colistin profile

Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	45357147
MeSH ID	M0004767

Synonym
1066-17-7
colistin
AKOS005746955

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The rate of intolerable renal adverse effects secondary to colistin therapy was appreciably lower among these patients than that reported previously for other patients."	( Toxicity of colistin in cystic fibrosis patients. Bosso, JA; Harrison, GM; Liptak, CA; Seilheimer, DK, 1991)	0.28
" It is suggested that certain cationic cyclic polypeptide antibiotics neutralize by combining directly with the toxic moiety of the endotoxin molecule."	( Neutralization of endotoxin toxicity in chick embryos by antibiotics. Palmer, JD; Rifkind, D, 1966)	0.24
"No serious adverse events occurred during the course of the trial."	( Safety and tolerability of bolus intravenous colistin in acute respiratory exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis. Conway, SP; Etherington, C; Goldman, MH; Munday, J; Strong, JJ; Wootton, M, 2000)	0.31
" Results of the study indicated that polymyxin-E (colistin) has an anti-endotoxic effect and is safe for the dogs with endotoxemia at the dosage used in this study."	( Evaluation of the anti-endotoxic effects of polymyxin-E (colistin) in dogs with naturally occurred endotoxic shock. Sentürk, S, 2005)	0.33
"Colistin appears to be as safe and as effective as other antimicrobials for treatment of sepsis caused by Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in critically ill patients."	( Safety and efficacy of colistin in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas infections: a prospective cohort study. Canales, HS; Das Neves, A; Estenssoro, E; Gonzalvo, R; Martins, G; Ramos, C; Reina, R; Sáenz, G; Santander, O; Vidal, G, 2005)	0.33
" Tested LD50 in CD-1 mice were 38."	( Toxicity, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a newly formulated colistin sulfate solution. Lin, B; Xiao, X; Zhang, C, 2005)	0.33
" Colistin appears to be an effective and safe treatment, even in patients with severe underlying diseases."	( Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of intravenous colistin for treatment of patients with infections due to polymyxin-only-susceptible (POS) gram-negative bacteria. Falagas, ME; Kasiakou, SK; Kofteridis, DP; Roditakis, G; Samonis, G, 2006)	0.33
" Primary outcomes were the clinical response and 30-day mortality; secondary outcomes were microbiological response and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of colistin (colistimethate sodium) for therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Kiratisin, P; Koomanachai, P; Thamlikitkul, V; Tiengrim, S, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events were 39."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Betrosian, AP; Douzinas, EE; Frantzeskaki, F; Xanthaki, A, 2008)	0.35
" There were no serious adverse events associated with inhaled antibiotics."	( Inhaled aminoglycosides in cancer patients with ventilator-associated Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: safety and feasibility in the era of escalating drug resistance. Ghannam, DE; Raad, II; Rodriguez, GH; Safdar, A, 2009)	0.35
"To describe the clinical and microbiological outcomes of patients infected with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP) treated with colistin (colistimethate sodium) and the adverse events observed with this treatment."	( Effectiveness and safety of colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Alvarez-Lerma, F; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Knobel, H; Montero, M; Riu, M; Sala, M; Sorlí, L, 2009)	0.35
"Colistin is a safe option for the treatment of MDRP infections, with acceptable clinical outcomes."	( Effectiveness and safety of colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Alvarez-Lerma, F; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Knobel, H; Montero, M; Riu, M; Sala, M; Sorlí, L, 2009)	0.35
" Demographics, clinical presentation, causative organism, adverse events and outcomes were recorded."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin (colistin methanesulphonate) for severe multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Chang, SC; Chen, YC; Cheng, CY; Sheng, WH; Wang, JT, 2010)	0.36
" Adjusted analyses suggest that colistin is less effective and more toxic than beta-lactam antibiotics."	( Effectiveness and safety of colistin: prospective comparative cohort study. Bishara, J; Chowers, M; Goldberg, E; Leibovici, L; Leon, P; Lev, S; Levcovich, A; Paul, M; Raskin, M; Singer, P; Yahav, D, 2010)	0.36
" There were no clinical or laboratory adverse events related to aerosolized colistin."	( Safety in treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to extensive drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with aerosolized colistin in neonates: a preliminary report. Chokephaibulkit, K; Nakwan, N; Pornladnum, P; Saksawad, R; Thongmak, T; Wannaro, J, 2011)	0.37
"Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting adverse effect when colistin is used against Gram-negative pathogens."	( Melatonin attenuates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Chen, G; Hill, PA; Li, J; Nation, RL; Yousef, JM, 2011)	0.37
" These data raise important questions regarding the safe use of colistin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens."	( Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system. Chopra, T; Kaye, KS; Lee, J; Lephart, P; Marchaim, D; Pogue, JM; Yee, V; Zhao, JJ, 2011)	0.37
"Our results suggest that colistin may be as safe and as efficacious as standard antibiotics for the treatment of VAP."	( What is the efficacy and safety of colistin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia? A systematic review and meta-regression. Fey, PD; Florescu, DF; Kalil, AC; McCartan, MA; Mindru, C; Qiu, F, 2012)	0.38
" The number of adverse events was similar in both groups."	( Safety, efficacy and convenience of colistimethate sodium dry powder for inhalation (Colobreathe DPI) in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomised study. Döring, G; Goldman, MH; Haliburn, C; Schuster, A, 2013)	0.39
" Besides the synergistic effect, the combination of colistin (1 mg/ml) and nisin (2 mg/ml) permitted us to re-evaluate the toxic effect of colistin on Vero (monkey kidney epithelial) cells."	( Synergistic effect between colistin and bacteriocins in controlling Gram-negative pathogens and their potential to reduce antibiotic toxicity in mammalian epithelial cells. Baah, J; Drider, D; Hober, D; Jouy, E; Naghmouchi, K; Rubrecht, C; Sané, F, 2013)	0.39
"There is currently an urgent need to develop safe and effective adjuvants for enhancing vaccine-induced antigen-specific immune responses."	( Polymyxins as novel and safe mucosal adjuvants to induce humoral immune responses in mice. Endo, M; Kanno, H; Matsukawa, N; Sato, S; Takeshita, R; Tsutsumi, R; Yoshino, N, 2013)	0.39
" No death was attributed to an adverse effect of colistin."	( Colistin is relatively safe in hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Averbuch, D; Engelhard, D; Gatt, ME; Goldschmidt, N; Horwitz, E; Resnick, IB; Shapira, MY; Stepensky, P; Strahilevitz, J, 2013)	0.39
"Treatment with intravenous colistin, with dosage adjusted to renal function, was relatively safe for HM/HSCT patients, even with concomitantly administered nephrotoxic medications."	( Colistin is relatively safe in hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Averbuch, D; Engelhard, D; Gatt, ME; Goldschmidt, N; Horwitz, E; Resnick, IB; Shapira, MY; Stepensky, P; Strahilevitz, J, 2013)	0.39
"Data regarding the most efficacious and least toxic schedules for the use of colistin are scarce."	( Trough colistin plasma level is an independent risk factor for nephrotoxicity: a prospective observational cohort study. Alvarez-Lerma, F; Benito, N; Berenguer, N; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Knobel, H; Luque, S; Montero, MM; Segura, C; Sorlí, L, 2013)	0.39
" This retrospective observation study evaluated two-colistin and tigecycline-antibiotics profiles like treatment success rate, negative conversion rate, the length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) stay and antibiotics use, mortality rate during hospital stay and adverse event rate, based on the medical record of XDR-AB positive patients who were treated at least 5 d with those intravenous antibiotics."	( Efficacy and safety profile comparison of colistin and tigecycline on the extensively drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Ahn, HL; Han, OY; Kwon, SH; La, HO, 2014)	0.4
"To describe the efficacy of intravenous colistin on clinical and microbiological outcomes in preterm infants with nosocomial sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and define adverse events observed with this treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous colistin in preterm infants with nosocomial sepsis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Alan, S; Arsan, S; Atasay, B; Ates, C; Cakir, U; Erdeve, O; Kahvecioglu, D; Okulu, E; Yildiz, D, 2014)	0.4
" The major side effect observed was acute kidney injury (19%)."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous colistin in preterm infants with nosocomial sepsis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Alan, S; Arsan, S; Atasay, B; Ates, C; Cakir, U; Erdeve, O; Kahvecioglu, D; Okulu, E; Yildiz, D, 2014)	0.4
"Nephrotoxicity is an important adverse effect of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) therapy."	( High dose intravenous colistin methanesulfonate therapy is associated with high rates of nephrotoxicity; a prospective cohort study from Saudi Arabia. Albarrak, AM; Aldalbahi, S; Alfahad, WA; Almitwazi, AA; Baadani, AM; Omrani, AS; Shoukri, MM, 2015)	0.42
"Colistimethate sodium is effective against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and is safe in children."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin in children. Chirla, D; Giri, SR; Kumar, PP; Panigrahy, N; Shaikh, FA, 2015)	0.42
" Nephrotoxicity is the concerning adverse effect of this drug."	( A review on colistin nephrotoxicity. Ordooei Javan, A; Sahraei, Z; Shokouhi, S, 2015)	0.42
" Intra-abdominal infection model was further established in order to study the therapeutic effect and the toxic effect on kidney of mice."	( [Therapeutic efficacy of pegylated polymyxin E in the treatment of infection induced by gramnegative bacteria and the effect of reducing nephrotoxicity]. Gan, Y; He, SF; Ltu, H; Wu, N; Zhang, T; Zhang, XX; Zhu, JJ, 2015)	0.42
"Neurotoxicity is an unwanted side-effect seen in patients receiving therapy with the "last-line" polymyxin antibiotics."	( Curcumin Attenuates Colistin-Induced Neurotoxicity in N2a Cells via Anti-inflammatory Activity, Suppression of Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Cappai, R; Ciccotosto, GD; Dai, C; Li, D; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Xiao, X; Xie, S, 2018)	0.48
"Neurotoxicity is an adverse effect patients experience during colistin therapy."	( Minocycline attenuates colistin-induced neurotoxicity via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Cappai, R; Ciccotosto, GD; Dai, C; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Wang, Y; Xiao, X, 2017)	0.46
" Current inhaled polymyxin therapy is empirical, and often large doses are used that may lead to potential pulmonary adverse effects."	( Potential Toxicity of Polymyxins in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Ahmed, MU; Azad, MAK; Chan, K; Li, J; Lin, YW; Nowell, CJ; Velkov, T; Yun, B; Zhou, F; Zhou, QT, 2017)	0.46
"Nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect patients experience during colistin therapy."	( Baicalein acts as a nephroprotectant that ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity by activating the antioxidant defence mechanism of the kidneys and down-regulating the inflammatory response. Dai, C; Tang, S; Velkov, T; Wang, Y; Xiao, X, 2017)	0.46
"Most significant side effect of colistin therapy which is used for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections is nephrotoxicity."	( Colistin nephrotoxicity in the ICU: Is it different in the geriatric patients? Aydoğan, BB; Aygencel, G; Gönderen, K; Türkoğlu, M; Yıldırım, F; Zerman, A, 2018)	0.48
" Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting side effect that impedes optimal dosing of patients."	( Gelofusine Ameliorates Colistin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Ahmed, MU; Azad, MAK; Huang, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Schneider, EK; Sivanesan, SS; Velkov, T; Wang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and nephrotoxic and non-nephrotoxic adverse events."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of treatment options for MDR and XDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Apisarnthanarak, A; Chaiyakunapruk, N; Kengkla, K; Kongpakwattana, K; Saokaew, S, 2018)	0.48
" This study assesses the prevention of nephrotoxicity associated with high and low toxic doses of Colistin by alpha-tocopherol."	( Alpha-tocopherol ameliorates nephrotoxicity associated with the use of colistin in rabbits. Bader, Z; Bakhtiar, S; Khan, IM; Waheed, A, 2018)	0.48
" Both groups were evaluated for response to treatment and adverse effects."	( Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Colistin in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. Akbay, S; Bor, M; Ilhan, O; Ozdemir, SA; Ozer, EA, 2018)	0.48
" Safety outcomes were mortality and nephrotoxic adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of colistin alone or in combination in adults with Acinetobacter baumannii infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cai, Y; Niu, H; Wang, J; Wang, R, 2019)	0.51
" A putative adverse outcome pathway was constructed based on the integrated gene networking data, which may clarify the mode of action of colistin‑induced nephrotoxicity."	( Gene networking in colistin-induced nephrotoxicity reveals an adverse outcome pathway triggered by proteotoxic stress. Choi, MS; Han, JS; Kim, S; Kim, YB; Lee, EH; Moon, KS; Oh, HA; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Yang, H; Yoon, S, 2019)	0.51
" The publication year of the studies, the criteria used to classify renal damage, and the nephrotoxicity as primary or secondary outcome showed a significant influence on the adverse event rates."	( Nephrotoxicity prevalence in patients treated with polymyxins: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Fernandez-Llimos, F; Oliota, AF; Penteado, ST; Sanches, AC; Tonin, FS, 2019)	0.51
" aeruginosa in vivo, not toxic and distribute efficiently to the lung and liver after pulmonary or intramuscular administrations."	( Safety and effectiveness of sodium colistimethate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SCM-NLC) against P. aeruginosa: in vitro and in vivo studies following pulmonary and intramuscular administration. Aguirre, JJ; Bachiller, D; Basas, J; Esquisabel, A; Fleischer, A; Gainza, E; Gainza, G; Gavaldà, J; Gomis, X; Gutiérrez, FB; Hernandez, RM; Igartua, M; Moreno-Sastre, M; Palomino, E; Pastor, M; Pedraz, JL; Vairo, C, 2019)	0.51
" These findings highlight the potential of PNS as a safe adjunct for ameliorating the nephrotoxicity."	( Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on PME-Induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Bi, S; Chi, X; Hu, S; Shi, F; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Serious adverse events (AEs) occurred in 10% of imipenem/relebactam and 31% of colistin+imipenem patients, drug-related AEs in 16% and 31% (no drug-related deaths), and treatment-emergent nephrotoxicity in 10% and 56% (P = ."	( RESTORE-IMI 1: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Trial Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Imipenem/Relebactam vs Colistin Plus Imipenem in Patients With Imipenem-nonsusceptible Bacterial Infections. Aggrey, A; Boucher, HW; Brown, ML; Butterton, JR; Du, J; File, TM; Joeng, HK; Kartsonis, NA; Kaye, KS; Khan, I; Köksal, I; Lyulko, O; Motsch, J; Murta de Oliveira, C; Paschke, A; Stus, V; Tipping, RW; Young, K, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events possibly related to nebulized colistimethate sodium were recorded."	( Systemic pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of nebulized colistimethate sodium in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Benítez-Cano, A; Bermejo, S; Campillo, N; Carazo, J; de Antonio-Cuscó, M; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Luque, S; Ramos, I; Samsó, E; Sorlí, L, 2019)	0.51
" All four patients completed therapy with colistin without experiencing additional adverse reactions."	( Neurotoxicity in adult patients with cystic fibrosis using polymyxin B for acute pulmonary exacerbations. Ambrose, M; Rekis, N; Sakon, C, 2020)	0.56
"Neurotoxicity is an unwanted side effect for patients when receiving parenteral colistin therapy."	( Nerve Growth Factor Confers Neuroprotection against Colistin-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity. Dai, C; Shen, J; Velkov, T; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Xiong, J, 2020)	0.56
"Nephrotoxicity is the most important adverse effect of colistin therapy."	( Evaluation of prognosis and nephrotoxicity in patients treated with colistin in intensive care unit. Arac, E; Baysal, B; Gunay, E; Kaya, S; Yuksel, E, 2020)	0.56
" The primary outcome was a composite endpoint, defined as adverse events (AEs) or new cystic fibrosis (CF) complications."	( Long-term safety study of colistimethate sodium (Colobreathe®): Findings from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry. Bilton, D; Caine, N; Charman, SC; Kaplan, S; Lee, A, 2021)	0.62
"There was no difference in the rate of adverse events between CMS-DPI and comparator cohorts."	( Long-term safety study of colistimethate sodium (Colobreathe®): Findings from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry. Bilton, D; Caine, N; Charman, SC; Kaplan, S; Lee, A, 2021)	0.62
" The data collected from the EMR and hospital adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting systems included: demographics, dose, serum creatinine (SCr), concomitant nephrotoxins, infecting pathogen, treatment-emergent ADRs, and drug toxicities."	( Safety of Nebulized Colistin Solution as Adjunctive Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Attalla, M; Nadeem, K; Patel, M; Philips, M; Raja, K, 2022)	0.72
"The results of our study signify localized administration of colistin results in a low incidence of systemic adverse events."	( Safety of Nebulized Colistin Solution as Adjunctive Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Attalla, M; Nadeem, K; Patel, M; Philips, M; Raja, K, 2022)	0.72
" However, nephrotoxicity is considered to be a critical adverse effect that limits CMS's clinical use."	( Alpha-lipoic acid alleviates colistin nephrotoxicity in rats. Arslan, S; Bilici, G; Cavdar, C; Cavdar, Z; Heybeli, C; Kocak, A; Oktan, MA; Ozbal, S; Ural, C; Yilmaz, O, 2021)	0.62
"Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is a well-known major adverse event, which may occur within seven days [early acute kidney injury (AKI)] with a high mortality rate of 70% or after seven days (late AKI)."	( Colistin-induced Nephrotoxicity in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital. Al Ammari, M; Al Halwan, S; Al Maklafi, N; Al-Abdulkarim, DA; Alzuwayed, OA; Thomas, A, )	0.13
" Lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used for the toxic overdose treatment of various drugs."	( Effect of Lipid Emulsion on the Improvement of Renal Damage in Colistin- Induced Nephrotoxicity. Atasoy, O; Caparali, EB; Erbas, O; Erdogan, MA; Senkal, N, 2021)	0.62
" There is a paucity of data on treatment outcomes and adverse effects of high-dose colistin treatment in Pakistan."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
" Data were compared between those who received colistin and those who did not, including risk factors for CR bacteremia, bacterial clearance, adverse effects, and all-cause mortality up to 14 days of follow-up."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
"0%) developed reversible neurological adverse effects."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
" The adverse effects were found to be minimal and reversible."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
" Its most common dose-limiting adverse effect is nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of taxifolin/dapagliflozin combination on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Kabel, AM; Salama, SA, 2021)	0.62
"To determine the possible adverse effects and safe dose range of intravitreal colistin, an antibiotic, after its intravitreal application."	( Determination of the retinal toxicity of intravitreal colistin in rabbit eyes. Aras, C; Erdur, SK; Odabasi, M; Ozbek, M; Ozsutcu, M; Senturk, F, 2021)	0.62
" Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is one of the major adverse reactions during colistin treatment."	( Comparison of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity between two different formulations of colistin in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study. Chen, YM; Feng, JY; Lee, YT; Li, SY; Pan, SW; Wang, FD; Yang, KY; Yen, DH, 2021)	0.62
" The primary outcome was all-cause 1 month mortality; secondary outcomes included clinical and microbiological outcomes and adverse events, including acute kidney injury."	( Effectiveness and safety of colistin among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Falcone, M; Leibovici-Weissman, Y; Margalit, I; Paul, M; Prendki, V; Tiseo, G; Tishler, O; Yahav, D, 2022)	0.72
" The treatment group received a toxic dose once daily of each investigated drug for 1 week."	( Genome-wide gene expression analysis reveals molecular insights into the drug-induced toxicity of nephrotoxic agents. Cho, YS; Kim, DH; Long, NP; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Phat, NK; Shin, JG; Thu, VTA; Yen, NTH; Yoon, S, 2022)	0.72
" Baseline data (gender, age, whether complicated with diabetes, chronic nervous system disease, etc), general data (infection of pathogens and sites, steady-state trough concentration, steady-state peak concentration, clinical efficacy, 28-day all-cause mortality, etc) and adverse event (renal injury, nervous system, skin pigmentation, etc) were collected from the two groups."	( [Effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on plasma concentration, clinical efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate]. Chen, Y; Guo, B; Guo, Z; Jia, W; Jiang, X; Li, X; Li, Z; Lyu, P; Niu, J; Peng, D; Qi, S; Qin, B; Shao, H; Zhang, F; Zhao, J, 2023)	0.91
" Serious adverse events were reported in 36 (40%) of 91 patients in the sulbactam-durlobactam group and 42 (49%) of 86 patients in the colistin group."	( Efficacy and safety of sulbactam-durlobactam versus colistin for the treatment of patients with serious infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex: a multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority clinical tri Altarac, D; Chen, L; Du, B; Isaacs, R; Kaye, KS; Lewis, D; Miller, A; O'Donnell, J; Poirier, GE; Rana, K; Reinhart, H; Shorr, AF; Srinivasan, S; Wunderink, RG, 2023)	0.91
"Our study aimed to evaluate the real-world data on renal and neurological adverse effects and effectiveness of colistimethate sodium (CMS) and polymyxin B (PMB)."	( Colistin versus polymyxin B: A pragmatic assessment of renal and neurological adverse effects and effectiveness in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Alexander, PS; James, E; Simon, V; Sudhindran, S; Viswam, A, )	0.13
" Neurological adverse effects were assessed based on clinical signs and symptoms, and the causality and severity were assessed by the Naranjo scale and modified Hartwig-Siegel scale, respectively."	( Colistin versus polymyxin B: A pragmatic assessment of renal and neurological adverse effects and effectiveness in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Alexander, PS; James, E; Simon, V; Sudhindran, S; Viswam, A, )	0.13
"There is no significant difference in the incidence of renal and neurotoxic adverse effects between CMS and PMB when CMS is administered following renal dose modification."	( Colistin versus polymyxin B: A pragmatic assessment of renal and neurological adverse effects and effectiveness in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Alexander, PS; James, E; Simon, V; Sudhindran, S; Viswam, A, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Based on the available data it seems that one may postulate the following conclusions: (1) that the distribution factors as well as changes in drug elimination capacities seem to play a role, perhaps with differing relative importance, during each of the maturational periods; (2) that the physicochemical properties of a drug and its dosage, as well as changes in the volume of distribution in children, in the course of certain disease states may have a significant effect on kinetics of drug disposition in the body; (3) that systemic clearance, a model independent parameter, rather than elimination half-life, a hybrid pharmacokinetic parameter, more accurately reflects elimination of some drugs from the body; (4) that each drug and every clinical situation may require the evaluation of the direct effect on pharmacokinetic processes, since general principles may not always apply; (5) that drug disposition studies should also be performed, if possible, on patients under actual clinical situations and receiving the usual therapeutic regime, and (6) that the half-life of colistin is independent of postnatal age which should serve as a warning not to generalize about drug excretion in the young infant."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of changes in drug elimination in children. Prandota, J, 1985)	0.27
"Following a single intravenous injection of polymyxin B, colistin (5 mg/kg, each) and gentamicin (3 mg/kg) to calves, the decline in serum antibiotic concentration generally suggested a three-compartment (open system) pharmacokinetic model."	( The pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of polymyxin B, colistin and gentamicin in calves. Nouws, JF; van Ginneken, CA; Ziv, G, 1982)	0.26
" The pharmacodynamic characteristics of colistin were studied in vitro with Escherichia coli."	( [Bactericidal effect of colistin on Escherichia coli. Model and simulation or the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relation for prediction of efficacy in veterinary antibiotic therapy]. Gicquel, M; Laurentie, M; Renard, L; Sanders, P, 1996)	0.29
"The in vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate were investigated by studying the MICs, time-kill kinetics, and postantibiotic effect (PAE) against mucoid and nonmucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, R; Nation, RL; Turnidge, J, 2001)	0.31
" Time-kill curves for two strains of multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were generated after exposure to colistin alone or in combination with ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Synergistic activity of colistin and ceftazidime against multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Fromm, TL; Gunderson, BW; Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, KH; Reed, MD; Rotschafer, JC, 2003)	0.32
"Based on the in vitro pharmacodynamics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa previously published by our group and these pharmacokinetic findings, dose escalating trials may be warranted to maximize efficacy."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. Conway, S; Coulthard, K; Etherington, C; Li, J; Milne, R; Nation, RL; Peckham, D; Turnidge, J, 2003)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of CMS and colistin were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)	0.32
"Total body clearance, volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life of CMS averaged 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)	0.32
" CMS had a shorter terminal half-life than did colistin, indicating that the disposition of the colistin generated from CMS was rate-limited by its elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)	0.32
"Inhaled colistin is commonly used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), but only limited data are available to define its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Beier, H; Grasemann, H; Kasel, D; Ratjen, F; Rietschel, E; Schwiertz, R; Starke, K; van Koningsbruggen, S, 2006)	0.33
"Using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, a multidrug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii was exposed to colistin methanesulfonate alone and in combination with ceftazidime."	( Colistin methanesulfonate against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hovde, LB; Kroeger, LA; Mitropoulos, IF; Rotschafer, JC; Schafer, J, 2007)	0.34
