Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is a white, odorless, crystalline compound that is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It is typically administered orally, and its mechanism of action is thought to involve modulation of neurotransmitter levels in the brain, particularly those of serotonin and dopamine. Lithium carbonate is synthesized by reacting lithium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. It has been extensively studied for its therapeutic effects in bipolar disorder, and its use has revolutionized the management of this condition. Research continues to investigate the precise mechanisms of action of lithium carbonate, its potential for treating other psychiatric disorders, and its long-term effects.'
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 11125 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1200826 |
| CHEBI ID | 6504 |
| MeSH ID | M0025374 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| carbonate, dilithium |
| carbonate, lithium |
| ccris 3153 |
| phasal |
| micalith |
| teralithe [french] |
| einecs 209-062-5 |
| hsdb 3351 |
| ceglution |
| carbonic acid lithium salt |
| lithium carbonate (li2co3) |
| lithizine |
| quilonum retard |
| carbonic acid, dilithium salt |
| eutimin |
| carbolitium |
| neurolepsin |
| maniprex |
| liskonum |
| cp 15467-61 |
| lithium phasal |
| litho-carb |
| priadel |
| lithionate |
| limas |
| pfi-lithium |
| lithea |
| lithane |
| candamide |
| cp-15,467-61 |
| carbolith |
| liticar |
| eskalith |
| lithinate |
| lithonate |
| carbonic acid lithium salt (li2co3) |
| dilithium carbonate |
| lithobid |
| nsc-16895 |
| plenur |
| lithotabs |
| hypnorex |
| pfl-lithium |
| lithicarb |
| manialith |
| camcolit |
| lithium carbonate (2:1) |
| litard |
| lithium qd |
| carbolithium ifi |
| cp-15467-61 |
| eskalith cr |
| CHEBI:6504 , |
| dilithium trioxidocarbonate |
| li2co3 |
| lithium carbonate |
| C07964 |
| 554-13-2 |
| lithium carbonate (jp17/usp) |
| D00801 |
| lithobid (tn) |
| eskalith (tn) |
| L0224 |
| CHEMBL1200826 |
| cp-1546761 |
| carbonic acid dilithium salt |
| lithium carbonicum |
| teralithe |
| 2bmd2gna4v , |
| carbonic acid, lithium salt (1:2) |
| unii-2bmd2gna4v |
| ec 209-062-5 |
| lithium carbonate [usan:usp:jan] |
| FT-0627895 |
| lithium carbonate [usan] |
| lithium carbonate [mi] |
| lithii carbonas [who-ip latin] |
| lithium carbonicum [hpus] |
| lithium carbonate [vandf] |
| dilithium carbonate [who-ip] |
| lithium carbonate [inci] |
| lithium carbonate [jan] |
| lithium carbonate [hsdb] |
| lithium carbonate [usp monograph] |
| lithium carbonate [who-ip] |
| lithium carbonate [ep monograph] |
| lithium carbonate [orange book] |
| lithium carbonate [mart.] |
| lithium carbonate [who-dd] |
| lithium carbonate [usp-rs] |
| AKOS015904647 |
| XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
| mfcd00011084 |
| carbolithium |
| DTXSID1023784 , |
| lithium carbonate, acs reagent grade |
| Q410174 |
| DB14509 |
| dilithium;carbonate |
| lithium carbonate powder |
| li2 (c o3) |
| STR02638 |
| STARBLD0023766 |
| Z608344424 |
| lithium carbonate (usp-rs) |
| lithii carbonas |
| lithium carbonatelithium carbonate |
| lithium carbonateer |
| escalith |
| lithium carbonate extended-release tablet |
| lithium carbonate (mart.) |
| rheumatsm |
| lithium carbonate (ep monograph) |
| lithium carb |
| dtxcid703784 |
| lithium carbonate (usan:usp:jan) |
| lithium carbonate (usp monograph) |
Lithium carbonate is a medication used for the management of various mental disorders. It is considered to be a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder. Lithium intoxication is commonly induced by various drugs interaction and situations.
Lithium carbonate (Li) has been reported to elevate granulocyte counts in patients with certain neutropenic disorders and to improve chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia. It has been observed to induce neutrophilia in psychiatric patients and has been used in a number of childhood Neutropenic Disorders. Lithium Carbonate has been recognized to induce several renal side effects, including nephrotic syndrome.
Lithium carbonate is used to increase white blood cell counts as a means of counteracting leukopenia caused by the administration of antipsychotic drugs. It does not inhibit the development of amygdala kindling.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Lithium carbonate is used to increase white blood cell counts as a means of counteracting leukopenia caused by the administration of antipsychotic drugs. " | ( Effect of antipsychotics on serum lithium levels and white blood cell counts. Goto, H; Kohda, Y; Kudo, K; Obara, R; Tomita, T; Yoshida, T, 2021) | 2.06 |
| "Lithium carbonate appears to inhibit the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization while it does not inhibit the development of amygdala kindling. " | ( Differential effects of carbamazepine and lithium on sensitization and kindling. Pert, A; Post, RM; Weiss, SR, 1984) | 1.71 |
Lithium carbonate treatment for 2-3 weeks produced a significant decrease in the maximum velocity (Vmax) of serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Treatment with lithium carbonate resolved the mania and the apparent cognitive deficits.
