, K; Maesawa, C; Saito, K; Sato, N; Takagane, A; Takiyama, I; Terashima, M; Yoshinari, H, 1998)	0.3
"The highest AUC of total and free Pt and the lowest Cmax of free Pt were observed in the daily continuous infusion (total AUC; 162."	( Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combined cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy: a comparative study of three different schedules of cisplatin administration. Ikeda, K; Ishida, K; Iwaya, T; Kawamura, H; Koeda, K; Maesawa, C; Saito, K; Sato, N; Takagane, A; Takiyama, I; Terashima, M; Yoshinari, H, 1998)	0.3
"Daily continuous infusion of cisplatin gave the best pharmacokinetic results and to evaluate the clinical advantage of this schedule a prospective randomized trial should be conducted with sufficient numbers of patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combined cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil therapy: a comparative study of three different schedules of cisplatin administration. Ikeda, K; Ishida, K; Iwaya, T; Kawamura, H; Koeda, K; Maesawa, C; Saito, K; Sato, N; Takagane, A; Takiyama, I; Terashima, M; Yoshinari, H, 1998)	0.3
"The cumulative pharmacokinetic pattern of oxaliplatin, a new diamminecyclohexane platinum derivative, was studied in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer."	( Cumulative pharmacokinetic study of oxaliplatin, administered every three weeks, combined with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer patients. Allain, P; Boisdron-Celle, M; Bouil, AL; Brienza, S; Cailleux, A; Cvitkovic, E; Delva, R; Gamelin, E; Krikorian, A; Larra, F; Robert, J; Turcant, A, 1997)	0.52
" The elimination of ultrafilterable platinum [final half-life (t1/2 final) = 131+/-15 min; clearance (Cl) = 125+/-14 ml/min/1."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lobaplatin (D-19466) in patients with advanced solid tumors, including patients with impaired renal of liver function. Boven, E; Gall, HE; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB; Welink, J, 1999)	0.58
" No plasmatic pharmacokinetic interactions were detected."	( Combination of oxaliplatin plus irinotecan in patients with gastrointestinal tumors: results of two independent phase I studies with pharmacokinetics. Besmaine, A; Cuvier, C; Cvitkovic, E; Dupont-André, G; Goldwasser, F; Kalla, S; Lokiec, F; Mahjoubi, M; Marty, M; Méry-Mignard, D; Misset, JL; Ouldkaci, M; Wasserman, E, 1999)	0.3
" The aim of this work was to develop and validate a highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assay for the determination of oxaliplatin-derived platinum in plasma ultrafiltrate, plasma and whole blood and to apply this technique to clinical pharmacokinetic studies with oxaliplatin."	( Validation of a highly sensitive ICP-MS method for the determination of platinum in biofluids: application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies with oxaliplatin. Firth, JW; Graham, MA; Greenslade, D; McDougall, S; Morrison, JG; White, P; Woolfrey, SG, 2000)	0.73
" In this work, we studied population pharmacokinetic analysis based on these platinum concentrations."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and its metabolites in cancer patients: possible misinterpretation of covariates for pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the concentrations of unchanged cisplatin, ultrafiltered platinum and total pl Atagi, S; Hanada, K; Kawahara, M; Nishijima, K; Ogata, H, 2001)	0.72
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the program NONMEM (Version V) with the one- or two-compartment model with zero-order infusion."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and its metabolites in cancer patients: possible misinterpretation of covariates for pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the concentrations of unchanged cisplatin, ultrafiltered platinum and total pl Atagi, S; Hanada, K; Kawahara, M; Nishijima, K; Ogata, H, 2001)	0.49
" Only the clearance of filtered platinum was significantly related to urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and the other covariates were not related to these pharmacokinetic parameters with respect to unchanged cisplatin and total platinum concentrations."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and its metabolites in cancer patients: possible misinterpretation of covariates for pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the concentrations of unchanged cisplatin, ultrafiltered platinum and total pl Atagi, S; Hanada, K; Kawahara, M; Nishijima, K; Ogata, H, 2001)	0.78
" The current study directly tests, for the first time, whether pharmacokinetic or other factors predominantly determine the drug-target interaction of cisplatin in a pediatric patient population."	( Influence of cellular factors and pharmacokinetics on the formation of platinum-DNA adducts in leukocytes of children receiving cisplatin therapy. Boddy, AV; Dias, C; Errington, J; Hale, J; Newell, DR; Parry, A; Pearson, AD; Price, L; Tilby, MJ; Veal, GJ, 2001)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic monitoring was performed in all patients and samples were analysed for platinum content by atomic absorption spectroscopy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of SPI-77, a liposomal encapsulated dosage form of cisplatin. Beijnen, JH; Groenewegen, G; Huisman, A; Maliepaard, M; Meerum Terwogt, JM; Pluim, D; Schellens, JM; Schot, M; ten Bokkel Huinink, WW; Tibben, MM; Voest, EE; Welbank, H, 2002)	0.54
"The results of this phase I trial show that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of cisplatin is significantly altered by its encapsulation in Stealth liposomes."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of SPI-77, a liposomal encapsulated dosage form of cisplatin. Beijnen, JH; Groenewegen, G; Huisman, A; Maliepaard, M; Meerum Terwogt, JM; Pluim, D; Schellens, JM; Schot, M; ten Bokkel Huinink, WW; Tibben, MM; Voest, EE; Welbank, H, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and biological correlates of OPT alone as well as the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between OPT and TXL."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (NSC 266046) alone and in combination with paclitaxel in cancer patients. Balcerzak, S; Bender, J; Brooks, R; Chan, KK; D'Ambrosio, S; Gibson-D'Ambrosio, R; Grever, M; Kraut, E; Liu, J; Stanley, H, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: Vc=0."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of iv injection of polyphase liposome-encapsulated cisplatin (KM-1) in rats. Chang, WB; Ci, YX; Li, YZ; Mi, JB; Wang, S; Xu, G; Zhao, MZ; Zhao, YK; Zhu, LY, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic profile of cisplatin administered either in the presence or absence of procainamide hydrochloride was investigated in BDF1 female mice bearing 6-day P388 leukemia."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of platinum after combined treatment of cisplatin and procainamide hydrochloride in mice bearing P388 leukemia. Cafaggi, S; Cilli, M; Lindup, E; Mariggiò, MA; Ottone, M; Parodi, B; Vannozzi, MO; Viale, M, )	0.39
"The combined administration of the antiarrhythmic drug and cisplatin caused significant differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles of Pt in plasma, ascites fluid and tissues."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of platinum after combined treatment of cisplatin and procainamide hydrochloride in mice bearing P388 leukemia. Cafaggi, S; Cilli, M; Lindup, E; Mariggiò, MA; Ottone, M; Parodi, B; Vannozzi, MO; Viale, M, )	0.39
" For pharmacokinetic investigation of BNP7787 and mesna and a possible mutual pharmacokinetic interaction between BNP7787 and cisplatin, cisplatin and BNP7787 were also administered as single agents in 14 of 25 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical data of the novel chemoprotectant BNP7787 and cisplatin and their metabolites. Berkhof, J; Boven, E; Hausheer, FH; Ruijter, R; van der Born, K; van der Vijgh, WJ; Verschraagen, M, 2003)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic profile of mesna was unaffected by cisplatin and its metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical data of the novel chemoprotectant BNP7787 and cisplatin and their metabolites. Berkhof, J; Boven, E; Hausheer, FH; Ruijter, R; van der Born, K; van der Vijgh, WJ; Verschraagen, M, 2003)	0.32
" The combination of BNP7787 with cisplatin did not alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of mesna or the cisplatin metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical data of the novel chemoprotectant BNP7787 and cisplatin and their metabolites. Berkhof, J; Boven, E; Hausheer, FH; Ruijter, R; van der Born, K; van der Vijgh, WJ; Verschraagen, M, 2003)	0.32
"In order to clarify the pharmacokinetic profile of nedaplatin, unbound platinum concentrations (789 points) in plasma after intravenous infusion of nedaplatin were obtained from 183 courses for 141 patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of platinum after nedaplatin administration and model validation in adult patients. Ishibashi, T; Oguma, T; Yano, Y, 2003)	0.84
"A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order input and first order elimination described the current data well."	( Population pharmacokinetics of platinum after nedaplatin administration and model validation in adult patients. Ishibashi, T; Oguma, T; Yano, Y, 2003)	0.6
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed for unbound platinum after intravenous infusion of nedaplatin."	( Population pharmacokinetics of platinum after nedaplatin administration and model validation in adult patients. Ishibashi, T; Oguma, T; Yano, Y, 2003)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by a noncompartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of satraplatin (JM216), an oral platinum (IV) complex under daily oral administration for 5 or 14 days. Bauer, J; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Lejeune, F; Leyvraz, S; Vouillamoz-Lorenz, S, )	0.39
" Platinum pharmacokinetic parameters were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry at baseline, 2, 5 10, 20, 40 and 60 min, and then at 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after drug administration."	( Pharmacokinetic advantage of intra-arterial hepatic oxaliplatin administration: comparative results with cisplatin using a rabbit VX2 tumor model. Ardouin, P; Bonnay, M; Ducreux, M; Dzodic, R; Gomez-Abuin, G; Gouyette, A; Munck, JN; Rixe, O; Rougier, P, 2004)	1.23
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic disposition of carboplatin and determine whether glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could be used to predict carboplatin clearance and myelotoxic effects in cats with tumors."	( Effect of glomerular filtration rate on clearance and myelotoxicity of carboplatin in cats with tumors. Bailey, DB; Dykes, NL; Erb, HN; Hoopes, PJ; Page, RL; Rassnick, KM, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma platinum concentrations were measured via atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( Effect of glomerular filtration rate on clearance and myelotoxicity of carboplatin in cats with tumors. Bailey, DB; Dykes, NL; Erb, HN; Hoopes, PJ; Page, RL; Rassnick, KM, 2004)	0.76
"8 ng/ml, indicating large inter-patient pharmacokinetic variations."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with leucovorin in Korean patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cho, HK; Chung, SJ; Kang, JH; Kim, DD; Kuh, HJ; Lee, ES; Lee, JW; Lee, KS; Park, JK; Shim, CK, 2006)	0.33
" Antitumor efficacy in Korean advanced colorectal cancer patients given oxaliplatin and 5-FU should be further evaluated with respect to pharmacokinetic variabilities."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with leucovorin in Korean patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cho, HK; Chung, SJ; Kang, JH; Kim, DD; Kuh, HJ; Lee, ES; Lee, JW; Lee, KS; Park, JK; Shim, CK, 2006)	0.33
"We investigated the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( Coadministration of oxaliplatin does not influence the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine. Georgoulias, V; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P, 2006)	0.33
" Cmax and AUC increased linearly with dose for total plasma platinum and ultrafiltrate platinum."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of AP5346, a DACH-platinum-polymer conjugate, administered weekly for three out of every 4 weeks to advanced solid tumor patients. Beijnen, JH; Bennouna, J; Campone, M; Howell, SB; Nowotnik, DP; Rademaker-Lakhai, JM; Schellens, JH, 2007)	0.83
" However, there was no increase in pharmacodynamic drug-related toxicities."	( Oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function. Doroshow, JH; Egorin, MJ; Goetz, A; Graham, MA; Greenslade, D; Grem, JL; Hamilton, A; Ivy, P; Lockwood, G; Mani, S; Mulkerin, DL; Ng, CM; Ramanathan, RK; Remick, SC; Sharma, S; Synold, TW; Takimoto, CH, 2007)	0.34
" The pemetrexed pharmacokinetic results were consistent with those from previous single-agent pemetrexed studies and a previous study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of platinum derived from cisplatin administered alone and with pemetrexed in head and neck cancer patients. Ciuleanu, T; Darstein, CL; Latz, JE; Musib, LC; Specenier, PM; Vermorken, JB, 2009)	0.64
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of platinum originating from dicycloplatin."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding study of platinum originating from dicycloplatin, a novel antitumor supramolecule, in rats and dogs by ICP-MS. Chen, X; Dong, C; Han, D; Li, C; Lin, H; Ren, S; Wang, X; Xu, C; Yang, S; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D, 2012)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in 26 patients to determine the total and ultrafiltered platinum concentrations in plasma."	( Phase I clinical trial of the novel platin complex dicycloplatin: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. Guan, ZZ; Guo, Y; Huang, H; Jiang, WQ; Li, S; Liao, H; Yang, XQ; Zhan, J; Zou, BY, 2013)	0.61
" The terminal plasma half-life of total platinum after DCP administration ranged from 41."	( Phase I clinical trial of the novel platin complex dicycloplatin: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. Guan, ZZ; Guo, Y; Huang, H; Jiang, WQ; Li, S; Liao, H; Yang, XQ; Zhan, J; Zou, BY, 2013)	0.66
" We have further studied the pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol by using this proposed electrochemical biosensor, so a new tool to investigate pharmacokinetic is developed in this work."	( An electrochemical biosensor for clenbuterol detection and pharmacokinetics investigation. Bo, B; Jiang, B; Li, G; Lou, Y; Miao, P; Pei, D; Shu, Y; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
" The present study was to explore the pharmacokinetic profiles, distribution and excretion of platinum in Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration of DN604."	( Investigation on pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of a novel platinum anticancer agent in rats by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chen, X; Deng, S; Fan, A; Gou, S; Liu, Q; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.85
" We compared pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-24h, t1/2, and Cmax observed with each route of administration by analysis of variance (ANOVA)."	( Randomized pharmacokinetic study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous palonosetron in cancer patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy. Algarra, SM; Azanza, JR; Blanco Prieto, M; Campanero, MA; del Barrio, A; Gomez-Guiu, A; Guillén Grimá, F; Gurpide, A; Lopez-Picazo, JM; Perez-Gracia, JL; Sadaba, B, 2014)	0.61
" Cmax was lower with SC than with IV route and was reached 15 minutes following SC administration."	( Randomized pharmacokinetic study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous palonosetron in cancer patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy. Algarra, SM; Azanza, JR; Blanco Prieto, M; Campanero, MA; del Barrio, A; Gomez-Guiu, A; Guillén Grimá, F; Gurpide, A; Lopez-Picazo, JM; Perez-Gracia, JL; Sadaba, B, 2014)	0.61
" Further, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of CDDP in SKOV-3-bearing nude mice were observed."	( Hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combination therapy with a traditional Chinese medicine compound of Zengmian Yiliu granules in ICR mice and SKOV-3-bearing nude mice. Gong, C; Ji, LL; Qi, C; Qian, L; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H; Zhou, WB, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of free and total platinum (Pt) after dosing of CDDP alone and combination with ZMYL were determined in SKOV-3-bearing nude mice by ICP-MS."	( Hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combination therapy with a traditional Chinese medicine compound of Zengmian Yiliu granules in ICR mice and SKOV-3-bearing nude mice. Gong, C; Ji, LL; Qi, C; Qian, L; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H; Zhou, WB, 2015)	0.66
" Some differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two groups have been observed in higher CL and decreased MRT of free platinum (Pt) in plasma and total Pt in spleen in CDDP co-administration with ZMYL group."	( Hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combination therapy with a traditional Chinese medicine compound of Zengmian Yiliu granules in ICR mice and SKOV-3-bearing nude mice. Gong, C; Ji, LL; Qi, C; Qian, L; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H; Zhou, WB, 2015)	0.62
" We have investigated intrapleural perfusion with hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC) using cisplatin in a study with a pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intrapleural perfusion with hyperthermic chemotherapy using cisplatin in patients with malignant pleural effusion. Ishida, H; Kaneko, K; Kobayashi, K; Nitanda, H; Sakaguchi, H; Yamazaki, N, 2017)	0.46
"IPHC with cisplatin showed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for an optional treatment to control malignant pleural effusion."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intrapleural perfusion with hyperthermic chemotherapy using cisplatin in patients with malignant pleural effusion. Ishida, H; Kaneko, K; Kobayashi, K; Nitanda, H; Sakaguchi, H; Yamazaki, N, 2017)	0.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Each of three ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors was used as a third drug in combination with selected antitumor platinum (Pt) agents and cyclophosphamide (CY) in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 x DBA/2 mice."	( Schedule-dependency assessments of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors when used in combination with platinum compounds plus cyclophosphamide in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia. Atkins, LM; Gale, GR; Meischen, SJ; Schwartz, P, 1979)	0.68
" STS in a rat liver tumor, we made use of the AT-II-induced hypertension method, in combination with TRC."	( Efficacy of two-route chemotherapy using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and its antidote, sodium thiosulfate, in combination with angiotensin II for rat liver tumor. Aoki, K; Baba, T; Hasuda, K; Kobayashi, H; Taniguchi, S, 1989)	0.52
"Platinum drugs have chemical as well as biochemical and biological effects on cells, all of which may interact with radiation effects."	( Radiation and platinum drug interaction. Nias, AH, 1985)	2.07
" In this study the antitumor effect of 254-S combined with hyperthermia in vivo in mice was studied."	( Enhancement of antitumor effects of new analogue of platinum, cis-diammine (glycolato) platinum (254-S) combined with hyperthermia in vivo. Jo, A; Mizuuchi, H; Sakurai, K; Takada, K; Tsumura, M; Yoshiga, K, )	0.38
"We examined the optimal timing for the enhancement of antitumor effects of CDDP analogues, cis- diammine-1,1- cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum (II); CBDCA combined with hyperthermia against the CD-1 mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells in vivo."	( Antitumor effect of carboplatin combined with hyperthermia on Ehrlich-ascites tumor in vivo. Mizuuchi, H; Sakurai, K; Takada, K; Tsumura, M; Yoshiga, K, )	0.33
" This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of oxaliplatin in combination with 5-FU and AG337 in cultured human colon (HT29, CaCo2), breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and ovarian (2008) cancer cell lines, and their derived counterparts selected for their resistance to 5-FU (HT29-5-FU), doxorubicin (MCF-7mdr) or cisplatin (2008C13)."	( Antitumor activity of oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil and the thymidylate synthase inhibitor AG337 in human colon, breast and ovarian cancers. Allain, P; Buquet-Fagot, C; Cvitkovic, E; Djelloul, S; Gespach, C; Louvet, C; Mester, J; Raymond, E, 1997)	0.3
" Ten days after injection, cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was administered with PGE1 to 20 and the remaining 20 were injected with physiological saline."	( Cisplatin combined with prostaglandin E1 chemotherapy in rat peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ikeguchi, M; Kaibara, N; Maeta, M, 2000)	0.31
"Oxaliplatin (OPT), a third-generation platinating agent, is currently being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial in head and neck cancer patients and in a phase I clinical trial in combination with paclitaxel (TXL)."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (NSC 266046) alone and in combination with paclitaxel in cancer patients. Balcerzak, S; Bender, J; Brooks, R; Chan, KK; D'Ambrosio, S; Gibson-D'Ambrosio, R; Grever, M; Kraut, E; Liu, J; Stanley, H, 2002)	0.31
" The clinical pharmacokinetics of OPT alone and in combination with TXL were investigated in the first cycle of each treatment protocol."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (NSC 266046) alone and in combination with paclitaxel in cancer patients. Balcerzak, S; Bender, J; Brooks, R; Chan, KK; D'Ambrosio, S; Gibson-D'Ambrosio, R; Grever, M; Kraut, E; Liu, J; Stanley, H, 2002)	0.31
" However, the terminal elimination rate constant (beta) of total plasma platinum increased at all dose levels of OPT when combined with TXL at 45 mg/m(2) ( P<0."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (NSC 266046) alone and in combination with paclitaxel in cancer patients. Balcerzak, S; Bender, J; Brooks, R; Chan, KK; D'Ambrosio, S; Gibson-D'Ambrosio, R; Grever, M; Kraut, E; Liu, J; Stanley, H, 2002)	0.55
" Ten patients with relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were treated from June 2000 until May 2001 with a platinum-containing chemotherapy regimen according to the ICE- or DHAP-protocol in combination with rituximab at the University of Muenster."	( Rituximab in combination with platinum-containing chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Berdel, WE; Bieker, R; Kessler, T; Mesters, RM, )	0.62
"A new method of single-drop microextraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization (LTETV)-ICPMS was proposed for the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd with benzoylacetone (BZA) as both extractant and chemical modifier."	( Single-drop microextraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization ICPMS for the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd in biological samples. Hu, B; Jiang, Z; Liang, Y; Wu, Y; Xia, L, 2004)	0.32
" Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin and 5-FU administered in combination with leucovorin in Korean advanced colorectal cancer patients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil administered in combination with leucovorin in Korean patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cho, HK; Chung, SJ; Kang, JH; Kim, DD; Kuh, HJ; Lee, ES; Lee, JW; Lee, KS; Park, JK; Shim, CK, 2006)	0.33
" From January 1991, we randomly selected 26 patients with locally advanced stage IIIb cervical cancer to receive radiotherapy combined with TAI of 120 mg/body cisplatin twice a month at an interval of 4 weeks."	( Distribution of platinum in the female genital tract and efficacy of radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial infusion of cisplatin for locally advanced stage IIIb carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Ito, K; Kaneyasu, Y; Komatsu, M; Nagai, N; Oshita, T; Shiroyama, Y; Watasaki, S, 2009)	0.7
"Patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer were treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) 50 mg/m(2) on day 1 (and repeated every 4 weeks) in combination with escalating doses of atrasentan once daily."	( Phase 1/2 study of atrasentan combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer. Groenewegen, G; Kronemeijer, RH; Los, M; van der Mijn, KJ; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2010)	0.95
"A new type of flow injection analysis (FIA) system combined with an extremely high temperature reactor, namely hydrothermal flow injection analysis (HT-FIA), has been successfully constructed for the first time."	( Flow injection analysis combined with a hydrothermal flow reactor: application to kinetic determination of trace amounts of iridium using a water-soluble porphyrin. Hisamoto, H; Igarashi, S; Ikoma, K; Kawamura, K; Yao, T, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate the role of nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LF; Li, W; Liu, XM; Qian, ZZ; Qiu, LH; Wang, HQ; Zhang, HL, 2011)	0.37
"The clinical data of 37 NSCLC patients who received nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2009 to October 2010 were retrospectively reviewed."	( [Nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LF; Li, W; Liu, XM; Qian, ZZ; Qiu, LH; Wang, HQ; Zhang, HL, 2011)	0.37
"The regimen of nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy can improve the response rate and was well tolerated in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer."	( [Nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LF; Li, W; Liu, XM; Qian, ZZ; Qiu, LH; Wang, HQ; Zhang, HL, 2011)	0.37
"Use of recombinant human endostatin combined with conventional cytotoxic therapy to treat tumors has been growing because of evidence of increased efficacy."	( Endostar combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced NSCLCs: a meta-analysis. Cao, DD; Chen, Y; Ge, W; Jie, FF; Wang, HM; Zheng, YF, 2011)	0.37
"This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of rh-endostatin (Endostar) combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC patients."	( Endostar combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced NSCLCs: a meta-analysis. Cao, DD; Chen, Y; Ge, W; Jie, FF; Wang, HM; Zheng, YF, 2011)	0.37
"Our results suggested that in the treatment of advanced NSCLC, endostar in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy could improve the response rate without obviously increasing side effects."	( Endostar combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced NSCLCs: a meta-analysis. Cao, DD; Chen, Y; Ge, W; Jie, FF; Wang, HM; Zheng, YF, 2011)	0.59
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with pemetrexed and platinum (PP) for treating patients with advanced lung cancer."	( Phase II study on Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2013)	0.6
"Javanica oil emulsion injection combined with chemotherapy could be considered as a safe and effective regimen in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma."	( Phase II study on Javanica oil emulsion injection (Yadanzi®) combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Cao, J; Huang, XE; Liu, J; Lu, YY; Wu, XY; Xiang, J; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2013)	0.39
"Fifty-nine mesothelioma patients (31 men with a median age of 62 years) treated in first-line chemotherapy with platinum in combination with pemetrexed or pemetrexed monotherapy were enrolled."	( Correlation between TS, MTHFR, and ERCC1 gene polymorphisms and the efficacy of platinum in combination with pemetrexed first-line chemotherapy in mesothelioma patients. Dyszkiewicz, W; Kalinka-Warzocha, E; Knetki-Wróblewska, M; Kowalski, DM; Krawczyk, P; Krzakowski, M; Kucharczyk, T; Milanowski, J; Powrózek, T; Ramlau, R; Winiarczyk, K, 2014)	0.84
" In this open-label, phase I/II clinical study, we analyzed the toxicity and efficacy of low dose decitabine combined with taxol and platinum chemotherapy in treatment of refractory and recurrent ovarian cancer."	( Low Dose Decitabine Combined with Taxol and Platinum Chemotherapy to Treat Refractory/Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase I/II Study. Chen, M; Fu, X; Han, W; Meng, Y; Nie, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.88
"Low dose decitabine combined with taxol and platinum was well-tolerated and suitable for treating refractory/refractory ovarian cancer."	( Low Dose Decitabine Combined with Taxol and Platinum Chemotherapy to Treat Refractory/Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase I/II Study. Chen, M; Fu, X; Han, W; Meng, Y; Nie, J; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.94
"With the idea that platinum compounds that bind with DNA differently than cisplatin may be better-able to overcome platinum resistance in ovarian tumor, the monofunctional platinum complex tris(imidazo(1,2-α)pyridine) chloroplatinum(II) chloride (coded as LH6) has been synthesized and investigated for its activity, alone and in combination with the phytochemicals curcumin and quercetin, against human ovarian A2780, A2780(cisR) and A2780(ZD0473R) cancer cell lines."	( Monofunctional Platinum-containing Pyridine-based Ligand Acts Synergistically in Combination with the Phytochemicals Curcumin and Quercetin in Human Ovarian Tumour Models. Arzuman, L; Beale, P; Huq, F; Yu, JQ, 2015)	1.1
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide (GI regimen)in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy."	( [Efficacy and safety evaluation of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy]. Dong, M; Gui, L; He, X; Hu, S; Jia, B; Liu, P; Qin, Y; Yang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.81
" This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of intraperitoneal perfusion therapy of Endostar combined with platinum chemotherapy for malignant serous effusions (MSE)."	( Intraperitoneal Perfusion Therapy of Endostar Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy for Malignant Serous Effusions: A Meta-analysis. Li, Q; Li, YQ; Liang, R; Lin, Y; Liu, ZH; Xie, HY; Yuan, CL, 2015)	0.86
"Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on intraperitoneal perfusion therapy of Endostar combined with platinum chemotherapy for malignant serous effusions were searched in the electronic data of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, CBM and WanFang."	( Intraperitoneal Perfusion Therapy of Endostar Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy for Malignant Serous Effusions: A Meta-analysis. Li, Q; Li, YQ; Liang, R; Lin, Y; Liu, ZH; Xie, HY; Yuan, CL, 2015)	0.88
" The meta-analysis showed that Endostar combined with platinum had an advantage over platinum alone in terms of response rate of effusions (76% vs 48%, RR=1."	( Intraperitoneal Perfusion Therapy of Endostar Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy for Malignant Serous Effusions: A Meta-analysis. Li, Q; Li, YQ; Liang, R; Lin, Y; Liu, ZH; Xie, HY; Yuan, CL, 2015)	0.91
"Endostar combined with platinum by intraperitoneal perfusion is effective for malignant serous effusions, and patient quality of life is significantly improved without the incidence of adverse reactions being obviously increased."	( Intraperitoneal Perfusion Therapy of Endostar Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy for Malignant Serous Effusions: A Meta-analysis. Li, Q; Li, YQ; Liang, R; Lin, Y; Liu, ZH; Xie, HY; Yuan, CL, 2015)	0.97
" Lastly, doses of proteasome inhibitors that are inadequate to block the activity of the proteasomes, caused cell death when combined with mifepristone; this phenotype was accompanied by accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins denoting proteasome inhibition."	( Mifepristone increases mRNA translation rate, triggers the unfolded protein response, increases autophagic flux, and kills ovarian cancer cells in combination with proteasome or lysosome inhibitors. Callegari, EA; Chien, J; Drappeau, DD; Eyster, KM; Gamarra-Luques, CD; Goyeneche, AA; Hapon, MB; Knapp, JR; Pan, B; Srinivasan, R; Telleria, CM; Terpstra, EJ; Wang, X; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
" With the idea that the difference may translate into an altered spectrum of activity, monofunctional planaramineplatinum(II) complex tris(quinoline)monochloro-platinum chloride (coded as LH5) was synthesized and investigated for its activity against human ovarian A2780, cisplatin-resistant A2780 (A2780(cisR)) and ZD0473-resistnat A2780 (A2780(ZD0473R)) cancer cell lines alone and in combination with the phytochemicals capsaicin (Caps) and curcumin (Cur) as a function of concentration and sequence of administration."	( Synthesis of tris(quinoline)monochloroplatinum(II) Chloride and its Activity Alone and in Combination with Capsaicin and Curcumin in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Arzuman, L; Beale, P; Huq, F; Yu, JQ, 2016)	0.92