"Resistance to colistin is emerging in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and no solid pharmacodynamic data are available for colistin against Klebsiella pneumoniae."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bell, JM; Gao, W; Howden, BP; Li, J; Nation, RL; Owen, RJ; Poudyal, A; Turnidge, JD, 2008)	0.35
" In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin (sulphate) were investigated by studying the MICs, mutation prevention concentrations, time-kill kinetics, population analysis profiles and the post-antibiotic effect (PAE)."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bell, JM; Gao, W; Howden, BP; Li, J; Nation, RL; Owen, RJ; Poudyal, A; Turnidge, JD, 2008)	0.35
" However, pharmacokinetic data are limited."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Kontopidou, F; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Poulakou, G; Tsangaris, I, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of NAB 7061 and NAB 739 were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of novel antimicrobial cationic peptides NAB 7061 and NAB 739 in rats following intravenous administration. Ali, FE; Cao, G; Li, J; Nation, RL; Poudyal, A; Vaara, M; Vaara, T, 2009)	0.35
" This investigation was undertaken to provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on which to base the selection of dosage rate and interval of the solution for the treatment of porcine colibacillosis."	( Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of G.I.T. disease in pigs. Aliabadi, MH; Baduel, L; Guyonnet, J; Kaltsatos, V; Lees, P; Manco, B, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) index that best correlates with the efficacy of colistin remains undefined."	( Elucidation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic determinant of colistin activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in murine thigh and lung infection models. Coulthard, K; Dudhani, RV; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Rayner, CR; Turnidge, JD, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of CMS and colistin were calculated by non-compartmental analysis."	( Dose-ranging pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate (CMS) and colistin in rats following single intravenous CMS doses. Couet, W; Gobin, P; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Carnevale, L; Cusato, M; Imberti, R; Iotti, GA; Langer, M; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2010)	0.36
"Although the pharmacodynamic parameters that better predict the efficacy of colistin are not known in humans, in critically ill adult patients the IV administration of CMS 2 million International Units (174 mg) q8h results in apparently suboptimal plasma concentrations of colistin, which is undetectable in BAL."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Carnevale, L; Cusato, M; Imberti, R; Iotti, GA; Langer, M; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2010)	0.36
" Lastly, we explain the combination of these three antibiotics administered to increase microbiologic and pharmacodynamic yield."	( A combination of tigecycline, colistin, and meropenem against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in a renal transplant recipient: pharmacodynamic and microbiological aspects. Barrientos, A; Calvo, N; Candel, FJ; Culebras, E; Head, J; Matesanz, M; Picazo, J; Sánchez, A, 2010)	0.36
" No pharmacokinetic data exist for burn patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in an adolescent boy with extensive burn injury. Durkee, PJ; Gardner, JC; Good, K; Healy, DP; Kagan, RJ; Neely, AN; Rieman, MT; Sombun, AD; Toner, L, )	0.13
" The lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and no universal harmonization of dose units, however, have made it difficult to derive optimal dosing regimens and specific dosing guidelines for colistin."	( Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing. Anderson, D; Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Jarkowski, A; Lim, LM; Ly, N; Macander, L; Tsuji, BT; Yang, JC, 2010)	0.36
" No significant change in the major pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max) , T(max) , MRT, t(1/2λ) , AUC and AUMC) was observed when either component was removed from the combination product, indicating that AMO and COS do not interfere with each other in their absorption and distribution in the tissue when used as a combination."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel amoxicillin/colistin suspension after intramuscular administration in pigs. He, J; Li, L; Li, X; Tang, S; Xia, X; Xiao, X; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Colistin elimination is not limited by the formation rate because its half-life (3 h) is longer than that of CMS."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80-mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers. Couet, W; Frasca, D; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O; Saulnier, PJ, 2011)	0.37
" There has been a dearth of pharmacokinetic (PK) data available to guide dosing in critically ill patients, including those on renal replacement therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Jacob, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Shoham, S; Silveira, FP; Thamlikitkul, V, 2011)	0.37
" However specific chromatographic methods have been made available in recent years, leading to a series of modern pharmacokinetic studies after intravenous administration of the prodrug to critical-care patients; these have been conducted by a few groups and have only been recently published."	( Colistin pharmacokinetics: the fog is lifting. Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous colistin methanesulfonate sodium in Japanese healthy male subjects. Hara, K; Hirama, T; Mizuyachi, K; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A, 2011)	0.37
"In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin methanesulfonate and amikacin were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin methanesulfonate and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bozkurt-Guzel, C; Gerceker, AA, )	0.13
" An in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating human colistin regimens displayed initial killing followed by regrowth in the phoP mutant and gradual regrowth in the pmrA mutant and wild type."	( Impact of two-component regulatory systems PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB on colistin pharmacodynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bulitta, JB; Ly, NS; Tsuji, BT; Yang, J, 2012)	0.38
"A previous pharmacokinetic study on dosing of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) at 240 mg (3 million units [MU]) every 8 h indicated that colistin has a long half-life, resulting in insufficient concentrations for the first 12 to 48 h after initiation of treatment."	( Application of a loading dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Jansson, B; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Mohamed, AF; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Pontikis, K, 2012)	0.38
" However, the available pharmacokinetic (PK) data for colistin are limited to guide dosing."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin in burn patients. Han, S; Hong, T; Jeon, S; Lee, J; Song, W; Woo, H; Yim, DS, 2013)	0.39
" The model has been used to quantitatively assess antibiotic activity against intracellular and extracellular bacteria by using a pharmacodynamic approach (concentration-dependent experiments over a wide range of extracellular concentrations to calculate bacteriostatic concentrations [Cs] and maximal relative efficacies [Emax]; Hill-Langmuir equation)."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activity of antibiotics towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a model of THP-1 human monocytes. Buyck, JM; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2013)	0.39
" Very few studies, especially pharmacokinetic studies, have been performed with intravenous colistimethate sodium, and none in India."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)	0.39
"This was a prospective open-label pharmacokinetic study done in an intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital on 15 critically ill patients with proven multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)	0.39
"A wide inter-individual variation was observed in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of colistin were comparable to those reported in previous studies in critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)	0.39
" Blood was collected over 180 min, and concentrations of CMS and colistin were measured followed by pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of four different brands of colistimethate and formed colistin in rats. Chen, G; He, H; Jacob, J; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Li, JC; Nation, RL; Roberts, K; Thompson, PE; Tsuji, BT; Velkov, T, 2013)	0.39
" Optimal dosing with CS suffers from poor pharmacokinetic characterization mainly due to the analytical challenge of assaying CS in biological fluids and the limited information on quantitative analysis of CS in plasma using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS)."	( Determination of colistin A and colistin B in human plasma by UPLC-ESI high resolution tandem MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Anagnostopoulos, D; Bazoti, FN; Daikos, GL; Gikas, E; Inglezos, I; Katsimardou, M; Papanikolaou, K; Skoutelis, A; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2013)	0.39
" However, limited pharmacokinetic data are available for CMS and colistin following pulmonary delivery."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate in rats: achieving sustained lung concentrations of colistin for targeting respiratory infections. Li, J; McIntosh, MP; Nation, RL; Patel, K; Porter, CJ; Yapa, SWS, 2013)	0.39
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we utilized an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to examine the impact of front-loaded colistin regimens against a high bacterial density (10(8) CFU/ml) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( New dosing strategies for an old antibiotic: pharmacodynamics of front-loaded regimens of colistin at simulated pharmacokinetics in patients with kidney or liver disease. Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, S; Haas, CE; Holden, PN; Kelchlin, PA; Li, J; Ly, NS; Nation, RL; Rao, GG; Tsuji, BT, 2014)	0.4
"The initial use of polymyxins, polymyxin B and colistin (administered as a pro-drug colistin methanesulfonate sodium [CMS]), mostly relied on old pharmacokinetic (PK) studies that lacked appropriate methodology."	( Polymyxins for the treatment of extensively-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: from pharmacokinetics to bedside. Zavascki, AP, 2014)	0.4
" This assay has been successfully used to determine colistin A and B in Mueller-Hinton broth for in vitro pharmacodynamic model studies."	( LC-MS/MS determination of colistin in Mueller-Hinton broth for in vitro pharmacodynamic studies. Cao, YR; Guo, BN; Li, J; Wu, XJ; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited to guide the appropriate use of colistin; however, important advances have occurred over the past 5 years."	( Colistin: understanding and applying recent pharmacokinetic advances. Kaye, KS; Li, J; Ortwine, JK; Pogue, JM, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach and completed by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling and simulations."	( Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of CMS in critically ill patients. Boisson, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Jacobs, M; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2014)	0.4
" The CMS concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and a pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach."	( New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Balayn, D; Chatelier, D; Comets, E; Couet, W; Gauzit, R; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lasocki, S; Marchand, S; Mégarbane, B; Mimoz, O, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacology of colistin is complex, and pharmacokinetic data are limited, especially in patients requiring renal replacement therapy."	( Colistin pharmacokinetics in burn patients during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Akers, KS; Chung, KK; Cota, JM; Mende, K; Murray, CK; Niece, KL; Rowan, MP; Stewart, IJ, 2015)	0.42
" The significant variability of pharmacokinetic parameters of colistin was established both in patients with septicemia and in control group."	( [The pharmacokinetics of colistin under parenteral injection of sodium colistimitate in children with chemically induced neutropenia]. Dmitriev, VV; Fatykhova, SA; Kurman, PV; Shabunia, PS; Zakharevich, VI, 2015)	0.42
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted and simulations were performed to predict lung concentrations after nebulization."	( Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Methansulphonate (CMS) and Colistin after CMS Nebulisation in Baboon Monkeys. Bouchene, S; Cabrera, M; Couet, W; de Monte, M; Diot, P; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Guilleminault, L; Marchand, S; Montharu, J; Vecellio, L, 2015)	0.42
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted in NONMEM with the new data combined with data from previous studies."	( Colistin Population Pharmacokinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients. Baziaka, F; Friberg, LE; Galani, L; Giamarellou, H; Ioannidis, K; Karaiskos, I; Kostakou, E; Koutsoukou, A; Paskalis, C; Pontikis, K; Tsagkari, V, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, the antibacterial effects (ABEs) of colistin and fosfomycin were systematically investigated by time-kill curve studies over 48 h as well as in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model over 96 h against six well characterised strains of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae (three isolates resistant and three susceptible to fosfomycin) at a standard inoculum of 10(6)CFU/mL."	( The combination of colistin and fosfomycin is synergistic against NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model experiments. Albur, MS; Bowker, K; MacGowan, A; Noel, A, 2015)	0.42
" A dynamic in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that can simulate the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics provides a powerful tool to compare antibacterial responses to different clinical dosage regimens."	( Synergistic killing by meropenem and colistin combination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Chinese patients in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bian, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, colistin dosing is troublesome because each batch of the drug contains a mixture of components and because it is administered as the inactive pro-drug colistimethate sodium (CMS), which has different pharmacokinetic (PK) properties from the active drug."	( Colistin loading dose: evaluation of the published pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Falagas, ME; Rellos, K; Triarides, NA; Vardakas, KZ, 2016)	0.43
" Colistin and fosfomycin pharmacokinetics from critically ill patients were simulated in the HFIM to define the pharmacodynamic activity of humanized regimens over 5 days against KPC 9A."	( Pharmacodynamics of colistin and fosfomycin: a 'treasure trove' combination combats KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bergen, PJ; Bulman, ZP; Kreiswirth, BN; Lenhard, JR; Li, J; Marrocco, A; Nation, RL; Satlin, MJ; Tsuji, BT; Walsh, TJ; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed for CMS and colistin plasma concentrations using a non-compartmental method."	( Pharmacokinetics of nebulized colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients. Boisson, M; Cormier, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2017)	0.46
" Using a dosing regimen of 9 MU/day, the PTA for this pharmacodynamic target was 100%, 5%-70% and 0%, for isolates with MICs of ≤0."	( Exploring colistin pharmacodynamics against Klebsiella pneumoniae: a need to revise current susceptibility breakpoints. Daikos, GL; Georgiou, PC; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A; Tsala, M; Vourli, S, 2018)	0.48
" Therapeutic drug monitoring of colistin to achieve pharmacodynamic targets in individual patients is highly recommended."	( Exploring colistin pharmacodynamics against Klebsiella pneumoniae: a need to revise current susceptibility breakpoints. Daikos, GL; Georgiou, PC; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A; Tsala, M; Vourli, S, 2018)	0.48
" The objective of this work was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model to predict tissue distribution of colistin in rat."	( A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Colistin and Colistin Methanesulfonate in Rat. Björkman, S; Bouchene, S; Couet, W; Friberg, LE; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Karlsson, MO; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S, 2018)	0.48
" There are three major barriers to achieving the desired pharmacodynamic effect with these compounds: aerosol delivery, lung deposition and clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of inhaled dry powder drugs. Garcia-Contreras, L; Hickey, AJ; Kukut Hatipoglu, M, 2018)	0.48
" This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of colistin and to guide TDM in colistin-treated patients in Korea."	( Pharmacokinetic Characteristics and Limited Sampling Strategies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Colistin in Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections. Chung, JY; Hwang, JH; Kim, EJ; Kim, ES; Kim, HB; Kim, HS; Kim, M; Lee, K; Nam, EY; Oh, J; Park, JS; Song, J; Song, KH; Yu, KS, 2019)	0.51
" A model-based population pharmacokinetic analysis incorporating CRRT settings was applied to the observations."	( Multicenter Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Colistimethate Sodium and Colistin Dosed as in Normal Renal Function in Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Buclin, T; Corti, N; Decosterd, L; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, AB; Mueller, NJ; Osthoff, M, 2019)	0.51
"We performed a prospective clinical pharmacokinetic single- and multiple-dose study."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and total removal of colistin in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy. Bode-Böger, SM; David, S; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Scherneck, S; Schmidt, JJ; Strunk, AK; Welte, T, 2019)	0.51
" Cmax was significantly and inversely correlated with body weight."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and total removal of colistin in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy. Bode-Böger, SM; David, S; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Scherneck, S; Schmidt, JJ; Strunk, AK; Welte, T, 2019)	0.51
" Plasma concentrations of colistimethate and formed colistin were subjected to population pharmacokinetic modeling to explore the patient factors influencing the concentration of colistin."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens. Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic covariate analysis revealed that clearances of colistimethate and colistin were related to creatinine clearance."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens. Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic studies reviewed in this chapter involved use of more accurate, precise and specific methods for the measurement of the relevant compounds in biological matrices."	( Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxins in Animals. Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-fractionation studies performed in hollow-fiber models found that altering the dosing schedule had little impact on the killing or suppression of resistance emergence, alluding to AUC/MIC as the pharmacodynamic index that best describes polymyxin's activity."	( In vitro Pharmacodynamics and PK/PD in Animals. Cai, Y; Chua, SC; Kwa, AL; Lee, W; Lim, TP; Teo, J, 2019)	0.51
" While there are some aspects of pharmacokinetic behaviour that are similar between the two clinically used polymyxins, there are also substantial differences."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Toxicodynamics of Polymyxins: Implications for Therapeutic Use. Forrest, A; Nation, RL, 2019)	0.51
" Individual colistin exposures were estimated from the developed population pharmacokinetic model and an optimized two-sample per patient sampling design."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"Out of 406 randomized patients, 349 contributed pharmacokinetic data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"The population pharmacokinetic model predicted that >90% of the patients had colistin concentrations >2 mg/L at steady state, but only 66% at 4 hr after start of treatment."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"Safe and effective use of colistin requires robust pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data to guide dosing."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of colistimethate sodium and colistin in critically ill patients in an Indian hospital with high endemic rates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: A prospective observational study. Balachandran, S; Dipu, TS; Edathadathil, F; Kaye, KS; Menon, VP; Mohamed, Z; Moni, M; Patel, P; Patel, T; Prabhu, BP; Prasanna, P; Singh, SK; Sudhir, AS, 2020)	0.56
" In conclusion, steady-state colistin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters observed in our study were largely consistent with those reported in previous studies."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of colistin in critically ill patients with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections, along with differences in clinical, microbiological and safety outcome. Bhati, RK; Meshram, GG; Ram, K; Sheikh, S; Suri, JC; Tripathi, CD, 2021)	0.62
" Concentrations of CMS and formed colistin in mini-BAL and plasma were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach."	( Pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and formed colistin following nebulisation of CMS among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Gkoufa, A; Karaiskos, I; Li, J; Lin, YW; Psichogiou, M; Routsi, C; Sou, T; Zakynthinos, S, 2022)	0.72
"An adult physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for meropenem, colistin, and sulbactam and scaled to pediatrics accounting for both renal and non-renal clearances."	( Prediction of Tissue Exposures of Meropenem, Colistin, and Sulbactam in Pediatrics Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Sy, SKB; Yu, M; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S, 2022)	0.72
" In a virtual pediatric population aged from 2 to < 18 years, the interpretive breakpoints were achieved in 85-90% of subjects for their targeted pharmacodynamic indices after administration of pediatric dosing regimens consisting of 30 mg/kg of meropenem, and 40 mg/kg of sulbactam three times daily as a 3-h or continuous infusion and 5 mg/kg/day of colistin base activity."	( Prediction of Tissue Exposures of Meropenem, Colistin, and Sulbactam in Pediatrics Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Sy, SKB; Yu, M; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S, 2022)	0.72
" Treatment efficacy is extrapolated by assessing respective pharmacodynamic (PD) indices, as well as parameters associated with the emergence of resistance."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)	0.91
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of rifampicin and colistin were utilized to predict tissue exposures."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of colistin sulfate in rats and the relationship between renal accumulation and time of administration in rats were estimated by measuring plasma and renal colistin concentrations."	( Development of UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of colistin in plasma and kidney and its application in pharmacokinetics. Chen, C; Chen, Y; Lin, G; Wang, Y; Xiang, Z; Yang, J; Ye, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, X; Zhou, Z, 2023)	0.91
" A sigmoidal maximum effect model was applied to determine the pharmacodynamic parameters (maximal effect, median effective concentration, and Hill factor) of each antibiotic to create a mathematical three-dimensional response surface plot."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	0.91
" Synergistic anti-biofilm potentials were also detected via the simulated pharmacodynamic modeling, with higher anti-biofilm activity in the case of the in vitro observation compared to the simulated anti-biofilm profile."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	0.91
" aeruginosa biofilms and the importance of the mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling in investigating the efficacy of antibiotics in combination as an effective strategy for successful antibiotic therapy to tackle the extensively growing resistance to the currently available antibiotics."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	0.91
"The COL-ECMO2022 study is a prospective, non-randomised, single-centre, phase IV pharmacokinetic clinical trial designed to assess the influence of ECMO on the pharmacokinetics of colistin and CMS."	( Changes of colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients due to the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: protocol for the COL-ECMO2022 trial - a prospective, non-randomised, open-label phase IV pharmacokinetic clinical trial. Kubíčková, V; Rychlíčková, J; Součková, L; Suk, P; Urbánek, K, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Emergence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents was studied during a period of 30 months of continuous use of parenteral cefotaxime combined with oral non-absorbable polymyxin E and tobramycin (selective decontamination) in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU)."	( Cefotaxime combined with selective decontamination in long term intensive care unit patients. Virtual absence of emergence of resistance. Stoutenbeek, CP; van Saene, HK; Zandstra, DF, 1988)	0.27
"The in vitro activities of buforin II, cecropin P1, and magainin II, alone and in combination with six clinically used antimicrobial agents, against 12 clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were investigated."	( In vitro activities of membrane-active peptides alone and in combination with clinically used antimicrobial agents against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Del Prete, MS; Drenaggi, D; Fortuna, M; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 2000)	0.31
"The efficacy of cationic peptides combined with betalactams was investigated in a peritonitis rat model."	( Cationic peptides combined with betalactams reduce mortality from peritonitis in experimental rat model. Cirioni, O; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Mocchegiani, F; Saba, V; Scalise, G; Viticchi, C, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we assessed the in vitro activity of MSI-78 alone and in combination with eight clinically used antimicrobial agents against several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli isolated from blood of neutropenic febrile patients."	( In vitro activity of MSI-78 alone and in combination with antibiotics against bacteria responsible for bloodstream infections in neutropenic patients. Cirioni, O; D'Amato, G; Giacometti, A; Kamysz, W; Licci, A; Lukasiak, J; Nadolski, P; Riva, A; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2005)	0.33
"The mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of levofloxacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, colistin (polymyxin E), meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycin were established against Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Mutant prevention concentrations of levofloxacin alone and in combination with azithromycin, ceftazidime, colistin (Polymyxin E), meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Adam, HJ; Laing, N; Mayer, M; Zhanel, GG, 2006)	0.33
" These data suggest that colistin, in combination with rifampin and imipenem, is safe and effective, in promoting healing in DFI due to MDR P aeruginosa and suggest the need for controlled clinical studies."	( Clinical and microbiological efficacy of colistin therapy in combination with rifampin and imipenem in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa diabetic foot infection with osteomyelitis. Gemignani, G; Leonildi, A; Menichetti, F; Palumbo, F; Piaggesi, A; Tascini, C; Tedeschi, A, 2006)	0.33
"The in vitro activities of various antibiotics, either alone or in combination with colistin methanesulfonate, were assessed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients."	( In vitro activities of various antibiotics, alone and in combination with colistin methanesulfonate, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Gerçeker, AA; Güzel, CB, 2008)	0.35