A study was made of toxic effect of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxybutyrate in doses of 160 and 500 mg/kg (1/4 LD50) on pregnant rats and development of fetuses.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 by radioimmunoassay showed that PTU alone and in combination with Li lowered serum T4, while a high level of T4 by its supplement was suppressed by co-administration of Li." | ( Effect of lithium carbonate administration singly or in combination with some psychotropic drugs on the radioiodide uptake by mouse thyroid. Akamatsu, S; Kamata, N; Kawada, J; Kurata, M; Kuwae, T; Minakuchi, K; Nishida, M; Takasugi, M; Teraoka, K, 1989) | 0.68 |
| " Careful preoperative evaluation and screening combined with limited prescribing can help to limit the magnitude of this problem." | ( Drug interactions in anesthesia. Cooke, JE, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " We randomized 115 bipolar depressed inpatients to receive three cycles of TSD, alone or in combination with morning light exposure, given at an intensity of 150 or 2500 lux." | ( Total sleep deprivation combined with lithium and light therapy in the treatment of bipolar depression: replication of main effects and interaction. Barbini, B; Benedetti, F; Campori, E; Colombo, C; Lucca, A; Smeraldi, E, 2000) | 0.31 |
| "To evaluate the efficacy of olanzapine, in combination with lithium or valproate, for treating depressive symptoms associated with mania." | ( Efficacy of olanzapine combined with valproate or lithium in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Akiskal, HS; Baker, RW; Brown, E; Calabrese, JR; Ketter, TA; Schuh, LM; Tohen, M; Trzepacz, PT; Watkin, JG, 2004) | 0.32 |
| "Secondary analysis of a 6-week, double-blind, randomised study of olanzapine (5-20 mg/day) or placebo combined with ongoing valproate or lithium open treatment for 344 patients in mixed or manic episodes." | ( Efficacy of olanzapine combined with valproate or lithium in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Akiskal, HS; Baker, RW; Brown, E; Calabrese, JR; Ketter, TA; Schuh, LM; Tohen, M; Trzepacz, PT; Watkin, JG, 2004) | 0.32 |
| "This study examined the efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex compared with placebo with lithium or divalproex in the prevention of recurrent mood events in bipolar I patients, most recent episode mania, depression, or mixed." | ( Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). Brecher, M; Eggens, I; Paulsson, B; Persson, I; Suppes, T; Vieta, E, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "Treatment with quetiapine in combination with lithium/divalproex significantly increased the time to recurrence of any mood event compared with placebo plus lithium/divalproex." | ( Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). Brecher, M; Eggens, I; Paulsson, B; Persson, I; Suppes, T; Vieta, E, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "Maintenance treatment with quetiapine in combination with lithium/divalproex significantly increased time to recurrence of any event (mania, depression, or mixed) irrespective of the polarity of the index episode compared with placebo with lithium/divalproex." | ( Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). Brecher, M; Eggens, I; Paulsson, B; Persson, I; Suppes, T; Vieta, E, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " After at least 12 weeks of clinical stability, 628 patients were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with quetiapine or placebo, in combination with lithium or divalproex, for up to 104 weeks." | ( Maintenance treatment for patients with bipolar I disorder: results from a north american study of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex (trial 127). Brecher, M; Liu, S; Paulsson, B; Suppes, T; Vieta, E, 2009) | 0.35 |
| "In order to investigate the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of valproate combined with lithium carbonate on mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), male C57BL/6 mice were injected into intraperitoneal with valproate (20 μg/ml) combined with lithium carbonate (10 μg/ml) for 7 days following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg) administration, and the effects on motor function were analyzed." | ( Therapeutic effects of valproate combined with lithium carbonate on MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice: possible mediation through enhanced autophagy. Bai, LM; Chen, XP; Li, XZ; Zhang, H; Zhao, K; Zhou, XP, 2013) | 0.87 |
The bioavailability of lithium citrate syrup was compared with that of regular lithium carbonate tablets in 18 healthy male human volunteers. Although the total bio availability of the two preparations was similar, the peak serum lithium achieved was significantly lower with the Lithium citrate preparation.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "The bioavailability of lithium citrate syrup was compared with that of regular lithium carbonate tablets in 18 healthy male human volunteers." | ( Bioavailability of lithium from lithium citrate syrup versus conventional lithium carbonate tablets. Benson, K; De Witte, TC; Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Vree, TB, 1992) | 0.74 |
| " The results show that whilst the 12-h steady-state levels are similar, there are significant differences in the degree and rate of absorption between the two preparations." | ( Solid versus liquid lithium--a pharmacokinetic study. Ascough, G; Markar, HR, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Rate of absorption of the SR preparation was significantly slower than the STD preparation measured by the peak/trough difference, percentage peak/trough fluctuation and percentage swing." | ( A comparative study of standard and slow-release oral lithium carbonate products. Carlile, JB; McFadyen, ML; Miller, R; Wallis, J, 1989) | 0.53 |
| " Mean bioavailability was 78." | ( Pharmacokinetics of lithium in the dog. Davis, LE; Koritz, GD; Rosenthal, RC, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " In both patients and students there were no significant differences between the two lithium preparations for plasma lithium level curves, bioavailability or total urinary excretion rates." | ( Pharmacokinetics of lithium preparations in patients. Hunt, GE; Johnson, GF, 1984) | 0.27 |