" Subsequently, each agent was used in combination with CNDAC at fixed concentration ratios."	( Mechanism-Based Drug Combinations with the DNA Strand-Breaking Nucleoside Analog CNDAC. Hargis, S; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Nowak, B; Plunkett, W, 2016)	0.43
"Our previous study demonstrated that platinum nanocolloid (Pt-nc), combined with lower-dose gamma irradiation at 3, 5, and 7 Gy significantly decreased proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line KYSE-70."	( Effects of Platinum Nanocolloid in Combination with Gamma Irradiation on Normal Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells. Li, Q; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y; Tanaka, Y, 2016)	1.1
"This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and to explore predictive biomarkers of the efficacy of nimotuzumab."	( Nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma. Si, X; Wang, H; Wang, M; Wu, S; Zeng, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
"A retrospective study was conducted of patients with advanced LSCC administered nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as first-line therapy from June 2012 to December 2016 at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital."	( Nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma. Si, X; Wang, H; Wang, M; Wu, S; Zeng, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
"Nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy might be a possible option as first-line therapy in patients with advanced LSCC."	( Nimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma. Si, X; Wang, H; Wang, M; Wu, S; Zeng, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
"In this study we evaluated the multitargeted Janus kinase/TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) inhibitor momelotinib combined with the mitogen/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK)1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib in patients with platinum-treated, refractory, metastatic, KRAS-mutated NSCLC."	( Phase 1B Study of Momelotinib Combined With Trametinib in Metastatic, Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Treatment Failure. Barbie, DA; Humeniuk, R; Kawashima, J; Kelly, K; Koczywas, M; Kong, S; Spira, A, 2018)	0.86
" The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pemetrexed combined with platinum chemotherapy in patients with HER2-mutant and HER2 wild-type lung adenocarcinoma."	( [Association between the HER2 Gene Status and the Efficacy of First-line Pemetrexed Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Lung  Adenocarcinoma]. Li, B; Li, P; Li, X; Shen, S; Shi, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.96
"HER2-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with first-line pemetrexed combined with platinum chemotherapy have greater clinical benefit than HER2 wild-type patients."	( [Association between the HER2 Gene Status and the Efficacy of First-line Pemetrexed Combined with Platinum Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Lung  Adenocarcinoma]. Li, B; Li, P; Li, X; Shen, S; Shi, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.96
"To systemically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cinobufacini Injection in combination with platinum-contained first-line chemotherapy for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)."	( [Meta-analysis of Cinobufacini Injection combined with platinum-contained first-line chemotherapy in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer]. Feng, FC; Gu, C; Han, D; He, HL; Peng, WP; Wang, ZC; Xu, Y; Zhou, XM, 2019)	0.98
"This phase 2 study explored tislelizumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced lung cancer."	( A Phase 2 Study of Tislelizumab in Combination With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Lung Cancer in Chinese Patients. Cheng, Y; Cui, J; Leaw, SJ; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Ma, Y; Ma, Z; Shu, Y; Tan, W; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2020)	1.03
" All patients received tislelizumab 200 mg in combination with 4-6 cycles of platinum-doublet."	( A Phase 2 Study of Tislelizumab in Combination With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Lung Cancer in Chinese Patients. Cheng, Y; Cui, J; Leaw, SJ; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Ma, Y; Ma, Z; Shu, Y; Tan, W; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2020)	1.04
"This is the first study to explore the efficacy and safety of osimertinib combined with platinum-based chemotherapy in previously untreated NSCLC patients with EGFR-sensitizing mutations."	( A Phase II Study of Osimertinib Combined With Platinum Plus Pemetrexed in Patients With EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer: The OPAL Study (NEJ032C/LOGIK1801). Asahina, H; Isobe, T; Kagamu, H; Kikuchi, T; Kobayashi, K; Maemondo, M; Morita, S; Oizumi, S; Okamoto, I; Seike, M; Sugio, K; Takahashi, K; Tanaka, K, 2021)	1.1
", durvalumab) combined with the EP regimen for 6 cycles."	( Anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with etoposide and platinum for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a case report. Chen, B; Lin, J; Peng, J; Xue, L, 2021)	0.85
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval to atezolizumab and durvalumab in March of 2019 and 2020, respectively, for use in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer."	( FDA Approval Summary: Atezolizumab and Durvalumab in Combination with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Beaver, JA; Goldberg, KB; Kluetz, PG; Larkins, E; Li, X; Mathieu, L; Mishra-Kalyani, P; Pai-Scherf, L; Pazdur, R; Rodriguez, L; Shah, S; Singh, H; Theoret, MR; Vallejo, J, 2021)	0.86
"This post hoc analysis assessed the safety of pemetrexed and platinum in combination with pembrolizumab, including time-to-onset and time-to-resolution of all-cause any-grade and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) and renal AEs."	( Safety of pemetrexed plus platinum in combination with pembrolizumab for metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189. Aerts, J; Gadgeel, SM; Garon, EB; Kim, JS; Muehlenbein, CE; Peterson, P; Rizzo, MT, 2021)	1.16
" This study aimed to explore the real-world use of anti-diabetic agent metformin in combination with pemetrexed-based platinum doublets in a first-line setting."	( Benefits of Metformin Combined with Pemetrexed-Based Platinum Doublets as a First-Line Therapy for Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients with Diabetes. Chang, GR; Chen, CM; Chen, W; Chong, KY; Cidem, A; Lin, CH; Staniczek, T; Tsai, YT; Wang, JL; Yen, CC, 2021)	1.08
" This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of traditional herbal medicine (THM) combined with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (PBCT) for the treatment of advanced NSCLC."	( Traditional herbal medicine combined with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, H; Kim, EH; Lee, JY; Park, SB; Yoon, JH; Yoon, SW, 2021)	1.08
"THM, when used in combination with PBCT, might increase survival and the tumor response rate while decreasing the side effects caused by chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC."	( Traditional herbal medicine combined with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, H; Kim, EH; Lee, JY; Park, SB; Yoon, JH; Yoon, SW, 2021)	0.87
" Many published literatures have reported that Shenmai injection (SMI) combined with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy regimen for NSCLC can improve the recent efficacy, reduce toxic side effects and improve the quality of life."	( Effects of Shenmai injection combined with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy on quality of life, immune function and prognosis of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Liu, J; Lv, J; Pan, C; Pan, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 2021)	1.11
" All randomized controlled trials comparing SMI in combination with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy to platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy alone for the treatment of NSCLC were searched and evaluated for inclusion."	( Effects of Shenmai injection combined with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy on quality of life, immune function and prognosis of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Liu, J; Lv, J; Pan, C; Pan, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 2021)	1.12
"This study comprehensively evaluated the effects of SMI combined with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy on quality of life, immune function and prognosis in patients with NSCLC to provide an evidence-based basis for clinical practice."	( Effects of Shenmai injection combined with platinum-containing first-line chemotherapy on quality of life, immune function and prognosis of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Liu, J; Lv, J; Pan, C; Pan, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 2021)	1.12
"This study aimed to prospectively evaluate and investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human endostatin (Rh-endostatin) combined with platinum-based regimens for advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients."	( Efficacy and safety of continuous infusion of Rh-endostatin combined with platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer. Jia, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Nong, L; Qin, F; Tan, A; Tang, J; Wang, H; Xie, W; Zhong, W; Zhou, W, 2021)	1.05
" No statistically significant differences in the mPFS between pemetrexed combined with platinum and gemcitabine/taxanes combined with platinum were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of continuous infusion of Rh-endostatin combined with platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer. Jia, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Nong, L; Qin, F; Tan, A; Tang, J; Wang, H; Xie, W; Zhong, W; Zhou, W, 2021)	1.08
" Here was a rare case of advanced thymic LELC with bone marrow metastasis at relapse, which is reported in a patient who responded well to toripalimab combined with anlotinib therapy."	( Advanced thymic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma with bone marrow metastases treated by immunotherapy combined with antiangiogenesis therapy: a case report. Cui, GH; Deng, YW; Li, SH; Li, YJ; Li, YW; Lu, D, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this prospective, pilot, single-arm phase II trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of anlotinib combined with etoposide and platinum-based regimens in the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC)."	( A phase II study of anlotinib combined with etoposide and platinum-based regimens in the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Hu, Z; Liao, J; Liu, C; Sun, S; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, X; Yu, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2022)	1.17
"This study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of PARP inhibitor combined with bevacizumab in the treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian epithelial carcinoma."	( Effect of PARP Inhibitor Combined with Bevacizumab on Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Epithelial Carcinoma. Li, Y; Liu, C; Sun, L, 2022)	1.18
"PARP inhibitor combined with bevacizumab had good effect in the treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian epithelial carcinoma and can effectively improve the survival time and quality of life of patients."	( Effect of PARP Inhibitor Combined with Bevacizumab on Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Epithelial Carcinoma. Li, Y; Liu, C; Sun, L, 2022)	1.2
" In this phase Ib, multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of ADX combined with S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) or S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) as a first-line treatment were evaluated in Japanese patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma."	( A phase 1b study of andecaliximab in combination with S-1 plus platinum in Japanese patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Boku, N; Chin, K; Ichimura, T; Kadowaki, S; Kitano, S; Kudo, T; Liu, J; Mitani, S; Muro, K; Ooki, A; Sakai, D; Satoh, T; Takashima, A; Thai, D; Yamaguchi, K; Zavodovskaya, M, 2022)	0.96
" However, there is still a lack of evidence about its combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer."	( Toripalimab combined with concurrent platinum-based Chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical Cancer: an open-label, single-arm, phase II trial. Cao, Y; Chen, J; Hou, H; Li, C; Wang, J; You, J; Yuan, Z; Zhang, B; Zhu, L, 2022)	0.99
"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial assessed gemcitabine in combination with the wee1 inhibitor adavosertib or placebo in platinum resistant or refractory high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), demonstrating improved progression free and overall survival favouring the adavosertib/gemcitabine arm."	( Patient self-reporting of tolerability using PRO-CTCAE in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial comparing gemcitabine in combination with adavosertib or placebo in patients with platinum resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian ca Bowering, V; Chang, K; Dhani, NC; Karakasis, K; Kavak, N; Lheureux, S; Madariaga, A; Mitchell, SA; Oza, AM; Pittman, T; Quintos, J; Ramsahai, J; Wang, L; Welch, SA, 2022)	1.11
"Given its promising efficacy, safety profile and durability, anlotinib combined with chemotherapy deserves further investigation as first-line anticancer therapy in ES-SCLC (NCT: 04684017)."	( Safety and efficacy of anlotinib in combination with standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A multi-center, prospective study (ACTION-2). Chen, L; Chen, Y; Deng, P; Dong, Y; Han, B; Kong, T; Liu, D; Qian, F; Yang, H; Zhang, B; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Pembrolizumab alone (IO-mono) or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy (CT-IO) is first-line standard of care for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with PD-L1 ≥ 50%."	( Real-world multicentre cohort of first-line pembrolizumab alone or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer PD-L1 ≥ 50. Bennouna, J; Bodot, L; Boudoussier, A; Chatellier, T; Curcio, H; Demontrond, P; Dumenil, C; Gourraud, PA; Guardiolle, V; Hiret, S; Hulo, P; Mayenga, M; Mazieres, J; Pons-Tostivint, E; Porte, M; Rabeau, A; Veillon, R, 2023)	1.38
"Pembrolizumab is approved for the neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment of early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients in combination with chemotherapy."	( Pembrolizumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer - A single-arm phase II trial (NeoImmunoboost, AGO-B-041). Belleville, E; Brucker, SY; Erber, R; Fasching, PA; Fehm, TN; Häberle, L; Hack, CC; Hartkopf, AD; Hartmann, A; Hein, A; Janni, W; Kolberg, HC; Rübner, M; Theuser, AK; Uhrig, S; Untch, M, 2023)	0.91
" Pembrolizumab was given three-weekly in combination with these chemotherapies."	( Pembrolizumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer - A single-arm phase II trial (NeoImmunoboost, AGO-B-041). Belleville, E; Brucker, SY; Erber, R; Fasching, PA; Fehm, TN; Häberle, L; Hack, CC; Hartkopf, AD; Hartmann, A; Hein, A; Janni, W; Kolberg, HC; Rübner, M; Theuser, AK; Uhrig, S; Untch, M, 2023)	0.91
"pCR rates after NACT with nP and anthracycline combined with pembrolizumab are encouraging."	( Pembrolizumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer - A single-arm phase II trial (NeoImmunoboost, AGO-B-041). Belleville, E; Brucker, SY; Erber, R; Fasching, PA; Fehm, TN; Häberle, L; Hack, CC; Hartkopf, AD; Hartmann, A; Hein, A; Janni, W; Kolberg, HC; Rübner, M; Theuser, AK; Uhrig, S; Untch, M, 2023)	0.91
" AZD5305 alone or in combination with platinum delayed visceral metastasis, ultimately extending the lifespan of OC-PDX-bearing mice."	( The PARP1 Inhibitor AZD5305 Impairs Ovarian Adenocarcinoma Progression and Visceral Metastases in Patient-derived Xenografts Alone and in Combination with Carboplatin. Albertella, MR; Bani, MR; Decio, A; Dellavedova, G; Formenti, L; Ghilardi, C; Giavazzi, R; Leo, E; Staniszewska, AD; Wilson, J, 2023)	1.18
"Immunotherapy has made significant advances in the treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), but data in combination with radiotherapy are scarce."	( First-line atezolizumab/durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide combined with radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Deng, W; Dong, X; Jiang, L; Li, L; Liao, A; Min, Y; Shi, A; Yang, D; Yu, H; Yu, R; Zhao, J, 2023)	1.18
"This single-center retrospective study analyzed patients with ES-SCLC who received standard platinum-etoposide chemotherapy combined with atezolizumab or durvalumab immunotherapy as induction treatment, followed by consolidative thoracic radiotherapy (CTRT) before disease progression in the first-line setting."	( First-line atezolizumab/durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide combined with radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Deng, W; Dong, X; Jiang, L; Li, L; Liao, A; Min, Y; Shi, A; Yang, D; Yu, H; Yu, R; Zhao, J, 2023)	1.4
"Immunotherapy combined with CTRT for ES-SCLC is safe and has ample survival benefit."	( First-line atezolizumab/durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide combined with radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Deng, W; Dong, X; Jiang, L; Li, L; Liao, A; Min, Y; Shi, A; Yang, D; Yu, H; Yu, R; Zhao, J, 2023)	1.18
"The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the objective response rate (ORR) after neoadjuvant therapy of taxol plus platinum (TP) regimen combined with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors for esophageal cancer, and establish a predictive model for forecasting ORR."	( Factors affecting the ORR after neoadjuvant therapy of TP regimen combined with PD-1 inhibitors for esophageal cancer. Dang, C; Li, K; Ma, R; Mo, C; Yin, J; Yuan, D; Zhang, Y; Zhu, K, 2023)	1.11
"Immunotherapy combined with antiangiogenic targeted therapy has improved the treatment of certain solid tumors, but effective regimens remain elusive for refractory recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RM-NPC)."	( Camrelizumab combined with apatinib in patients with first-line platinum-resistant or PD-1 inhibitor resistant recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Cai, XY; Chen, QY; Deng, SW; Guo, L; Guo, SS; Jia, GD; Li, SC; Li, XY; Li, YF; Lin, DF; Liu, LT; Liu, SL; Luo, DH; Lv, XF; Mai, HQ; Sun, XS; Tang, LQ; Xie, SY; Yuan, L; Zeng, MS, 2023)	1.15
" However, no study has investigated the efficacy and safety of sintilimab combined with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (Nab-PTX) and platinum as first-line treatment for metastatic ESCC."	( The efficacy and safety of sintilimab combined with chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Wang, CJ; Yin, MM; Zhao, WF; Zhao, Z, 2023)	1.11
" Eligible patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to atezolizumab (1,200 mg once every 3 weeks or equivalent) or placebo for up to 24 months, combined with bevacizumab and six cycles of chemotherapy doublet, stratified by PFI, PD-L1 status, and chemotherapy regimen."	( Atezolizumab Combined With Bevacizumab and Platinum-Based Therapy for Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer: Placebo-Controlled Randomized Phase III ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 Trial. Belin, L; Bultot-Boissier, É; Churruca, C; Cibula, D; D'Hondt, V; de Gregorio, N; Denys, H; Gaba, L; Heitz, F; Heudel, PE; Joly, F; Kocián, R; Kurtz, JE; Largillier, R; Lebreton, C; Leitner, K; Lotz, JP; Martinez García, J; Mouret Reynier, MA; Oaknin, A; Pautier, P; Petru, E; Polterauer, S; Pujade-Lauraine, E; Rodrigues, M; Rosengarten, O; Schmalfeldt, B; Sehouli, J; Selle, F; Vergote, I, 2023)	1.17
"To explore the occurrence and possible mechanism of colitis in Lewis mice treated with PD-1 inhibitor combined with platinum-containing dual drug chemotherapy."	( Colitis induced by PD-1 inhibitor combined with platinum-containing dual drug chemotherapy in Lewis mice and its mechanism. Cheng, Y; Li, C; Sun, D; Wang, L; Xian, X; Yao, T, 2023)	1.38

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The low bioavailability (4 to 12%) and the gastrointestinal side effects observed did not warrant further studies with oral administration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. van der Vijgh, WJ, 1991)	0.28
" These results showed that 254-S was well absorbed into systemic circulation from abdominal ascites as an active form."	( [Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine (glycolato) platinum (254-S), a new platinum antitumor agent, following an intravenous and intraperitoneal infusion bioactive platinum concentration profile]. Hirabayashi, K; Oguma, T; Okada, E; Shimamura, K, 1990)	0.54
" Only low platinum (Pt)-concentrations of about 1 microgram/ml could be detected in the serum using unmodified Cisplatinum solutions for instillation in the rat bladder indicating a rather low absorption rate for Cisplatinum."	( Serum and tissue levels of platinum after cisplatinum instillation of the rat bladder. Engelmann, U; Groebe, G; Wagner, HA, 1988)	0.97
" The bioavailability of these complexes is high."	( Antitumor activity of a new series of platinum complexes: trans(+/-)-1,2-cyclohexanediammineplatinum(II) conjugated to acid polysaccharides. Hoshi, A; Maeda, M; Suga, T; Takasuka, N; Uehara, N, 1993)	0.56
" The intestinal absorption rate measured by an in situ recirculating perfusion technique was higher for a complex with higher lipophilicity."	( Significance of water solubility in the gastrointestinal absorption of trans-bis(n-valerato)(1R,2R-cyclohexanediamine)(oxalato)platinum(IV), an orally active antitumor platinum complex, and its analogs. Akiyama, N; Eriguchi, M; Hayakawa, K; Kidani, Y; Kizu, R; Matsuzawa, A; Nakanishi, T; Takeda, Y; Yamamoto, S, 1998)	0.51
" The bioavailability of platinum from such exhaust particles and the kind of platinum species formed in vivo were assessed."	( Bioavailability of platinum emitted from automobile exhaust. Artelt, S; Heinrich, U; Kock, H; Nachtigall, D, 1998)	0.94
" A pre-requisite for a potential systemic toxic effect of the emitted platinum is its bioavailability which was investigated using laboratory animals."	( Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converters: a model study. Artelt, S; Creutzenberg, O; Heinrich, U; Kock, H; Levsen, K; Nachtigall, D; Rühle, T; Schlögl, R, 1999)	0.82
"During the past several years, a panel of human tumor cell lines (predominantly ovarian) with acquired resistance to cisplatin, the orally bioavailable analogue JM216, and the structurally hindered analogue AMD473, has been established and characterized for underlying mechanisms of resistance."	( Genomic imbalances associated with acquired resistance to platinum analogues. Harrap, KR; Hiorns, LR; Kelland, LR; Leyland-Jones, B, 1999)	0.55
" This significant heavy metal accumulation by acanthocephalans, even surpassing that of established free living accumulation bioindicators, encouraged us to study the bioavailability of the platinum-group-metals (PGM) Pt and Rh for parasites."	( The acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus as a sensitive indicator of the precious metals Pt and Rh from automobile catalytic converters. Sonntag, C; Stüben, D; Sures, B; Taraschewski, H; Zimmermann, S, 2003)	0.51
"JM216 is an orally bioavailable platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agent yielding predictable total levels of platinum which appears to accumulate in plasma after multiple administration over 14 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of satraplatin (JM216), an oral platinum (IV) complex under daily oral administration for 5 or 14 days. Bauer, J; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Lejeune, F; Leyvraz, S; Vouillamoz-Lorenz, S, )	0.67
" This review summarises current knowledge concerning the environmental mobility, speciation and bioavailability of Pt, Pd and Rh."	( Environmental routes for platinum group elements to biological materials--a review. Ek, KH; Morrison, GM; Rauch, S, 2004)	0.63
" The presence of platinum in kidney and liver tissue samples clearly indicates the bioavailability of the element."	( Ultra-trace analysis of platinum in human tissue samples. Hann, S; Reiter, C; Rudolph, E; Stingeder, G, 2005)	0.98
"Satraplatin is an orally bioavailable platinum analog that has activity in prostate cancer."	( Modulation of the cellular pharmacology of JM118, the major metabolite of satraplatin, by copper influx and efflux transporters. Howell, SB; Samimi, G, 2006)	0.6
"Even though increased environmental platinum levels were found since the introduction of automobile catalytic converters, little is known about the pathways of corporal uptake and the bioavailability of platinum in the general adult population."	( Assessing contamination paths of the German adult population with gold and platinum. The German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III). Benemann, J; Bromen, K; Jöckel, KH; Lehmann, N; Marr, A; Schulz, C; Seiwert, M, 2005)	0.83
" Organic ligands found in soils have the potential to increase the mobility of PGEs and potentially increase the bioavailability of the metals."	( Potential mobilization of platinum-group elements by siderophores in surface environments. Dahlheimer, SR; Fein, JB; Neal, CR, 2007)	0.64
" Pt showed the highest absolute bioavailability however, due to its greater concentration in environmental samples."	( The estimation of the bioavailabilities of platinum, palladium and rhodium in vehicle exhaust catalysts and road dusts using a physiologically based extraction test. Colombo, C; Monhemius, AJ; Plant, JA, 2008)	0.61
" More recent studies on PGE toxicity, environmental bioavailability and concentrations in biologically relevant media indicate however that environmental exposures to these metals may indeed pose a health risk, especially at a chronic, subclinical level."	( Airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and human health: a review of recent evidence. Wiseman, CL; Zereini, F, 2009)	0.64
" DCP showed favourable bioavailability and stability in vivo, and the recommended Phase II dosage for DCP-containing chemotherapy is 450 mg/m(2)."	( Phase I clinical trial of the novel platin complex dicycloplatin: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. Guan, ZZ; Guo, Y; Huang, H; Jiang, WQ; Li, S; Liao, H; Yang, XQ; Zhan, J; Zou, BY, 2013)	0.39
" However, the recent studies on PGEs toxicity and environmental bioavailability indicated that once entering environment, anthropogenic PGEs might easily be mobilized and transformed into more toxic forms under the actions of various biogeochemical processes, and thereby, enhanced their bioavailability and posed potential health risks to human beings through food chain."	( [Migration and transformation of anthropogenic platinum group elements in environment: a review]. Gao, XL; Li, PM, 2012)	0.64
"Given emerging concerns about the bioavailability and toxicity of anthropogenic platinum compounds emitted into the environment from sources including vehicle emission catalysts (VEC), the platinum species present in selected North American sourced fresh and road-aged VEC were determined by Pt and Cl X-ray absorption spectroscopy."	( Local structure and speciation of platinum in fresh and road-aged North American sourced vehicle emissions catalysts: an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study. Ash, PW; Boyd, DA; Hyde, TI; Keating, JL; Randlshofer, G; Rothenbacher, K; Sankar, G; Schauer, JJ; Shafer, MM; Toner, BM, 2014)	0.91
" In this study, we evaluate the bioavailability of SC palonosetron."	( Randomized pharmacokinetic study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous palonosetron in cancer patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy. Algarra, SM; Azanza, JR; Blanco Prieto, M; Campanero, MA; del Barrio, A; Gomez-Guiu, A; Guillén Grimá, F; Gurpide, A; Lopez-Picazo, JM; Perez-Gracia, JL; Sadaba, B, 2014)	0.61
"Palonosetron bioavailability was similar when administered by either SC or IV route."	( Randomized pharmacokinetic study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous palonosetron in cancer patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy. Algarra, SM; Azanza, JR; Blanco Prieto, M; Campanero, MA; del Barrio, A; Gomez-Guiu, A; Guillén Grimá, F; Gurpide, A; Lopez-Picazo, JM; Perez-Gracia, JL; Sadaba, B, 2014)	0.61
" Despite the bioavailability of these metals to plants and animals, studies determining the effects of PGE on organisms are extremely rare."	( Impact of platinum group elements on the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. Bednarova, I; Beklova, M; Havelkova, B; Kovacova, V; Pikula, J, 2014)	0.8
" The bioavailability of DACHPt/HANP increases by 18."	( A new approach to reduce toxicities and to improve bioavailabilities of platinum-containing anti-cancer nanodrugs. Bain, DJ; Chen, YH; Ho, C; Hsu, YH; Liu, L; Lo, SC; Lo, YC; Lu, M; Wang, SJ; Wei, MC; Ye, Q, 2015)	0.65
"CNDAC (2'-C-cyano-2'-deoxy-1-β-d-arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine, DFP10917) and its orally bioavailable prodrug, sapacitabine, are undergoing clinical trials for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors."	( Mechanism-Based Drug Combinations with the DNA Strand-Breaking Nucleoside Analog CNDAC. Hargis, S; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Nowak, B; Plunkett, W, 2016)	0.43
" Our results show that drugs resensitizing chemoresistant cells are superior to those aimed at triggering apoptosis or increasing the bioavailability of platinum."	( Virtual clinical trials identify effective combination therapies in ovarian cancer. Färkkilä, A; Hautaniemi, S; Hietanen, S; Hynninen, J; Kozłowska, E; Vallius, T, 2019)	0.71
" The parasites demonstrated the bioavailability of metals derived from Pt mining activities and their ability to resist its toxic effects."	( The role of fish helminth parasites in monitoring metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a case study in the world's most productive platinum mining region. Erasmus, JH; Malherbe, W; Nachev, M; Smit, NJ; Sures, B; Wepener, V; Zimmermann, S, 2020)	0.76
"In the present work binding affinities and interactions between various anti-cancerous drugs and β- cyclodextrin using molecular docking simulations was examined for the bioavailability enhancement of cytotoxic drugs through improved solubility for the treatment of breast cancer."	( In Silico Docking of Anti Cancerous Drugs with β-Cyclodextrin polymer as a Prominent Approach to Improve the Bioavailability. Jain, AK; Mishra, K; Thareja, S, 2021)	0.62
" Numerous literature data have shown that dendrimers improve the bioavailability of the obtained metal complexes, solving the problem of their poor solubility and stability in an aqueous environment and also breaking down inborn and acquired drug resistance."	( Mechanism of Anticancer Action of Novel Imidazole Platinum(II) Complex Conjugated with G2 PAMAM-OH Dendrimer in Breast Cancer Cells. Bielawski, K; Czarnomysy, R; Muszyńska, A; Rok, J; Rzepka, Z, 2021)	0.87
"Metal nanoparticles accumulation and bioavailability in plants raised much attention, specifically transformation and transportation of nanoparticles and their corresponding ions in plants are still unknown."	( Bioavailability and translocation of platinum nanoparticles and platinum ions in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Nanoparticles biosynthesis and size-dependent transformation. Liu, X; Rahman, MM; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.18

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Following intravenous dosing of pregnant rats, a small amount of 103Pd and 191Pt was found in the fetuses."	( Preliminary studies on the toxicity and metabolism of palladium and platinum. Campbell, K; Hall, L; Hysell, D; Moore, W; Stara, J, 1975)	0.49
" These results were from both single-dose-time-course analysis and dose-response studies."	( Effect of platinum compounds on murine lymphocyte mitogenesis. Alsabti, EA; Ghalib, ON; Salem, MH, 1979)	0.66
"Six-mercaptopurine and its Pt, Pd and Bi complexes were used at various dosage levels to treat Dunning ascitic leukemia in rats."	( Anti leukemia activity (Dunning ascitic) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in rats. Lewis, RW; Skinner, SM; Swatzell, JM, 1978)	0.26
"Six-mercaptopurine in the free form and complexed with Pt, Pd, or Bi metals was used at various dosage levels to treat L1210 leukemia in mice."	( Anti leukemia activity (L1210) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in mice. Lewis, RW; Skinner, SM, 1977)	0.26
"In experiments with rats dose-response relationships of alimentary PtCl2 and PtCl4 were investigated."	( Dose-response relationships of alimentary PtCl2 and PtCl4 in growing rats. Bader, R; Kirchgessner, M; Reichlmayr-Lais, AM, 1992)	0.28