"In this study the bactericidal effect of the N-terminal fragment of the frog skin peptide esculentin-1b [Esc(1-18)] in combination with clinically used antimicrobial agents was evaluated against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, either in standard conditions (phosphate buffer) or in the presence of human serum."	( In vitro bactericidal activity of the N-terminal fragment of the frog peptide esculentin-1b (Esc 1-18) in combination with conventional antibiotics against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Barnini, S; Barra, D; Batoni, G; Brancatisano, FL; Campa, M; Capria, AL; Di Luca, M; Esin, S; Maisetta, G; Mangoni, ML; Pichierri, G, 2009)	0.35
"The antimicrobial activity of colistin alone and in combination with teicoplanin was assessed versus a collection of MDRAB belonging to a number of epidemic lineages present in the UK."	( In vitro activity of teicoplanin combined with colistin versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Gordon, NC; Hornsey, M; Wareham, DW, 2011)	0.37
"Significant synergy was observed when colistin was combined with teicoplanin versus MDRAB in vitro."	( In vitro activity of teicoplanin combined with colistin versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Gordon, NC; Hornsey, M; Wareham, DW, 2011)	0.37
" Combination with polymyxins resulted in reductions of the β-lactam MICs, with a change in the resistance category to susceptible in eight MDR strains."	( In vitro activity of polymyxins in combination with β-lactams against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Botelho Garcia, L; Cardoso, CL; Carrara-Marroni, FE; Mitsugui, CS; Tognim, MC, 2011)	0.37
" The bactericidal activity of CSA-13 in combination with colistin was measured using the time-kill curve method for two strains."	( In vitro activities of the novel ceragenin CSA-13, alone or in combination with colistin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Bozkurt-Guzel, C; Gerceker, AA; Savage, PB, 2011)	0.37
" Here we assessed the in vitro activity of the novel lipoglycopeptide telavancin (TLV) when combined with colistin (COL) versus 13 Gram-negative type strains and 66 clinical isolates."	( In vitro activity of telavancin in combination with colistin versus Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Hornsey, M; Longshaw, C; Phee, L; Wareham, DW, 2012)	0.38
"Because published reports indicate that the antibiotic colistin (COL) has antifungal properties, this study investigated the antifungal in vitro activity of COL as single agent and in combination with the antifungal compounds voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin B (AMB) against Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp."	( In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis. Buer, J; Dittmer, S; Hamprecht, A; Lackner, M; Rath, PM; Schemuth, H; Sedlacek, L; Steinmann, E; Steinmann, J, 2013)	0.39
"The activity of colistin in combination with daptomycin was assessed using 30 Gram-negative type strains and multidrug-resistant isolates with defined mechanisms of resistance."	( In vitro activity of daptomycin in combination with low-dose colistin against a diverse collection of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Hornsey, M; Phee, L; Wareham, DW, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of doripenem (DOR) alone and in combination with a variety of commonly used anti-Acinetobacter chemotherapeutic agents against 22 primary multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates (including 17 isolates that were resistant to DOR) from Intensive Care Unit patients."	( In vitro activity of doripenem in combination with various antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: possible options for the treatment of complicated infection. Bordi, E; Capone, A; D'Arezzo, S; Di Caro, A; Mazzarelli, A; Petrosillo, N; Principe, L, 2013)	0.39
"5% of the strains for meropenem combination with tigecycline."	( Activity of Tigecycline in combination with Colistin, Meropenem, Rifampin, or Gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Labrou, M; Manousaka, S; Michail, G; Pitiriga, V; Pournaras, S; Sakellaridis, N; Tsakris, A, 2013)	0.39
" Synergy was demonstrated when IB-367 was combined with colistin or imipenem."	( In vitro activity and in vivo animal model efficacy of IB-367 alone and in combination with imipenem and colistin against Gram-negative bacteria. Cirioni, O; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Guerrieri, M; Kamysz, E; Kamysz, W; Mazzocato, S; Offidani, A; Orlando, F; Provinciali, M; Silvestri, C; Simonetti, O, 2014)	0.4
" We compared the synergistic activity and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-susceptible and -resistant KPC-Kp bloodstream isolates."	( In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. Ambretti, S; Bonora, S; Gaibani, P; Landini, MP; Lewis, RE; Lombardo, D; Mercuri, M, 2014)	0.4
" In time-kill assays, COL combined with either RIF or TGC was superior to single agents, but only the COL/RIF regimen was reliably bactericidal."	( Activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline or rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Betts, JW; Phee, LM; Wareham, DW; Woodford, N, 2014)	0.4
" The antimicrobial activity is potentiated in combination with colistin and suggests that SPase inhibition warrants further exploration as a basis for future mono or combination therapies."	( Activity of the type I signal peptidase inhibitor MD3 against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria alone and in combination with colistin. Curtis, MA; Personne, Y; Waite, RD; Wareham, DW, 2014)	0.4
"Colistin, tigecycline, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination with doripenem were investigated for their in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects (PAEs) on Klebsiella pneumoniae."	( Effects of various antibiotics alone or in combination with doripenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in an intensive care unit. Mataraci-Kara, E; Ozbek Celik, B; Yilmaz, M, 2014)	0.4
"In vitro antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides (AMPs) - melittin and colistin - both alone and in combination with antibiotics were evaluated against clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria."	( Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of melittin and colistin, alone and in combination with antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria. Alev Gerceker, A; Dosler, S; Karaaslan, E, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of fosfomycin in combination with colistin against clinical CRPA isolates."	( In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with colistin against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomas aeruginosa. Cai, Y; Di, X; Liang, B; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Ni, W; Wang, J; Wang, R; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"Neither the administration of colistin alone nor colistin combined with either sulbactam or carbapenem had any noticeable advantage in the treatment of VAP in terms of clinical response, microbiological response, nephrotoxicity, length of hospitalization, and mortality."	( Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Acikgoz, ZC; Guner, R; Guven, T; Izdes, S; Kocak Tufan, Z; Tasyaran, MA; Yilmaz, GR, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to determine in vitro synergy and postantibiotic effect (PAE) of colistin alone and combined with other antibiotics (vancomycin or meropenem) against eight carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter spp."	( Postantibiotic effect of colistin alone and combined with vancomycin or meropenem against Acinetobacter spp. with well defined resistance mechanisms. Beader, N; Bedenić, B; Ćačić, M; Godič-Torkar, K; Mihaljević, L; Prahin, E; Vraneš, J, 2016)	0.43
" Synergy was observed when plazomicin was combined with meropenem, colistin or fosfomycin against both isolates, whilst the combination with tigecycline resulted in indifference."	( In vitro activity of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin alone and in combination with colistin, meropenem, fosfomycin or tigecycline against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains. Culebras, E; Pena, I; Picazo, JJ; Rodríguez-Avial, C; Rodríguez-Avial, I, 2015)	0.42
"This study investigated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and in vitro activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using the E-test method."	( In vitro Activity of Colistin in Combination with Tigecycline against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Aydin, M; Ceylan, MR; Cikman, A; Gulhan, B; Karagoz, A; Karakecili, F; Parlak, M, 2015)	0.42
" The in vitro activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline was evaluated using the fractional inhibitor concentration (FIC) index."	( In vitro Activity of Colistin in Combination with Tigecycline against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Aydin, M; Ceylan, MR; Cikman, A; Gulhan, B; Karagoz, A; Karakecili, F; Parlak, M, 2015)	0.42
"The present study evaluates the synergistic effect of sulbactam/tazobactam in combination with meropenem or colistin against multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized patients from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia."	( A prospective evaluation of synergistic effect of sulbactam and tazobactam combination with meropenem or colistin against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Alyousef, AA; Alzahrani, AJ; Krishnappa, LG; Marie, MA; Mubaraki, MA, 2015)	0.42
" Although recent data suggest that levofloxacin (LVX) may have unique activity against MDR-AB in combination with colistin (CST), further preclinical work is needed."	( Activity of levofloxacin in combination with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii: In vitro and in a Galleria mellonella model. Hu, L; Li, J; Wei, W; Yang, H; Ye, Y, 2017)	0.46
" baumannii resulted in significantly enhanced survival rates when LVX was given with CST compared with CST treatment alone (p < 0."	( Activity of levofloxacin in combination with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii: In vitro and in a Galleria mellonella model. Hu, L; Li, J; Wei, W; Yang, H; Ye, Y, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LPC in combination with colistin, tigecycline, or imipenem in experimental murine models of peritoneal sepsis and pneumonia."	( Efficacy of Lysophosphatidylcholine in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Acinetobacter baumannii in Experimental Murine Peritoneal Sepsis and Pneumonia Models. Ayerbe Algaba, R; Díaz, C; Gutiérrez Valencia, A; Jiménez Mejías, ME; López Cortés, LF; Pachón Ibáñez, ME; Pachón, J; Parra Millán, R; Pérez Del Palacio, J; Sánchez Encinales, V; Smani, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Using a murine thigh-infection model, we examined the in vivo efficacy of colistin in combination with meropenem, tigecycline, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, rifampin, or sulbactam against 12 XDR-AB strains."	( Activity of Colistin in Combination with Meropenem, Tigecycline, Fosfomycin, Fusidic Acid, Rifampin or Sulbactam against Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Murine Thigh-Infection Model. Cong, Y; Fan, B; Guan, J; Wang, X, 2016)	0.43
"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone and combined with colistin was tested in vitro against six carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) clinical strains."	( In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Alone and in Combination with Colistin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates. Kraniotaki, E; Nepka, M; Perivolioti, E; Politi, L; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A, 2016)	0.43
" Imipenem, meropenem and doripenem were significantly more effective (reduced fold-change of MICs) when combined with rifampicin in bla VIM-negative isolates, especially in isolates with porin frameshift mutation."	( In vitro antibacterial activity of rifampicin in combination with imipenem, meropenem and doripenem against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hu, YF; Liu, CP; Shih, SC; Wang, NY, 2016)	0.43
" We developed a new antimicrobial susceptibility assay using automated ultra-high-throughput screen technology in combination with a simple bacterial growth assay."	( Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test for identification of new therapeutics and drug combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Dai, S; Frank, KM; Sanderson, PE; Shinn, P; Southall, N; Sun, W; Weingarten, RA; Williamson, PR; Xu, M; Zheng, W, 2016)	0.43
" Treatments of colistin alone or combined with rifampicin or meropenem were started 1 h after infection."	( Activity of colistin alone or in combination with rifampicin or meropenem in a carbapenem-resistant bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa intraperitoneal murine infection model. Cai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, D, 2018)	0.48
"In vivo imaging showed that both low- and high-dose colistin combined with rifampicin resulted in a significant decrease in bioluminescence signals compared with monotherapy of colistin or rifampicin alone, whereas colistin and meropenem combination therapy did not show a greater bactericidal effect compared with monotherapy."	( Activity of colistin alone or in combination with rifampicin or meropenem in a carbapenem-resistant bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa intraperitoneal murine infection model. Cai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, D, 2018)	0.48
" The result is that several antibiotics, in combination with colistin, display growth-inhibition at levels below their corresponding clinical breakpoints."	( Overcoming mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance with colistin in combination with other antibiotics. Brown, ED; Carfrae, LA; Coombes, BK; Fiebig-Comyn, AA; MacNair, CR; Mulvey, MR; Stokes, JM, 2018)	0.48
"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates (n=23) were investigated for carbapenem resistance mechanisms and in vitro activities of carbapenems in combination with amikacin, colistin, or fosfomycin."	( In vitro activities of carbapenems in combination with amikacin, colistin, or fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Chatsuwan, T; Singkham-In, U, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the potential synergism of colistin in combination with N-acetylcysteine against Acinetobacter baumannii strains grown in planktonic phase or as biofilms."	( In vitro synergism of colistin in combination with N-acetylcysteine against Acinetobacter baumannii grown in planktonic phase and in biofilms. Aliberti, S; Blasi, F; Boncompagni, S; Di Maggio, T; Di Pilato, V; Fiori, B; Pallecchi, L; Pollini, S; Rossolini, GM; Sergio, F; Spanu, T, 2018)	0.48
" Synergism of colistin in combination with N-acetylcysteine was investigated by chequerboard assays."	( In vitro synergism of colistin in combination with N-acetylcysteine against Acinetobacter baumannii grown in planktonic phase and in biofilms. Aliberti, S; Blasi, F; Boncompagni, S; Di Maggio, T; Di Pilato, V; Fiori, B; Pallecchi, L; Pollini, S; Rossolini, GM; Sergio, F; Spanu, T, 2018)	0.48
" aeruginosa strains, alone and in combination with colistin."	( Efficacy of ceftolozane/tazobactam, alone and in combination with colistin, against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro biofilm pharmacodynamic model. Ariza, J; Benavent, E; El Haj, C; Gómez-Junyent, J; Murillo, O; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Sierra, Y; Soldevila, L; Torrejón, B; Tubau, F, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, the activity of colistin (COL) as monotherapy and in combination with other antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro was investigated."	( In vitro and in vivo assessment of the antibacterial activity of colistin alone and in combination with other antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. Fu, L; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, J; Luo, S; Wan, Z; Wang, Y; Wu, X; Xie, X; Zhao, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The in-vitro bactericidal and synergistic activities of ceftazidime/avibactam alone or in combination with other antibiotics were determined by time-kill curve assays."	( Evaluation of the synergy of ceftazidime/avibactam in combination with colistin, doripenem, levofloxacin, tigecycline, and tobramycin against OXA-48 producing Enterobacterales. Istanbullu Tosun, A; Mataraci Kara, E; Özbek Çelik, B; Yilmaz, M, 2020)	0.56
" Finally, CRAMP's best synergistic activity combined with colistin at 1/4 MIC was screened by the checkerboard method and the calculation of the synergetic coefficient."	( Effects of a novel anti-biofilm peptide CRAMP combined with antibiotics on the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Chen, H; Cheng, P; Du, H; He, X; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, J; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xiong, J; Yi, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" aeruginosa biofilm, particularly in combination with colistin."	( In vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of continuous ceftazidime infusion alone and in combination with colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Ariza, J; Azad, MAK; Benavent, E; Gómez-Junyent, J; Li, J; Murillo, O; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Wickremasinghe, H; Yu, HH, 2021)	0.62
" Resistant isolates were tested against 16 conventional antibiotics alone and in combination with colistin."	( Synergistic antibacterial effects of colistin in combination with aminoglycoside, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, fosfomycin, and piperacillin on multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Chusri, S; Ontong, JC; Ozioma, NF; Voravuthikunchai, SP, 2021)	0.62
"In this study, the potential of using the novel antibiotic NCL195 combined with subinhibitory concentrations of colistin against infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) was investigated."	( In vitro synergistic activity of NCL195 in combination with colistin against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. McCluskey, A; Nguyen, HT; O'Donovan, LA; Ogunniyi, AD; Page, SW; Russell, CC; Trott, DJ; Veltman, T; Venter, H; Williams, R, 2021)	0.62
"A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with a nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor (LAMP-LFB) was established for the rapid and accurate detection of the mobilized colistin resistance gene (mcr-1), which causes the loss of colistin antibacterial efficacy in clinical treatments."	( Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with a nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor for rapid detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1. Gong, L; Liang, J; Liu, E; Liu, X; Song, Y; Tang, F; Wang, Y; Xu, H, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, we assessed the short-term toxicity of enrofloxacin (E) combined with colistin (C) and quinocetone (Q)."	( Toxicologic effect and transcriptome analysis for short-term orally dosed enrofloxacin combined with two veterinary antimicrobials on rat liver. Cheng, L; Han, H; Luan, Y; Shen, J; Tang, S; Zhao, J, 2021)	0.62
" Imipenem/cilastatin sodium combined with moxifloxacin were first applied."	( Treatment of pulmonary infection of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with intravenous colistin sulfate combined with atomization: a case report. Wang, G; Xue, X; Zhou, S; Zhou, T, 2021)	0.62
" However, the synergistic effects of tigecycline in combination with other antibiotics including colistin or amikacin remain unclear."	( In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline in Combination with Amikacin or Colistin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Feng, H; He, L; Wu, H; Xu, P; Zhang, H, 2021)	0.62
" The molecular mechanisms of tetrandrine in combination with colistin were analyzed using fluorometric assay and Real-time PCR."	( Synergistic antibacterial activity of tetrandrine combined with colistin against MCR-mediated colistin-resistant Salmonella. Hu, G; Liu, J; Liu, P; Liu, S; Luo, X; Pan, Y; Yan, F; Yi, K; Zhai, Y; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CR-GNB infections treated with ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) combined with colistin from October 2019 to February 2023 in China."	( Ceftazidime/avibactam combined with colistin: a novel attempt to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gong, F; Liu, J; Lu, L; Shao, Z; Shi, K; Tang, S; Zheng, Z, 2023)	0.91
"Thirty-one patients were treated with CAZ/AVI combined with colistin."	( Ceftazidime/avibactam combined with colistin: a novel attempt to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gong, F; Liu, J; Lu, L; Shao, Z; Shi, K; Tang, S; Zheng, Z, 2023)	0.91
" Some studies have demonstrated promising results of IgG in combination with antimicrobial preparations against bacterial infections, in which the direct action of IgG has restored the immune system balance."	( In vitro evaluation of human intravenous immunoglobulin in combination with antimicrobials and human serum against multidrug-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Alves, LC; Bezerra Cavalcanti, CL; Brayner, FA; da Silva, EM; de Araújo, AR; de Freitas, CF; de Lima, FCG; do Nascimento, AV; Oliveira Júnior, JB; Sandes, JM; Veras, DL, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Absolute bioavailability calculated based on 4 calves was 109 +/- 28%."	( [Pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate administered by intravenous and intramuscular routes in the calf]. Laurentie, M; Renard, L; Sanders, P, 1991)	0.28
"The oral absorption and bioavailability of flumequine was studied in 1-, 5- and 18-week-old calves following intravenous and oral administration of different formulations of flumequine (Flumix, Flumix C and pure flumequine)."	( Oral absorption and bioavailability of flumequine in veal calves. Breukink, HJ; de Grève, B; Guelen, PJ; Jansen, T; Mevius, DJ, 1989)	0.28
" The low oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not considered when using amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs."	( [The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein]. Bettin, U; Broll, S; Kietzmann, M; Kreienbrock, L, )	0.13
"8 min, t(1/2beta) of 256 +/- 14 and 264 +/- 29 min, and absolute bioavailability of 95."	( Toxicity, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a newly formulated colistin sulfate solution. Lin, B; Xiao, X; Zhang, C, 2005)	0.33
" Relative bioavailability of DPI to nebulisation was approx."	( Dry powder inhalation of colistin in cystic fibrosis patients: a single dose pilot study. De Boer, AH; Frijlink, HW; Heijerman, HG; Le Brun, PP; Roldaan, AC; Touw, DJ; Westerman, EM, 2007)	0.34
" When orally ingested, colistin is poorly absorbed and is eliminated almost unaltered by the enteric canal into the environment."	( Molecular and ultrastructural insights into the earthworm Eisenia fetida of the assessment of ecotoxicity during colistin exposure. Ding, X; Gao, S; Guo, R; Sun, Y; Zhong, X, 2014)	0.4
" Unfortunately, it has low oral bioavailability and several side effects following parenteral administration."	( Formulation of chitosan coated nanoliposomes for the oral delivery of colistin sulfate: Aboumanei, MH; Mahmoud, AF; Motaleb, MA, 2021)	0.62
" These systems have improved biopharmaceutical characteristics by increasing local bioavailability and reducing systemic toxicity and the number and frequency of drug side effects."	( Hyaluronan-colistin conjugates: Synthesis, characterization, and prospects for medical applications. Bokatyi, AN; Demyanova, EV; Dobrodumov, AV; Dubashynskaya, NV; Dubrovskii, YA; Gasilova, ER; Knyazeva, ES; Nashchekina, YA; Skorik, YA, 2022)	0.72
" The oral bioavailability and therapeutic effects of CA-NPs-loaded polypeptide colistin against Escherichia coli (E."	( Core-shell nanosystems designed for effective oral delivery of polypeptide drugs. Algharib, SA; Chen, D; Hao, H; Li, C; Pan, Y; Qu, W; Wang, Y; Xie, S; Yuan, L; Zhang, A; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
" Chemical modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an attractive strategy to improve their biopharmaceutical properties by increasing bioavailability and reducing drug toxicity."	( Succinyl Chitosan-Colistin Conjugates as Promising Drug Delivery Systems. Aquino, AD; Bokatyi, AN; Demyanova, EV; Dobrodumov, AV; Dubashynskaya, NV; Dubrovskii, YA; Knyazeva, ES; Kudryavtsev, IV; Nashchekina, YA; Rubinstein, AA; Skorik, YA; Trulioff, AS, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" If it is used a high dosage is necessary because the bone levels which we investigated were very low."	( [Gentamicin in orthopedic surgery]. Krämer, J; Maassen, H; Rosin, H, 1975)	0.25
"Pharmacokinetic characteristics of an extemporaneous form of colistin sulfate in young calves were studied for a dosage of 25,000 IU."	( [Pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate administered by intravenous and intramuscular routes in the calf]. Laurentie, M; Renard, L; Sanders, P, 1991)	0.28
" Regimen B was the best treatment since the low dosage of vancomycin proved effective."	( [Prevention of septicemia caused by gastrointestinal tract organisms in patients with granulopenia. Comparison of three gastrointestinal tract decontamination treatments]. Boyer, G; Darbas, H; Donadio, D; Monnet, P; Ramounau-Pigot, A, 1991)	0.28
" A dose-response curve was obtained for LPS concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 ng/ml, thus demonstrating the great sensitivity of these cells."	( Effect of polymyxin B and colimycin on induction of plasminogen antiactivator by lipopolysaccharide in human endothelial cell culture. Chedid, LA; Dosne, AM; Dubor, F, 1986)	0.27
" However, using this dosage half of the volunteers suffered rather severe gastrointestinal side-effects."	( Enterobacteriaceae suppression by three different oral doses of polymyxin E in human volunteers. Beukeveld, GJ; Tarko-Smit, NJ; van Saene, HK; van Saene, JJ, 1988)	0.27
" Dogs were unable to tolerate the high polymyxin B dosage which was protective in the mouse and rabbit."	( Prevention of the generalized Shwartzman reaction and endotoxin lethality by polymyxin B localized in tissues. Craig, WA; Kunin, CM; Turner, JH, 1974)	0.25
" With the dosage given, gentamicin gave a low serum and a relatively high urine concentration."	( Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections with gentamicin. Bucht, H; Kallings, LO; Lindberg, AA, 1967)	0.25
" The extent of tissue uptake of polymyxin B and colistin limits the usefulness of kinetic values, which are derived from the analysis of serum drug levels, for the purpose of designing dosage schedules."	( The pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of polymyxin B, colistin and gentamicin in calves. Nouws, JF; van Ginneken, CA; Ziv, G, 1982)	0.26
" Simulations of various dosage levels in which the administration route, dose size, or interval between doses varied, permitted a more rational optimization than a prediction of efficacy based on the time taken to achieve antibiotic plasmatic concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration."	( [Bactericidal effect of colistin on Escherichia coli. Model and simulation or the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relation for prediction of efficacy in veterinary antibiotic therapy]. Gicquel, M; Laurentie, M; Renard, L; Sanders, P, 1996)	0.29
" Dosing must be altered in renal failure since the kidney is the primary route of elimination."	( Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram-negative bacteria. Evans, ME; Feola, DJ; Rapp, RP, 1999)	0.3
" These data provide no basis for routine monitoring of colistin plasma concentrations to guide dosing for patient safety and suggest slow upward dose titration to minimize the incidence and severity of associated side effects."	( The pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Blumer, JL; O'Riordan, MA; Reed, MD; Stern, RC, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, recent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data suggests new intravenous dosing regimens may enhance efficacy while minimizing toxicities; such regimens deserve further evaluation."	( The clinical use of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Beringer, P, 2001)	0.31
" The aim of the new dosage form was to increase pulmonary deposition, therapeutic efficiency and, by that, compliance by the CF patients."	( Dry powder inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis therapy, part 1: development of a powder formulation with colistin sulfate for a special test inhaler with an air classifier as de-agglomeration principle. de Boer, AH; Frijlink, HW; Hagedoorn, P; Heijerman, HG; Le Brun, PP; van der Woude, HG, 2002)	0.31