| "The effect of an antacid on the bioavailability of lithium carbonate was determined in six healthy men in a crossover study." | ( Effect of antacid on the bioavailabiity of lithium carbonate. Goode, DL; Kafonek, D; Newton, DW; Ueda, CT; Wilson, JE; Wulf, BG, ) | 0.65 |
| " Although the total bioavailability of the two preparations was similar, the peak serum lithium achieved was significantly lower with the lithium citrate than with the lithium carbonate preparation." | ( Bioavailability of lithium carbonate and lithium citrate: a comparison of two controlled-release preparations. Amdisen, A; Glud, V; Luchini, A; Minty, PS; Peat, MA; Tyrer, SP, 1982) | 0.79 |
| " In the patients, bioavailability of the Li2CO3 preparation was found to be about 95%, and the patients contained about one 24-h dose of lithium just before the next dose of lithium was administered." | ( Lithium effects on calcium, magnesium and phosphate in man: effects on balance, bone mineral content, faecal and urinary excretion. Plenge, P; Rafaelsen, OJ, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Absolute bioavailability (BA) and food-induced changes on BA of both formulations were studied." | ( Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo performance of two sustained-release lithium carbonate matrix tablets. Effect of different diets on the bioavailability. Andonaegui, MT; Ferj, S; Gai, MN; García, E; Seitz, C; Thielemann, AM, 1999) | 0.53 |
| "Food-induced changes on the bioavailability of a sustained release lithium carbonate matrix tablet, which uses an acrylic matrix of Eudragit RSPM as sustaining agent, have been studied in healthy male volunteers." | ( Effect of three different diets on the bioavailability of a sustained release lithium carbonate matrix tablet. Arancibia, A; Gai, MN; Thielemann, AM, 2000) | 0.77 |
| "The behavior of the formulation is appropriate for a sustained release tablet and fasting or non-fasting state seems not to be a major consideration for bioavailability when deciding on the regimen administration." | ( Effect of three different diets on the bioavailability of a sustained release lithium carbonate matrix tablet. Arancibia, A; Gai, MN; Thielemann, AM, 2000) | 0.54 |
| "The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum exposure and extent of bioavailability of two lithium carbonate (CAS 554-13-2) containing 300 mg tablet formulations (test and reference) for oral administration." | ( Bioequivalence of two lithium formulations in healthy volunteers. De Nucci, G; Donato, JL; Galuppo, MP; Guilherme, MC; Mendes, GD; Pereira, DG, 2006) | 0.55 |
| " Its bioavailability is 80-100%, its total clearance 10-40 mL/min and its elimination half-life is 18-36 hours." | ( Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach. Part II: Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic monitoring. Aubry, JM; Grandjean, EM, 2009) | 0.35 |
The feasibility of single daily dosing of lithium carbonate was tested in eight recurrent manic-depressives being treated with lithium prophylaxis. The side effect of myelosuppression was mitigated and the leucocyte count during treatment, which determines the dosage of the cytostatic drugs, was significantly higher.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Maximum lithium serum concentrations, however, were only about 10 per cent higher after syrup dosing and serum concentrations resulting from syrup and tablets were almost superimposable from 2 h after dosing." | ( Bioavailability of lithium from lithium citrate syrup versus conventional lithium carbonate tablets. Benson, K; De Witte, TC; Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Vree, TB, 1992) | 0.51 |
| "Lithium carbonate administration to healthy cats was evaluated in 2 controlled studies (a dose-response study and a bone marrow evaluation study) to determine the effectiveness of lithium as a bone marrow stimulant." | ( Effects of lithium carbonate administration to healthy cats. Brown, SA; Dieringer, TM; Lees, GE; Rogers, KS; Weeks, BR; Whitney, MS, 1992) | 2.12 |
| "The effects of once- and twice-daily dosing with lithium carbonate were compared in a non-blind, cross-over study on 20 consecutive patients with mood disorders." | ( Lithium treatment: a comparison of once- and twice-daily dosing. Abraham, G; Delva, N; Lawson, JS; Owen, J; Waldron, J, 1992) | 0.54 |
| " Lithium, in a dosage yielding relatively low plasma levels, was not more effective than placebo." | ( Treatment of bulimia nervosa with lithium carbonate. A controlled study. Clement, L; Hsu, LK; Ju, ES; Santhouse, R, 1991) | 0.56 |
| " The initial low dosage (600 mg." | ( Skoptic syndrome: the treatment of an obsessional gender dysphoria with lithium carbonate and psychotherapy. Cesnik, J; Coleman, E, 1990) | 0.51 |
| "The objective of the present work was to evaluate the practicability of several procedures used for prediction of the serum concentration of lithium in a steady state which will make it possible to adjust the dosage in the early period of treatment." | ( [Possibilities of predicting serum levels of lithium and subsequent correction of its dosage]. Janků, I; Novotná, J; Perlík, F, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Steady-state alprazolam clearance during multiple dosing with lithium was not different from that with the single dose of alprazolam." | ( Evaluation of the interaction of lithium and alprazolam. Evans, RL; Hornstra, RK; Melethil, S; Nelson, MV; Smith, RB; Townsend, R, 1990) | 0.28 |
| "We study the modifications of sodium tubular resorption, measured by lithium clearance after a single dosage of sublingual captopril, administered to 24 patients afflicted with nonfiltration after captopril produced an increase of proximal resorption of sodium, compensated by minor distal resorption, keeping a constant natriuresis." | ( [Differences in the renal handling of sodium according to the response to captopril]. Carneado de la Fuente, J; Lapetra Peralta, J; Martín Sanz, V; Miranda Guisado, M; Molina Miró, J; Muñiz Grijalvo, O; Villar Ortiz, J, 1990) | 0.28 |