" Relationships between pharmacokinetics (area under the curve) and pharmacodynamics (extent of myelosuppression or extent of existing kidney failure) have allowed the development of equations for rational dosage reduction."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. van der Vijgh, WJ, 1991)	0.28
" Based on this distributions, the distributed CDDP dosage flowed into the tumor feeding arteries was calculated."	( [Angiographic analysis of intratumoral Pt concentration on intra-arterial infusion therapy for bladder cancer]. Matsuyama, H; Sakatoku, J; Shimabukuro, T; Wada, T; Yamamoto, N; Yoshihiro, S, 1991)	0.28
" We conclude from the toxicities observed, that combinations of carboplatin with cisplatin may have advantages over either drug alone in certain clinical situations; and that further study of platinum-DNA adducts may shed light on platinum dose-response relationships."	( Dose-escalation study of carboplatin (day 1) and cisplatin (day 3): tolerance and relation to leukocyte and buccal cell platinum--DNA adducts. Christian, MC; den Engelse, L; Gill, I; Grunberg, S; Kortes, V; Michael, C; Muggia, FM; Parker, RJ; Reed, E; Terheggen, PM, 1991)	0.68
" Using the same dosage (5 mg/kg), the intra-arterial cisplatin group demonstrated a weaker level of nephrotoxicity and a smaller loss of body weight than seen in the intravenous cisplatin group."	( Comparison of the effects of intra-arterial and intravenous cisplatin on both limb tumor and lung metastases of transitional cell carcinoma RBT-1 in rats. Iwamoto, Y; Sugioka, Y, 1990)	0.28
" CDDP was administered intravenously for 6 hours at a dosage of 30-120 mg/m2 and plasma-free platinum concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry."	( Studies on age-dependent plasma platinum pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of cisplatin. Fujimoto, T; Inoue, S; Murakami, T; Sasaki, K, 1990)	0.78
"The toxic effects and tissue uptake of both cisplatin and oxaliplatin--[(1R, 2R)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N'] [oxalato(2-)-O,O']platinum--were previously shown to vary similarly according to dosing time in mice."	( Phase I trial of 5-day continuous venous infusion of oxaliplatin at circadian rhythm-modulated rate compared with constant rate. Adam, R; Brienza, S; Caussanel, JP; Hecquet, B; Itzhaki, M; Lévi, F; Mathé, G; Milano, G; Misset, JL, 1990)	0.48
" For the other dithiocarbamates investigated, a similar dosage led to increases ranging from approximately 5-fold for sodium iminodiacetic acid dithiocarbamate, to 26-fold for sodium sarcosine dithiocarbamate."	( Dithiocarbamate-induced biliary platinum excretion and the control of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity. Basinger, MA; Fody, EP; Gilbreath, SG; Jones, MM; Mayhue, MA; Walker, EM, 1989)	0.56
" Several dithiocarbamates are found to be superior to sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in reducing renal platinum burdens of rats given CDDP at the level of 6 mg kg-1, and dose-response curves for the removal of renal and hepatic platinum were determined for sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaG)."	( Control of nephrotoxicity in the rat during repeated cis-platinum treatments. Basinger, MA; Jones, MM, 1989)	0.74
" In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 17 patients with metastatic disease were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule."	( High-dose cisplatin in hypertonic saline: reduced toxicity of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in non-small-cell lung cancer. DeGregorio, MW; Deisseroth, AB; Gandara, DR; George, CB; Kohler, M; Lawrence, HJ; Wilbur, BJ; Wold, H, 1986)	0.27
" The study is an example of anti-cancer drugs dosage in SRCA."	( [Plasma, renal and tumor determination of total platinum during predictive tests of chemosensitivity of human tumor implants in the renal capsule in syngeneic mice]. Favre, R; Hecquet, B, 1988)	0.53
" Because toxic drug dosage is usually required for this, the evidence of the biological responses to the drug and to the radiation, as well as to the combination, requires critical analysis before any claim of true enhancement, rather than simple additivity, can be accepted."	( Radiation and platinum drug interaction. Nias, AH, 1985)	0.63
" In adult rats fractionated dosage significantly reduced nephrotoxicity."	( Nephrotoxicity of cis-platin comparing young and adult rats. Jongejan, HT; Molenaar, JC; Provoost, AP; Wolff, ED, 1986)	0.27
"Studies of electrical stimulation of osteogenesis with stainless steel electrodes have previously established a dose-response relationship between current and bone growth."	( Medullary osteogenesis with platinum cathodes. Baranowski, TJ; Black, J; Brighton, CT; Dymecki, SM; Jones, SB; Nord, DS, 1985)	0.56
" Its dose-response curve is exponential, suggesting that its action is like that of an alkylating agent."	( Immunosuppression by platinum diamines. Berenbaum, MC, 1971)	0.57
" From 1976 to 1978, 78 consecutive patients were entered on a random prospective study that indicated that equal therapeutic results could be achieved with a lower dosage (0."	( Testicular cancer as a model for a curable neoplasm: The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. Einhorn, LH, 1981)	0.26
" The shapes of the dose-response curves for inhibition of the organic cation and organic anion transport are different, and the inhibition is competitive in each case."	( Mechanisms for the renal secretion of cisplatin. Herbert, BH; Nelson, JA; Santos, G, 1984)	0.27
" Although further studies are indicated, these findings suggest that the increased volumes of platinum distribution in the edematous patient, coupled with the faster elimination, might require an adjusted CDDP dosage regimen for edematous patients."	( Potential effects of edema on the pharmacokinetics of platinum in patients treated with cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II). Buice, RG; Soloway, MS, 1980)	0.73
" Urine was collected daily for 4 days between drug dosing and killing of the animals."	( Changes in renal handling of platinum in cisplatinum-treated rats following induction of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Bertolero, F; Litterst, CL, 1982)	0.56
" The scatter in the data was estimated and used in a Monte-Carlo computer simulation to derive the following five-level dosing scheme."	( A dosing scheme for carboplatin in adult cancer patients based upon pre-infusion renal function and platelet count. Adams, M; Fish, RG; Griffiths, H; James, K; Mason, M; Shelley, MD, 1994)	0.29
" Since the toxicities of either drug largely depended upon circadian dosing time, such a pharmacokinetic study was performed following injection of either Pt complex at a time of low (16 h after light onset-HALO), intermediate (0 HALO) or high (8 HALO) toxicity."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin (L-OHP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) in mice with reference to circadian dosing time. Boughattas, NA; Bouzouita, K; Bruguerolle, B; Fournier, C; Hecquet, B; Lévi, F; Omrane, B; Trabelsi, H, 1994)	0.29
" To address questions of a dose-response effect and the value of premedication to prevent hypersensitivity reactions during brief TAXOL infusions, a trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design was begun in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer."	( Preliminary evaluation of a multicenter, randomized comparative study of TAXOL (paclitaxel) dose and infusion length in platinum-treated ovarian cancer. Canadian-European Taxol Cooperative Trial Group. Eisenhauer, E; Swenerton, K; ten Bokkel Huinink, WW, 1993)	0.49
" Owing to haematopoietic myeloid growth factors, dosage intensification, in the hope of overcoming the chemoresistance mechanisms responsible for the usually very temporary response, opens new and promising research lines."	( [Origin of small cell lung cancers]. Cordier, JF; Trillet-Lenoir, V, 1993)	0.29
" Tissue retention of platinum was linearly related to the dosage of lipiodol."	( Tissue tolerance to pelvic intraarterial chemoembolization with cisplatin-lipiodol suspension. Li, J; Miao, ZJ; Qin, HY; Wang, ZM; Xi, JH; Zhao, YN; Zhu, L, 1993)	0.6
" However, Pt was detected in the cerebral cortex of mice pretreated with either a low dosage of allopurinol or heat-denatured catalase."	( Free radical scavengers suppress the accumulation of platinum in the cerebral cortex. Ichii, M; Kawaki, H; Minami, T; Okazaki, J; Okazaki, Y, )	0.38
" Furthermore, the relative platinum accumulation was calculated from the total dosage of cisplatin administered."	( Distribution of platinum in human gynecologic tissues and lymph nodes after intravenous and intraarterial neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ishikawa, H; Kawai, M; Kikkawa, F; Matsuzawa, K; Suganuma, N; Tamakoshi, K; Tomoda, Y, )	0.77
" Phase I trials found antitumor activity in many topotecan dosing schedules, one of which involved the administration of topotecan daily as a 30-minute infusion for 5 consecutive days, with the cycle repeated every 21 days."	( Efficacy and safety of topotecan in the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Armstrong, D; Carmichael, J; Gordon, A; Malfetano, J; ten Bokkel Huinink, W, 1997)	0.3
" In conclusion, Pt(DACH) derivatives exhibit enantiomeric-selective peripheral sensory neurotoxicity during repeated dosing in rats favouring S,S isomers (less neurotoxic)."	( Stereoselective peripheral sensory neurotoxicity of diaminocyclohexane platinum enantiomers related to ormaplatin and oxaliplatin. Brouwer, W; Er, HM; Galettis, P; Hambley, TW; McKeage, MJ; Screnci, D, 1997)	0.53
" The dosage in the first cycle ranged between 61 and 105 mg/m2 (mean 84 mg/m2)."	( Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a multivariate analysis of potential predisposing factors. Cassuto-Viguier, E; Etienne, MC; Ferrero, JM; François, E; Lagrange, JL; Médecin, B; Milano, G; Otto, J; Pivot, X; Renée, N; Thyss, A, )	0.13
" Patient and treatment heterogeneity precluded the investigation of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships; however, the degree of interpatient pharmacokinetic variability observed suggests that body surface area-based dosing of cisplatin in children is not satisfactory."	( Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in children with cancer. Boddy, AV; English, MW; Newell, DR; Pearson, AD; Peng, B; Price, L; Tilby, MJ; Wyllie, R, 1997)	0.3
"In the human clonogenic assay, mitoxantrone possesses among the steepest dose-response curves of any cytotoxic agent against ovarian cancer."	( Phase 2 trial of moderately high dose single agent mitoxantrone in platinum and paclitaxel-refractory ovarian cancer. Belinson, J; Ernst, S; Homesley, H; Kennedy, A; Lichtman, SM; Markman, M; Omura, G; Webster, K, 1998)	0.54
" Information about the drug in the tumour could be of use in establishing dose-response relationships, in order to optimize the treatment and reduce the toxicity of the drug."	( Plane polarized x-ray fluorescence system for the in vivo measurement of platinum in head and neck tumours. Al-Hussany, AF; Ali, PA; Bennett, CA; El-Sharkawi, AM; Hancock, DA, 1998)	0.53
" The method was used in initial studies in which rats were dosed with cisplatin and has shown that Pt accumulates and persists in dorsal rat ganglion following treatment."	( Determination of platinum in rat dorsal root ganglion using ICP-MS. Chaney, SG; Ding, H; Goldberg, MM; Holmes, J; Raymer, JH; Stanko, J, 1999)	0.64
"91), which resulted in the dosage formula D = AUCinfinity (1."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lobaplatin (D-19466) in patients with advanced solid tumors, including patients with impaired renal of liver function. Boven, E; Gall, HE; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB; Welink, J, 1999)	0.3
"The frequent use of platinum (Pt) complexes in cancer chemotherapy and the application of new therapeutic options and dosing strategies have increased the need for rapid analytic procedures to determine Pt concentrations in the biologic fluids of patients."	( Determination of platinum complexes in clinical samples by a rapid flameless atomic absorption spectrometry assay. Appelius, H; Jaehde, U; Kloft, C; Schunack, W; Siegert, W, 1999)	0.97
"The dosage regimen based on the filtered platinum concentration which is usually monitored may result in possible misinterpretation because the detected covariate is different between unchanged cisplatin and filtered platinum."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and its metabolites in cancer patients: possible misinterpretation of covariates for pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the concentrations of unchanged cisplatin, ultrafiltered platinum and total pl Atagi, S; Hanada, K; Kawahara, M; Nishijima, K; Ogata, H, 2001)	0.76
" We have developed and validated a rapid and sensitive analytical assay for the determination of total platinum concentrations in plasma, and free platinum of an AP5280 origin in plasma ultrafiltrate (PUF), of subjects dosed with AP5280."	( Determination of total platinum in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate, from subjects dosed with the platinum-containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer AP5280, by use of graphite-furnace Zeeman atomic-absorption spectrometry. Beijnen, JH; Rademaker-Lakhai, JM; Rice, JR; Schellens, JH; Stewart, DR; Tibben, MM, 2002)	0.84
" It is pharmaceutically formulated as a lyophilized product containing 200 mg platinum per dosage unit."	( Stability and compatibility of the investigational polymer-conjugated platinum anticancer agent AP 5280 in infusion systems and its hemolytic potential. Beijnen, JH; Bouma, M; Bult, A; Jansen, BA; Nuijen, B; Reedijk, J; Rice, JR; Stewart, DR, 2002)	0.78
" These findings suggest that CDDP transfers from target organs to neck tissues of the dosage side via the lymphatic duct, and that intraarterial infusion chemotherapy is effective at the target organ and at cervical lymph nodes or cervical tissues."	( [Comparative studies of platinum concentrations in the neck tissues of rats between intraarterial and intravenous infusion of CDDP]. Kano, M; Watanabe, M, 2002)	0.62
" Topotecan administered by continuous infusion demonstrated response rates comparable to other dosing schedules with minimal hematologic toxicity."	( The use of continuous infusion topotecan in persistent and recurrent ovarian cancer. Berek, JS; Elkas, JC; Holschneider, CH; Katz, B; Li, AJ; Louie, R; McGonigle, KF, )	0.13
" Practical application of Pt nanoparticle-doped s-BLM for the construction of glucose biosensor was also demonstrated in terms of its dose-response curve, stability and reproducibility."	( Nanostructured platinum-lipid bilayer composite as biosensor. Ottova, A; Sheu, FS; Tien, HT; Ye, JS, 2003)	0.67
"Fixed dosing is potentially more convenient than weight-based dosing for both patients and physicians."	( Comparing the efficacy and safety of fixed versus weight-based dosing of epoetin alpha in anemic cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Gasparini, G; Granetto, C; Lampignano, M; Mantovani, G; Martoni, A; Mattioli, R; Pezzella, G; Porrozzi, S; Ricci, S; Tacconi, F; Testore, F, )	0.34
" These population pharmacokinetic estimates are useful for setting initial dosing of nedaplatin using its population mean and can also be used for setting appropriate dosage regimens using empirical Bayesian forecasting."	( Population pharmacokinetics of platinum after nedaplatin administration and model validation in adult patients. Ishibashi, T; Oguma, T; Yano, Y, 2003)	0.6
"In cats, an individualized prescription strategy for carboplatin administration based on a targeted AUC and determination of GFR might more uniformly predict myelosuppression than that predicted by conventional dosing based on body surface area."	( Effect of glomerular filtration rate on clearance and myelotoxicity of carboplatin in cats with tumors. Bailey, DB; Dykes, NL; Erb, HN; Hoopes, PJ; Page, RL; Rassnick, KM, 2004)	0.32
" Total Pt concentration in tongue tissue was measured on the dosage and nondosage side."	( [Pharmacodynamics of tongue tissue and plasma after intraarterial infusion of cis-diammine glycolato platinum (CDGP)]. Kano, M; Matsui, T, 2004)	0.54
"The aim of this study was to determine the optimal sampling design for empirical Bayesian forecasting for nedaplatin, and also to develop a simple formula for estimating the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of platinum which relates to hematological toxicity after nedaplatin dosing using limited sampling points."	( Optimal sampling and limited sampling strategies for estimation of unbound platinum AUC after nedaplatin infusion. Fukumura, K; Ishibashi, T; Oguma, T; Yano, Y, )	0.55
"The majority of cytotoxic drugs for adults are dosed based on body surface area (BSA), aiming to reduce interpatient variability in drug exposure."	( Evaluation of an alternate dosing strategy for cisplatin in patients with extreme body surface area values. de Jongh, FE; de Wit, R; Loos, WJ; Nooter, K; Sparreboom, A; Stoter, G; van Boven-van Zomeren, DM; Verweij, J, 2006)	0.33
" The reduction of palladium and platinum ions and the formation of corresponding clusters are monitored as a function of dosage of reducing agent, hydrazine (N(2)H(5)OH)."	( Nucleation and growth mechanism of Pd/Pt bimetallic clusters in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles as studied by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chen, CH; Hwang, BJ; Lee, JF; Liu, DG; Sarma, LS; Tang, MT; Wang, GR, 2005)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic data for 24 h after dosing were obtained for both day 1 (gemcitabine without oxaliplatin coadministration) and day 8 (gemcitabine with oxaliplatin) during the first cycle of treatment."	( Coadministration of oxaliplatin does not influence the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine. Georgoulias, V; Marselos, M; Mavroudis, D; Nikolaidou, M; Pappas, P, 2006)	0.33
" It was found that the electric current and NaCl dosage had a considerably larger effect on the oxidization of ammonia; this was less for the effect of the initial pH."	( Electrochemical treatment of anaerobic digestion effluent using a Ti/Pt-IrO2 electrode. Lei, X; Maekawa, T, 2007)	0.34
" The proposed kinetic model could be adequately applied to describe the temporal behavior of the o-cresol decomposition with and without the dosage of Pt on TiO(2) in aqueous solution by UV/TiO(2) process."	( Effect of Pt/TiO2 characteristics on temporal behavior of o-cresol decomposition by visible light-induced photocatalysis. Chen, HW; Ku, Y; Kuo, YL, 2007)	0.34
" The dose-response curves obtained by exposure (2 h) to the metals (nanogram per gram range) suggested the same mechanisms of action, with Rh showing the greatest curve steepness and the lowest EC50 value."	( Functional toxicity and tolerance patterns of bioavailable Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III) on suspended Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells assayed in tandem by a respirometric biosensor. Campanella, L; Dragone, R; Frazzoli, C; Mantovani, A; Massimi, C, 2007)	0.34
" pH, catalyst dosage and illumination on lignin degradation was investigated."	( Photocatalytic degradation of lignin using Pt/TiO2 as the catalyst. Chang, CN; Chao, AC; Chiang, YP; Ma, YS; Sung, HF, 2008)	0.35
" Analytical parameter (DeltappmO(2)) and toxicological index (respiratory inhibition, delta%) measured after 1h of exposure were utilized for dose-response relationship study."	( A new respirometric endpoint-based biosensor to assess the relative toxicity of chemicals on immobilized human cells. Campanella, L; Dragone, R; Frazzoli, C; Grappelli, C, 2009)	0.35
" The influences of current density, dosage of NaCl, initial phenol concentration on electrochemical phenol degradation were investigated."	( Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO(2)-Pt and Ti/IrO(2)-Pt. Feng, C; Hu, W; Li, M; Sugiura, N; Zhang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" The first method, spectrophotometry, was based on the oxidation of this drug by ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate in the presence of perchloric acid with subsequent measurement of the absorbance at 326 nm; this principle was adopted to develop a kinetic method for the determination of eprosartan in dosage forms."	( Spectral and polarographic determination of eprosartan. Kinetic studies of the oxidation of eprosartan using a platinum electrode. El-Yazbi, FA; Hammud, HH; Sonji, GM; Sonji, NM, 2008)	0.56
" The decomposition efficiency of total organic compound (eta(TOC)) of HG-UV-OZ with power of UV (P(UV)) of 16W is 54% at applied dosage of ozone per volume sample m(A,in)=1200 mg L(-1) (reaction time t=20 min), while that of HG-OZ without the UV irradiation is 24%."	( Pt-catalyzed ozonation of aqueous phenol solution using high-gravity rotating packed bed. Chang, CC; Chang, CF; Chang, CY; Chen, YH; Chiu, CY; Ji, DR; Tseng, JY; Yu, YH, 2009)	0.35
" Urine creatinine was unchanged over 30 days following dosing of HA-Pt."	( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of a localized lymphatic polymeric hyaluronan conjugate of cisplatin in rodents. Cai, S; Cohen, MS; Davies, NM; Forrest, ML; Xie, Y, 2010)	0.36
"Unaccounted sources of contamination can be problematic in toxicological studies and can range from the presence of impurities, breakdown products or isoforms of the parent compound to the unexpected compounds leaching from dosing apparatus."	( The unexpected sources of organotin contamination in aquatic toxicological laboratory studies. Bristeau, S; Dagnac, T; Hala, D; Jobling, S, 2010)	0.36
" In the catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) with propene for exhaust gas purification, the PtNPs@ZnO paper demonstrates a high catalytic performance at a low reaction temperature, with one-third the dosage of precious platinum compared to conventional platinum-loaded honeycomb catalysts."	( In situ synthesis of platinum nanocatalysts on a microstructured paperlike matrix for the catalytic purification of exhaust gases. Kitaoka, T; Koga, H; Suzuki, R; Tomoda, A; Umemura, Y, 2010)	0.86
"When properly dosed and scheduled, oxaliplatin thermochemotherapy achieved permanent eradication of all primary and metastatic tumours in 50% of animals, seemingly through an immune response."	( Fever-range whole body thermotherapy combined with oxaliplatin: a curative regimen in a pre-clinical breast cancer model. Bull, JM; Chan, D; Deng, W; He, G; Proett, JM; Rowe, RW; Siddik, Z; Strebel, FR, 2010)	0.36
" In order to understand the mechanistic detail of the metal dosage on the activities enhancement of the TiO(2) based photocatalyst, this study investigated the CV photodegradation reactions under UV light irradiation using a Pt modified TiO(2) photocatalyst."	( Mechanistic pathways differences between P25-TiO(2) and Pt-TiO(2) mediated CV photodegradation. Chen, CC; Chiou, MR; Fan, HJ; Lee, WL; Lu, CS, 2011)	0.37
" In the standard dosage regimen for cervical carcinoma, CDGP is administered once every four weeks (monthly regimen)."	( Initial analysis of relationship between plasma platinum concentration and hematological adverse reaction associated with weekly chemotherapy using nedaplatin in combination with radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. Hamada, Y; Hayakawa, K; Kotani, A; Kusu, F; Naitoh, H; Niibe, Y; Takayanagi, R; Tsunoda, S; Unno, N; Yago, K; Yamada, Y, 2010)	0.62
" Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses evaluated associations between NTX and long-term serum platinum levels, adjusting for cisplatin dose, dosing schedule, and age."	( Impact of long-term serum platinum concentrations on neuro- and ototoxicity in Cisplatin-treated survivors of testicular cancer. Beard, C; Campbell, ME; Cvancarova, M; Darrah, TH; Fosså, SD; Hannigan, RE; Haugnes, HS; Oldenburg, J; Peterson, DR; Sprauten, M; Travis, LB, 2012)	0.89
" DCP showed favourable bioavailability and stability in vivo, and the recommended Phase II dosage for DCP-containing chemotherapy is 450 mg/m(2)."	( Phase I clinical trial of the novel platin complex dicycloplatin: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. Guan, ZZ; Guo, Y; Huang, H; Jiang, WQ; Li, S; Liao, H; Yang, XQ; Zhan, J; Zou, BY, 2013)	0.39
"Two-Gy daily RT to a total dosage of 70 Gy was well tolerated with similar survival to 45 Gy (1."	( A pooled analysis of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy and 70 Gy daily radiotherapy: CALGB 30904. Blackstock, AW; Bogart, JA; Crawford, J; Hodgson, L; Pang, H; Salama, JK; Schild, SE; Urbanic, JJ; Vokes, EE, 2013)	0.6
"1 mol l(-1) sulphuric acid has been applied for the determination of the active ingredient in solid dosage form."	( Electro-analysis of the drugs in solid dosage form at platinum and gold electrodes. Bishop, E; Hussein, W; Waqar, D, 2013)	0.64
"195mPt-cisplatin is regarded as a promising imaging agent for optimizing dosage in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy."	( Biodistribution and dosimetry of 195mPt-cisplatin in normal volunteers. Imaging agent for single photon emission computed tomography. D'Asseler, Y; Marjanovic-Painter, B; Perkins, G; Sathekge, M; Smith, SV; Soni, N; Van de Wiele, C; Wagener, J; Zeevaart, JR; Zinn, C, 2013)	0.39
"Musk shrews, a model species for nausea and emesis research, were dosed intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg cisplatin and euthanized at up to 72 h after injection."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue and brain distribution of cisplatin in musk shrews. Beumer, JH; Dienel, S; Eiseman, JL; Horn, CC; Meyers, K; Rigatti, LH; Strychor, S, 2015)	0.42
" We use UV−UV double resonance spectroscopy to record surface residence times at selected final velocities of the desorbing CO subsequent to dosing with a pulsed molecular beam."	( CO desorption from a catalytic surface: elucidation of the role of steps by velocity-selected residence time measurements. Auerbach, DJ; Bartels, C; Geweke, J; Golibrzuch, K; Kandratsenka, A; Shirhatti, PR; Werdecker, J; Wodtke, AM, 2015)	0.42
"The ICR mice were dosed orally with ZMYL for 7 days and then CDDP was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight."	( Hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in combination therapy with a traditional Chinese medicine compound of Zengmian Yiliu granules in ICR mice and SKOV-3-bearing nude mice. Gong, C; Ji, LL; Qi, C; Qian, L; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H; Zhou, WB, 2015)	0.42
" A rational dosage and course of treatment should be chosen to protect the patients with high risk genotype suffering hematological toxicity during their platinum-based therapy."	( [Effect of polymorphisms of NF-κB and PXR on platinum-based chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer]. Liu, Y; Wang, L; Yang, P; Zhou, Y, 2016)	0.89
"Current methods of dosing platinum-based chemotherapy are suboptimal."	( Can body composition be used to optimize the dose of platinum chemotherapy in lung cancer? A feasibility study. Baracos, V; Bristow, C; Crosby, V; D'Souza, C; Hennig, I; Hussain, A; O'Connor, R; Potter, V; Proffitt, A; Wilcock, A, 2017)	1
" Questionnaires examined acceptability of the DEXA scan and of a future study that randomized between traditional dosing and one adjusted according to body composition."	( Can body composition be used to optimize the dose of platinum chemotherapy in lung cancer? A feasibility study. Baracos, V; Bristow, C; Crosby, V; D'Souza, C; Hennig, I; Hussain, A; O'Connor, R; Potter, V; Proffitt, A; Wilcock, A, 2017)	0.7
" Diagnostic microdosing involves dosing patients or patient samples with subtherapeutic doses of radiolabeled platinum followed by measurement of platinum-DNA adducts in blood or tumor tissue and may be used to predict patient response."	( Correlation of Platinum Cytotoxicity to Drug-DNA Adduct Levels in a Breast Cancer Cell Line Panel. de Vere White, R; Henderson, PT; Malfatti, MA; Pan, CX; Scharadin, TM; Turteltaub, KW; Wang, S; Zimmermann, M, 2018)	1.05
" However, severe side effects such as nephro- and neurotoxicity impose strict dosage limitations that can lead to the development of drug resistance and tumor relapse."	( Novel synthesis of platinum complexes and their intracellular delivery to tumor cells by means of magnetic nanoparticles. Aldegunde, MJ; Amorín, M; Blasi, L; Gigli, G; Granja, JR; Nitti, S; Pellegrino, T; Pugliese, G; Quarta, A; Ragusa, A, 2019)	0.84
"0% of patients in the AZD2811NP arm using the current dosing schedule."	( Biomarker-driven phase 2 umbrella trial study for patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer failing platinum-based chemotherapy. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Godin, RE; Hollingsworth, SJ; Jung, HA; Kim, HJ; Lee, SH; Mortimer, PGS; Park, K; Park, S; Park, WY; Shim, J; Smith, SA; Sun, JM, 2020)	0.77
"Non-inferiority of 2 PLD dosing schedule was not confirmed because the trial was closed prematurely."	( Randomized phase III trial comparing pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) at 50 mg/m² versus 40 mg/m² in patients with platinum-refractory and -resistant ovarian carcinoma: the JGOG 3018 Trial. Fujiwara, H; Fujiwara, K; Kondo, E; Michimae, H; Motohashi, T; Nishio, S; Nonaka, M; Ohishi, T; Sugiyama, T; Tabata, T; Takano, M; Yabuno, A, 2021)	0.83
" We envisage that our array system could lead to a better understanding of blood platinum concentrations of chemotherapy patients and could inform the modification of dosage regimes to minimize dose-limiting side effects."	( A Versatile Fluorescent Sensor Array for Platinum Anticancer Drug Detection in Biological Fluids. Mitchell, L; New, EJ; Park, SB; Shen, C; Timmins, HC, 2021)	1.11
" The robustness of the model was assessed via 1-way, 2-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses; subgroup analyses were included; and scenario analyses were conducted to investigate the associations of dosage adjustment of nivolumab with cost-effectiveness."	( Nivolumab vs Pembrolizumab for Treatment of US Patients With Platinum-Refractory Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Network Meta-analysis and Cost-effectiveness Analysis. Dai, T; Liu, S; Lv, S; Pei, R; Shi, Y; Wu, B; Zhang, F, 2021)	0.86
" The nonrandomised phase 3b STRONG study (NCT03084471) evaluated the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose durvalumab at a more convenient dosing schedule in a previously treated patient population, more similar to a real-world clinical setting."	( Primary results of STRONG: An open-label, multicenter, phase 3b study of fixed-dose durvalumab monotherapy in previously treated patients with urinary tract carcinoma. Banna, GL; Calabro, F; Emeribe, U; Fléchon, A; Hellmis, E; Hotte, SJ; Lee, JL; Lima, AR; Loriot, Y; Marabelle, A; Miranda, PAP; Oh, SM; Pouessel, D; Powles, T; Roubaud, G; Shin, SJ; Sonpavde, GP; Sternberg, CN; Vera-Badillo, FE; Zagonel, V, 2022)	0.72
"Both concurrent and IC/AC are needed for locoregionally advanced NPC, even for patients irradiated by IMRT; the concurrent platinum dosage could be set at ≥160 mg/m2 when coupled with adequate induction/adjuvant dosage at ≥260 mg/m2 (or at least ≥240 mg/m2)."	( Exploratory Study of NPC-0501 Trial: Optimal Cisplatin Dose of Concurrent and Induction/Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. But, B; Chan, ATC; Chappell, RJ; Cheng, AC; Choi, CW; Kwong, DLW; Lee, AWM; Lee, S; Lu, TX; Ng, WT; Ngan, RKC; Tung, S; Wong, F; Yiu, H; Yuen, KT, 2022)	0.93
"Patients (n = 98) were dosed with veliparib 50-500 mg twice daily (BID)."	( A phase 1 and pharmacodynamic study of chronically-dosed, single-agent veliparib (ABT-888) in patients with BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutated cancer or platinum-refractory ovarian or triple-negative breast cancer. Appleman, L; Belani, CP; Beumer, JH; Chen, A; Chew, H; Chu, E; Diergaarde, B; Ding, F; Duan, W; Garcia, AA; Giranda, V; Hurley, RM; Ivy, SP; Ji, J; Katz, T; Kaufmann, SH; Kiesel, BF; Lee, JJ; Lin, Y; Manzo, J; Morgan, RJ; Oesterreich, S; Pahuja, S; Parchment, RE; Puhalla, S; Shepherd, SP; Stoller, R; Swisher, EM; Tan, AR; Tawbi, H; Visscher, DW; Wahner Hendrickson, AE; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.92
" One such limitation is inherent in the waterborne dosing regimen."	( Dose Uptake of Platinum- and Ruthenium-based Compound Exposure in Zebrafish by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Broader Applications. Buckley, BT; Cooper, KR; Côrte-Real, L; Doherty, CL; Karas, BF; Terez, KR, 2022)	1.07
" Intermittent dosing sunitinib represents the gold-standard systemic treatment following platinum-based chemotherapy."	( Continuous sunitinib schedule in advanced platinum refractory thymic epithelial neoplasms: A retrospective analysis from the ThYmic MalignanciEs (TYME) Italian collaborative group. Antonarelli, G; Catania, C; Conforti, F; Corti, C; Curigliano, G; De Pas, T; Lo Russo, G; Manglaviti, S; Perrino, M; Salvini, P; Varano, GM; Zucali, PA, 2022)	1.21