" The decrease in pulmonary function and cough in patients is a drawback, which may be overcome by dose reduction and a further improvement of the new dosage form."	( Dry powder inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis therapy: part 2. Inhalation of a novel colistin dry powder formulation: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers and patients. Brimicombe, RW; de Boer, AH; de Fraîture, DM; Frijlink, HW; Heijerman, HG; Le Brun, PP; Mannes, GP; Touw, DJ; Vinks, AA, 2002)	0.31
" The applied dosage of spectinomycin and apramycin was often lower than suggested in the literature."	( [The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein]. Bettin, U; Broll, S; Kietzmann, M; Kreienbrock, L, )	0.13
" Results of the study indicated that polymyxin-E (colistin) has an anti-endotoxic effect and is safe for the dogs with endotoxemia at the dosage used in this study."	( Evaluation of the anti-endotoxic effects of polymyxin-E (colistin) in dogs with naturally occurred endotoxic shock. Sentürk, S, 2005)	0.33
" De novo nephrotoxicity was observed in 8%-36% of patients, despite close attention to both appropriate dosing and duration of treatment."	( Parenteral and inhaled colistin for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Linden, PK; Paterson, DL, 2006)	0.33
" Further study of dosing regimens is needed."	( Cure of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: case series and literature review. Boyle, MJ; Ferguson, JK; Gosbell, IB; Kelly, JA; Ng, J, 2006)	0.33
" baumannii may be observed more frequently due to potential suboptimal dosage regimens recommended in the product information of some products of colistin methanesulfonate."	( Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Li, J; Liolios, L; Nation, RL; Owen, RJ; Rayner, CR; Spelman, D; Tan, KE, 2006)	0.33
"48 h, respectively, indicating that a modified dosage scheme with increased dosing intervals might retain activity whereas minimizing the incidence of adverse effects."	( In vitro postantibiotic effect of colistin on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Baziaka, F; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ; Giamarellou, H; Karagianni, V; Kentepozidis, N; Plachouras, D, 2007)	0.34
"These findings suggest that monotherapy with colistin methanesulphonate, the parenteral form of colistin, and long dosage intervals (e."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Li, J; Nation, RL; Owen, RJ; Spelman, D, 2007)	0.34
" Colistin (colistimethate sodium) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day was given intravenously in two divided doses."	( Efficacy and safety of colistin (colistimethate sodium) for therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Kiratisin, P; Koomanachai, P; Thamlikitkul, V; Tiengrim, S, 2007)	0.34
"A methodology following International Cooperation on Harmonization for Veterinary Products (VICH) guidelines for the stability evaluation of colistin sulfate in a nonaqueous suspension pharmaceutical dosage form for veterinary use (via their drinking water) is described."	( Application of a validated method in the stability study of colistin sulfate and methylparaben in a veterinary suspension formulation by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. García-Montoya, E; Miñarro, M; Orriols, A; Pérez-Lozano, P; Suñé-Negre, JM; Ticó, JR, )	0.13
" However, they also differ in several aspects, including chemical structure, formulation, potency, dosage and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Polymyxin B: similarities to and differences from colistin (polymyxin E). Falagas, ME; Kasiakou, SK; Kwa, A; Tam, VH, 2007)	0.34
" Frequent renal function monitoring is necessary in patients receiving colistin, since adverse renal effect may occur, regardless of the dosage given."	( Resurgence of colistin use. DeSantis, ER; Kuper, J; Sarkar, S, 2007)	0.34
" This information is required to generate recommendations on dosage regimens for various categories of critically ill patients."	( Optimizing use of colistin and polymyxin B in the critically ill. Li, J; Nation, RL, 2007)	0.34
"The relative nephro- and neurotoxicity of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) was investigated with rats during 7 days of intravenous administration in regimens mimicking twice- and once-daily dosing of a clinically relevant dose for humans."	( Subacute toxicity of colistin methanesulfonate in rats: comparison of various intravenous dosage regimens. Coulthard, K; Li, J; Middleton, D; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Rayner, CR; Taylor, D; Turnidge, JD; Wallace, SJ, 2008)	0.35
"The optimal dosing regimen for colistin methanesulphonate (CMS) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is unknown."	( Comparison of once-, twice- and thrice-daily dosing of colistin on antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Bergen, PJ; Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Turnidge, JD, 2008)	0.35
"CMS dosage regimens administered to these critically ill adult patients were associated with suboptimal Cmax/MIC ratios for many strains of gram-negative bacilli currently reported as sensitive (MIC, < or = 2 microg/mL)."	( Colistin serum concentrations after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with serious multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli infections: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Apostolakos, H; Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Dimitrakis, E; Karatzas, S; Markantonis, SL; Markou, N; Panidis, D; Rafailidis, P, 2008)	0.35
" Dosage was adjusted according to creatinine clearance."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Betrosian, AP; Douzinas, EE; Frantzeskaki, F; Xanthaki, A, 2008)	0.35
" All 7 patients received intravenous colistimethate in a dosage of 5 mg/kg daily (divided in 3 equal doses, administered every 8 hours)."	( Intravenous colistimethate (colistin) use in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis. Falagas, ME; Kafetzis, DA; Papadatos, JH; Sideri, G; Vouloumanou, EK, 2009)	0.35
" Colistin displayed a half-life that was significantly long in relation to the dosing interval."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Kontopidou, F; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Poulakou, G; Tsangaris, I, 2009)	0.35
" Recent advances in understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistin, and the emerging knowledge on the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, provide a solid base for optimization of dosage regimens."	( Colistin in the 21st century. Li, J; Nation, RL, 2009)	0.35
" New pharmaceutical formulations and dosage regimens of polymyxins have considerably reduced the toxicity previously attributed to these antimicrobials, and have made it possible to reintroduce them into clinical practice."	( New information about the polymyxin/colistin class of antibiotics. Cordero, E; Molina, J; Pachón, J, 2009)	0.35
" This investigation was undertaken to provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on which to base the selection of dosage rate and interval of the solution for the treatment of porcine colibacillosis."	( Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of G.I.T. disease in pigs. Aliabadi, MH; Baduel, L; Guyonnet, J; Kaltsatos, V; Lees, P; Manco, B, 2010)	0.36
" colistin show that colistin is a valuable antibiotic with acceptable nephrotoxicity and considerable effectiveness that depends on the daily dosage and infection site."	( Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Alexiou, VG; Falagas, ME; Ioannidou, E; Kapaskelis, A; Karageorgopoulos, DE; Matthaiou, DK; Michalopoulos, A; Nikita, D; Rafailidis, PI, 2010)	0.36
" The results will facilitate efforts to define the more rational design of dosage regimens for humans."	( Elucidation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic determinant of colistin activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in murine thigh and lung infection models. Coulthard, K; Dudhani, RV; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Rayner, CR; Turnidge, JD, 2010)	0.36
" Safety and efficacy data regarding colistin use in pediatric patients are sparse, while optimal dosage has not been defined."	( Colistin administration to pediatric and neonatal patients. Antachopoulos, C; Drossou-Agakidou, V; Ioannidou, M; Iosifidis, E; Mitroudi, M; Roilides, E; Sdougka, M; Tsivitanidou, M, 2010)	0.36
" A better understanding of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of colistin is urgently needed to determine the optimal dosing regimen."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Carnevale, L; Cusato, M; Imberti, R; Iotti, GA; Langer, M; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2010)	0.36
"Although colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) has been used extensively in critically ill patients infected with multidrug-resistant organisms, the optimum dosing regimen remains to be determined."	( Serum bactericidal activity of three different dosing regimens of colistin with implications for optimum clinical use. Daikos, GL; Markogiannakis, A; Pavleas, J; Petrikkos, G; Salatas, K; Skiada, A; Thomopoulos, G; Tofas, P; Tzanetou, K; Vafiadi, C; Vafiadi, I, 2010)	0.36
" Six intermittent dosing intervals, with a range of fC(max) colistin concentrations, and two continuous infusion regimens were examined."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigation of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an in vitro model. Bergen, PJ; Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Li, J; Nation, RL; Tsuji, BT, 2010)	0.36
" All three children received inhaled colistin at a dosage of 75 mg diluted in 3 ml of normal saline twice daily (1,875,000 IU of colistin daily), for a duration of 25, 32, and 15 days, respectively."	( Inhaled colistin for the treatment of tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis. Falagas, ME; Kafetzis, DA; Korbila, IP; Papadatos, JH; Sideri, G; Vouloumanou, EK, 2010)	0.36
"4 mg/kg/day) were reviewed to evaluate dosing with respect to nephrotoxicity, which occurred in 10 (33%) patients within the first 5 days of treatment."	( Colistin dosing and nephrotoxicity in a large community teaching hospital. Crawford, AJ; Deryke, CA; Uddin, N; Wallace, MR, 2010)	0.36
" At the dosage used, oral colistin did not prevent colonisation with ESBL-E and appeared to select colistin-resistant strains or to induce colistin resistance."	( Orally administered colistin leads to colistin-resistant intestinal flora and fails to prevent faecal colonisation with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria in hospitalised newborns. Feierl, G; Grisold, A; Gschliesser, T; Hoenigl, M; Masoud, L; Müller, W; Resch, B; Strenger, V; Urlesberger, B; Zarfel, G, 2011)	0.37
" The lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and no universal harmonization of dose units, however, have made it difficult to derive optimal dosing regimens and specific dosing guidelines for colistin."	( Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing. Anderson, D; Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Jarkowski, A; Lim, LM; Ly, N; Macander, L; Tsuji, BT; Yang, JC, 2010)	0.36
" the absence of a control group, their retrospective nature, variable dosing and duration of therapy, simultaneous administration of other antibiotics in >70% and a lack of resistance development monitoring."	( Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: how to treat and for how long. Giamarellou, H, 2010)	0.36
" There has been a dearth of pharmacokinetic (PK) data available to guide dosing in critically ill patients, including those on renal replacement therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Jacob, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Shoham, S; Silveira, FP; Thamlikitkul, V, 2011)	0.37
"The time course of activity of colistin and imipenem against mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in a biofilm showed that compared with those for planktonic bacteria, the kinetics of colistin and imipenem retained the concentration- and time-dependent killing, respectively, but higher doses of antibiotics and longer dosing periods were required for biofilm eradication."	( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of colistin and imipenem on mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Ciofu, O; Hengzhuang, W; Høiby, N; Song, Z; Wu, H, 2011)	0.37
" Despite its important role as salvage therapy for otherwise untreatable infections, dosage guidelines for the prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) are not scientifically based and have led to treatment failure and increased colistin resistance."	( Dosing of colistin-back to basic PK/PD. Bergen, PJ; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing regimens of a single dose and twice-daily repeat doses of CMS-Na (2."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous colistin methanesulfonate sodium in Japanese healthy male subjects. Hara, K; Hirama, T; Mizuyachi, K; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A, 2011)	0.37
" The dosing regimen had little effect on renal excretion rate (fe) of both CMS and colistin."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous colistin methanesulfonate sodium in Japanese healthy male subjects. Hara, K; Hirama, T; Mizuyachi, K; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing and mortality were secondarily investigated."	( Incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in overweight and obese patients. Abbo, L; Cano, E; Gauthier, TP; Reddy, A; Smith, LB; Wolowich, WR, 2012)	0.38
" The CMS dosing schedule was based on a loading dose of 9 MU and a 9-MU twice-daily fractioned maintenance dose, titrated on renal function."	( High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Miragliotta, G; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2012)	0.38
"A previous pharmacokinetic study on dosing of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) at 240 mg (3 million units [MU]) every 8 h indicated that colistin has a long half-life, resulting in insufficient concentrations for the first 12 to 48 h after initiation of treatment."	( Application of a loading dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Jansson, B; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Mohamed, AF; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Pontikis, K, 2012)	0.38
" Colistin methane sulphonate dosage resulted in clearly suboptimal colistin steady-state concentrations."	( Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study. Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Fousteri, M; Hroni, D; Markantonis, SL; Markou, N; Zidianakis, B, 2012)	0.38
" Studies on other patients receiving colistin methane sulphonate and undergoing CRRT are required before more appropriate dosage regimens can be recommended."	( Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study. Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Fousteri, M; Hroni, D; Markantonis, SL; Markou, N; Zidianakis, B, 2012)	0.38
" Combinations at the highest dosage regimens resulted in undetectable bacterial counts at 72 h in 5 of 8 cases (4 isolates at 2 inocula)."	( The combination of colistin and doripenem is synergistic against Klebsiella pneumoniae at multiple inocula and suppresses colistin resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bergen, PJ; Bulitta, JB; Davis, K; Deris, ZZ; Forrest, A; Jacob, J; Ku, CK; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Poudyal, A; Soon, RL; Tsuji, BT; Velkov, T; Yu, HH, 2012)	0.38
" Patients were grouped according to colistin dosage of 3 × 1 million units (MU) versus 3 × 2 MU."	( Clinical and microbiological efficacy and toxicity of colistin in patients infected with multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. Akıncı, E; Baştuğ, AT; Bodur, H; But, A; Kanyılmaz, D; Yetkin, MA; Yıldız, S; Yılmaz, GR, 2013)	0.39
" Additional antimicrobial therapy was administered to 84% of patients, and 22% of children experienced nephrotoxicity (not associated with dosage or interval of colistin prescribed)."	( The use of intravenous colistin among children in the United States: results from a multicenter, case series. Banerjee, R; Beekmann, SE; Gerber, JS; Hersh, AL; Metjian, TA; Newland, JG; Pannaraj, PS; Polgreen, PM; Tamma, PD; Weissman, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" As a result, this has lead to confusion in the interpretation of the literature with respect to efficacy, tolerance, and optimal dosing strategy."	( Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: IV. colistimethate sodium. Ampofo, K; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Waters, CD; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2013)	0.39
" For intravenous administration, colistin is dosed as its inactive prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (sodium), while polymyxin B is used as its sulfate (active antibacterial)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 'old' polymyxins: what is new? Bergen, PJ; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2012)	0.38
" A scientifically based dosing algorithm was developed for critically ill patients, including those with renal impairment."	( 'Old' antibiotics for emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria. Bergen, PJ; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2012)	0.38
" However, colistin dosing varies greatly and the optimal regimen is unknown."	( Association between colistin dose and microbiologic outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia. Bauer, SR; Lam, SW; Neuner, EA; Vicari, G, 2013)	0.39
" Colistin concentrations were below the current MIC breakpoints, and the area under the concentration-time curve for the free, unbound fraction of the drug over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC (fAUC/MIC) was lower than recommended, suggesting that a dosage regimen of 160 mg CMS every 8 h (q8h) is inadequate."	( Colistin methanesulfonate and colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Papadomichelakis, E; Paramythiotou, E; Plachouras, D; Tsangaris, I, 2013)	0.39
" More research on colistin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill patients and preterm infants is needed to guide adequate colistin dosing at the least toxicity."	( Acquired bartter-like syndrome associated with colistin use in a preterm infant. Alan, S; Arsan, S; Atasay, B; Cakir, U; Erdeve, O; Yalcinkaya, F; Zeybek, C, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this study was to develop a population PK model of colistin and to identify the optimal dosage regimens for burn patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin in burn patients. Han, S; Hong, T; Jeon, S; Lee, J; Song, W; Woo, H; Yim, DS, 2013)	0.39
" Using 16 antipseudomonal antibiotics (three aminoglycosides, nine β-lactams, three fluoroquinolones, and colistin), dose-response curves were found to be undistinguishable for antibiotics of the same pharmacological class if data were expressed as a function of the corresponding MICs."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activity of antibiotics towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a model of THP-1 human monocytes. Buyck, JM; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2013)	0.39
" There is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials of these technologies to determine patient-focused outcomes (such as quality of life and burden of care), safe and effective dosing levels of medications and clinical outcomes (such as hospitalisations and need for antibiotics) and an economic evaluation of their use."	( Nebuliser systems for drug delivery in cystic fibrosis. Daniels, T; Mills, N; Whitaker, P, 2013)	0.39
"Treatment with intravenous colistin, with dosage adjusted to renal function, was relatively safe for HM/HSCT patients, even with concomitantly administered nephrotoxic medications."	( Colistin is relatively safe in hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Averbuch, D; Engelhard, D; Gatt, ME; Goldschmidt, N; Horwitz, E; Resnick, IB; Shapira, MY; Stepensky, P; Strahilevitz, J, 2013)	0.39
" Optimal dosing with CS suffers from poor pharmacokinetic characterization mainly due to the analytical challenge of assaying CS in biological fluids and the limited information on quantitative analysis of CS in plasma using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS)."	( Determination of colistin A and colistin B in human plasma by UPLC-ESI high resolution tandem MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Anagnostopoulos, D; Bazoti, FN; Daikos, GL; Gikas, E; Inglezos, I; Katsimardou, M; Papanikolaou, K; Skoutelis, A; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2013)	0.39
" The objective was to study the PK/PD differences of CMS and colistin between three different CMS dosage regimens in the same critically ill patient."	( Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistimethate sodium (CMS) and colistin between three different CMS dosage regimens in a critically ill patient infected by a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Alvarez-Lerma, F; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Luque, S; Segura, C; Sorlí, L; Valle, M, 2013)	0.39
" In the 50 years following its discovery, little effort was put into studying its dosing and pharmacodynamic properties."	( [Colistin : renaissance of an old antibiotic?]. Kern, WV; Stocker, H, 2013)	0.39
" However, when the MPCs of dual-drug therapy were in conjunction with clinical pharmacokinetic profiles, combinations may not strictly curb the occurrence of resistance at current dosage regimen."	( In vitro effects of tigecycline in combination with colistin (polymyxin E) and sulbactam against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Bai, N; Cai, X; Cai, Y; Cui, J; Liang, B; Ni, W; Wang, R, 2013)	0.39
" A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between colistin concentrations and the percentages of bacteria with DNA fragmentation and cell wall damage, antibiotic effects that were delayed and less frequent in resistant strains."	( Rapid determination of colistin resistance in clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii by use of the micromax assay. Bou, G; Cisneros, JM; Fernández, JL; Gosálvez, J; Lepe, JA; McConnell, MJ; Otero, F; Santiso, R; Tamayo, M, 2013)	0.39
" The optimal dosing of colistin for most infections is unknown."	( Intravenous colistin in a patient with serious burns and borderline syndrome: the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring. Bode-Böger, SM; Kalousis, K; Mailänder, P; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Schopp, B; Tröger, U, 2013)	0.39
" However, the information on its pharmacokinetics is limited, especially in patients with end-stage renal disease, in which dosage adjustments are contradictory, and evidences the need to investigate the removal of colistin through renal replacement therapies like haemodialysis."	( Effective removal of colistin methanesulphonate and formed colistin during intermittent haemodialysis in a patient infected by polymyxin-only-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Barbosa, F; Berenguer, N; Collado, S; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Li, J; Luque, S; Sorli, L, 2014)	0.4
" CMS dosing needs to be adjusted for renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2014)	0.4
" The narrow therapeutic range of colistin makes the choice of its correct dosage crucial, and monitoring of blood concentration is occasionally necessary for critically ill patients, including intensive care patients subjected to continuous renal replacement therapy."	( Determination by LC-MS/MS of colistins A and B in plasma and ultrafiltrate from critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Biancone, L; Bua, RO; Carignano, P; Leporati, M; Mariano, F; Stella, M; Vincenti, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, the best route of administration and dosage is not known."	( Inhaled colistin for treatment of pneumonia due to colistin-only-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii. Choi, HK; Kim, HY; Kim, YK; Uh, Y, 2014)	0.4
" We hypothesized that front-loading provides an improved dosing strategy for polymyxin antibiotics to maximize killing and minimize total exposure."	( New dosing strategies for an old antibiotic: pharmacodynamics of front-loaded regimens of colistin at simulated pharmacokinetics in patients with kidney or liver disease. Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, S; Haas, CE; Holden, PN; Kelchlin, PA; Li, J; Ly, NS; Nation, RL; Rao, GG; Tsuji, BT, 2014)	0.4
" This finding indicated that the combination among terpenes and antibiotic may contribute in reducing the required dosage of antibiotics due to the possible effect of terpenes on permeation barrier of the micro-organism cell membrane."	( Effect of citral and carvacrol on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua to antibiotics. Martínez, A; Rodrigo, D; Rosenthal, A; Silva-Angulo, AB; Zanini, SF, 2014)	0.4
"An optimized dosing regimen of the prodrug of colistin, colistin methanesulphonate (CMS), against resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is needed to ensure effective bacterial killing."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model developed for the effect of colistin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro with evaluation of population pharmacokinetic variability on simulated bacterial killing. Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Mohamed, AF, 2014)	0.4
" Mechanism-based PK/PD models were fitted in NONMEM7 and the final model was combined with a previously developed population PK model of CMS and colistin to perform simulations of variability based on different dosing algorithms."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model developed for the effect of colistin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro with evaluation of population pharmacokinetic variability on simulated bacterial killing. Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Mohamed, AF, 2014)	0.4
"There is increasing interest in the optimization of polymyxin B dosing regimens to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for polymyxin B in bacterial growth media. Bulitta, JB; Cheah, SE; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2014)	0.4
" A better understanding of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, has facilitated more appropriate dosing strategies with a standard 9 million-unit daily-dose that should be adapted to kidney function."	( Colistin in multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa blood-stream infections: a narrative review for the clinician. Blanc, V; Leroy, S; Martis, N, 2014)	0.4
"In general, some SPCs have been updated over recent years though vital aspects of dosing recommendations, indications and pharmacokinetic information show a rather broad variation."	( Product information for parenteral colistin varies substantially across Europe. Theuretzbacher, U, 2014)	0.4
" Colistin was developed prior to current methods of establishing dosing using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships."	( Systematic review of the evidence for rational dosing of colistin. Bamford, C; Kift, EV; Maartens, G, 2014)	0.4
"We conducted a systematic review of the literature to develop guidelines for rational dosing of intravenous colistin, with a particular focus on critically ill patients."	( Systematic review of the evidence for rational dosing of colistin. Bamford, C; Kift, EV; Maartens, G, 2014)	0.4
" Accurate determination of colistin in bacterial growth medium has a vital role in the studies examining dosage regimen of and bacterial resistance to colistin."	( LC-MS/MS determination of colistin in Mueller-Hinton broth for in vitro pharmacodynamic studies. Cao, YR; Guo, BN; Li, J; Wu, XJ; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2014)	0.4
" Because the efficacy and toxicity of colistin are dose dependent, the impact of discordant dosing recommendations cannot be understated."	( Colistin: understanding and applying recent pharmacokinetic advances. Kaye, KS; Li, J; Ortwine, JK; Pogue, JM, 2015)	0.42
"The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and norvancomycin for half of the isolates decreased below the susceptibility break point, and the MIC of linezolid for one isolate was decreased to the blood and epithelial lining fluid concentration using the current dosing regimen."	( Colistin and anti-Gram-positive bacterial agents against Acinetobacter baumannii. Bai, Y; Di, X; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Primary risk factors examined included the influence of dosing and the receipt of concomitant nephrotoxins."	( Colistin- and polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity: focus on literature utilizing the RIFLE classification scheme of acute kidney injury. Pike, M; Saltiel, E, 2014)	0.4