| "Three methods for estimating maintenance dosage requirements of lithium carbonate were retrospectively evaluated in 20 inpatients who met criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition, for "bipolar disorder, manic phase." | ( A comparison of pharmacokinetic versus empirical lithium dosing techniques. Browne, JL; Golden, RN; Huffman, CS, 1989) | 0.52 |
| "Twelve pharmacokinetic methods of estimating lithium maintenance dosage requirements were compared in 21 patients with bipolar illness." | ( Bayesian forecasting of serum lithium concentrations. Comparison with traditional methods. Browne, JL; Patel, RA; Williams, PJ, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " The authors report on the efficacy of lithium augmentation in an open-label study of 20 outpatients with recurrent major depression who had not responded to greater than or equal to 12 weeks of treatment with imipramine (mean dosage = 256 mg/day) and psychotherapy." | ( Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression: II. An open clinical trial of lithium augmentation. Frank, E; Jarrett, DB; Kupfer, DJ; Thase, ME, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " Unipolar and bipolar patients on such treatment were randomly allocated to two groups over a period of one year, either continuing with their usual dosage of lithium or reducing their lithium dosage by up to 50%." | ( The efficacy of low-dose lithium: clinical, psychological and biological correlates. Abou-Saleh, MT; Coppen, A, 1989) | 0.28 |
| "Lithium serum levels were drawn over one steady-state dosing interval in 8 bipolar disorder patients receiving long-term lithium therapy: (i) after standard-release lithium (STD); and (ii) after changing to 2 weeks' continuous dosing of a slow-release (SR) preparation." | ( A comparative study of standard and slow-release oral lithium carbonate products. Carlile, JB; McFadyen, ML; Miller, R; Wallis, J, 1989) | 0.53 |
| " Regulation of dosage has to be individualized, and when one reaches the lower dose such as 5 to 10 mg per day, the drug may have to be tapered more slowly, or even maintained at that level for a period of time to prevent further recurrence of symptoms." | ( Cluster headaches. Ryan, RE, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " GFR correlated significantly with sclerotic glomeruli as well as atrophic tubules in patients on a multiple dosage schedule, whereas no relationship was seen in patients receiving lithium in a single daily dose." | ( Long-term effects of lithium on the kidney: functional-morphological correlations. Bolwig, TG; Brun, C; Hetmar, O; Ladefoged, J; Larsen, S, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " Dissolution media employed were similar to those used for the routine evaluation of lithium carbonate dosage forms." | ( Intrinsic dissolution of lithium carbonate in aqueous solutions. Parkin, JE; Sunderland, VB; Wall, BP, 1985) | 0.8 |
| " Twelve weeks later, amitriptyline was replaced by clomipramine (150 mg/day), the dosage of which was increased to 225 mg/day three weeks later." | ( [Rapid response of a disorder to the addition of lithium carbonate: panic resistant to tricyclic antidepressants]. Cournoyer, J, 1986) | 0.53 |
| "The absorption and disposition kinetics of lithium carbonate administered to eight healthy volunteers in two dosage forms were studied." | ( Absorption and disposition kinetics of lithium carbonate following administration of conventional and controlled release formulations. Arancibia, A; Concha, L; Corvalan, F; Mella, F, 1986) | 0.8 |
| "Ordinary and sustained-release lithium carbonate were administered at approximately equivalent daily dosage (1." | ( Serum levels and pharmacokinetics of ordinary and sustained-release lithium carbonate in manic patients during chronic dosage. Thornhill, DP, 1986) | 0.79 |
| " Both urine volume and glomerular filtration rates showed significant correlations with dosage schedule." | ( Lithium: long-term effects on the kidney. I. Renal function in retrospect. Bolwig, TG; Brun, C; Hetmar, O; Ladefoged, J; Larsen, S; Rafaelsen, OJ, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " The incidence of side effects was similar in both treatment groups, and side effects generally responded well to dosage reduction." | ( The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus lithium: a randomized, double-blind 3-year trial in 83 patients. Akiskal, HS; Cassano, GB; Lazzerini, F; Lenzi, A; Placidi, GF, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Lithium carbonate shows a significant increase of leukocytes in peripheral blood in dependence of dosage and frequency of applications." | ( [Effect of 2-cyanoethylurea, thymus extract and lithium carbonate on the leukocyte count in peripheral blood following whole body irradiation]. Kehrberg, G; Rose, H; Saul, G, 1986) | 1.44 |
| " First, in a dose-response analysis, serum lithium levels and abstinence rates were not linearly associated." | ( A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lithium carbonate therapy for alcoholism. Aagesen, CA; Clark, DC; Fawcett, J; Gibbons, RD; McGuire, M; Pisani, VD; Sellers, D; Tilkin, JM, 1987) | 0.53 |
| "5 mmol/l using a single bedtime dosing regimen." | ( The clinical use of lithium carbonate in old age: a review. Hardy, B; Mackenzie, S; Shulman, KI, 1987) | 0.6 |
| "The effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions was studied by asking a patient suffering from a manic-depressive disorder to repeatedly recognize a given series of digits delivered dichotically while varying the dosage of lithium carbonate intake." | ( Effect of lithium carbonate on lateralized cognitive functions. Haran, G; Karny, N; Nachshon, I, 1987) | 1.04 |
| " (1982), was evaluated in 20 patients for the prediction of maintenance dosage of slow-release lithium carbonate tablets." | ( Evaluation of a two-point method for prediction of lithium maintenance dosage. Carson, SW; Holden, JM; Karki, SD; Nanavati, D, 1987) | 0.49 |