" Similar effectiveness and a better toxicity profile as compared with intermittent dosing historical data suggest that this schedule should be considered."	( Continuous sunitinib schedule in advanced platinum refractory thymic epithelial neoplasms: A retrospective analysis from the ThYmic MalignanciEs (TYME) Italian collaborative group. Antonarelli, G; Catania, C; Conforti, F; Corti, C; Curigliano, G; De Pas, T; Lo Russo, G; Manglaviti, S; Perrino, M; Salvini, P; Varano, GM; Zucali, PA, 2022)	0.99
" Pt(IV)-M13 administration was tolerated in naïve nude mice at higher dosage regimes than cisplatin and significantly extended survival above controls in a murine GBM xenograft model (median survival 33 days for Pt(IV)-M13 vs 24 days for Pt(IV) prodrug, 22."	( A Pt(IV)-conjugated brain penetrant macrocyclic peptide shows pre-clinical efficacy in glioblastoma. Berger, G; Cho, CF; Farquhar, CE; Fedeles, BI; Finkelberg, T; Jimenez-Macias, JL; Lawler, SE; Lee, YC; Loas, A; Miller, E; Nowicki, MO; Pentelute, BL; Zdioruk, M, 2022)	0.72
"An electroanalytical electrode for the detection of albendazole (ABZ) active ingredient in pharmaceutical dosage form and in contaminated animal-derived products was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with platinum-palladium nanoparticles."	( An Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Albendazole Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Platinum-Palladium Nanocomposites. Abuhamdan, R; Alnajajrah, A; Hasan, SA; Khanfar, MF; Shehadeh, MB; Suaifan, GARY, 2022)	1.12
" The combined paclitaxel exposure-driven RS8 and baseline blood CRP concentrations enables early individual prognostic predictions for different paclitaxel dosing regimens, forming the basis for treatment decision and optimizing paclitaxel/platinum-based advanced NSCLC chemotherapy."	( A prognostic baseline blood biomarker and tumor growth kinetics integrated model in paclitaxel/platinum treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Frances, N; Geiger, K; Hartung, N; Henrich, A; Holdenrieder, S; Huisinga, W; Joerger, M; Kloft, C; Nassar, YM; Ojara, FW, 2023)	1.31
" However, efforts are needed to decrease overlapping toxicity and define the correct schedule timing of dosing to maximize the therapeutic index."	( Overcoming PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer. Lheureux, S; Soberanis Pina, P, 2023)	0.91
" Higher opioid dosage by continuous variable was significantly associated with lower PFS (p = 0."	( The effect of opioids on the efficacy of immunotherapy in recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Acharya, R; Anderson, JL; Delgoffe, GM; Ferris, RL; Harris, AL; Hsieh, RW; Li, J; Menk, AV; Nilsen, ML; Scheff, NN; Swartz, A; Zandberg, DP, 2023)	0.91
" Patients were randomised 2:1 by permuted-block randomisation (block size of six) to receive 1200 mg of atezolizumab given intravenously every 3 weeks or single-agent chemotherapy (vinorelbine [oral or intravenous] or gemcitabine [intravenous]; dosing per local label) at 3-weekly or 4-weekly cycles."	( First-line atezolizumab monotherapy versus single-agent chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ineligible for treatment with a platinum-containing regimen (IPSOS): a phase 3, global, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled study. Biggane, AM; Califano, R; Cappuzzo, F; Connors, M; Cortinovis, D; Han, B; Höglander, E; Hu, Y; Huang, D; Kowalski, D; Le, AT; Lee, SM; Liu, G; Mak, MP; Morris, S; Palmero, R; Peters, S; Prabhash, K; Reck, M; Reyes Contreras, J; Rittmeyer, A; Schulz, C; Szczesna, A; Talbot, T; Vicente, D; Vollan, HK, 2023)	1.11

Class	Description
elemental platinum
nickel group element atom
platinum group metal atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1460 (13.23)	18.7374
1990's	806 (7.31)	18.2507
2000's	2174 (19.70)	29.6817
2010's	4645 (42.10)	24.3611
2020's	1948 (17.66)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	457 (4.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	562 (4.92%)	6.00%
Case Studies	195 (1.71%)	4.05%
Observational	26 (0.23%)	0.25%
Other	10,182 (89.14%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.02	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
keto-pantoyllactone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	tetrahydrofurandione
provitamin c provitamin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; structure	2.11	1	0	hexose
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.13	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.69	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	3.67	9	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	8.41	7	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	8.53	8	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	8.92	12	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.73	29	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.48	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	6.15	39	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.02	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.26	17	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.46	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	1.94	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.52	8	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.1	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.94	4	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	8.36	6	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	8.21	135	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	4.89	33	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.01	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	8.57	8	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	9.72	277	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	8.54	8	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.23	11	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	9.56	112	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	4.23	17	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	8	4	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.73	3	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.43	7	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.98	4	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.45	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.54	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.5	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	4.77	9	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	3.2	5	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.07	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
sorbitol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hexitol
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.81	3	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.37	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
arsenous acid arsenous acid : An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.84	3	0	arsenic oxoacid
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.49	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	4.57	25	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8	29	3	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	7.06	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	7.06	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.84	32	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.27	26	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	4.23	17	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.79	30	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.04	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	3.45	6	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.92	4	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	3.36	7	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	11.37	339	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	8.15	5	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	8.82	10	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	8.17	5	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.02	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	5.83	30	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.49	2	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.75	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	7.75	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.46	2	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.07	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.88	135	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	7.53	2	0	inositol phosphate
naphthalene [no description available]	3.33	6	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	11.71	212	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.43	2	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	7.72	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.78	31	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	8.63	9	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	7.54	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.76	10	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.09	5	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion [no description available]	3.75	10	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.35	2	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.44	7	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	4.17	15	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexadecanal [no description available]	1.94	1	0	2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde; long-chain fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.69	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	7.94	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.14	15	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.52	2	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.98	4	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.1	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.6	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	1.99	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.74	3	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	4.41	1	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.14	5	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.13	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	7.76	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	5.86	29	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.07	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	3.14	5	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	7.26	12	3	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.33	6	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.38	2	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.6	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	7.91	4	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	7.89	4	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.79	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	4.57	24	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	3.16	5	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.41	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.68	3	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	11.07	11	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.63	23	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	6.16	12	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.03	38	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	4.54	24	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	7.58	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.14	5	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
perillic acid perillic acid: d-limonene metabolite; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	4.62	25	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.41	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.39	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	9.74	28	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.13	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-4-picoline 2-amino-4-picoline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	3.06	1	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.64	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	7.9	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.05	1	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.64	9	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
salophen salophen: structure given in first source	7.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.4	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; tryptophan derivative	metabolite
albendazole [no description available]	7.41	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.41	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.1	1	0
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	8.38	1	1	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.67	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	6.42	7	2	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.23	6	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.1	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	7.66	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.15	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	7.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	8.07	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.44	7	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.06	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	8.04	4	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.98	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.44	2	0	azobenzenes
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	1.97	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.52	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	3.11	4	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.41	2	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.06	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bohemine bohemine : Purine substituted on C-2, C-6 and N-9 with (3-hydroxypropyl)amino, benzylamino and isopropyl groups respectively; a synthetic, cell-permeable, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that is structurally similar to olomoucine and roscovitine.	7.01	1	0	purines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
busulfan [no description available]	3.49	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.01	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	3.28	6	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.77	3	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.5	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	4.82	6	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
celecoxib [no description available]	8.42	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	3.3	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.03	1	0	pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.21	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chloroxine chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.	7.31	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; antiseborrheic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.37	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	8.07	4	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.07	3	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.1	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
platinum tetrachloride platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	4.28	19	0	platinum coordination entity	catalyst; reagent
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.52	2	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.11	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.17	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.5	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	7.07	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.94	1	0	primary amine
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.37	6	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	7.21	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.25	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.08	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.41	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin [no description available]	2.41	2	0
disulfiram [no description available]	7.6	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
ditercalinium ditercalinium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	7.51	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	8.09	4	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	7	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
sarcosine dithiocarbamate sarcosine dithiocarbamate: protects against toxicity of alkylating agents	2.42	2	0
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	1.99	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.02	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endothall endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)	7.04	1	0
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.13	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	2	1	0	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.47	2	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	7.71	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	8.02	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	4.84	10	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	6.99	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.82	2	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flopropione flopropione: structure	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
fluphenazine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	15.19	89	16	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.66	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.97	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	9.27	4	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.71	3	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.11	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	4.04	14	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.36	2	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.75	3	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.52	8	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.65	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.68	10	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.05	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	5.83	7	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.19	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.92	4	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	6.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	9.62	14	5	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.02	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	1.97	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.97	4	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.63	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.97	4	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.42	2	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	7.31	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.51	2	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.89	4	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.17	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.21	1	0
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	5	7	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.37	2	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.41	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	7.6	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	10.26	2	2	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
entinostat [no description available]	2.41	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.94	3	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.95	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.9	4	0
ubiquinone q1 Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.	2.04	1	0	ubiquinones
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	7.41	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.02	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitromide nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure	2.1	1	0
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.21	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.44	2	0
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	7.46	2	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	7.01	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	7.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	7.93	6	4	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	8.73	10	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.45	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.73	3	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.64	3	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenazine [no description available]	7.21	1	0	azaarene; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; phenazines; polycyclic heteroarene
piperazine [no description available]	7.46	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.52	8	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	3.06	5	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.88	4	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.71	3	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	7.9	4	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	3.6	2	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.97	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.45	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.11	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.03	1	0
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	8.84	3	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.6	1	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	7.41	1	0	alkylamine
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	7.21	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	3.06	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.42	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.37	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	8.15	5	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
streptonigrin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	1.95	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	1.95	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.13	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.49	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.25	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.25	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	13.3	9	4	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	2.59	2	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.91	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.05	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	4.4	1	1	phthalimides; piperidones
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.95	1	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.46	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.4	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	7.01	1	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	7	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triclosan [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.08	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	7.79	3	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.73	10	2	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.37	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.94	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	1.94	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.54	8	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	9.26	19	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.77	2	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.8	3	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.08	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.41	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.41	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.97	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.47	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	7.25	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.41	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.15	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.95	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.93	4	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.31	6	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.52	8	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.98	9	1	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	3.06	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	3.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.06	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.24	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.74	10	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.75	31	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.24	6	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.43	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.95	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.4	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.36	2	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	9.43	8	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.3	6	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.56	9	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	5.08	7	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.09	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.96	4	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.93	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.09	15	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	8.51	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3	4	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	2	1	0
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.86	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	7.6	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	9.12	14	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.95	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.58	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	8.92	12	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.02	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.36	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.01	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.3	6	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.18	43	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.45	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.43	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine [no description available]	8.48	2	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.41	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.07	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.26	6	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	8.53	8	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.99	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	1.95	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.69	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.08	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	6.86	8	1	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.38	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	4.43	1	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	7.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.78	28	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.03	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	8.81	11	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.38	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.71	10	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.25	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	7.47	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	4.31	18	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.85	11	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	8.19	5	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	9.02	13	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.28	6	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	7.5	2	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.11	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.73	10	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	2	1	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.73	10	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.38	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	7.13	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.05	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	2.08	1	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2.41	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	epoxide
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
tetramethylsilane [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organosilicon compound	NMR chemical shift reference compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	6.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	7.57	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	7.81	43	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
hexachlorocyclopentadiene [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dicyclopentadiene [no description available]	7.41	1	0	cyclic olefin
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.38	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.43	2	0
tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl Lead: A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.. tetraethyllead : An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.	1.95	1	0	organolead compound
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.68	3	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.06	1	0
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	4.54	7	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.08	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.43	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	3.43	7	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.4	6	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.96	4	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	8.73	9	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	4.05	3	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
fluorene [no description available]	2.49	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	carbazole
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	7.11	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.11	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	4.39	19	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-acetylthiophene 2-acetylthiophene: structure in first source	7.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
2-nitrotoluene nitrotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.	2.01	1	0	mononitrotoluene	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant
1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	3.14	5	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.13	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	3	4	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.6	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
veratrole veratrole: structure. dimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.. veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.47	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.31	6	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.44	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	2	1	0	quinolines
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.69	3	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2	1	0
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.44	2	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.38	7	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.54	2	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzoylacetone [no description available]	2.02	1	0
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.44	2	0	carbonyl compound
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.1	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.55	2	0	xylene
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.73	3	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-chloroaniline [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.71	3	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	dioxanes
3-methylpentane 3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	allelochemical; human metabolite; non-polar solvent
methyl acrylate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	enoate ester
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
2,4-dinitroaniline 2,4-dinitroaniline : A nitroaniline consisting of an aniline core having two nitro substituents located at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.08	1	0	nitroaniline
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	3.47	7	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
methylphenyl carbinol 1-phenylethanol : An aromatic alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.. methylbenzyl alcohol : Members of the class of benzyl alcohols substituted by at least one methyl group.	2.11	1	0	aromatic alcohol	mouse metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.51	2	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.77	3	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	7.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
3-nitrotoluene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	mononitrotoluene
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.06	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-bromoacetophenone [no description available]	2.06	1	0
4-nitrotoluene 4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.	2.01	1	0	mononitrotoluene