" As a result, dosing for patients who require renal replacement remains a challenge."	( Colistin pharmacokinetics in burn patients during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Akers, KS; Chung, KK; Cota, JM; Mende, K; Murray, CK; Niece, KL; Rowan, MP; Stewart, IJ, 2015)	0.42
" Clinical practice remains hampered by lack of uniformity and standardization of names, dosage units, dosing recommendations and methods of concentration and susceptibility testing."	( [Practical guideline for the use of colistin]. Birkhoff, W; Dijkmans, AC; Kamerling, IM; Touw, DJ; van Nieuwkoop, C; Verbrugh, HA; Wilms, EB, 2014)	0.4
" Concerns raised about variability in the ability to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations when dosing CMS have led many clinicians to desire a more pharmacokinetically reliable product."	( To B or not to B, that is the question: is it time to replace colistin with polymyxin B? Danziger, L; Kassamali, Z, 2015)	0.42
"In vitro static concentration time-kill (SCTK) studies are a cornerstone for antibiotic development and designing dosage regimens."	( Novel rate-area-shape modeling approach to quantify bacterial killing and regrowth for in vitro static time-kill studies. Bulitta, JB; Cheah, SE; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2015)	0.42
" As appropriate colistin exposure is the key for maximizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity, individualized dosing optimization guided by therapeutic drug monitoring is a top clinical priority."	( High-throughput hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the optimized quantification of the anti-Gram-negatives antibiotic colistin A/B and its pro-drug colistimethate. Buclin, T; Corti, N; Couet, W; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Gardiol, C; Guidi, M; Marchetti, O; Mercier, T; Tissot, F; Wehrli, S, 2014)	0.4
" In renal impairment, CMS dosing was adjusted according to calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl)."	( High dose intravenous colistin methanesulfonate therapy is associated with high rates of nephrotoxicity; a prospective cohort study from Saudi Arabia. Albarrak, AM; Aldalbahi, S; Alfahad, WA; Almitwazi, AA; Baadani, AM; Omrani, AS; Shoukri, MM, 2015)	0.42
" A dosing algorithm has been developed to achieve desired plasma colistin concentrations in critically ill patients."	( Colistin: how should it be dosed for the critically ill? Landersdorfer, CB; Nation, RL, 2015)	0.42
"Due to the extensive removal of CMS by dialysis, HD should be conducted at the end of a dosing interval and a supplemental dose should be administered."	( Extracorporeal clearance of colistin methanesulphonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis: implications for dosing. Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2015)	0.42
" Colistin dosing was evaluated based on both actual body weight and ideal body weight."	( Association between colistin dose and development of nephrotoxicity. Chang, SH; Cho, S; Kim, SR; Kwon, YJ; Lee, YJ; Wi, YM, 2015)	0.42
" Median daily dosing of colistin based on ideal body weight was significantly higher in patients with nephrotoxicity than in those without nephrotoxicity (4."	( Association between colistin dose and development of nephrotoxicity. Chang, SH; Cho, S; Kim, SR; Kwon, YJ; Lee, YJ; Wi, YM, 2015)	0.42
" Colistin was administered according to the dosing guideline that was based on pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic principles, adjusted by body weight and creatinine clearance."	( The efficacy and nephrotoxicity associated with colistin use in an intensive care unit in Vietnam: Use of colistin in a population of lower body weight. Anh, NH; Binh, NG; Chau, NQ; Co, DX; Gam, do TH; Hai, DT; Hayakawa, K; Huong, NT; Huong, TT; Nhung, PH; Ohmagari, N; Phuong, DM; Takeshita, N; Thuy, NT; Thuy, PT; Tuan, ND; Van Anh, L, 2015)	0.42
"A personalized dosing protocol of colistin was effective, with low nephrotoxicity, among critically ill Vietnamese patients with low body weight."	( The efficacy and nephrotoxicity associated with colistin use in an intensive care unit in Vietnam: Use of colistin in a population of lower body weight. Anh, NH; Binh, NG; Chau, NQ; Co, DX; Gam, do TH; Hai, DT; Hayakawa, K; Huong, NT; Huong, TT; Nhung, PH; Ohmagari, N; Phuong, DM; Takeshita, N; Thuy, NT; Thuy, PT; Tuan, ND; Van Anh, L, 2015)	0.42
" However, until now there is not enough information concerning pharmacokinetics of colistin to optimize dosage of this pharmaceutical."	( [The pharmacokinetics of colistin under parenteral injection of sodium colistimitate in children with chemically induced neutropenia]. Dmitriev, VV; Fatykhova, SA; Kurman, PV; Shabunia, PS; Zakharevich, VI, 2015)	0.42
" Nowadays, reemergence of this antibiotic for multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections, and a new high dosing regimen recommendation increases concern about its nephrotoxicity."	( A review on colistin nephrotoxicity. Ordooei Javan, A; Sahraei, Z; Shokouhi, S, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with older recommended doses, current dosing approach improves cure rate without significant increase in the rate of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Colistin: efficacy and safety in different populations. Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Shahbazi, F, 2015)	0.42
" Concomitant use of loop diuretics, baseline creatinine level, and CMS dosage were independently associated with AKI."	( Risk Factors for Colistin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Study from Turkey. Aslan, E; Aydemir, H; Deveci, O; Duygu, F; Gul, S; Kacmaz, B; Kuscu, F; Ozturk, DB; Yaman, F, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target values will assist in the design of optimized dosage regimens."	( New pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies of systemically administered colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in mouse thigh and lung infection models: smaller response in lung infection. Cheah, SE; Li, J; Nation, RL; Nguyen, VT; Turnidge, JD; Wang, J, 2015)	0.42
" From the clinical point of view, the prolongation of colistin PAE when combined with other antibiotics could provide a rationale for the modification of the dosing interval and could be important for the optimization of the treatment regimen and the minimization of drug-induced side effects."	( Postantibiotic effect of colistin alone and combined with vancomycin or meropenem against Acinetobacter spp. with well defined resistance mechanisms. Beader, N; Bedenić, B; Ćačić, M; Godič-Torkar, K; Mihaljević, L; Prahin, E; Vraneš, J, 2016)	0.43
" We sought to determine AKI occurrence and to identify factors influencing AKI risk in severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a recently proposed dosing strategy."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
" Colistin administration was driven by a modified pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD)-based dosing approach."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
"In severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a PK/PD-driven dosing approach, baseline renal impairment and older age strongly predict AKI occurrence, but concomitant administration of ascorbic acid markedly reduces AKI risk, allowing safer use of colistin."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
" Recent studies focusing on the optimal dosing strategy of colistin have demonstrated the necessity of a loading dose at treatment initiation (D."	( Colistin Population Pharmacokinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients. Baziaka, F; Friberg, LE; Galani, L; Giamarellou, H; Ioannidis, K; Karaiskos, I; Kostakou, E; Koutsoukou, A; Paskalis, C; Pontikis, K; Tsagkari, V, 2015)	0.42
" Based on recent pharmacokinetic studies, current colistin dosing regimens may result in a prolonged time to therapeutic concentrations, leading to suboptimal and delayed effective treatment."	( Influence of Colistin Dose on Global Cure in Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli. Bass, SN; Bauer, SR; Gibson, GA; Lam, SW; Neuner, EA, 2016)	0.43
" One flock of chickens was treated with colistin at the recommended dosage and a second flock was kept as an untreated control."	( Impact of colistin sulfate treatment of broilers on the presence of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in stored or composted manure. Bougeard, S; Couet, W; Jouy, E; Keita, A; Kempf, I; Le Devendec, L; Léaustic, J; Mourand, G; Rousset, N, 2016)	0.43
" Our objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of colistin and its prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in this population and to suggest dosing regimen recommendations."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Methanesulfonate and Colistin in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Renal Failure Requiring Intermittent Hemodialysis. Balayn, D; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Jacobs, M; Marchand, S; Mégarbane, B; Mimoz, O, 2016)	0.43
"For antibiotics, extensive animal PKPD studies are often performed to evaluate the PK/PD driver for subsequent use when recommending dosing regimens."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model based on in vitro time-kill data predicts the in vivo PK/PD index of colistin. Friberg, LE; Khan, DD; Nielsen, EI, 2016)	0.43
" Opportunity exists to optimize colistin dosage while balancing toxicity, but larger studies are warranted."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Colistin Loading Dose, High-Dose Maintenance Regimen in Critically Ill Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia. Bauer, KA; Elefritz, JL; Jones, C; Mangino, JE; Murphy, CV; Porter, K, 2017)	0.46
" For this reason, recent recommendations in patients undergoing RRT have shifted toward higher dosing regimens, and therapeutic drug monitoring is advised."	( Colistin Use in Patients With Reduced Kidney Function. Antonucci, E; d'Avolio, A; Fiaccadori, E; Maggiore, U; Morabito, S; Regolisti, G, 2016)	0.43
" Paediatric experience with these agents is limited hence there is a need to further examine their clinical efficacy, dosage and toxicity in children."	( Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae infections in children. Moxon, CA; Paulus, S, 2016)	0.43
" We believe that colistin use in pig production should be re-evaluated and its dosing and usage optimised."	( Resistance to colistin: what is the fate for this antibiotic in pig production? Beaudry, F; Letellier, A; Rhouma, M, 2016)	0.43
" According to our pharmacokinetics data, the dosage of CMS currently used in critically ill neonates is insufficient."	( Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Following a Single Dose of Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium in Critically Ill Neonates. Chokephaibulkit, K; Imberti, R; Nakwan, N; Regazzi, M; Usaha, S; Villani, P, 2016)	0.43
" However, there has been much confusion regarding the dosage of the drug, its name and labeling, therefore, experts have recommended using a common language about this polymyxin."	( [Colistin in the post-antibiotic era]. Aguayo, A; Bello, H; Domínguez, M; González-Rocha, G; Mella, S; Riedel, G, 2016)	0.43
" The heteroresistance phenotype is explained by the variable gene dosage of pmrD in a population, where sub-populations with different copy number of the pmrD gene show different levels of colistin resistance."	( Unstable tandem gene amplification generates heteroresistance (variation in resistance within a population) to colistin in Salmonella enterica. Andersson, DI; Hjort, K; Nicoloff, H, 2016)	0.43
"55 mg/L for colistin, whereas during maintenance dosing the corresponding values were 12."	( Challenge for higher colistin dosage in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Athanassa, Z; Friberg, LE; Galani, L; Giamarellou, H; Ioannidis, K; Karaiskos, I; Katsouda, E; Paskalis, H, 2016)	0.43
" Based on current knowledge on PK/PD, appropriate dosage schedules are discussed in detail."	( Colistin: still a lifesaver for the 21st century? Galani, I; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Souli, M, 2017)	0.46
" A dynamic in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that can simulate the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics provides a powerful tool to compare antibacterial responses to different clinical dosage regimens."	( Synergistic killing by meropenem and colistin combination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Chinese patients in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bian, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, colistin dosing is troublesome because each batch of the drug contains a mixture of components and because it is administered as the inactive pro-drug colistimethate sodium (CMS), which has different pharmacokinetic (PK) properties from the active drug."	( Colistin loading dose: evaluation of the published pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Falagas, ME; Rellos, K; Triarides, NA; Vardakas, KZ, 2016)	0.43
" Optimizing colistin dosing should translate to improved patient outcomes."	( The Effectiveness and Safety of High-Dose Colistin: Prospective Cohort Study. Altunin, S; Benattar, YD; Daitch, V; Elbaz, M; Granot, M; Leibovici, L; Omar, M; Paul, M; Yahav, D; Zak-Doron, Y; Zusman, O, 2016)	0.43
" In a large cohort, we found no association between high colistin dosing and all-cause mortality."	( The Effectiveness and Safety of High-Dose Colistin: Prospective Cohort Study. Altunin, S; Benattar, YD; Daitch, V; Elbaz, M; Granot, M; Leibovici, L; Omar, M; Paul, M; Yahav, D; Zak-Doron, Y; Zusman, O, 2016)	0.43
" The CMS and colistin pharmacokinetics in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) following intravenous and pulmonary dosing have not been evaluated in a large-animal model with pulmonary architecture similar to that of humans."	( Substantial Targeting Advantage Achieved by Pulmonary Administration of Colistin Methanesulfonate in a Large-Animal Model. Bischof, RJ; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Lieu, LT; McIntosh, MP; Meeusen, EN; Nation, RL; Nguyen, G; Nguyen, TH, 2017)	0.46
"This is the first report to test the loading dosage of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including MDRP."	( Colistin loading dose enhanced antimicrobial activity for in vivo mouse thigh infection model with Pseudomonas aeruginosa with highly antimicrobial resistant. Hagihara, M; Hirai, J; Kato, H; Koizumi, Y; Mikamo, H; Nishiyama, N; Sakanashi, D; Suematsu, H; Yamagishi, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Designing rational dosage regimens for patients to maximize the antimicrobial activity and minimize the emergence and prevalence of resistance is recommended."	( Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Iran: An Update. Ardebili, A; Mardaneh, J; Razavi Nikoo, H, 2017)	0.46
" The purpose of this review is to discuss the implications of these differences, assess comparative efficacy and safety of the polymyxins, and provide recommendations for polymyxin dosing and selection."	( Clinical considerations for optimal use of the polymyxins: A focus on agent selection and dosing. Kaye, KS; Ortwine, JK; Pogue, JM, 2017)	0.46
" However, optimal dosing strategies and factors that may contribute to treatment failure are limited."	( Outcome analysis of colistin-treated burn center patients. Hickerson, WL; Hill, DM; Wilkinson, RE, 2017)	0.46
" Higher dosing regimen with loading dose application has been introduced in the latest National Antibiotic Guideline."	( Colistin-associated nephrotoxicity among patients in intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals in Selangor. Amin Nordin, S; Ling, SM; Mahmud, A; Rashizal Sazli, MR; Syed Mohamed, AF; Wan Mazuan, WM, 2017)	0.46
" Renal clearance of colistin is very low, but the dosing regimen should be adapted to the renal function of the patient because CMS is partly eliminated by the kidney."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Colistin. Aranzana-Climent, V; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Magréault, S; Marchand, S, 2017)	0.46
"Optimal dosing for nebulized colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), the prodrug of colistin, is unknown."	( Pharmacokinetics of nebulized colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients. Boisson, M; Cormier, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2017)	0.46
" Further study of colistin pharmacokinetics in children and neonates will likely lead to optimization of dosage recommendations."	( Colistin Use in Neonates and Children With Infections Due to Carbapenem-resistant Bacteria. Antachopoulos, C; Iosifidis, E, 2017)	0.46
" However, current dosing recommendations of intrathecal/intraventricular polymyxins are largely empirical, as we have little understanding of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and, importantly, we are only starting to understand the mechanisms of potential neurotoxicity."	( Polymyxins for CNS infections: Pharmacology and neurotoxicity. Cappai, R; Ciccotosto, GD; Dai, C; Hoyer, D; Li, J; Velkov, T, 2018)	0.48
"We showed endotoxic shock was reversed and all mice survived with a CS administration at a dosage of 2mg/day for 3 days, in comparison to survival rate with saline administration (p≤0."	( Administration of colistin sulfate in endotoxic model at slow and sustained fashion may reverse shock without causing nephrotoxicity in its optimal concentration. Akasaka, Y; Haque, A; Ishii, Y; Matsumoto, T; Tateda, K, 2017)	0.46
"These results highlighted that an optimal dosage of CS effectively improved outcome in endotoxic shock models without causing nephrotoxicity when administered at a slow and sustained manner."	( Administration of colistin sulfate in endotoxic model at slow and sustained fashion may reverse shock without causing nephrotoxicity in its optimal concentration. Akasaka, Y; Haque, A; Ishii, Y; Matsumoto, T; Tateda, K, 2017)	0.46
" Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting side effect that impedes optimal dosing of patients."	( Gelofusine Ameliorates Colistin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Ahmed, MU; Azad, MAK; Huang, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Schneider, EK; Sivanesan, SS; Velkov, T; Wang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Ultimately, we present a diverse cohort of adjuvants that both sensitize colistin-resistant and colistin-susceptible bacteria to this antibiotic, thus providing a potential avenue to both reduce colistin dosage and toxicity, and overcome colistin resistance."	( Small molecule adjuvants that suppress both chromosomal and mcr-1 encoded colistin-resistance and amplify colistin efficacy in polymyxin-susceptible bacteria. Barker, WT; Chandler, CE; Doi, Y; Ernst, RK; Goodell, C; Harris, TL; Martin, SE; Melander, C; Melander, RJ; Nguyen, TV, 2017)	0.46
"Nephrotoxicity has been a concern with new dosing regimens of colistin."	( Evaluation of Renal Toxicity of Colistin Therapy With Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin: a Biomarker of Renal Tubular Damage. Ordooei Javan, A; Sahraei, Z; Salamzadeh, J; Shokouhi, S, 2017)	0.46
" In this retrospective observational study of 40 patients with post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to CRAB, 33 patients without concomitant infection received appropriate dosage regimens of IV colistin."	( Outcomes of adjunctive therapy with intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistin for post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. Chusri, S; Doi, Y; Kositpantawong, N; Panthuwong, S; Pattharachayakul, S; Sakarunchai, I; Santimaleeworagun, W; Singkhamanan, K, 2018)	0.48
" The emergence and spread of colistin resistance has been documented in South Africa (SA), but no local information exists on how and why colistin is used in hospitals, and similarly, compliance with current dosing guidelines is unknown."	( Opportunities to optimise colistin stewardship in hospitalised patients in South Africa: Results of a multisite utilisation audit. Brink, AJ; Messina, AP; Richards, GA; Van Vuuren, S, 2017)	0.46
" pneumoniae in an in vitro PK/PD model simulating different dosing regimens."	( Exploring colistin pharmacodynamics against Klebsiella pneumoniae: a need to revise current susceptibility breakpoints. Daikos, GL; Georgiou, PC; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A; Tsala, M; Vourli, S, 2018)	0.48
" Dosing regimens with fCmax/MIC ≥6 were always associated with a bactericidal effect (P = 0."	( Exploring colistin pharmacodynamics against Klebsiella pneumoniae: a need to revise current susceptibility breakpoints. Daikos, GL; Georgiou, PC; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A; Tsala, M; Vourli, S, 2018)	0.48
" Colistin is one of the last available options, and there are increasing concerns about the dosage and resistance to this agent in long-term monotherapies."	( Frequency Determination of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae (CRKP) Isolated from hospitals in Isfahan of Iran and Evaluation of Synergistic Effect of Colistin and Meropenem on them. Fazeli, H; Gheitani, L; Moghim, S; Nasr Isfahani, B, 2018)	0.48
" baumannii, although this was not associated with suboptimal clinical outcomes due to the use of aggressive colistin dosing and combination therapy."	( Detection of colistin heteroresistance in Acinetobacter baumannii from blood and respiratory isolates. Balada-Llasat, JM; Bauer, KA; Goff, DA; Hunt, LN; Pancholi, P; Pouch, SM; Srinivas, P; Thomas, K, 2018)	0.48
" However, the current dosage regimens lead to insufficient drug concentrations in serum and clinicians have been advised to use larger doses, which further increases the risk of nephrotoxicity."	( New polymyxin derivatives that display improved efficacy in animal infection models as compared to polymyxin B and colistin. Vaara, M, 2018)	0.48
"Plasma and tissue concentrations of CMS and colistin were measured after systemic administrations of different dosing regimens of CMS in pigs."	( A Population WB-PBPK Model of Colistin and its Prodrug CMS in Pigs: Focus on the Renal Distribution and Excretion. Bouchène, S; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Henri, J; Laroche, J; Laurentie, M; Manceau, J; Rolland, JG; Viel, A, 2018)	0.48
" Among these two antibiotics, colistin is considered toxic, and therefore, its clinical use and dosage need cautious approach."	( Use of succinic & oxalic acid in reducing the dosage of colistin against New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 bacteria. Chandar, B; Kumar, R; Parani, M, 2018)	0.48
" The increase in the clinical experience acquired in recent years and the published medical literature have raised doubts about the information provided by the product, indicating the need to update dosage recommendations, pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information (PK/PD)."	( [The challenge in colistin dosing: Updating available recommendations]. Benavides, C; González, C; Izquierdo, G; Rojas, L; Rosales, R; Zamora, F, 2018)	0.48
" The absence of a definite dosing strategy makes a model to compare low dose and high dose colistin invaluable in making decisions regarding the appropriate use of colistin."	( Cost-effectiveness analysis of low versus high dose colistin in the treatment of multi-drug resistant pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. Cara, AKS; Suleman, F; Zaidi, STR, 2018)	0.48
" New dosing guidance is emphasized to minimize renal toxicities."	( Successful Use of Colistin Monotherapy as Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy for XDR Acinetobacter Hepatic Abscesses. Barsoumian, AE; Chang, D; McGann, P; Prestwood, J, 2019)	0.51
" Antibiotic synergistic efficacy was evaluated through in vitro chequerboard experiments and dose-response assays."	( Novel partners with colistin to increase its in vivo therapeutic effectiveness and prevent the occurrence of colistin resistance in NDM- and MCR-co-producing Escherichia coli in a murine infection model. Liao, XP; Liu, YH; Sun, J; Tyrrell, JM; Walsh, TR; Wang, Y; Wei, MC; Yang, RS; Yu, Y; Zheng, M, 2019)	0.51
" However, limited experience and a lack of widespread availability of up-to-date dosing guidelines could potentially result in incorrect use of these last resort antibiotics by managing doctors."	( Rational use of intravenous polymyxin B and colistin: A review. Suresh, K; Zakuan, ZD, 2018)	0.48
" This effect was more pronounced if prolonged infusion of meropenem and high tigecycline dosing were used."	( Triple combination of meropenem, colistin and tigecycline was bactericidal in a dynamic model despite mere additive interactions in chequerboard assays against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Daikos, GRL; Georgiou, PC; Meletiadis, J; Mouton, JW; Pournaras, S; Tsala, M; Vourli, S, 2019)	0.51
" It is essential to assess the clinical application and the dose-response relationships of combinations such as colistin plus cotrimoxazole."	( In vivo activity of co-trimoxazole combined with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 in a Galleria mellonella model. Hefzy, EM; Khalil, MAF; Moawad, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Optimal dosing in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is unclear."	( Multicenter Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Colistimethate Sodium and Colistin Dosed as in Normal Renal Function in Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Buclin, T; Corti, N; Decosterd, L; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, AB; Mueller, NJ; Osthoff, M, 2019)	0.51
" There is virtually no data in neonates and children currently; there is therefore an urgent need for pharmacokinetic and safety trials in these populations to determine the optimal drug and dosing regimens and provide recommendations for their use against carbapenem resistant infections."	( The use of polymyxins to treat carbapenem resistant infections in neonates and children. Dona', D; Ellis, S; Heath, P; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thomas, R; Velaphi, S; Walker, AS, 2019)	0.51
" However, research on the dosing of colistin in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), is scarce."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and total removal of colistin in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy. Bode-Böger, SM; David, S; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Martens-Lobenhoffer, J; Scherneck, S; Schmidt, JJ; Strunk, AK; Welte, T, 2019)	0.51
" We report consensus therapeutic guidelines for agent selection and dosing of the polymyxin antibiotics for optimal use in adult patients, as endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society of Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)."	( International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDS Daikos, GL; Forrest, A; Giacobbe, DR; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, D; Kaye, KS; Li, J; Mouton, JW; Nation, RL; Paul, M; Pogue, JM; Tam, VH; Thamlikitkul, V; Tsuji, BT; Viscoli, C; Wunderink, RG; Zavascki, AP, 2019)	0.51
" Unfortunately, there is a paucity of pharmacological information to guide the selection of dosage regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens. Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)	0.51
"The FDA and EMA dosage recommendations may be suboptimal for many pediatric patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens. Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)	0.51
" Considerable heterogeneity exists in terms of reporting colistin dosing and experimental designs."	( Rat models of colistin nephrotoxicity: previous experimental researches and future perspectives. Çavdar, Z; Heybeli, C; Oktan, MA, 2019)	0.51
" According to the urinary bactericidal activity, a maintenance dosage of 2 MIU of CMS combined with 100 mg of AZT twice daily may be sufficient for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by colistin-susceptible strains."	( Urinary bactericidal activity of colistin and azidothymidine combinations against mcr-1-positive colistin-resistant Escherichia coli. Coates, A; Hu, Y; Loose, M; Naber, KG; Wagenlehner, FME, 2019)	0.51
" In addition to severity of disease and comorbidities, inadequate daily dosage and the absence of a loading dose may have contributed to mortality."	( Intravenous colistin use for infections due to MDR Gram-negative bacilli in critically ill paediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bassiri, H; Karageorgos, SA; Miligkos, M; Siakallis, G; Tsioutis, C, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-fractionation studies performed in hollow-fiber models found that altering the dosing schedule had little impact on the killing or suppression of resistance emergence, alluding to AUC/MIC as the pharmacodynamic index that best describes polymyxin's activity."	( In vitro Pharmacodynamics and PK/PD in Animals. Cai, Y; Chua, SC; Kwa, AL; Lee, W; Lim, TP; Teo, J, 2019)	0.51