| " According to the results of this paper, we suggest the use of Ritschel's repeated one-point method for clinical dosage regimen determination." | ( Clinical study on the pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate. Fang, YS; Ku, JS; Pei, YY; Wu, ZY, 1987) | 0.54 |
| " Lithium-carbonate shows a significant increase of leucocytes in peripheral blood in dependence of dosage and frequency of application." | ( [Modification of radiogenic leukopenia]. Kehrberg, G; Rose, H; Saul, G, 1987) | 0.27 |
| "PEDA, an integrated program in BASIC for implementation on microcomputers, has been developed for use in clinical practice to assist dosage adjustment for individual patients." | ( PEDA: a microcomputer program for parameter estimation and dosage adjustment in clinical practice. Aoyama, T; Higuchi, S; Horioka, M, 1987) | 0.27 |
| "A new computer-assisted method for predicting lithium levels and consulting dosage of lithium is demonstrated." | ( Method for prediction of serum lithium levels. Alda, M, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " At the dosage employed in the present study, oral lithium administration did not affect the renal handling of sodium, potassium or calcium." | ( Use of fractional lithium clearance in clinical and epidemiological investigation: a methodological assessment. Giorgione, N; Iacone, R; Iacoviello, L; Strazzullo, P, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " The lithium serum level oscillated in a regular and inverse relationship to the mood changes, although the patient received a constant dosage of lithium: 16." | ( The influence of mania and depression on the pharmacokinetics of lithium. A longitudinal single-case study. Kukopoulos, A; Minnai, G; Müller-Oerlinghausen, B, ) | 0.13 |
| "In this case study, lithium carbonate, used to control bipolar disorders, is postulated to be the cause of downbeat nystagmus; the degree of nystagmus could be correlated with the dosage and serum level of the drug." | ( Downbeat nystagmus as a side effect of lithium carbonate: case report. Aziz, N; Gracia, F; Koch, J, 1985) | 0.86 |
| " The purpose of this study was to give recommendations for oral dosage yielding efficient serum levels." | ( [Dose-effect relation in therapy of cytostatic-induced leukopenia with lithium carbonate]. Burdach, SE; Godehardt, E; Hesse, C, ) | 0.36 |
| " Neuroleptic medications are still the mainstay of treatment, but recent studies suggest new approaches to dosage and to the treatment of acute psychosis." | ( The pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia: a progress report. Baldessarini, RJ; Donaldson, SR; Gelenberg, AJ, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " Patients who underwent a dosage reduction with consequently lower plasma lithium levels (0." | ( Decreasing lithium dosage reduces morbidity and side-effects during prophylaxis. Abou-Saleh, M; Bailey, J; Coppen, A; Milln, P; Wood, K, 1983) | 0.27 |
| "The accuracy of a lithium dosage prediction technique was studied retrospectively." | ( Evaluation of a new lithium dosage-prediction technique. Dugas, JE; Feeney, AM, ) | 0.13 |
| " Evidence for this is based on the fact that in our patients and others mentioned in the literature the dosage and blood levels of lithium were not high." | ( Toxic irreversible encephalopathy induced by lithium carbonate and haloperidol. A report of 2 cases. Hurwitz, MD; Sandyk, R, 1983) | 0.53 |
| " Overall, 25 years of experience have indicated that haloperidol can be used safely and effectively to manage a variety of psychiatric illnesses, so long as dosage and method of administration are adjusted to individual patients' needs." | ( Haloperidol: a quarter century of experience. Ayd, FJ; Settle, EC, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " The use of saliva analysis for monitoring lithium dosage is recommended." | ( Saliva for monitoring of patients with primary affective disorders. Ben-Aryeh, H; Gutman, D; Hefetz, A; Laor, R; Naon, H; Pascal, M; Szargel, R, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Lentolith gave very adequate serum levels on single daily dosage schedules." | ( Aspect of the pharmacokinetics of slow-release lithium carbonate. Hart, GA, 1984) | 0.52 |
| " Neither in a low nor in a high dosage the lithium medication could increase 131I uptake or prolong its effective half-life in the residual thyroid." | ( [Lithium as an adjuvant in the radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer]. Kimmig, B; Schraube, P; zum Winkel, K, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Individual dosage regimen adjustment is necessary to warrant the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment." | ( [Renal clearance technic for individualizing lithium dosage in routine hospital care]. Des Lauriers, A; Jouvent, R; Klinger, E; Le Moël, G; Mascart, JY; Steimer, JL, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " In 26 patients receiving sequential lithium carbonate the side effect of myelosuppression was mitigated and the leucocyte count during treatment, which determines the dosage of the cytostatic drugs, was significantly higher in this group." | ( [Lithium carbonate--a preventive agent against leukopenia during cytostatic therapy]. Haas, J; Lahousen, M; Pickel, H, 1984) | 1.45 |
| "Twenty-three patients taking lithium carbonate alone in therapeutic dosage for a mean period of 43 months (range 6--108 months) and 23 control subjects matched for age and sex had the frequency and amplitude of postural tremor measured and extrapyramidal symptoms assessed by standard techniques." | ( Physiological characteristics of tremor after chronic lithium therapy. Lee, I; Trotter, C; Tyrer, P, 1981) | 0.55 |
| "The feasibility of single daily dosing of lithium carbonate was tested in eight recurrent manic-depressives being treated with lithium prophylaxis." | ( Lithium kinetics in single daily dosing. Berg, MJ; Dunner, FJ; Hahn, RL; Perry, PJ; Tsuang, MT, 1981) | 0.53 |