4-chloronitrobenzene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.45	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
4-nitrophenetol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.08	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.46	2	0	benzenes; nitrile
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	2.13	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.46	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
2-vinylpyridine [no description available]	7.41	1	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	4.74	2	1	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.03	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
tripropylamine tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.52	2	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
2-(dibutylamino)ethanol 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
boric acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	boric acids	astringent
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.47	2	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.71	3	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
propargyl bromide propargyl bromide: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.72	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.11	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.75	3	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	7.07	1	0	alkylamine
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.96	4	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.96	4	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	7.71	3	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.52	2	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.74	3	0	alkane
1,3-butylene glycol 1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.	2	1	0	butanediol; glycol
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.31	1	0
methyl isobutyl ketone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	ketone
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	trimethylbenzene
gamma-collidine gamma-collidine: structure	2.05	1	0	methylpyridines
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.56	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.15	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
diisobutyl ketone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ketone
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
methylcyclohexane methylcyclohexane: structure in first source. methylcyclohexane : A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group.	7.04	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	aprotic solvent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
chlorobenzene [no description available]	7.72	3	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.06	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	aryl thiol
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.13	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.45	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.53	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	14.55	64	3	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.06	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	5.56	21	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	4.82	9	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.46	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	7.42	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	7.15	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
1,5-pentanediol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	primary alcohol
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.11	1	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.	3.35	1	0	hydroxyether
1-octene 1-octene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-octene : An octene with an unsaturation C-1.	2.01	1	0	octene
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	7.05	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.45	2	0
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	3.35	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
propylene propylene: structure	3.69	9	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
dimethyl ether dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.	7.47	2	0	ether
2-methylbutanoic acid 2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.	2.46	2	0	methylbutyric acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
tetrachlorophthalic anhydride tetrachlorophthalic anhydride: structure. tetrachlorophthalic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is phthalic anhydride chlorinated at the 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-positions.	3.06	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrachlorobenzene	allergen; cross-linking reagent
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.01	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.11	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.46	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
2,2'-biquinoline 2,2'-biquinoline: structure in first source	2.77	3	0
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	3.16	5	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.1	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	tertiary amine
2,5-norbornadiene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-sulfanilic acid 4-sulfanilic acid: minor descriptor (75-82); online search SULFANILIC ACIDS; Index Medicus search BENZENESULFONATES. 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.	2.08	1	0	aminobenzenesulfonic acid	allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.03	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	2.05	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	7.11	1	0	quinolines
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.03	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
benzil benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	7.11	1	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.19	5	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	8.28	6	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	enoate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	7.36	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanidine carboxamide guanidine carboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	organooxygen compound
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	7.95	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
decylamine decylamine: structure	2.03	1	0	alkylamine
hexadecylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkylamine
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.4	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.1	1	0
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	1.97	1	0
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	5.17	11	1	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.84	3	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	7.1	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
anthanthrene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.79	10	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	7.02	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
phthalazine phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.	2.47	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	14.34	35	14	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	11.24	32	1	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	11.17	18	8	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.17	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.33	6	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	7.95	4	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.71	3	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.49	8	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.24	17	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.49	2	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	5.68	5	1	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	5.06	9	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
cyclooctane [no description available]	2.01	1	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	5.75	26	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.49	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
stibine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	antimony hydride; mononuclear parent hydride
paraoxon [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.37	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	8.06	9	2	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
tetrapropylammonium tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
perflexane perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; radioopaque medium
2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid: a positron emitting tumor imaging agent; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	7.97	4	0	organosilicon compound
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	7.15	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.6	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
4-methylcatechol [no description available]	2.42	2	0	methylcatechol	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; hapten; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	3.35	6	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	7.48	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
propadiene [no description available]	4.41	6	0	allenes
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.82	3	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.99	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.4	2	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	7.1	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	7.07	1	0
boldine [no description available]	6.96	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.02	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.95	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	7.05	1	0	indoles
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.77	3	0
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.03	1	0	butenolide
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	6.59	5	2
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	7.51	2	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.93	4	0	thiazolidine
thioacetic acid ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.05	1	0	thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.4	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	6.56	6	1	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
mepiperphenidol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	1.94	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	4.29	17	0
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.49	2	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.13	5	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.59	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	2.03	1	0
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.49	2	0	cellobiose	epitope
1,1-diphenylethylene 1,1-diphenylethylene: structure	2.1	1	0
2-methylfuran 2-methylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.49	2	0	furans; volatile organic compound	flavouring agent; fuel; hepatotoxic agent; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.25	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.1	1	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.46	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.71	3	0
maleimide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.38	7	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.87	4	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
jkl 1073a 8-oxoberberine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	7.79	3	0	phenoxazine
trimellitic anhydride trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.	3.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	allergen; epitope; hapten
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.42	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	8.27	6	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.08	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.31	1	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.1	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
2-naphthol orange Acid Orange II: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.44	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione: an oxoglutarate carrier antagonist. 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione : An alpha-diketone that consists of 1-phenylpropane bearing keto substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is found in coffee.	2.74	3	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone	plant metabolite
2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene [no description available]	2.05	1	0
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.1	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.25	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	3.45	2	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
3,5-dimethylpyridine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.44	2	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.49	2	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	2.45	2	0	ketone
allyl acetate allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains	2.15	1	0
1-hexene 1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.	2.02	1	0	alkene
1,3-cyclohexadiene 1,3-cyclohexadiene: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	cyclohexadiene
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
pentafluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	7.05	1	0	perfluorinated compound
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	7.47	2	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
galactitol [no description available]	8.78	2	1	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.57	8	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
pentadecane pentadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.	2.46	2	0	long-chain alkane	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.	2.07	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
tetramethoxysilane [no description available]	2.06	1	0
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.95	1	0
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.42	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
2-phenylbenzothiazole 2-phenylbenzothiazole: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.41	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	15.22	92	22	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
azure a Azure A: RN given refers to chloride. azure A : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining.	7.25	1	0
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.78	3	0
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	2.01	1	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
tri-n-butylphosphine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-phenylpyridine 2-phenylpyridine: structure given in first source	7.48	2	0
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.1	1	0	organooxygen compound
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.11	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
methyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1,6-hexanedithiol 1,6-hexanedithiol: structure in first source	2.43	2	0	alkanethiol
4-aminophenylacetic acid 4-aminophenylacetic acid: peptide mimic; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
2,2'-dipyridylamine dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source	7.52	2	0
gallium arsenide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	5.09	13	0
cadmium oxide cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	4.13	15	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	3.57	8	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.75	10	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	8.2	5	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	7.74	3	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	4.94	34	0	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	1.95	1	0	thorium molecular entity
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.48	2	0
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	9.13	13	0	sulfide salt
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.21	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	4.15	2	1
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.7	3	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ferrous oxide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.89	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.41	7	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
9,10-diphenylanthracene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	anthracenes	fluorochrome; photosensitizing agent
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	4.72	9	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.38	2	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
2,6-dichlorobenzamide [no description available]	2.51	2	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene	herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite
decyltrimethylammonium decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2.52	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
1,5-naphthalenediamine 1,5-diaminonaphthalene: structure in first source. naphthalene-1,5-diamine : A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.	2.08	1	0	naphthalenediamine	carcinogenic agent
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.97	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.86	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.08	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.03	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	2.05	1	0	thioureas
1,12-dodecamethylenediamine 1,12-dodecamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecane-1,12-diamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is dodecane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 12.	2.05	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
hexadecanethiol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1,4-diaminocyclohexane 1,4-diaminocyclohexane: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.14	5	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.97	4	0	thujene	plant metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	1.98	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
streptomycin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	8.42	7	0	carbon oxoanion
promethazine 1,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1,3-dimethylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is methyl.	3.21	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.41	2	0
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.21	1	0
nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.	2.01	1	0	acridines
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.91	4	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	1.96	1	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrabutoxy titanium tetrabutoxy titanium: RN given refers to monomer	2.01	1	0
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	7.07	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.45	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	2.02	1	0
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
propargyl ether propargyl ether: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
hepes [no description available]	7.73	3	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	14.3	207	6	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.6	9	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.08	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.74	35	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	9.51	97	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	7.3	50	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	3.1	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	4.04	14	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	5.73	27	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	14.28	841	2	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	1.94	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	4.4	20	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	10.11	197	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	11.68	185	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.06	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	7.06	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	14.18	335	2	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	5.32	18	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.41	7	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.41	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	7.62	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	2.46	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	11.04	308	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	6.32	59	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.83	11	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
arsine arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.	7.04	1	0	arsanes; arsine; mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.67	46	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	6.12	38	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	14.15	79	12	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	7.46	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.57	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	6.06	14	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	18.11	947	6	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	3.79	3	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	7.75	3	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	4.72	31	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	10.79	10	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.67	3	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.48	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	8.44	7	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	5.11	42	0	titanium group element atom
californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.94	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	1.96	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.42	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.3	2	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.41	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.97	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.13	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	3.39	7	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.99	4	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	16.83	37	7	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zirconium oxychloride zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.	1.97	1	0
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	4.11	3	1	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	5.42	18	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.35	7	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.43	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.75	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.4	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.4	2	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.28	6	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.94	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.41	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	7.08	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	4.36	6	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.26	12	3	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.31	6	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
zinc nitrate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
zinc phosphate zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91	3.08	5	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	5.94	20	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.14	15	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.86	35	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
silver chloride [no description available]	3.9	12	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	3.06	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
beryllium chloride beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.	1.96	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; inorganic chloride	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.05	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	5.95	38	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.6	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.26	4	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.54	2	0	epoxide
trichlorosilane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	8.27	6	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
palladium nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	3.08	5	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.13	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
rhamnose [no description available]	2.13	1	0	L-rhamnose
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	7.6	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	8.07	5	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
platinum tetrachloride platinum tetrachloride: see also platinum chloride	3.38	7	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	6.49	166	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	3.04	4	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.05	1	0
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	6.98	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.97	4	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
4-nitrobenzofurazan 4-nitrobenzofurazan: structure	2.06	1	0
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.07	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.98	13	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
acridine half-mustard acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9.	2.21	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	mutagen
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
reactive red 2 reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.	2.05	1	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	4.75	28	0	tin oxide
iodine [no description available]	4.8	33	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	7.95	4	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
mercuric oxide mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O	2.02	1	0
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
tri-n-butylborane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	6	27	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine [no description available]	3.34	6	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
tetramethylolphosphonium chloride tetramethylolphosphonium chloride: Negwer,5th ed has a number for a different cpd named THPC	2.06	1	0
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	7.04	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.4	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.81	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate: mobilizes metallothionein-bound cadmium from tissue; increases biliary excretion of cadmium in rats	1.97	1	0
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.66	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.97	13	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.49	2	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
alkenes [no description available]	8.32	53	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	9.66	25	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.37	1	1	chlorphenamine
alovudine [no description available]	3.87	2	1	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	10.87	17	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	4.96	5	1	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.25	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
enterobactin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.25	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	7.31	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	18.62	152	48	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
fluchloralin fluchloralin: structure	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound
etoposide [no description available]	15.5	94	19	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.11	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	7.25	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.5	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	7.31	1	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.5	2	0
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2	1	0
bezafibrate [no description available]	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.07	1	0
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.43	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.31	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	6.01	6	5	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	4.87	28	0
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	12.3	9	4	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.06	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.42	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent	2.4	2	0
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
ractopamine ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.	2.21	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.46	2	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	11.53	22	9	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	15.26	95	22	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
irinotecan [no description available]	10.91	33	10	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	8.03	8	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.49	8	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
nitrogen chloride nitrogen chloride: strong irritant & lacrimator	2.1	1	0	nitrogen halide
lead selenide [no description available]	2.11	1	0
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.49	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
ruthenium chloride (rucl3) ruthenium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.03	1	0
edda EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.	2.08	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; ethylenediamine derivative; glycine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; chelator
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	2.06	1	0
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	7.31	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	7.73	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	7.02	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
barium oxide [no description available]	2.76	3	0
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate: structure in first source. ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate : The fatty acid ethyl ester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid.	2.11	1	0	fatty acid ethyl ester	metabolite
tellurium dioxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.06	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.31	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.42	7	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	2.04	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.95	4	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.1	1	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.31	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.11	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.39	7	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	7.1	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	4.49	6	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.58	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	2.6	1	0	terthiophene
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	4.74	2	1	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-methylinosine 1-methylinosine : Inosine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1 on the hypoxanthine ring.	7.38	2	0	inosines	metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.73	3	0
phenylalanylphenylalanine phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer	2.07	1	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	3.05	4	0
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.04	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	7.5	2	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	4.02	3	0	iodine oxoacid
rhodamine 110 rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride	2.1	1	0
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	3.3	6	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	3.09	1	0	methylguanine	mutagen
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound. 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria.	1.98	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.06	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.99	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.1	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.95	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	3.4	1	1
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	3.17	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetramethylputrescine tetramethylputrescine: RN given refers to 1,4-amine cpd	2.06	1	0
boron nitride [no description available]	2.48	2	0	nitride
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	3.51	8	0