" When combinations are selected, optimizing the dosage regimens for the polymyxin and the combinatorial agent is critical to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risk of the development of toxicity."	( Rational Combinations of Polymyxins with Other Antibiotics. Bedard, TB; Bergen, PJ; Bulman, ZP; Cha, R; Smith, NM; Tsuji, BT, 2019)	0.51
" There was no drug-drug interaction observed during the transport of ciprofloxacin and colistin across the cell monolayer, when they were dosed together in the solution form."	( Evaluation of co-delivery of colistin and ciprofloxacin in liposomes using an in vitro human lung epithelial cell model. Chai, G; Li, J; Park, H; Xu, Q; Yu, S; Zhou, F; Zhou, QT, 2019)	0.51
"IH colistin provided good outcomes with few side effects, and appropriate dosing of IV colistin was important to avoid excess mortality."	( Colistin for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. Huang, SH; Huang, SS; Ye, JJ; Zheng, JY, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for nephrotoxicity related to colistin after implementation of a new dosing regimen including a loading dose."	( Colistin nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients after implementation of a new dosing strategy. Ergönül, Ö; Korten, V; Ozel, AS, 2019)	0.51
"Colistin represents a polypeptide used for the treatment of MDR microorganisms, although the optimal dosing strategy is under investigation."	( Efficacy and safety of colistin loading dose: a meta-analysis. Bellos, I; Daskalakis, G; Frountzas, M; Kontzoglou, K; Pergialiotis, V; Perrea, DN, 2020)	0.56
"Observational evidence suggests that the administration of a colistin loading dose in patients receiving high maintenance dosage regimens is significantly associated with higher rates of microbiological response, but does not change clinical cure, mortality or nephrotoxicity risk."	( Efficacy and safety of colistin loading dose: a meta-analysis. Bellos, I; Daskalakis, G; Frountzas, M; Kontzoglou, K; Pergialiotis, V; Perrea, DN, 2020)	0.56
" This presents issues when attempting to determine antimicrobial dosing as traditional antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) are typically designed around planktonic bacteria and thus offer information that is not relevant to the biofilm phenotype present in the patient."	( Nanodiagnostics to monitor biofilm oxygen metabolism for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Cash, KJ; David, AA; Harris, JK; Jewell, MP; Saccomano, SC; Zemanick, ET, 2020)	0.56
" Objective To establish the role of colistin dosing and co-medications in development of colistin kidney injury."	( Colistin co-administration with other nephrotoxins: experience of teaching hospital of Latvia. Aitullina, A; Krūmiņa, A; Purviņa, S, 2021)	0.62
" Only recently have reliable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate become available."	( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study. Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"The aim of this work was to develop a clinician-friendly, easy-to-use mobile app incorporating up-to-date dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate in critically ill adult patients."	( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study. Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Dosing calculations were based on equations developed in our recent population pharmacokinetic study."	( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study. Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"With its user-friendly interface, ColistinDose provides an accurate and easy-to-use tool for clinicians to calculate dosage regimens of intravenous colistimethate in critically ill patients with varying degrees of renal function."	( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study. Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" However, pharmacological updates are required to support dosing optimisation."	( Time-kill and post-antibiotic effect of colistin at different static concentrations in in vitro Acinetobacter baumannii. Amin-Nordin, S; Hod, R; Mohamed, AFS; Neela, V; Rasidin, RSM; Suhaili, Z, 2020)	0.56
" For TGC, conventional dosing regimens failed to reach 90% PTA against a MIC of 2 mg/L."	( Optimal empiric treatment for KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in critically ill patients with normal or decreased renal function using Monte Carlo simulation. Cui, Y; Huang, C; Shi, Q; Wang, G; Xiao, Y; Yu, W, 2021)	0.62
" The necessity of routine determination of the true MIC values of carbapenems was shown to optimize their dosage regimens and select the combination antibiotic therapy regimens."	( Microbiological efficiency of the combinations of two carbapenems against antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Karpov, IA; Osipkina, OV; Petrovskaya, TA; Tapalski, DV; Timoshkova, EV, 2021)	0.62
" Young male rats were orally dosed drug mixtures and single drugs in 14 consecutive days, each at the dose of 20, 80, and 400 mg/(kg·BW) for environmental toxicologic study."	( Toxicologic effect and transcriptome analysis for short-term orally dosed enrofloxacin combined with two veterinary antimicrobials on rat liver. Cheng, L; Han, H; Luan, Y; Shen, J; Tang, S; Zhao, J, 2021)	0.62
" This study formulates an optimal control problem for dosage selection of colistin based on a PK model, minimizing deviations of colistin concentration to a target value and allowing a specific dosage optimization for a given individual."	( Optimal control for colistin dosage selection. Cavalieri, AVG; Gontijo, AVL, 2021)	0.62
" aeruginosa isolates, the combined susceptibility rates (susceptible at standard dosing regimen plus susceptible at increased exposure) were highest to ceftazidime-avibactam, colistin and amikacin (≥82."	( In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical respiratory isolates to ceftazidime-avibactam and comparators (2016-2018). Piérard, D; Stone, GG, 2021)	0.62
" In colistin-sensitive infections, 3 of the 4 ADCs offered protection similar to that of therapeutically dosed colistin, while CTC-171 offered enhanced protection."	( Development of Novel Immunoprophylactic Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections. Balkovec, JM; Borchardt, A; Brady, T; Cole, JN; Do, QQ; Fortier, J; Hough, G; Jiang, W; Krel, M; Lovey, A; Noncovich, A; Perlin, DS; Tari, L; Zhao, Q; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.62
" However, with the dosage range utilized in this study, in the majority of children, renal injury seemed to be mild to moderate in nature."	( Colistin induced acute kidney injury in critically ill children: a prospective study utilizing RIFLE criteria. Assadi, F; Faghihi, T; Hayatshahi, A; Khosravi, Z; Meysam, S; Parin, T; Qorbani, M; Rashti, R, 2022)	0.72
" Although optimal nebulized drug dosing regimen is not clearly established, high antibiotic doses should be administered using vibrating-mesh nebulizer with optimized ventilator settings to ensure safe and effective intrapulmonary concentrations."	( Nebulized Antibiotics for Healthcare- and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Arvaniti, K; Boisson, M; Bouglé, A; Dhanani, J; Mimoz, O; Rello, J; Rouby, JJ; Sole-Lleonart, C, 2022)	0.72
" Predicted trough concentrations of formed colistin in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) following 24-h dosing of 3 MIU and 5 MIU nebulised CMS were 120."	( Pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and formed colistin following nebulisation of CMS among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Gkoufa, A; Karaiskos, I; Li, J; Lin, YW; Psichogiou, M; Routsi, C; Sou, T; Zakynthinos, S, 2022)	0.72
" Ob also reduces the colistin dosage required for effective treatment of infections caused by colistin-susceptible bacteria, thereby reducing the toxicity of the drug regimen."	( Otilonium bromide boosts antimicrobial activities of colistin against Gram-negative pathogens and their persisters. Chan, EWC; Chen, K; Chen, S; Liu, C; Xu, C; Zeng, P, 2022)	0.72
" Target pharmacodynamic indices were used to evaluate whether pediatric and adult dosing regimens provided sufficient coverage."	( Prediction of Tissue Exposures of Meropenem, Colistin, and Sulbactam in Pediatrics Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Sy, SKB; Yu, M; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S, 2022)	0.72
" In a virtual pediatric population aged from 2 to < 18 years, the interpretive breakpoints were achieved in 85-90% of subjects for their targeted pharmacodynamic indices after administration of pediatric dosing regimens consisting of 30 mg/kg of meropenem, and 40 mg/kg of sulbactam three times daily as a 3-h or continuous infusion and 5 mg/kg/day of colistin base activity."	( Prediction of Tissue Exposures of Meropenem, Colistin, and Sulbactam in Pediatrics Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Sy, SKB; Yu, M; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S, 2022)	0.72
" Optimization of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters, such as prolonged infusion (for time-dependent antibiotics), increased dosage (for concentration-dependent antibiotics), and therapeutic drug monitoring, also influences the outcome."	( How to Manage Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Guery, B; Jacot, D; Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, M, 2022)	0.72
" The dosing schedule was based on a loading dose of 5 MU and a 5-MU twice-daily divided maintenance dose, titrated on renal function."	( Outcome and safety of colistin usage in pediatric cancer patients with carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteremia at children cancer hospital Egypt. Adel, N; El-Abhar, H; Elanany, M; Hafez, H; Khedr, R; Zaki, HF, )	0.13
"This in silico extrapolation provides valuable information on dosing regimens and routes of administration against CRAB infections in specific tissues."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" In the colistin:SDCS treatment groups, the dosage was 15 mg/kg/day colistin equivalent; all mice were treated for 7 successive days."	( In vivo evaluation of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of colistin formulated with sodium deoxycholate sulfate in a mice model. Bintang, MAKM; Nopparat, J; Srichana, T, 2023)	0.91
" Patients will participate in the clinical trial for a maximum of three monitored dosing intervals."	( Changes of colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients due to the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: protocol for the COL-ECMO2022 trial - a prospective, non-randomised, open-label phase IV pharmacokinetic clinical trial. Kubíčková, V; Rychlíčková, J; Součková, L; Suk, P; Urbánek, K, 2023)	0.91
" DOOR was initially applied to observational studies to determine optimal dosing of vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylcococcus aureus bacteremia and the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam versus colistin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infection."	( The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group: Scientific Advancements and Future Directions. Chambers, HF; Cross, HR; Evans, SR; Fowler, VG; Patel, R; Souli, M, 2023)	0.91
" Finally, a thymol nanoemulsion was prepared with high-pressure homogenization as the clinical dosage form."	( A new function of thymol nanoemulsion for reversing colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Deng, X; Deng, Y; Hou, X; Qiu, J; Sheng, Q; Wang, J; Wang, N; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1302 (25.17)	18.7374
1990's	127 (2.46)	18.2507
2000's	392 (7.58)	29.6817
2010's	2187 (42.29)	24.3611
2020's	1164 (22.51)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	198 (3.63%)	5.53%
Reviews	357 (6.55%)	6.00%
Case Studies	336 (6.17%)	4.05%
Observational	66 (1.21%)	0.25%
Other	4,492 (82.44%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Colistin-rifampin Combination and Colistin Monotherapy in Extensively Drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii: Utility of the Synergy Test Results (E-test) in Vitro [NCT03622918]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-27	Completed
The Effect of Colistin Inhalation on the Clinical Outcome of Patients With Ventilator Associated Pneumonia [NCT03622450]	Phase 2/Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-02	Completed
Randomized, Open Label, Multicenter, Non-inferiority Trial to Compare Safety and Efficacy of Colistin vs. Meropenem in VAP Caused by CR-GNB [NCT01292031]	Phase 3	232 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Colistimethate and Colistin Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) [NCT02081560]	Phase 4	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Recruiting
Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy and Mortality of a Loading Dose of Colistin in Critical Ill Patients [NCT02117986]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Recruiting
Prospective Randomized Study to Compare Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Osteomyelitis Treated With Intravenous Antibiotics Versus Intravenous Antibiotics With an Early Switch to Oral Antibiotics [NCT02099240]	Early Phase 1	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-06	Terminated(stopped due to Not enough patient enrollment and lack of staffing)
Use Of High Dose Colistin in Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Infections in Critically Ill Adult Patients. Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02162966]	Phase 4	330 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Recruiting
Colistin Plus Fosfomycin in Multi-Drug Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii [NCT01297894]	Phase 3	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Recruiting
A Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sulbactam-ETX2514 in the Treatment of Patients With Infections Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex [NCT03894046]	Phase 3	207 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-05	Completed
A Randomized Open Label Study Evaluating the Role of Oral Antibiotics in an Aim to Eradicate Carrier State of Carbapenem- Resistant Klebsiella Pneumonia (KPC). [NCT01266499]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Colistin in Critically Ill Patients With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation [NCT05542446]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-01	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of Colistin Versus Colistin Plus Rifampicin in MDR P.Aeruginosa and A.Baumanii [NCT01297855]	Phase 3	130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Recruiting
Imipenem and Tigecycline Versus Imipenem and Tigecycline With GM-CSF for the Management of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Presenting With Septic Shock. [NCT04208763]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-20	Recruiting
Phase 3b Randomized Double Blind Controled Placebo Comparative Trial of Intravenous Colistin vs Intravenous Colistin Plus Nebulized Colistin in Patients With Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP) Due Multiresistant Acinetobacter Baumanii [NCT00645723]	Phase 3	67 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Recruiting
The Effect of Curcumin Against Colistin-induced Nephrotoxicity [NCT05613361]	Phase 3	214 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Recruiting
Cefiderocol and Ampicillin-sulbactam vs. Colistin or Colistin-meropenem for Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Bacteremia or Hospital-acquired Pneumonia: Controlled Clinical Study With Historical Controls (CASCADE) [NCT05922124]	Phase 4	734 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Secondary Prophylaxis of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: a Randomized Controlled Trial of Colistin Versus Lactulose [NCT05279586]	Early Phase 1	316 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-31	Not yet recruiting
The Incidence of Renal Impairment Associated With Polymyxin E Treatment and the Impact of Measuring Colistin Levels [NCT01023087]		70 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-12-31	Completed
Colistimethate Sodium for Injection in The Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infection：a Prospective, Open-label, Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial [NCT06051513]		360 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-30	Not yet recruiting
Dose Optimization by PK/PD of Antibiotics to Improve Clinical Outcome of CRKP Bloodstream Infections in Critically Ill Patients and in Vitro Study of Monotherapy, Combination Therapy and Molecular Biology of Drug Resistance at Phramongkutklao Hospital: Pr [NCT05862402]	Phase 4	76 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-07	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Colistin for Therapy of Infections Caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase(ESBL) Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae or Escherichia Coli [NCT00300560]	Phase 3	152 participants	Interventional	2006-02-28	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Nebulized Colistin for Adjunctive Therapy of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Gram Negative Bacteria [NCT00920270]	Phase 3	140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy and Toxicity of Aerosolised Colistin in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Prospective, Randomized Trial [NCT02683603]	Phase 4	133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
[NCT02573064]		113 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-01-31	Completed
Sino-nasal Inhalation of Colistin Via the Pari Sinus Nebulizer in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Colonization of the Upper Airways With Pseudomonas Aeruginosa [NCT01035853]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
IV Colistin for Pulmonary Exacerbations: Improving Safety and Efficacy [NCT02918409]	Phase 4	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-26	Completed
A Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controled Trial of Selective Digestive Decontamination Using Oral Gentamicin and Oral Polymyxin E for Eradication of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carriage [NCT00753558]		0 participants	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Oral Ciproxin Plus Inhaled Colistin With Tobramycin for Inhalation for Eradication of P Aeruginosa Infection in Children With Cystic Fibrosis. [NCT01400750]	Phase 4	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-08-31	Completed
[NCT01060891]	Phase 1	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
Study of Inhaled Antibiotics for Prevention of Tracheobronchitis and Ventilator Associated Pneumonia [NCT01025921]		84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Controling Intestinal Colonization of High Risk Patients With Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) - A Randomized Trial (CLEAR) [NCT01931592]	Phase 2/Phase 3	29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to One of the study drugs was no longer available on a worldwide level.)
The Effect of Nebulized Colistin on the Incidence of Gram Negative Bacterial Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit Patients. [NCT04208945]		152 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-31	Recruiting
Therapy of Ventilator-associated Tracheobronchitis Caused by Gram Negative Bacteria With Nebulized Colistin [NCT02619786]	Phase 3	62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Aerosolized Plus Intravenous Colistin Compared With Intravenous Colistin for Adjunctive Treatment of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Due to Pandrugs-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in the Neonates: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02806141]	Phase 3	204 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to No patient included at target sample sizes)
Efficacy of Nebulized Versus Intravenous Colimycin for Treating Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Caused by Gram-negative Multidrug-resistant Bacteria: a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized and Double-blind Study [NCT02906722]	Phase 3	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Lack of inclusion)
A Phase 1, Open-Label Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Aerosolized Colistimethate Sodium After Multiple Doses Administered Separately or in Combination With Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium in Healthy Adults [NCT01863719]	Phase 1	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-06	Terminated(stopped due to Completion of cohort 3, safety concerns)
Simplified Selective Digestive Tract Decontamination for the Prevention of ICU Infections in the Setting of High-level Antibiotic Resistance [NCT01798537]	Phase 2/Phase 3	2,400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Incidence of Infection After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using an Erythromycin and Colistin Loaded Cement or a Standard Cement [NCT01631968]		2,948 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Clinical Study of the Decolonization of MDR Gram-negative Bacteria in Patients With Haematological Malignancies [NCT02966457]	Phase 4	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
Prospective Observational Study, Impact of Plasma Levels of Colistin in Patients With Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Infection [NCT02482961]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-05-31	Completed
Multicentric Study About the Usefulness of Monitoring Plasma Levels of Colistin and Sodium Colistimethate in Patients With Infections Due to Multi-drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacilli, Treated With Colistin. [NCT01845246]		101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid for Prevention of Colistin-Associated Nephrotoxicity [NCT01501968]	Phase 3	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Multicenter Open-label RCT to Compare Colistin Alone vs. Colistin Plus Meropenem [NCT01732250]	Phase 4	406 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Perioperative Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract (SDD) in Elective Colorectal Cancer Patients: a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01740947]	Phase 4	485 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to Superiority was no longer attainable)
SELECTIVE DIGESTIVE DECONTAMINATION USING ORAL GENTAMICIN AND ORAL POLYMYXIN E FOR ERADICATION OF CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE CARRIAGE IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS [NCT01761487]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Colistin Monotherapy Versus Colistin Plus Minocycline for Therapy of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Infection [NCT05586815]	Phase 4	94 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-10	Recruiting
Randomised, Open-Label Clinical Trial on The Efficacy of Colistin Plus Rifampicin Treatment Versus Colistin Alone for Severe Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii [NCT01577862]	Phase 3	210 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Aerosolized Versus Intravenous Colistin-based Antimicrobial Regimens in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients With Bacterial Coinfection: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05689229]	Phase 3	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-03	Completed
Effect of Different Colistin Doses on Clinical Outcome of Pediatric Cancer Patients With Gram Negative Infections [NCT03397914]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
A Crossover, Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract in Intensive Care Unit Patients (SuDDICU) [NCT02389036]	Phase 3	20,010 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-01	Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Colistin in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Infections for Dose Optimization Study [NCT02408185]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Plazomicin Compared With Colistin in Patients With Infection Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) [NCT01970371]	Phase 3	69 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-16	Completed
Evaluation of Steady-state Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium in Cystic Fibrosis and Critically Ill Patients [NCT02288429]		16 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-09-30	Completed
Ceftazidime-Avibactam Versus Colistin in Critically Ill Patients With Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections (AVI-ICU): A Non-Inferiority Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05258851]	Phase 3	168 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-01	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Colistin Intravenous Administration in Critically Ill Patients Suffering From Hospital Infections Caused by Multi-antibiotic-resistant Germs and Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. [NCT04995133]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-14	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial of a Five Day Course of Oral Colistin and Neomycin Followed by Restoration of the Gut Microbiota Using Fecal Transplantation to Eradicate Intestinal Carriage of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase or Carbapenemase-pr [NCT02472600]	Phase 2	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Active, not recruiting
Pharmacokinetics of Colistin in Critically-ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Who Receive Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis [NCT05586438]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-18	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial for the Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Gram-negative Bacilli (OVERCOME) [NCT01597973]	Phase 3	467 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-06	Completed
Comparative Clinical Study Between Colistin-Tigecycline Combined Therapy Versus Colistin-Meropenem Combined Therapy in Treatment of Blood Stream Infections With Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae [NCT04489459]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-21	Recruiting
Combined Dry Powder Tobramycin and Nebulized Colistin Inhalation in CF Patients [NCT03341741]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-11	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT01597973 (5) [back to overview]	Clinical Failure at the End of Therapy
NCT01597973 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Develop Colistin Resistance
NCT01597973 (5) [back to overview]	Microbiologic Cure at the End of Therapy
NCT01597973 (5) [back to overview]	Mortality
NCT01597973 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Toxicities Related to Treatment Medications
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With ACM at Day 14 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With ACM at Day 28 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With All Cause Mortality (ACM) at Day 28 or Significant Disease-Related Complication (SDRC) in the Microbiological Modified Intent to Treat (mMITT) Population in Cohort 1
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Dose Adjustment Due to Therapeutic Drug Management (TDM)
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC 0-24h)
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Minimum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration (Cmin)
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Adjudicated Clinical Cure at the Test of Cure (TOC) Visit in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1
NCT01970371 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Death Through Day 28 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1
NCT02918409 (4) [back to overview]	Absolute Change in Forced Expiratory Volume at One Second (FEV1) % Predicted Between Study Arms With Acute Pulmonary Exacerbation (APE) Treatment
NCT02918409 (4) [back to overview]	Differences in Occurrences of Neurotoxicity and Ototoxicity Related Side Effects Between Study Arms as Reported by Treating Physician(s)
NCT02918409 (4) [back to overview]	Longitudinal Differences in Exacerbation Rates Between Tobramycin and Colistin Use as Seen in Readmission Rate
NCT02918409 (4) [back to overview]	Rate of Occurrence of the Development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) During APE Treatment
NCT03894046 (2) [back to overview]	Proportion of Patients With All-Cause Mortality in CRABC m-MITT Population
NCT03894046 (2) [back to overview]	Proportion of Patients With Nephrotoxicity