| " These included improvement during a drug-free trial: the absence of a prior history of a speech problem; the patient's marked psychotic state and anxiety: and the high dosage of haloperidol." | ( Persistent dysarthria with apraxia associated with a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol. Bond, WS; Carvalho, M; Foulks, EF, 1982) | 0.5 |
| " Using the Cox proportional hazard model for statistical analysis, the lithium dosing schedule of every second day did not maintain its prophylactic efficacy against recurrent episodes of manic-depressive disorder." | ( Lithium prophylaxis of manic-depressive disorder: daily lithium dosing schedule versus every second day. Aggernaes, H; Bjørum, N; Davidsen, K; Jensen, HV; Mellerup, ET; Plenge, P; Toftegaard, L, 1995) | 0.29 |
| "It has been claimed that the unwanted effects and toxicity of lithium can be minimized by changes in the dosing schedules." | ( Are the renal effects of lithium modified by frequency of administration? Abraham, G; Lawson, JS; Waldron, JJ, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " There were no significant metabolic or organic cerebral changes that could have accounted for the symptoms which presumably had been induced by the drugs even though their dosage was not unusual." | ( [Drug-induced asterixis]. Leblhuber, F; Rittmannsberger, H, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " The change in urinary albumin:creatinine and transferrin:creatinine ratios between allocation and 6 months of treatment did not correlate significantly with the lithium dosing schedule (multiple linear regression), but did correlate with total lithium carbonate dose." | ( Urinary excretion of albumin and transferrin in lithium maintenance treatment: daily versus alternate-day lithium dosing schedule. Aggernaes, H; Bjørum, N; Davidsen, K; Holm, J; Jensen, HV; Toftegaard, L, 1995) | 0.47 |
| " alternate-day lithium carbonate dosing schedule were compared in a double-blind study of 50 manic-depressive patients." | ( Double-blind comparison of the side-effect profiles of daily versus alternate-day dosing schedules in lithium maintenance treatment of manic-depressive disorder. Aggernaes, H; Bjørum, N; Davidsen, K; Jensen, HV; Mellerup, ET; Plenge, P; Toftegaard, L, 1996) | 0.65 |
| "Optimal daily levothyroxine (LT4) dosage is reported to be significantly smaller in the elderly with primary hypothyroidism when compared with their younger counterparts." | ( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " dosage in 337 patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology." | ( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " dosage declined with increasing age in 99 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in 73 patients with idiopathic variety, and in 47 patients with hypothyroidism due to radical neck surgery and/or neck radiation for non-thyroidal malignancies." | ( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997) | 0.3 |
| "Optimal daily LT4 dosage does not decline universally in all elderly with primary hypothyroidism: it appears to depend also on the etiology of the disorder." | ( Influence of age on optimal daily levothyroxine dosage in patients with primary hypothyroidism grouped according to etiology. Kabadi, UM, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " However, the lower limits of effective sodium polystyrene sulfonate dosing and the extent of potassium lowering in humans are questions that need to be answered before sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin can be recommended for routine, use." | ( Methods used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance elimination. Scharman, EJ, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " The dose-response experiment revealed that little Fos-like immunoreactivity was evident above basal levels following administration of 1 mg/kg DOI." | ( Paradoxical effects of lithium on serotonergic receptor function: an immunocytochemical, behavioural and autoradiographic study. Leslie, RA; Moorman, JM, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " By reducing the dosage it was found that serum lithium levels were maintained within the reference range, thus avoiding the potential psychiatric consequences of high concentrations--which could well have occurred had the former dosage been continued during the period of deteriorating renal function." | ( Decreasing requirement for lithium carbonate therapy in bipolar affective disorders (hypomanic type) following the onset of chronic renal insufficiency. Donaldson, D; Pandita-Gunawardena, R, 1998) | 0.6 |
| " The dosage and serum levels of lithium, as well as its adverse effects are comparable with those known from adults." | ( [Lithium salts in child and adolescent psychiatry]. Moll, GH; Rothenberger, A, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " Compliance with two pharmaceutical dosage forms of lithium carbonate, namely the standard (250 mg) and sustained-release (400 mg) formulations, was assessed under natural conditions in patients satisfying DSM IV diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder type I, II or non-specified or for major recurrent depression." | ( [Compliance with and tolerance of sustained-release lithium carbonate]. Bayle, FJ; Lavantes, B; Senimon, F, ) | 0.63 |
| " According to these guidelines a substantial number of patients is not sufficiently treated and, thus, should be reassessed for dosage and length of antidepressant medications." | ( [Therapy refractory depression]. Hatzinger, M; Holsboer-Trachsler, E, 1999) | 0.3 |
| "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and pharmacokinetically dosed study of lithium for PMDD with FH predictors of future BP was performed." | ( Lithium for prepubertal depressed children with family history predictors of future bipolarity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cooper, TB; Frazier, J; Geller, B; Heath, J; Warner, K; Williams, M; Zimerman, B, 1998) | 0.3 |
| "The precision and bias of three a priori methods and an empirical method for predicting lithium dosage requirements were studied." | ( Comparison of three a priori methods and one empirical method in predicting lithium dosage requirements. Crismon, ML; Wright, R, 2000) | 0.31 |