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	2.4	2	0
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	7.08	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.83	3	0
violuric acid violuric acid: an antihypoxic agent	2.07	1	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.85	3	0	boronic acids
isocytosine 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.	2.42	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.1	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.11	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride [no description available]	2.54	2	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	5.14	43	0	phenanthroline
pyrrolo(1,2-a)quinoxaline pyrrolo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
anthranil 2,1-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 3 and 4.	2.15	1	0	2,1-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.65	22	0	1,2,3-triazole
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.48	2	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
rubrene [no description available]	2.54	2	0
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.68	3	0	anthocyanidin chloride
azure b Azure B: RN given refers to chloride. azure B : An organic chloride salt having 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and is an active metabolite of methylene blue.	2.1	1	0
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	7.55	2	0
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	4.74	6	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	4.11	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
3,4-diaminobenzoic acid 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
9-methyladenine 9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9.	2.95	4	0	methyladenine	metabolite
tyrosine methyl ester tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.	2.04	1	0	L-tyrosyl ester; methyl ester
2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole: structure in first source	7.06	1	0
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.1	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
rentiapril rentiapril: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
butoprozine butoprozine: benzoylindolizine derivative related to amiodarone	2.15	1	0
dw a 2114r [no description available]	2.67	3	0	platinum coordination entity; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.63	2	0	alkaloid
alantolactone alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.	2.41	1	0	naphthofuran; olefinic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
6-hydroxynicotinic acid 6-hydroxynicotinic acid : A monohydroxypyridine that is the 6-hydroxy derivative of nicotinic acid.	2.1	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-chloranil [no description available]	2.05	1	0
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	2.01	1	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	4.67	26	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
indole-5-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	indolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
2-aminoethylmethacrylate aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel	2.11	1	0	enoate ester
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	2	1	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid : A member of the class of furans carrying two carboxy substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.5	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; furans	human urinary metabolite
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine 2-(2'-thienyl)pyridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1-pyrenebutyrate 1-pyrenebutyrate: fluorescent probe; RN given refers to 1-pyrenebutyrate	2.1	1	0
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.05	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
1-methylcytosine 1-methylcytosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group.	3.15	5	0	aminopyrimidine; methylcytosine; pyrimidone	metabolite
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.1	1	0
2,6-diformyl-p-cresol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
iridium oxide iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2	4.42	20	0
platinum oxide [no description available]	4.83	31	0
ruthenium dioxide ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2	2.73	3	0
strontium titanium oxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1,5-cod 1,5-cyclooctadiene: used in production of Nylon	2.77	3	0
propagermanium propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents	2.11	1	0	organogermanium compound
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.6	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine: reagent for making polymers; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
adriamycinol doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; aromatic ether; deoxy hexoside; p-quinones; phenols; polyol; tetracenequinones	cardiotoxic agent; drug metabolite
hydrazinoacetic acid hydrazinoacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
dibenzo-24-crown-8 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol: structure in first source	7.07	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.46	2	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
dibenzo-30-crown-10 dibenzo-30-crown-10: structure	7.25	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	1.94	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.37	7	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.78	3	0
goethite [no description available]	2.05	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.4	2	0
titanium nitride (tin) titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF	3.47	7	0
procion orange mx-2r Procion Orange MX-2R: RN given refers to parent cpd. procion orange MX-2R : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-2-yldiazenyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.15	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; monoazo compound	dye
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.11	1	0	arabinitol
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.45	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM	2	1	0
benzothiazoline [no description available]	7.06	1	0
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine [no description available]	7.47	2	0
diosgenin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	2.41	1	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.25	1	0	glycoside; lignan
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	3.53	8	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	methyladenosine
octaethylporphyrin octaethylporphyrin: structure in first source	3.33	6	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	10.35	164	1	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	4.41	2	2
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.86	3	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.47	7	0	oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.08	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.41	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	5.32	7	0
n-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate N-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.91	4	0
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	1.97	1	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	7.79	8	2	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	7.53	2	0
tadalafil [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.94	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
16-hydroxyestrone 16-hydroxyestrone: has implications in estrogen physiology & pathophysiology; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3670	2	1	0
aporphine aporphine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. aporphine : An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the N-methyl derivative of 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline.	7.13	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; tertiary amino compound
protoberberine protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	iron coordination entity
bis-neodecanoato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(ii) [no description available]	3.07	5	0
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	1.94	1	0
gallium nitride [no description available]	2.77	3	0
indium nitride [no description available]	2.76	3	0
l-lysine methyl ester methyl L-lysinate : The L-lysyl ester formed by conjugating L-lysine with methanol.	2.03	1	0	L-lysyl ester
ruthenium tetraoxide ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4	2.07	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.5	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	thiadiazole
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.08	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
meridol Meridol: contains amine fluoride 242 & stannous fluoride	2.02	1	0
sulforhodamine 101 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
niobium pentoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	6.7	27	0	carbene; methanediyl
hydronium ion [no description available]	3.14	5	0	onium cation; oxygen hydride
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.98	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	4.27	17	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.58	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	9.99	14	5	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
c & b metabond Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)	4.11	3	1
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
chloroterpyridineplatinum(ii) [no description available]	2.45	2	0
methotrexate [no description available]	11.09	26	6	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n-hydroxysuccinimide s-acetylthioacetate N-hydroxysuccinimide S-acetylthioacetate: introduces sulfhydryl groups into proteins; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
platinum(ii) pentamidine platinum(II) pentamidine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2.07	1	0
2-iminobiotin 2-iminobiotin: RN given refers to parent cpd(3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.03	1	0
methyl-beta-d-fructoside methylfructoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	1.99	1	0
abiraterone [no description available]	2.31	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate 8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: inhibits growth of human cancer cells; the Rp-isomer is more potent than the Sp-isomer; RN given refers to the (S)- isomer	1.98	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.9	3	0	D-xylose
1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane: structure in first source	8.02	4	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.44	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium: (103)Ru-labeled indigestible marker for large intestine studies; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.46	1	1	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	16.44	75	32	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
altromycin b altromycin B: from an actinomycete; structure given in second source	2.42	2	0
jm 221 JM 221: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	2	1	0	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
platinum(ii) 1,2-diaminocyclohexane malonate platinum(II) 1,2-diaminocyclohexane malonate: RN given refers to (SP-4-2-(trans))-isomer	2.35	2	0
aclacinomycin aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tetracenequinones; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
evodiamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	beta-carbolines
copper bis(histidinate) copper bis(histidinate): RN given refers to N,N(3),O(L)-isomer	2.08	1	0
gulonic acid gulonic acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. gulonic acid : A hexonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of gulose to a carboxylic acid group.	2.11	1	0	gulonic acid
diamminebis(ursodeoxycholate(o,o'))platinum(ii) diamminebis(ursodeoxycholate(O,O'))platinum(II): structure in first source	2	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.9	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.99	36	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	2.01	1	0
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.07	1	0
lead titanate zirconate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	8.44	1	1	pyrrolidines
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
bismuth orthovanadate bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic	2.49	2	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.54	21	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
diamminediaqua platinum(ii) diamminediaqua platinum(II): RN given refers to (SP-4-1)-isomer; hydrolysis product of cisplatin	3.07	1	0
perlolyrine perlolyrine: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.57	8	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide
carbazic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; one-carbon compound
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.9	2	0	sulfonium betaine
zirconium phosphate zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio	7.95	4	0
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
pyropheophorbide a pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer	2.66	2	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	7.76	2	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.4	2	0
amplex red Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit	2.31	1	0
palladium(ii) acetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	3.46	1	1	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
n-acetylneuraminyl-(2-6)-galactose N-acetylneuraminyl-(2-6)-galactose: structure given in first source; RN given refers to D-Gal	2.13	1	0
iodoplatinate [no description available]	3.22	6	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.22	16	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
carboline-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	2.58	2	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.1	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	3.98	12	0
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	12.51	22	10	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.49	7	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.8	3	0
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.96	3	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
manganese(iii) porphyrin manganese(III) porphyrin: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index	2.13	1	0
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2.03	1	0
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.17	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	4.99	4	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	9.85	2	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.36	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
salophen salphen: structure in first source	3.05	4	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.95	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.13	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	7.79	3	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.74	3	0
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	7.41	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	7.99	4	0
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.06	1	0	potassium salt
hafnia Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)	3.23	1	0
acivicin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
elesclomol [no description available]	3.66	2	0	carbohydrazide; thiocarbonyl compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
nsc 366140 NSC 366140: a 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine; structure given in first source	3.39	1	1
o-iodoxybenzoic acid o-iodoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 1-hydroxy-1,3-dioxobenziodoxole : A benziodoxole compound having hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 1-position and an oxo substituent at the 3-position. It is a mild and efficient hypervalent iodine synthetic reagent used to carry out several selective oxidation reactions.	2.11	1	0	benziodoxole	EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; oxidising agent
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	8.89	2	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.03	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.03	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.08	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	19.27	320	41
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.45	2	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	2.52	2	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	2.11	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.93	4	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.39	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.7	3	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	1.94	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	7.54	2	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	7.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.02	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.05	1	0
n-acetyllactosamine N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer. N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc
dopaquinone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.66	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.49	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.31	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	1.94	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.21	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.97	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
naringin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
phenylpropanolamine fawcettimine: from Lyopodium; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	azaspiro compound
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	2.04	1	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.15	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.15	1	0
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	3.51	1	1	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.35	18	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.42	2	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.69	2	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.69	3	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	1.99	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.76	3	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.23	4	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.58	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.11	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.6	8	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.1	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.48	2	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.44	7	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.25	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.17	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	1.97	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.11	1	0	enal
n-acetylmethionine N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	7.39	2	0	L-methionine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylmethionine	nutraceutical
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	6.4	2	1	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.38	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	5.37	2	2	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.66	10	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	6.97	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.07	5	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	7.46	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	1.98	1	0	potassium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.66	3	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.41	2	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	2.02	1	0	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.06	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.98	4	0
2-diphenylphosphinopyridine 2-diphenylphosphinopyridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.49	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	4.32	6	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	7.25	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.48	8	0	isomethyleugenol
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.15	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.22	5	0	stilbene
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.42	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.75	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.6	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.16	5	0	diphosphate ion
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	organochlorine compound
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.73	3	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	8.34	7	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.11	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
diphenylthiourea N,N'-diphenylthiourea : Thiourea in which each nitrogen carries a phenyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	thioureas	allergen
2-mercaptobenzoxazole [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzoxazole
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.64	8	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	7.02	1	0	thiazolidinone
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.48	2	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.13	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
allylthiourea [no description available]	2.15	1	0	thioureas	metabolite
pyrimidine-2-thiol pyrimidine-2-thiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrimidine-2-thiol : Pyrimidine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.	2.21	1	0	aryl thiol; pyrimidines	allergen; corrosion inhibitor
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.25	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.67	3	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole dimercaptothiadiazole: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
2-thiopyridine 2-thiopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine-2-thiol : Pyridine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.	2.48	2	0	aryl thiol; pyridines	allergen; fluorescence quencher
2-mercaptothiazoline [no description available]	2	1	0
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.1	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.74	29	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	2.6	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.69	9	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	3	4	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	3.68	9	0
tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	7.48	2	0
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.67	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	3	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
4'-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 4'-aminobenzo-15-crown-5: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.15	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
tamoxifen [no description available]	10.93	7	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
bis(pinacolato)diboron [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3,2-dioxaborolane	EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.	2.49	2	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexylpyridinium [no description available]	2.21	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.75	3	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.5	2	0
3-pyridinylboronic acid 3-pyridinylboronic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
nadp [no description available]	4.18	5	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.14	5	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.17	1	0
1,4-phenylene diisocyanide 1,4-phenylene diisocyanide: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
rubeanic acid rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure	2	1	0
ace-011 ACE-011: a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the human ActRIIA linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 and may be an effective therapy in a variety of diseases involving bone loss	9.43	1	1
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.49	2	0	macrolide
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.39	2	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.97	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
maraviroc [no description available]	2.6	1	0	tropane alkaloid
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	8.24	5	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	6.69	10	0	alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	3.77	10	0	nitrogen oxide
quinine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
methyl radical [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic radical
amrubicin amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.	5.19	3	1	anthracycline antibiotic; methyl ketone; primary amino compound; quinone; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; prodrug; topoisomerase II inhibitor
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine 2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source; RN given is for mono HCl	2.13	1	0
ethylenediamine platinum(ii) malonate [no description available]	2.37	2	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cystine [no description available]	4.69	9	0
6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol: adhesive bonding promoter for precious alloys; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ferrocenium ferrocenium: structure given in first source	7.05	1	0
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	6.32	19	2
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	3.66	9	0
udp-n-acetylglucosaminuronic acid UDP-N-acetylglucosaminuronic acid: found in Micrococcus luteus	2.03	1	0
dipyrromethene dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.	7.9	2	0	dipyrrins
silicon nitride [no description available]	3.57	8	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.41	1	0
poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate) lyapolate: sulfonic acid polymers represent a new class of HIV inhibitors	2.76	3	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.46	8	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.48	7	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.02	1	0
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.21	1	0
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.1	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.82	12	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.07	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.49	2	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.68	9	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
triacetone triperoxide triacetone triperoxide: very sensitive explosive	2.03	1	0
4-mercaptophenylboronic acid 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid: structure in first source	7.17	1	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.37	2	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
palladium oxide palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO	2.03	1	0
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	2.21	1	0
9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.25	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	7.83	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	7.98	4	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.7	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	7.21	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	7.08	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.05	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.32	6	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.57	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
alprostadil [no description available]	4.07	3	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	7.42	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	7.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.31	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.41	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.59	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.82	2	0	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.1	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.1	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.06	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	5.59	4	1	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.1	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.98	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.25	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.39	2	0	hydrochloride
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.41	2	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.61	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.67	3	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	14.7	15	8	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.08	1	0	cyclodextrin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.86	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.08	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.6	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	7.03	4	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.58	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.01	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.18	80	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	6.84	62	1	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.41	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	5.01	15	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.36	7	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	9.19	6	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
oleylamine oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.48	2	0
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.01	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	10.18	15	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	13.71	59	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.55	8	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.9	31	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	5.21	16	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.42	23	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	4.91	35	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.15	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.59	25	0	boron group element atom
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	6	34	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ethyl oleate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
puerarin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.97	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.41	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	10.63	9	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
acetyl acetonate [no description available]	3.13	5	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.95	54	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	6.5	68	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.22	17	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	4.94	35	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	7.01	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	3.34	5	0
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.31	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	7	1	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.1	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
methylbenzethonium chloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0	alkylbenzene
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.03	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.51	2	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.56	9	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.95	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	3.76	10	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	10.05	31	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	4.17	16	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
diphenyl phosphite diphenyl phosphite: a coupling agent for making sterically hindered peptide analogs; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
benzeneselenol benzeneselenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	4.99	13	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth oxychloride bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses	2.08	1	0
thorium x thorium X: used in therapy of Bechterew's disease	6.92	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.69	3	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.03	1	0	organic anion
permite c Permite C: a high-copper admix (lathe-cut plus spherical particle) amalgam	2	1	0
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	9.4	1	1	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
cobalt oxide [no description available]	2.76	2	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.06	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	7.17	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
amphidinolide f amphidinolide F: cytotoxic macrolide from the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp.	2.11	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	11.74	37	16	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