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Colistin and Placebo	115
Colistin and a Carbapenem	97

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Colistin and Placebo	18
Colistin and a Carbapenem	15

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Cure	Failure
Colistin and a Carbapenem	105	69
Colistin and Placebo	112	57

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Dead	Alive
Colistin and a Carbapenem	78	133
Colistin and Placebo	92	122

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Nephrotoxicity	Hypersensitivity reaction	Hepatotoxicity	Seizures	Neurotoxicity
Colistin and a Carbapenem	85	7	31	3	5
Colistin and Placebo	88	3	32	4	11

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	5.9
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	20

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	11.8
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	40

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	23.5
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	50

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	77.8
Plazomicin in Combination With Adjunctive Antibiotic	86.7

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	88.9
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	100
Plazomicin in Combination With Adjunctive Antibiotic	86.7

Intervention	mg*h/L (millgrams times hours per liter) (Geometric Mean)
Plazomicin	235

Intervention	mg/L (Geometric Mean)
Plazomicin	37.1

Intervention	mg/L (Geometric Mean)
Plazomicin	2.1

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
	EOT Visit: Clinical Cure	EOT Visit: Clinical Failure	TOC Visit: Clinical Cure	TOC Visit: Clinical Failure	TOC Visit: Indeterminate Response
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	45	55	35	65	0
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	64.7	35.3	35.3	58.8	5.9

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
	% of patients who died by Day 28	% of patients censored at 28 days	% of patients censored at <28 days	Kaplan-Meier estmate of ACM at Day 28
Colistin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	40.0	60.0	0.0	40
Plazomicin in Combination With Meropenem or Tigecycline	11.8	88.2	0.0	11.8

Intervention	ppFEV1 (Mean)
Standard Colistin Arm	6.5
Modified Colistin Arm	4.4
Standard Tobramycin Arm	4.5

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard Colistin Arm	2
Modified Colistin Arm	1
Standard Tobramycin Arm	1

Intervention	days (Mean)
Standard Colistin Arm	154
Modified Colistin Arm	283
Standard Tobramycin Arm	241

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard Colistin Arm	1
Modified Colistin Arm	0
Standard Tobramycin Arm	5

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Part A - Group 1	12
Part A - Group 2	20

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Part A - Group 1	12
Part A - Group 2	32