| "To assess if the lithium dosage prescribed according to the Pepin method leads to therapeutic serum concentrations of lithium." | ( Accuracy of the Pepin method to determine appropriate lithium dosages in healthy volunteers. Boulerice, B; Dufresne, J; Elie, R; Stip, E, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " Even the few subjects who will require a double dosage with the Once-A-Day formulation will certainly experience less variations of Li+ plasma concentration throughout the day than would patients receiving rapid release formulations of lithium." | ( A novel slow-release formulation of lithium carbonate (Carbolithium Once-A-Day) vs. standard Carbolithium: a comparative pharmacokinetic study. Castrogiovanni, P, ) | 0.41 |
| " Guidelines for lithium administration are given, including dosage regulation, monitoring of serum lithium, as well as of side effects and laboratory measures." | ( Lithium and conduct disorder. Campbell, M; Ernst, M; Silva, RR, ) | 0.13 |
| " At 30 years of age, lithium carbonate was added to arrest self-injurious behavior, at an initial dosage of 300 mg/day and a maintenance dosage of 900 mg/day." | ( [Lithium intoxication in a patient with severe motor and intellectual disabilities]. Maruta, K, 2003) | 0.64 |
| " In August 1992, she became depressed despite a 1500-mg lithium daily dosage along with light therapy, and, in 1993, a diagnosis of Cushing's disease (Cushing's syndrome as a result of a pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumor) was made." | ( A case of seasonal bipolar disorder exacerbated by Cushing's disease. Ghadirian, AM; Marcovitz, S; Pearson Murphy, BE, ) | 0.13 |
| " Also discussed are findings concerning the continuation of acute treatments, including antidepressants, into the maintenance phase; dosage adjustments for maintenance treatment; the rationale for combination treatments; and implications of comorbid substance abuse and strategies for its management." | ( Maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: Applying research to clinical practice. Chou, JC; Fazzio, L, 2006) | 0.33 |
| "The aim of the present study was to assess the precision and bias of a priori methods in the estimation of lithium dosage requirement among bipolar patients." | ( Application of the Cockcroft-Gault method to estimate lithium dosage requirement. Chen, KP; Chiu, CC; Lu, ML; Shen, WW, 2007) | 0.34 |
| "Standard dosing regimens with lithium usually require significant time before the optimal serum concentration is achieved." | ( Prediction of optimal lithium doses for Taiwanese psychiatric patients. Chang, YL; Chiu, HJ; Huang, HC; Lan, TH; Lee, TJ; Liu, WM, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "The present study compares a new method (Method 1) with two existing ones (Methods 2 and 3) for dosing of individual patients with lithium, to more rapidly achieve optimum concentrations." | ( Prediction of optimal lithium doses for Taiwanese psychiatric patients. Chang, YL; Chiu, HJ; Huang, HC; Lan, TH; Lee, TJ; Liu, WM, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "The present study aimed to derive new equations for estimating lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements needed to achieve an intended lithium serum level for adult psychiatric inpatients and outpatients." | ( A new accurate method for predicting lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements in adult psychiatric patients. Abou-Auda, HS; Abou-Shaaban, RR; Al-Yamani, MJ; Khoshhal, SI, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " All variables that might affect lithium clearance and/or lithium serum concentration were included and analyzed by stepwise multiple linear regression to produce equations describing lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements for these patients." | ( A new accurate method for predicting lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements in adult psychiatric patients. Abou-Auda, HS; Abou-Shaaban, RR; Al-Yamani, MJ; Khoshhal, SI, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " The equations derived for daily dosage requirements were: daily dose (inpatients, mg) = 350." | ( A new accurate method for predicting lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements in adult psychiatric patients. Abou-Auda, HS; Abou-Shaaban, RR; Al-Yamani, MJ; Khoshhal, SI, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "Compared to previously reported methods, the present method proved to be accurate and can be safely used for the prediction of lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements in psychiatric inpatients and outpatients." | ( A new accurate method for predicting lithium clearance and daily dosage requirements in adult psychiatric patients. Abou-Auda, HS; Abou-Shaaban, RR; Al-Yamani, MJ; Khoshhal, SI, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "To review the feasibility and effectiveness of single daily dosing of lithium in patients with affective disorder and to discuss advantages and disadvantages of this schedule of administration." | ( Lithium treatments: single and multiple daily dosing. Bistrovic, IL; Letica-Crepulja, M; Ljubicic, D; Ljubicic, R; Vitezic, D, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " English-language articles were selected for the review if they discussed the issues comparing multiple and single daily dosing schedules of lithium." | ( Lithium treatments: single and multiple daily dosing. Bistrovic, IL; Letica-Crepulja, M; Ljubicic, D; Ljubicic, R; Vitezic, D, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " Single daily dosing of lithium causes transient higher peak lithium concentrations; however, no comparative study revealed a significant difference in side effects between multiple and single daily dosing groups." | ( Lithium treatments: single and multiple daily dosing. Bistrovic, IL; Letica-Crepulja, M; Ljubicic, D; Ljubicic, R; Vitezic, D, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " Finally, SUD