amphidinolide c amphidinolide C: a potent cytotoxic 25-membered macrolide from marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp.; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	11.4	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.05	1	0
4-isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: structure in first source	2	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.31	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin [no description available]	2.43	2	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.11	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	7.37	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone: structure	1.95	1	0
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	8.37	1	1	glycopeptide
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	4.35	4	1	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.77	3	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
enloplatin enloplatin: structure given in first source	6.98	1	0
perfosfamide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ski 2053r SKI 2053R: structure in first source; RN given in first source	2.17	1	0
rmp 7 RMP 7: a synthetic bradykinin analog; selectively increases uptake of molecular tracers in RG2 glial tumors	2	1	0
ac 7700 AC 7700: a vascular disrupting agent; structure in first source	3.48	1	1
belinostat [no description available]	7.15	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.15	1	0	borneol
methionylglycine methionylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Met-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and glycine residues.	7.03	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	7.5	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.95	1	0
bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin: structure in first source. bacteriochlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.	2.15	1	0
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	14.15	45	11	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	4.46	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.47	2	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.42	2	0
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	4.37	1	1
st 1481 ST 1481: structure in first source	4.36	1	1
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.11	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	4.11	2	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.41	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.37	2	0	organic molecular entity
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	6.64	57	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
zotarolimus zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source	11.27	4	3	lactam; macrolide
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
tivozanib N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	8.7	1	1	aromatic ether
motexafin gadolinium [no description available]	7.48	2	0
ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o'-)tellurate ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-O,O'-)tellurate: has potential therapeutic application; inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and replication	1.97	1	0
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	8.67	10	5	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cediranib [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether
zeolites [no description available]	5.95	31	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	1.99	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	11.12	118	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
halichondrin b halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin	3.46	1	1	furopyran
frondosin b frondosin B: from sponge Dysidea frondosa; structure in first source	7.15	1	0
4-hydroxy-n-desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen: metabolite of tamoxifen in human bile	2.51	2	0	stilbenoid
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	7.88	6	5	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	2.6	1	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	8.91	7	4	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
saracatinib [no description available]	9.4	1	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.21	1	0
pyranicin pyranicin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ngr peptide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pyragonicin pyragonicin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	9.41	1	1
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.98	4	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	7.52	2	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
cypate Cypate: a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.2	6	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
molybdenum carbide molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils	2.08	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.73	3	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
disodium hexachloroplatinate disodium hexachloroplatinate: inhalation causes pulmonary hyperreactivity. sodium hexachloroplatinate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising separate sodium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-) anions.	2.7	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
regorafenib [no description available]	5.85	3	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pirarubicin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	anthracycline
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	6.45	3	3	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.25	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
carfilzomib [no description available]	8.64	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	2.17	1	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
liphagal liphagal: selective inhibitor of PI3 kinase alpha isolated from the sponge akacoralliphaga; structure in first source. liphagal : A meroterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Aka coralliphaga and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase.	7.15	1	0	aldehyde; cyclic ether; meroterpenoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trametinib [no description available]	9.48	1	1	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.92	3	3
corannulene corannulene: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
veliparib [no description available]	6.25	3	2	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.73	3	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.6	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.67	3	0
demethylcantharidin demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.15	5	0
titanocene titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.	2.06	1	0
zinc-66 atom zinc-67 : The stable isotope of zinc with relative atomic mass 66.927131, 4.10 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 5/2.	2.25	1	0	zinc atom
distyrylbenzene distyrylbenzene: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.37	7	0
2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine: structure given in first source; metabolic deamination product of gemcitabine. 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is uridine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' has been replaced by two fluoro substituents. It is a metabolite of the drug gemcitabine.	3.41	1	1
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	2.48	2	0
adriamycin aglycone adriamycin aglycone: RN given refers to (8S-cis)-isomer	1.97	1	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.25	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.86	34	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.9	10	0
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	1.98	1	0	polypeptide
(4-24)-ply(a) peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.07	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.25	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.06	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.94	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.31	1	0
cucurbit(8)uril cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges	2.51	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.83	31	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.33	19	0	glycoside
lead titanate lead titanate: ceramic fiber compound	2.03	1	0
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	3.86	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	8.59	9	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	9.45	1	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
famitinib famitinib: structure in first source	9.72	1	1
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.74	10	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	3.3	6	0	organotin acaricide
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	7.69	3	0
aphidicolin glycinate aphidicolin glycinate: DNA polymerase II inhibitor; RN given refers to(HCL(3R-(3alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,6abeta,8beta,9beta,11abeta,11bbeta)-isomer); RN for parent cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	6.97	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	6.41	59	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	1.99	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	11.12	4	3	organosulfonic acid
lithium perchlorate lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound	2.77	3	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	2.01	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
tropaeolin oo tropaeolin OO: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	1	0
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	3.3	6	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.21	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.95	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.21	1	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	2.36	2	0
olaparib [no description available]	9.15	21	5	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	2.15	1	0
plx 4720 PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; organochlorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycoside
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	2.02	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.11	1	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	6.38	6	2	piperazines
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	8.88	12	5	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
navitoclax [no description available]	4.72	1	1	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.96	11	0	BODIPY compound
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.	4.48	1	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; morpholines; nitrile; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-anaemic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	10.53	21	9
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	4.99	2	1	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.03	1	0
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.64	1	1
glycolipids [no description available]	2.25	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.91	20	4
dufulin dufulin: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	9.72	1	1
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	5.43	5	2
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	2.06	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ly2784544 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pyridazines
englerin a [no description available]	7.13	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycolate ester; guaiane sesquiterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.41	1	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.83	3	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.06	15	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.17	1	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.31	1	0
cudc-907 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	5.69	76	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.94	3	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.17	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	11.53	5	1
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.61	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.82	10	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.	2.06	1	0	aldonolactone phosphate
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	7.93	6	4
nk 121 NK 121: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
carboxyphthalato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum carboxyphthalato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum: RN given refers to hydrogen(SP-4-3(1R-trans))-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.6	1	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	7.25	1	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.11	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.77	3	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	8.32	6	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	9.15	5	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	7.9	2	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
pm 01183 PM 01183: a covalent DNA minor groove binder and antineoplastic; structure in first source	6.23	4	2
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	7.21	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
brass [no description available]	2.38	2	0
soda lime soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant	2.03	1	0
epz-6438 tazemetostat: a histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity	2.25	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.94	4	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	13.09	25	19	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.29	6	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.11	1	0
ivosidenib ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.	2.31	1	0	cyanopyridine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
pf-06463922 lorlatinib: inhibits both anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) protein. lorlatinib : A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.6	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; benzamides; cyclic ether; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.98	4	0
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	3.15	5	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.07	5	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.13	1	0
tetracarboxyphenylporphine [no description available]	2.66	2	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.35	6	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	3	4	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.03	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.39	20	0
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.08	1	0
aqua regia aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids	8.03	4	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.82	3	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
jm 335 JM 335: JM149 is the cis congener of JM335; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
zirconium diboride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	3.88	2	1
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	5.28	2	2
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.05	1	0
yuremamine Yuremamine: from the stem bark of Mimosa tenuiflora; structure in first source	7.11	1	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	2.01	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.23	6	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.31	1	0
dodecaborate dodecaborate: RN given for disodium salt; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.4	2	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.66	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.21	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.49	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.19	16	0
chromomycins Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.	1.95	1	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	5.48	15	1
sc002 SC002: structure in first source	3.7	1	1
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.51	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.71	3	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	7.89	17	4	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.41	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.52	2	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.11	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	9.35	19	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.44	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	13.01	94	9	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.87	12	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	7.61	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.96	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	11.54	15	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.14	5	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	6.32	4	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.13	1	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	7.53	2	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	7.25	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.91	4	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
9-methylguanine 9-methylguanine: structure in first source	2.82	3	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	9.25	3	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
diazeniumdiolate diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	7.42	2	0
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
9-methylhypoxanthine 9-methylhypoxanthine: structure in first source. 9-methylhypoxanthine : A methylhypoxanthine that is hypoxanthine with the methyl group at position 9.	7.46	2	0	methylhypoxanthine
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	17.95	111	39	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
tetra-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.31	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	8.64	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
9-ethylguanine [no description available]	3.43	7	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.98	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
2'-deoxyguanosine 3',5'-diphosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 3',5'-diphosphate: a zinc ion chelating agent	2.11	1	0
ec20 folate peptide EC20 folate peptide: peptide derivative of folic acid; structure in first source	4.39	1	1
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.6	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	2.04	1	0
7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.	2.25	1	0	methylguanosine; organic cation	metabolite
guanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine [no description available]	2.76	3	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
fast red s [no description available]	2.13	1	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.1	1	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
sta 9090 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	ring assembly; triazoles
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	5.55	2	2
deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.01	1	0
pyrroloazepinone pyrroloazepinone: structure in first source	7.05	1	0
dihydroresorufin dihydroresorufin: a reduced form of the dye resazurin; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.65	3	0
zinc(ii) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid: agent for photodynamic therapy	2.1	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2	1	0
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.99	14	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	7.07	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	5.98	35	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	4.27	4	1
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	3.69	9	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	6.9	7	2
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.61	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	7.59	24	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	5.81	35	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	7.59	24	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	24.42	561	259
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	25.29	794	299
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	24.42	561	259
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	25.29	794	299
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	21.82	552	25
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	21.82	552	25
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	16.48	114	27
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	13.09	49	10
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	16.48	114	27
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	16.86	113	37
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	12.04	54	10
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	12.04	54	10
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	15.5	83	18
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	15.5	83	18
Metastase [description not available]	16.38	95	30
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	5.02	7	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	16.38	95	30
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	5.02	7	0
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	20.14	257	79
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	2.31	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	12.46	81	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	14.22	63	8
Breast Cancer [description not available]	15.39	133	7
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	15.39	133	7
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	14.22	63	8
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	7.25	34	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	7.25	34	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.99	48	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.99	48	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	17.73	181	33
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	17.73	181	33
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	7.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	7.12	16	1
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.59	5	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	7.49	12	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	10.35	32	4
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	10.35	32	4
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	23.02	678	97
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	23.02	678	97
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.75	32	2
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	10.2	57	6
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.75	32	2
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	10.2	57	6
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	6.7	55	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	10.15	37	5
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	10.15	37	5
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	5.42	4	3
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	15.58	23	5
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	9.73	26	7
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	11.81	37	7
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	5.58	9	2
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	5.58	9	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	15.11	104	24
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	15.11	104	24
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.31	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.97	4	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	7.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	16.51	128	43
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	16.51	128	43
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	13.62	60	5
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	13.62	60	5
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	8.1	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	6.19	23	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	6.19	23	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.59	32	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.59	32	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	9.38	88	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	4.66	6	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	4.66	6	1
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	8.15	12	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	10.06	18	2
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	10.06	18	2
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	9.02	21	2
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	5.65	16	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	11.41	55	4
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	5.65	16	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	11.41	55	4
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	7.98	3	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.86	32	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.86	32	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.69	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	6.99	54	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.69	2	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	6.58	18	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	6.58	18	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	14.4	29	5
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	5.55	28	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	9.4	29	5
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	5.55	28	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	17.5	186	34
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	17.5	186	34
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	16.84	95	49
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.08	14	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.08	14	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	19.1	47	16
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	2.41	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	9.86	19	5
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	9.86	19	5
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	17.54	42	12
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	10.95	22	12
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	10.95	22	12
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	12.54	42	12
Lassitude [description not available]	6.59	3	3
Ache [description not available]	8.13	10	6
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	6.59	3	3
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	13.13	10	6
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	10.43	29	4
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	13.23	38	18
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	9.78	17	9
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	13.23	38	18
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	9.78	17	9
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	7.72	2	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	4.28	16	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	4.28	16	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	5.24	8	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	8.47	30	2
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	8.47	30	2
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2.41	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	5.57	14	1
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	7.59	2	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	6.43	9	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	6.43	9	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	11.43	9	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	6.43	9	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	10.87	53	5
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	10.87	53	5
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	4.74	11	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	10.11	63	4
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	10.32	17	10
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	10.32	17	10
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	10.83	43	7
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	10.83	43	7
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	8.83	31	4
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	8.83	31	4
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	2.99	4	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.67	7	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	4.72	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	10.43	14	6
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	10.67	7	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	13.16	43	10
Cancer of Head [description not available]	15.02	91	22
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	13.16	43	10
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	15.02	91	22
Recrudescence [description not available]	16.4	75	28
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.14	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.14	4	0
Bleeding [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.16	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	12.06	32	2
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	12.06	32	2
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	5.44	4	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.63	9	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.3	4	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.41	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	10.44	4	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	10.27	20	5
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	10.27	20	5
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	9.47	33	3
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.95	11	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	9.47	33	3
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	8.47	8	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.44	21	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.47	8	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.53	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.44	21	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	7.72	16	4
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	11.97	37	9
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.3	5	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.3	5	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.68	8	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	12.5	10	1
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	7.29	8	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	7.5	10	1
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	7.29	8	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	5.68	8	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	8.58	19	4
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	13.58	19	4
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	8.6	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.55	6	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	3.62	3	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	7.95	19	2
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	8.86	32	6
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	8.86	32	6
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	7.95	19	2
E coli Infections [description not available]	3.66	8	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	3.66	8	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	7.67	9	4
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	12.67	9	4
Anal Cancer [description not available]	10.14	3	1
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	5.14	3	1
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.9	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.76	10	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.76	10	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	9.02	50	2
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	3.81	6	0
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	3.93	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	8.93	2	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	3.36	7	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	19	70	9
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	8.54	8	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.54	8	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	7.09	11	1
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.41	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	3.67	7	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.95	4	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	9.15	2	1
Muscle Pain [description not available]	7.05	10	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	7.05	10	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	6.1	11	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.41	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.41	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	7.41	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	7.41	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.41	1	0