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	4.9	1	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.74	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.43	2	2	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
benzene [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	7.25	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	4.9	1	1	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	6.16	10	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.05	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.21	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.96	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	1.95	1	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	7.1	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.95	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.9	4	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.94	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.04	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	8.22	6	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.31	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
indole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.2	6	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.31	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
endolysin lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.	2.76	2	0	alpha-amino acid; diamino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.95	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.76	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.17	3	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.36	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	7.17	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	4.41	17	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.34	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.64	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.63	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.86	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	7.21	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.38	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	6.6	15	4	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.11	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
phenytoin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.9	1	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.35	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.88	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	10.46	31	1
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	1.97	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.06	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	5.36	3	1	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	2.69	3	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.06	1	0
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.44	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.1	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	14.77	102	14	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
dapsone [no description available]	3.06	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.47	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.86	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	5.5	2	2	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfiram [no description available]	7.6	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.21	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	7.41	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	1.94	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.13	1	0
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.15	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	10.08	5	2	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.99	4	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.7	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.35	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	4.02	15	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.64	3	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	16.03	295	13
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.95	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.31	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.68	3	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.6	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.34	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	3.38	1	1	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.99	1	0	barbiturates
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.49	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	1.94	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.4	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.75	2	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.66	9	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	1.94	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	7.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	1.94	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.35	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.34	2	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.63	10	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.66	10	0	purine nucleoside
nalidixic acid [no description available]	10.41	76	2	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	9.14	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.59	2	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	7.26	9	4	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	6.36	14	3	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	3.24	6	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.93	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.94	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	7.53	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.74	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.94	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	8.76	2	1	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.35	2	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	4.24	4	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.13	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.81	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.34	2	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	9.38	22	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	4.43	5	1	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	10.09	38	8	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.35	2	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.85	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.35	2	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.93	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfisomidine Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.35	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	8.95	14	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.79	3	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	6.96	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	3.05	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	1.94	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	10.82	49	10	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.96	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	5.18	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.59	6	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	7.09	48	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	7.36	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.94	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	1.94	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.44	8	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	12.26	44	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	1.94	1	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.35	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	13.5	291	2	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.89	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.35	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.65	3	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.35	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.94	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.17	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	10.21	85	1	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	12.61	243	4	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.11	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.21	16	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.48	15	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	12.36	40	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	6.55	9	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.21	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.57	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.67	3	0	lactose
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.13	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.08	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	12.48	45	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.2	6	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	5.16	9	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	12.7	195	8	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	8.75	3	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.48	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	1.94	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.04	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	1.96	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	1.94	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.38	2	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.5	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	1.94	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	3.46	8	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydroxymethanesulfonate, sodium salt formaldehyde bisulfite: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0	organosulfonic acid
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	4.43	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
5,5-dimethylhydantoin 5,5-dimethylhydantoin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.94	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	5.54	5	1	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.21	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.39	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.41	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.65	3	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.05	4	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	5.68	6	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	5.52	19	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.34	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.72	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	2.78	3	0	naphthalenes
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.52	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.15	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.66	2	0	xanthene
methyl acrylate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.21	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	1.94	1	0	pyridinium salt
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.21	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
acrolein [no description available]	2.25	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.11	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	15.12	164	19	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.78	3	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.97	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	2.63	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.52	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.66	3	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.17	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.17	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.31	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	1.95	1	0	organic cation
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	1.94	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	1.94	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.05	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	7.54	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.34	2	0	quinone imine	dye
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.63	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.77	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.91	4	0	cellobiose	epitope
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.39	6	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.21	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	3.1	5	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.66	2	0	phenoxazine
thallium acetate thallium acetate: RN given refers to Tl(+1) salt. thallium(I) acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.	7.01	1	0	acetate salt; thallium molecular entity	apoptosis inducer; neurotoxin
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.9	6	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	12.88	148	2	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.46	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	1.96	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.57	2	0	zinc molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	12.09	105	7	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.24	3	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.43	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	7.68	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	2.61	2	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.31	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.17	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	3.04	5	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.6	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	7.67	3	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	1.95	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
streptomycin [no description available]	10.88	243	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.35	2	0	carbon oxoanion
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	10.29	79	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	5.39	20	0
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.39	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	4.57	9	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.45	2	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.13	1	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.41	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.41	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.41	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.47	7	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	1.94	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	7.48	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	1.96	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
sodium sulfate [no description available]	4.9	1	1	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.55	2	0	calcium phosphate
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.35	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.96	1	0
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.17	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.1	2	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
thiamphenicol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	8.22	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	4.06	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.15	5	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.2	6	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
rafoxanide Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.	7.63	2	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.38	2	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	5.72	6	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.73	3	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.6	16	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	10.05	4	2	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	5.91	6	1	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	17.77	196	39	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
etoposide [no description available]	3.12	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	7.67	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	12.29	81	2	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.41	1	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.35	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.35	2	0	penicillin
closantel closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.	7.21	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organoiodine compound; phenols
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.25	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.34	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	6.4	29	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.78	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	8.77	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
octenidine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dihydropyridine
rufloxacin rufloxacin: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2	1	0	quinolines
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.41	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.31	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	2.01	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.57	2	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	1.97	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	3.08	4	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.75	3	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
trimethoprim sulfamethizole trimethoprim sulfamethizole: used in treating liver pulmonary lesions	3.35	1	1
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.31	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	7.82	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.52	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.54	2	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2.31	1	0
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	13.03	112	3	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
bicozamycin bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.	2.02	1	0	azabicycloalkane; bridged compound	antibacterial agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; antiinfective agent
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	3.18	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.93	1	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.05	4	0	1,2,3-triazole
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	7.1	1	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	3.59	8	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.05	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	7.05	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.41	1	0	benzamides
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
honokiol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	biphenyls
neamine neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source. neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group.	7.01	4	3	2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside; aminoglycoside	antibacterial agent
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	bile acid
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	7.41	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	7.26	28	0	carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	3.87	3	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
norspermine 3,3,3-tetramine : A polyazaalkane consisting of a 13-membered straight chain alkane with aza-groups at the 1-, 5-, 9- and 13-positions.	2.25	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
perfluorophenanthrene perfluorophenanthrene: mixture of isomers of perfluorophenanthrene; MF: C14-F24	2.31	1	0	fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	2.5	2	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	5.27	3	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.08	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.41	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
cephacetrile Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.	2.36	2	0	cephalosporin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.69	3	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.07	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.31	1	0	methyladenosine
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.7	3	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	10.84	104	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.51	2	0	proanthocyanidin
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	1.97	1	0
10-n-nonylacridinium orange 10-N-nonylacridinium orange: stains mitochondria of living HeLa-cells	2.07	1	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.96	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [no description available]	2.17	1	0
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	6.3	22	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
methotrexate [no description available]	2.64	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sulbactam [no description available]	10.62	66	3	penicillanic acids
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	7.31	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
carbapenems [no description available]	19.14	478	14
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	13.05	49	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	7.22	26	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.81	10	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	8.02	4	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.9	1	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	7.79	3	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.15	1	0	glycoside
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.21	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
em 16 EM 16: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
my 12-62c MY 12-62c: from Pseudomonas methanica KY4634. 2-heptyl-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline : A monohydroxyquinoline that is 4-hydroxyquinoline bearing an additional heptyl substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	antibacterial agent; iron chelator; metabolite; signalling molecule
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	7.22	13	1	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.4	1	1
1,2-diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	2.17	1	0
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	7.15	1	0	penicillin
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.64	3	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	4.9	1	1
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	3.95	4	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
colistimethate sodium [no description available]	16.9	180	11
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.91	4	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	3.44	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
hafnia Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)	7.15	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	11.04	43	11
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.35	2	0
arabinose [no description available]	7.91	3	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	6.95	1	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.69	3	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
glucosamine 6-phosphate glucosamine 6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.41	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.15	1	0
puromycin [no description available]	3.05	5	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	7.31	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.15	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	15.43	175	11	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	4.47	4	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.93	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	7.35	2	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	8.14	5	0
linezolid [no description available]	10.75	13	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	7.1	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.25	1	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.96	1	0
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	peptide
yersiniabactin yersiniabactin: from clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica; an iron-chelating virulence factor of Yersinia pestis; yersiniabactin is a thiazole phenol analog of pyochelin; biosynthesized from salicylate, cysteine and malonyl CoA. yersiniabactin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; secondary alcohol; thiazolidines	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	5.87	33	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	7.39	12	3	penicillanic acid ester
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.08	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.25	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.89	3	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	4.9	1	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.71	3	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.41	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	5.62	10	0
lycopene [no description available]	7.11	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	13.16	76	3	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	6.16	21	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.65	9	0	actinomycin	mutagen
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.9	1	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.84	3	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.66	3	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.59	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.25	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	1.95	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.25	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	3.04	5	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.1	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	1.94	1	0	diphosphate ion
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	1.97	1	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.86	4	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.6	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1-(1-naphthylmethyl)piperazine [no description available]	7.25	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.5	6	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.05	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	7.25	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.35	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	3.06	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	1.93	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone: structure in first source. 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	2.51	2	0	quinolone	signalling molecule
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	6.06	12	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	9.95	39	1	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
quinine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
propidium monoazide propidium monoazide: a membrane impermeant dye that can cross-link DNA	2.54	2	0
4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose [no description available]	2.99	4	0
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	3.2	5	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	2.79	3	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
albomycin albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.	2.34	2	0
circulin circulin: antibiotics in polymyxin group	1.95	1	0
olivomycins Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.	3.04	1	0
octapeptin antibiotics octapeptin antibiotics: complex of cyclic, homodectic octapeptide antibiotics monoacylated with beta-hydroxy fatty acid residues; include above cpd, Bu-1880, 333-25, Y-849r; isolated from Bacillus circulans; RN given refers to octapeptin; structure for octapeptins D1, D2, D3, & D4 in 10th source; RN given refers to octapeptin with MF unknown	3.25	1	0
gigantol gigantol: structure in first source	7.6	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.1	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.08	1	0
5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	7.38	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.11	1	0	oligosaccharide
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.31	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
imd 0354 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source	2.63	2	0	benzamides
ginkgetin ginkgetin: from Cephalotaxus drupacea; biflavone; active against HSV-1; structure given in first source. ginkgetin : A biflavonoid that is the 7,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. Isolated from Ginkgo biloba and Dioon, it exhibits anti-HSV-1, antineoplastic and inhibitory activities towards arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2.	2.41	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; methoxyflavone; ring assembly	anti-HSV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	1.97	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.64	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	7.13	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.31	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.93	1	0
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.25	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.31	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	14.87	72	27	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	3.3	6	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.81	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.1	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
esculin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	4.9	1	1	alpha-humulene
baicalein [no description available]	7.15	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.58	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
kuwanon g kuwanon G: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source. kuwanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.	2.25	1	0	resorcinols; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.06	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
l 683590 immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	3.06	1	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.1	5	0	hydrochloride
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	1.93	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.17	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	7.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.9	2	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.13	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.5	2	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.38	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	4.87	2	1	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.01	1	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.86	3	0	boron group element atom
quinocetone quinocetone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	3.04	5	0
streptogramin a Streptogramin A: A specific streptogramin group A antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.	2.31	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; cyclic ketone; enamide; lactam; macrolide antibiotic; macrolide; pyrroline; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.11	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	4.9	1	1	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.35	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.63	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
cefquinome cefquinome: broad spectrum antibiotic; RN given refers to (6R(6alpha,7beta(Z)-isomer); structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	10.39	10	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone: prevents elastase-induced emphysema. methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethyl ketone : A tripeptide derived from methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val by conversion of the terminal carboxy group to the corresponding chloromethyl ketone.	2.01	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; methyl ester; tripeptide	EC 3.4.21.37 (leukocyte elastase) inhibitor
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.25	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	8.81	23	8	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.63	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
mastoparan [no description available]	2.49	2	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	10.45	4	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	1.94	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.38	1	1
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.94	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	1.95	1	0	cholestanoid
bambermycins Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.	2.05	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	8.22	5	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	2.05	1	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	2.17	1	0	piperidines
panduratin a panduratin A: isolated from Kaempferia pandurata; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
beta-escin [no description available]	2.5	2	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	7.91	61	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	7.72	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	7.71	14	5	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	4.87	7	1
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	4.9	1	1	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	3.69	7	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	7.47	55	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
dapagliflozin [no description available]	7.31	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
2-phenylbenzothiazole PBT2 compound: a metal-protein-attenuating compound that may be useful in treating Alzheimer's disesae	2.25	1	0
osu 03012 OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; aromatic amide; glycine derivative; organofluorine compound; phenanthrenes; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.	3.05	1	0	macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.35	1	0
furanone c-30 furanone C-30: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
norvancomycin norvancomycin: glycopeptide; adverse reactions tend to occur in older patients, those who use other antibiotic concomitantly or those who receive this agent longer than 14 days	2.1	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.4	2	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	11.22	47	16	nystatins
aminocandin aminocandin: a lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class of antifungal compounds; inhibits glucan synthase. aminocandin : A member of the family of echinocandins that shows broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Aspergillus and Candida spp.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; echinocandin; homodetic cyclic peptide	antiinfective agent
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.34	2	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	8.48	2	0
rifamycins [no description available]	5.7	6	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	7.31	1	0
curcumol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	sesquiterpenoid
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	10.58	4	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.01	4	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	3.46	7	0
tyrocidine Tyrocidine: An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally.. tyrocidine A : A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.. tyrocidine : A mixtue of homodetic cyclic decapeptides produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus brevis.	3.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; peptide antibiotic	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite
tachyplesin peptide, tachypleus tridentatus tachyplesin peptide, Tachypleus tridentatus: isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus); cationic peptide; 17 amino acid residues given in first source	2.48	2	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	4.9	1	1	tannin
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)	2.41	2	0
cecropin p1-li cecropin P1-LI: antibacterial peptide isolated from porcine intestine; has immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of duodenum & glucagon cells of the pancreas	2.41	2	0
ranalexin ranalexin: an antimicrobial peptide from bullfrog Rana catesbeiana; a 20-amino acid peptide which contains a single intramolecular disulfide bond that forms a heptapeptide ring within the molecule; amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1	0
cecropin b protein, insecta cecropin B protein, Insecta: from cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia; small basic protein; has potent antibacterial activity against E coli & other Gram-negative bacteria; also found in a variety of other insects; structure given in first source; also prevents development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector	2.05	1	0
pexiganan [no description available]	7.46	2	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	4.01	4	0
peptide f peptide F: pro-enkephalin intermediate	7.25	1	0
ceca1 protein, drosophila [no description available]	2.43	2	0
lactoferricin b lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source	2.05	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.18	3	1
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.21	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.25	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	10.49	9	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	1.94	1	0	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.41	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.04	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	4.43	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.69	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
ceragenin csa-13 ceragenin CSA-13: has antibacterial activity; isolated from Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	7.5	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	7.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.1	1	0
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	6.11	5	2
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	2.31	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.78	8	0
aminoarabinose [no description available]	7.61	2	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.55	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	1.94	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	3.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	4.6	7	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.98	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	5.48	18	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.05	1	0
arthrofactin arthrofactin: structure given in first source; a lipopeptide biosurfactant	2.31	1	0	polypeptide
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.	2.1	1	0	UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	1.94	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.97	1	0
mannans [no description available]	2.11	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	6.95	1	0
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	5.91	6	1
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	8.22	8	2
glycolipids [no description available]	2.7	3	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.76	2	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	2.41	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	4.66	4	1
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	4.73	6	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.94	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	5.82	7	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	7.04	46	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	17.16	252	2
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	6.22	47	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	6.55	66	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	14.18	180	1
methacycline Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.	4.29	6	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.71	3	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	4.29	6	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	8.04	5	0
penimepicycline penimepicycline : A penicillinate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of phenoxymethylpenicillin and pipacycline.	2.34	2	0
tigecycline [no description available]	12.85	235	0
pogostone Pogostone: volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin	7.41	1	0	aromatic ketone
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	4.58	6	0	tetracyclines
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
bacitracin a bacitracin A: cyclic dodecapeptide antibiotic from Bacillus licheniformis; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #942. bacitracin A : A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.	8.37	2	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.21	1	0
pediocin pa-1 pediocin PA-1: from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC-1.0; a 4.6 kDa peptide with 44 amino acids; exhibits antibacterial activity against several gram-positive bacterial strains; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.08	1	0
nebacetin Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin	1.93	1	0
enramycin enramycin: isolated from cultures of Streptomyces fungicidicus	3.59	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.47	3	1
mycobacillin Mycobacillin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal agent.	3.05	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.15	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
bms-833923 BMS-833923: an Smo inhibitor	7.6	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.38	2	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	5.05	42	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.96	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	5.75	11	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid: isolated from pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.94	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	7.21	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
indolicidin [no description available]	2.43	2	0
antimicrobial peptide ib-367 antimicrobial peptide IB-367: a structural analog of protegrin-1; reduces the local microflora densities & may improve clinical outcomes in patients at risk for the development of oral mucositis	2.1	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.94	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	1.97	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	6.42	20	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.75	3	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.42	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.55	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	5.01	2	1
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.73	3	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.39	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.39	7	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.13	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.47	6	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.54	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.83	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	1.94	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
viomycin [no description available]	3.44	8	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	14.49	124	10	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	1.95	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.35	2	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	7.11	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.11	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	7.13	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.52	2	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.1	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	7.41	1	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.01	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
eye [no description available]	2.41	2	0
lacticin 481 lacticin 481: amino acid sequence given in first source; a lantibiotic; GenBank X71410 (L. lactis)	3.31	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.95	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.1	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.95	1	0
temporin temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source	2.15	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
E coli Infections [description not available]	13.85	367	5
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	18.85	367	5
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	24.95	564	26
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	17.43	181	26
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	17.43	181	26
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	19.37	98	11
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	14.37	98	11
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	11.77	63	8
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	11.77	63	8
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	19.66	519	35
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	19.66	519	35
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	17.14	382	8
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	22.14	382	8
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	4.22	6	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	4.22	6	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	16.01	123	16
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	16.01	123	16
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	18.12	221	32
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	18.12	221	32
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.13	45	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	13.67	134	9
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	13.67	134	9
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	7.85	27	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	14.19	126	6
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	9.6	109	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	4.42	22	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	4.42	22	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	3.17	4	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	18.16	262	28
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	18.16	262	28
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	19.52	284	23
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	19.52	284	23
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	18.47	125	4
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	16.78	139	12
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	13.47	125	4
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	5.77	8	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	9.79	32	12
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.23	20	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	7.08	47	0
Cerebral Ventriculitis Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.	5.58	15	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	7.08	47	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	7.71	40	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	7.71	40	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	6.94	62	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.97	4	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	5.97	15	2
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	10.97	15	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.68	48	4
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	7.66	3	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	15.75	127	21
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	15.75	127	21
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	10.46	69	1
Ocular Infections [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	4.35	7	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.18	3	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.18	3	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.19	3	1
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	4.75	9	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	4.75	9	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	5.9	5	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	8.25	16	3
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	5.9	5	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	8.25	16	3
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	5.38	9	1
Infection, Wound [description not available]	8.37	29	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	7.02	55	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	4.63	27	0
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia [description not available]	5.58	7	2
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation that is acquired through an interaction within a healthcare institution often through a therapeutic experience (e.g., use of catheters or ventilators).	5.58	7	2
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	8.12	20	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	8.12	20	1
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	12.18	68	7
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.07	3	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	12.18	68	7
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	3.2	5	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	8.66	14	3
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.61	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	13.87	147	8
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.56	7	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	3.23	5	0
Co-infection [description not available]	9.85	11	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	4.13	15	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	5.97	25	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	5.97	25	1
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.66	3	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	2.41	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.41	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	5.12	2	1
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	2.41	1	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	2.65	3	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.59	23	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.39	2	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	3.33	7	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	6.12	5	2
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	5.41	4	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ADDH [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Bleb [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	6.6	5	4
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	5.16	2	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	4.69	2	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	5.19	4	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.72	1	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.72	1	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.72	1	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.72	1	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	4.69	2	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	4.72	1	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	4.72	1	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.72	1	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.77	8	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	4.72	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.72	1	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.72	1	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	6.6	5	4
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	4.72	1	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	4.99	3	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.69	41	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	10.19	4	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	4.72	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	6.12	5	2
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	4.72	1	1
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	4.72	1	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.04	14	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	6.37	8	2
Diathesis [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	4.61	10	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.34	2	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.33	6	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.33	6	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.89	4	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	8.49	17	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	8.49	17	1
Bronchospasm [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	5.06	3	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	11.94	74	3
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	11.94	74	3
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.21	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Infection [description not available]	7.9	34	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	7.9	34	1
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.25	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	5.84	17	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	5.84	17	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	12.89	45	11
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	12.89	45	11
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	3.87	4	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	3.07	4	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.25	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	3.2	5	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.55	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	7.04	10	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	4.96	15	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.96	15	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.25	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.39	2	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.66	3	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.25	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.28	12	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.28	12	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.27	20	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.27	20	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.66	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.66	2	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	3.55	2	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.25	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	9.14	35	4
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.67	3	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	2.25	1	0
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.25	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Bleeding [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.66	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.79	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	5.05	5	2
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.61	2	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.59	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	7.14	35	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.25	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	5.58	18	1
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	5.58	18	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	5.42	8	2
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.87	12	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.87	12	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.66	2	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	7.7	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.63	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.16	6	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	7.14	13	3
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	7.14	13	3
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.66	3	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.78	3	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.7	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	7.91	4	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	5.75	7	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.75	7	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.77	7	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.1	5	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	5.44	5	3
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	4.48	8	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	3.58	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	9.17	54	2
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	9.17	54	2
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	4.44	23	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.15	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	4.44	23	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.38	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.15	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.07	5	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.15	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.15	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	4.71	6	1
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.47	2	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	5.6	30	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	9.7	36	10
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.6	3	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	6.3	38	1
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	3.78	2	0
Jaw Fractures Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.	2.17	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.17	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.64	21	4
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	8.64	21	4
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	3.92	4	0
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.17	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	4.42	4	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	7.42	18	3
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.39	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.89	8	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.89	8	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	7.49	2	0
MODS [description not available]	4.89	4	2
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	4.89	4	2
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.38	2	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.39	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.17	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.88	4	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	6.64	11	2
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	6.64	11	2
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	6.01	9	1
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	5.69	20	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	5.69	20	0
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Autism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.21	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	9.49	19	11
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	9.49	19	11
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	2.21	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.65	3	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.25	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.51	2	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.12	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.19	4	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.19	4	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.98	3	1
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	3	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	3.98	5	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.08	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.74	3	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.74	3	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	5.37	5	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.79	4	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	3.48	1	1
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.98	4	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.1	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.39	2	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	4.8	13	0
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System [description not available]	4.68	6	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	4.4	1	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.66	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.1	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.65	3	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	3.21	6	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.66	10	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.39	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	4.33	4	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	8.42	17	2
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	9.08	16	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.66	10	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	5.05	10	1
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.4	2	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	5.05	10	1
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.43	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.11	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.11	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	4.68	6	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	4.68	6	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.38	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.11	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.11	1	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	2.11	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.11	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	3.37	2	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.11	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	2.11	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.22	6	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	8.46	2	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	2.53	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	3.21	6	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.13	1	0
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.5	2	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	2.13	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.66	3	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.65	3	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	9.81	13	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.13	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	5.35	14	1
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.13	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.13	1	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	2.38	2	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	8.2	6	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	6.32	5	3
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.13	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.13	1	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.15	1	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	3.45	8	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.38	2	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	7.15	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.38	2	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.05	1	0
Cellulitis, Orbital [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.05	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.05	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.37	2	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	2.05	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	3.05	5	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	5.5	6	1
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.47	2	0
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	2.06	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.61	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.55	6	2
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	11.55	6	2
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.05	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.05	1	0
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	2.06	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.05	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.12	6	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.06	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.05	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	3.59	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.98	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.06	5	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.06	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.06	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	4.36	2	2
Macrophage Activation Syndrome A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2.07	1	0
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	2.07	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.07	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.38	2	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.06	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.06	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.46	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	2.06	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.41	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.07	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.87	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.87	4	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.08	1	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.07	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.07	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	2.08	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.08	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	8.57	3	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	8.24	26	1
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	4.58	10	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.01	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	8.24	26	1
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.01	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	1.93	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.33	2	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	4.42	23	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	4.42	23	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	3.95	5	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.62	3	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	5.72	21	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	5.72	21	1
ENT Diseases [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.32	7	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	8.03	5	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.35	2	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	4.71	7	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	1.93	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.43	5	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.43	5	1
Boils [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	2.34	2	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	3.73	11	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	4.65	29	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	9.65	29	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	1.93	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	1.93	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	1.93	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	6.93	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	1.93	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.63	3	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	2.63	3	0
Adenitis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	1.93	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	4.11	6	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Dacryoadenitis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.34	2	0
Great Pox [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	8.26	2	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	2.34	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.86	4	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.34	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.34	2	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.34	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Pus [description not available]	3.73	11	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	1.93	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.85	4	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	3.04	5	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	4.24	7	0
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	2.63	3	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	1.93	1	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	1.93	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.34	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	7.63	3	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.34	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.63	3	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.86	4	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.34	2	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.33	7	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.34	2	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	2.63	3	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.24	7	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	1.93	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	7.87	4	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	1.93	1	0
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	1.93	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	4.42	5	1
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.34	2	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	4.42	5	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.34	2	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	2.34	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.34	2	0
Stye [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hordeolum Purulent infection of one of the sebaceous glands of Zeis along the eyelid margin (external) or of the meibomian gland on the conjunctival side of the eyelid (internal).	1.94	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.64	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.64	3	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	4.03	3	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	4.24	4	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.34	2	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	1.94	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	1.94	1	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	2.63	3	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.43	5	1
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.35	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	1.93	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.43	5	1
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.63	3	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.63	3	0
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	1.94	1	0
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	1.94	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	1.94	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.94	1	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Septic Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.	2.34	2	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	1.94	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.34	2	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.37	2	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.34	2	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	5.6	10	2
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4.26	4	1
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	5.6	10	2
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	4.26	4	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	6.19	13	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	6.19	13	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	1.94	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	1.94	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.35	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.96	5	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.86	4	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.34	2	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.93	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.43	2	0
Edema Disease of Swine An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.	2.43	2	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	6.68	8	3
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.41	2	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.02	1	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.02	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	4.69	2	1
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	4.64	3	2
Cecitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	2.03	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.4	2	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.03	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.82	2	1
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	2.03	1	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.03	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.03	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.04	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.03	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	3.55	3	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	1.94	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.04	5	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	3.74	2	1
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.87	4	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.88	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	8.04	13	8
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	1.96	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	6.96	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	1.96	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	1.96	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.96	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.36	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	1.95	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	2.37	2	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	4.99	5	2
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	5.64	5	4
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	5.64	5	4
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	1.99	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	1.99	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.36	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.38	1	1
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	3.38	1	1
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.91	1	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.39	1	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	3.74	2	1
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	4.02	3	1
Anal Fistula [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.86	4	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	3.27	2	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	3.78	4	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.86	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.27	2	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	4.36	8	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.35	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.25	4	1
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.35	2	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.35	2	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	1.95	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	1.95	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.86	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.86	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.86	1	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	2.86	1	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	2.86	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.86	1	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	2.86	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	3.55	3	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	4.59	3	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	4.59	3	2
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	1.98	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blennorrhea, Inclusion [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.97	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	1.97	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.	1.97	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.64	3	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	1.97	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.97	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	1	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.97	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.36	2	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.36	2	0
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	1.97	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	3.35	1	1
Ophthalmia Neonatorum Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.	1.96	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.88	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.27	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute [description not available]	4.02	3	0
Eczema Herpeticum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.35	2	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	1.94	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	1.94	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	1.94	1	0
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	1.95	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	1.95	1	0
Ecthyma An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.86	4	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	2.35	2	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	3.27	2	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	3.27	2	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	1.95	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.73	2	1
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.94	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.34	2	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	1.95	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.34	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	1.95	1	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	1.95	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	1.95	1	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	1.94	1	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Black Death [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	1.94	1	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	1.94	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	1.94	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.19	6	0
Leukoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	1.94	1	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	1.94	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Paronychia An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)	1.94	1	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	1.94	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	1.94	1	0
Aura [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1.94	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	1.94	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.35	2	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	1.95	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	3.74	2	1
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	1.95	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.95	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	4.25	1	1
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.86	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	1.94	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	1.94	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	1.95	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	1.95	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	1.95	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	1.95	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	1.95	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.35	2	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.65	2	1
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	2.86	1	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	1.94	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	1.94	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	3.33	1	1
Carbuncle An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.	1.95	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.95	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	1.95	1	0
Geotrichosis Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Periapical [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	1.94	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.35	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	1.94	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	1.94	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	2.86	1	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	2.86	1	0
Tuberculosis, Female Genital MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.86	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	2.86	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.94	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.94	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.86	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.86	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.94	1	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.94	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.35	2	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.35	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	1.94	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.94	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	1.94	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.94	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2.35	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.94	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	1.94	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.94	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	1.94	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	1.94	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	1.94	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.94	1	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	1.94	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.34	2	0
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.	1.94	1	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	1.94	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.94	1	0
Panophthalmitis Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.	1.94	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	1.94	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	1.94	1	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	1.94	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	1.94	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	1.94	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	1.94	1	0
Acquired Meningocele [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	1.94	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	1.94	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	1.94	1	0

colistin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (3)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (5,172)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (60)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Clinical Failure at the End of Therapy

Number of Participants Who Develop Colistin Resistance

Microbiologic Cure at the End of Therapy

Mortality

Percentage of Patients With ACM at Day 14 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1

Percentage of Patients With ACM at Day 28 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1

Percentage of Patients With Dose Adjustment Due to Therapeutic Drug Management (TDM)

Percentage of Patients With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC 0-24h)

Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration (Cmax)

Plasma Pharmacokinetics (PK): Minimum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration (Cmin)

Percentage of Patients With Adjudicated Clinical Cure at the Test of Cure (TOC) Visit in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1

Time to Death Through Day 28 in the mMITT Population in Cohort 1

Absolute Change in Forced Expiratory Volume at One Second (FEV1) % Predicted Between Study Arms With Acute Pulmonary Exacerbation (APE) Treatment

Longitudinal Differences in Exacerbation Rates Between Tobramycin and Colistin Use as Seen in Readmission Rate

Rate of Occurrence of the Development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) During APE Treatment

Proportion of Patients With All-Cause Mortality in CRABC m-MITT Population

Proportion of Patients With Nephrotoxicity