Gestational Weight Gain Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.	2.41	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.41	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	5.9	36	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	5.9	36	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	10.28	20	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.41	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	9.48	9	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	6.49	16	1
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	6.49	16	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	7.03	28	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.03	28	1
Joint Pain [description not available]	6.89	9	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	18.38	30	17
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	6.89	9	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	5.14	10	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	5.14	10	1
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	7.41	1	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	7.41	1	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	5.12	16	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	6.77	21	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.6	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.69	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.53	2	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	4.84	7	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.71	7	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	5.48	11	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	6.83	9	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	6.83	9	0
Emesis [description not available]	15.13	14	5
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	2.53	2	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	10.13	14	5
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.52	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	6.12	10	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	8.82	11	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.99	1	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	5.07	5	2
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	4.04	2	1
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	2.41	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.6	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.93	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.6	1	0
Acne [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	3.27	6	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.6	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	3.27	6	0
Alastrim [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	3.52	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.52	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	7.71	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.2	19	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.2	19	0
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	2.37	2	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	2.6	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.6	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.6	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	3.52	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	5.99	26	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	10.99	26	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	8.01	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	3.38	2	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	5.58	8	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.63	2	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.52	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.34	7	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.34	7	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.76	3	0
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	3.52	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	3.32	6	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.6	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.6	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.82	4	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	3.55	2	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	7.6	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.09	15	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	3.4	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.21	1	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System Conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries.	3.94	4	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	8.17	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	8.33	6	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Necrobiosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	8.53	2	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.57	48	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	7.71	3	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.25	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.6	9	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.25	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	5.24	20	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.76	6	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	12.73	270	4
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.25	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.69	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	3.12	4	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.25	1	0
Aura [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.92	4	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Varices [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	10.25	4	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	5.91	23	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	5.91	23	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	3.17	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	3.11	5	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	8.11	5	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.25	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	8.01	19	5
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.61	9	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	3.51	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	10.64	3	2
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	3.74	3	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.77	11	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.77	11	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.25	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.83	4	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.94	4	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.58	9	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	10.58	9	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	3.49	7	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	3.49	7	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.31	1	0
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.31	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.69	3	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.82	3	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.74	3	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.66	3	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.31	1	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.41	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.31	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.99	5	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.31	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	7.31	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	8.4	2	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	3.23	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.78	3	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	5.9	4	2
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	5.9	4	2
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	2.15	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	4.47	5	1
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	8.53	1	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.16	7	2
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.16	7	2
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	8.24	10	3
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	7.3	14	3
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	8.24	10	3
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	8.36	2	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.51	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	3.06	1	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	2.17	1	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	8.86	12	6
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.55	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	8.4	7	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.59	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.17	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.17	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.81	4	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	7.4	2	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.46	2	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.15	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
C-C Fistula [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.39	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.88	4	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	4.48	1	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	9.7	2	1
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	4.72	2	1
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	8.25	8	5
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	8.25	8	5
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.03	4	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	8.18	8	4
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.45	2	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.17	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Yolk Sac Tumor [description not available]	7.17	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2.17	1	0
Endodermal Sinus Tumor An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)	2.17	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.17	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.64	9	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.11	5	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	5.25	4	1
Rubeola [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	2.17	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	3.91	2	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	3.91	2	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.17	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.17	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.17	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	2.52	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	7.49	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	5.08	3	1
Measles, German [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.17	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.21	1	0
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.17	1	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	3.92	2	1
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.21	1	0
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).	2.21	1	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.92	2	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	9.24	3	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Mesothelial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Cystadenoma, Serous A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)	2.44	2	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.21	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.21	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.21	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.95	2	1
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	3.12	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.88	8	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	4.57	3	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	4.57	3	0
Conductive Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	5.75	11	2
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	10.75	11	2
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.86	2	1
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.21	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.69	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.08	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.49	2	0
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	3.47	1	1
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	3.47	1	1
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.41	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.08	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	6.72	12	2
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	6.72	12	2
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	3.61	3	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	6.54	10	2
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	6.54	10	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	8.51	18	2
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	8.51	18	2
Brain Emboli [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.08	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.08	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	2.08	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.95	4	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	3.65	10	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	4.54	5	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	6.32	5	3
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	6.32	5	3
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.1	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	4.27	4	1
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	7.42	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	5.6	6	1
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	5.6	6	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	3.4	2	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	5.45	8	2
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	6.08	48	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	5.76	4	2
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.1	1	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.48	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	4.1	3	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.84	7	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.1	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.11	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.48	2	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.11	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	7.11	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	4.04	14	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	4.04	14	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	4.09	3	1
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	7.37	10	2
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.49	2	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	5.98	5	2
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.39	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	3.3	2	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.11	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	8.05	5	0
Aneurysm, Iliac [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	2.13	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.	2.13	1	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	5.7	4	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	5.7	4	1
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.51	1	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	2.13	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.13	1	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	2.13	1	0
Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.13	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.13	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.13	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.13	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.06	5	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	5.06	5	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	5.79	21	1
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	5.79	21	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	3.51	1	1
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.13	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.07	3	1
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.01	5	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	2.15	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	7.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.83	12	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.39	2	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.94	4	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	7.15	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4.12	3	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	6.98	9	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4.12	3	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.05	1	0
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	8.97	14	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	5.07	5	2
Angle's Classification [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	2.04	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	7.39	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.05	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.46	2	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.46	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	3.14	5	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.69	3	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.	2.05	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.45	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	5.22	12	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	5.22	12	1
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.05	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.88	4	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.14	3	1
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.05	1	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	3.22	6	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	9.12	16	0
Melanoma, Amelanotic An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.7	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.43	31	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.95	9	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.43	31	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.05	1	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.	2.05	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)	2.42	2	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	3.31	2	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.93	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	2.05	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.68	3	0
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.39	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	3.38	2	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	7.72	3	0
Hives [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	3.06	5	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.98	1	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	2.07	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	3.35	2	0
Arterio-Arterial Fistula Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.	2.44	2	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.07	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	3.46	1	1
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	3.84	2	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	7.87	4	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.07	1	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.07	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.08	1	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	3.47	1	1
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	2.08	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.66	3	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	7.49	2	0
Attrition, Dental [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	2.01	1	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	10.54	6	1
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	3.34	2	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.39	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	3.39	1	1
Microstomia A congenital defect in which the mouth is unusually small. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	2.01	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.01	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.41	2	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.01	1	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	3.8	2	1
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	2.01	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.01	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.06	5	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	2.01	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.54	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.54	3	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.81	13	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	4.81	13	0
Aortic Valve Disease 1 [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.87	4	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.	1.93	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	2.86	4	0
Coronary Vessel Anomalies Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.	2.88	4	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.86	4	0
Leukoma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	1.93	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	1.93	1	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	1.94	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.01	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	3.08	5	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.42	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.91	4	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Cardiac Output, High A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and HYPOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.	3.4	1	1
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	3.4	1	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.71	3	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.02	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.02	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.02	1	0
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	2.41	2	0
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.	2.02	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	2.02	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.42	2	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.02	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.13	6	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.02	1	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.02	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.38	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	4.68	2	1
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.68	3	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	5.94	3	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	5.94	3	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.82	2	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.03	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.38	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.03	1	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	2.95	1	0
Myosarcoma A general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	9.65	9	9
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	9.65	9	9
Aprosodia [description not available]	9.65	9	9
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	9.65	9	9
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	9.65	9	9
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	5.22	20	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.04	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.87	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.87	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.99	1	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.04	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.04	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.69	3	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.69	3	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	1.94	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	3.57	3	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.65	3	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	1.95	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	1.95	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	4.04	3	1
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	1.95	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	3.28	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.76	5	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	5.45	11	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	6.9	15	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.58	9	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	1.96	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	1.96	1	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	1.96	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.96	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	1.96	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.64	3	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.35	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	1.96	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.87	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	1.96	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.36	2	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	2.64	3	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.36	2	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	2.36	2	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	7.37	2	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	6.96	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	7.37	2	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.67	10	0
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Albinism, Oculocutaneous Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.	1.98	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.36	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	1.98	1	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	2.38	2	0
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.98	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	1.98	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.66	3	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.68	3	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	3.37	1	1
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.98	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.39	2	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	1.98	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.58	3	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.98	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.07	5	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.78	2	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	1.98	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	6.99	1	0
Angiomyolipoma A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.99	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	3.97	5	0
Angiodysplasia Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.	6.99	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.99	1	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.99	1	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	1.99	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	1.99	1	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	2.9	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.99	1	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	6.99	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	1.99	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	1.98	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	1.99	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	1.99	1	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.67	3	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	1.99	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	1.99	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	1.98	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	1.98	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.98	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	3.38	1	1
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	3.38	1	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	2	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	7.38	2	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	2.87	4	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2	1	0
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)	2	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	3.39	1	1
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	7	1	0
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	2.39	2	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	3.27	2	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.66	3	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.35	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.36	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Constrictive Pericarditis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ebstein Anomaly A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.	1.95	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.36	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	1.95	1	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	1.95	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	6.95	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	1.95	1	0
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	1.95	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.35	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.36	2	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	1.95	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.64	3	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	1.95	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.35	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.35	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	1.95	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	1.95	1	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	1.98	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	1.98	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	1.98	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.98	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.98	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.38	2	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	1.97	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	1.97	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	1.96	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	1.97	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	1.97	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	1.97	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.97	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	1.97	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	1.96	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	1.96	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	6.96	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	1.96	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.96	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	2.34	2	0
Suffocation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	1.94	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	1.94	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.95	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	1.94	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	3.27	2	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	3.74	2	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	1.94	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	1.94	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.35	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.35	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	1.95	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Cardiac Murmurs [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	2.64	3	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	1.94	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	1.94	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2.86	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.35	2	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	1.94	1	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	1.94	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	1.94	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	1.94	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	1.94	1	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	1.94	1	0

platinum

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (730)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (3)

Research

Studies (11,033)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 105.45

Study Types