comorbidity did not represent a risk factor for treatment drop-out, while in our sample young age, low treatment dosage and BP-I diagnosis were significantly associated with drop-out." | ( Clinical features, response to treatment and functional outcome of bipolar disorder patients with and without co-occurring substance use disorder: 1-year follow-up. Bria, P; Catalano, V; Colombo, R; Di Nicola, M; Harnic, D; Janiri, L; Mandelli, L; Martinotti, G; Mazza, M; Serretti, A; Tedeschi, D, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " Finally, we found that the diagnosis of SUD, but young age, low treatment dosage and BP-I diagnosis to be risk factors for treatment drop-out." | ( Clinical features, response to treatment and functional outcome of bipolar disorder patients with and without co-occurring substance use disorder: 1-year follow-up. Bria, P; Catalano, V; Colombo, R; Di Nicola, M; Harnic, D; Janiri, L; Mandelli, L; Martinotti, G; Mazza, M; Serretti, A; Tedeschi, D, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " Frequent monitoring of serum levels to support dosing decisions is important to inform better clinical decision making, especially when a loading strategy is used." | ( Mood stabilizer loading versus titration in acute mania: audit of clinical practice. Fraser, A; Robinson, G; Wheeler, A, 2008) | 0.35 |
| "0 hours for standard-release dosage forms, and 4-5 hours for sustained-release forms." | ( Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach. Part II: Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic monitoring. Aubry, JM; Grandjean, EM, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " This was an open-label trial with a flexible dosing regimen." | ( Lamotrigine versus lithium augmentation of antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression: efficacy and tolerability. Cvetić, T; Damjanović, A; Ivković, M; Jasović-Gasić, M; Jovanović, A, 2009) | 0.35 |
| "Seeking to verify this positive control therapy, we tested chronic lithium dosing in a sibling-matched, gender balanced, investigator-blinded trial using the high-copy (average 23 copies) SOD1G93A mouse (n = 27-28/group)." | ( No benefit from chronic lithium dosing in a sibling-matched, gender balanced, investigator-blinded trial using a standard mouse model of familial ALS. Gill, A; Kidd, J; Perrin, S; Thompson, K; Vieira, F, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " If the patient is currently taking other mood stabilizers, their dosage should be optimized, and the clinician should consider adding or switching to lithium, quetiapine, or lamotrigine." | ( The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the Harvard South Shore Program: an update on bipolar depression. Ansari, A; Osser, DN, ) | 0.13 |
| " The developed population pharmacokinetic model may be used to predict other dosage regimens, support scaling from adult to pediatric pharmacokinetics, and support the design of future clinical trials." | ( First-dose pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate in children and adolescents. Faber, J; Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Jusko, WJ; Kafantaris, V; Kowatch, R; Landersdorfer, CB; Lingler, J; McClellan, J; McNamara, NK; Pavuluri, M; Sikich, L; Taylor-Zapata, P, 2010) | 0.65 |
| " Despite its long history and ongoing use in current management of bipolar disorder, the optimal dosing of lithium is still the subject of ongoing debate." | ( Optimal frequency of lithium administration in the treatment of bipolar disorder: clinical and dosing considerations. Malhi, GS; Tanious, M, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "The primary goal of this exploratory study was to obtain data that could lead to evidence-based dosing strategies for lithium in children and adolescents suffering from bipolar I disorder." | ( Dosing strategies for lithium monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder. Clemons, TE; Faber, J; Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kowatch, R; Lingler, J; McClellan, J; McNamara, NK; Pavuluri, M; Rowles, BM; Sikich, L; Taylor-Zapata, P, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "Outpatients aged 7-17 years meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed) were eligible for 8 weeks of open label treatment with lithium in one of three dosing arms." | ( Dosing strategies for lithium monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder. Clemons, TE; Faber, J; Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kowatch, R; Lingler, J; McClellan, J; McNamara, NK; Pavuluri, M; Rowles, BM; Sikich, L; Taylor-Zapata, P, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "On the basis of these results, a dosing strategy in which pediatric patients begin lithium at a dose of 300 mg thrice daily (with an additional 300 mg increase during the first week), followed by 300 mg weekly increases until a priori stopping criteria are met, will be used in an upcoming randomized, placebo-controlled trial." | ( Dosing strategies for lithium monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder. Clemons, TE; Faber, J; Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kowatch, R; Lingler, J; McClellan, J; McNamara, NK; Pavuluri, M; Rowles, BM; Sikich, L; Taylor-Zapata, P, 2011) | 0.37 |
| " Intervention group (N = 42) and historical control group (N = 55) patients were each divided into two groups: Dosage with immediate-release lithium carbonate or a sustained-release formulation, lithium citrate." | ( A computerised sampling strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring of lithium provides precise estimates and significantly reduces dose-finding time. Andersson, JE; Angelo, HR; Dalhoff, KP; Hoegberg, LC; Holgersson, B; Jürgens, G; Larsen, EB; Zederkof, VW, 2012) | 0.58 |
| "Hydrophilic matrix tablets represent the most commonly used oral dosage form." | ( [A comparative analysis of the influence of different types of Carbopol on the release rate of lithium-carbonate from matrix tablets]. Arandjelović, A; Gazikalović, E; Kovacević, A; Pavlović, M; Toskić-Radojcić, M, 2012) | 0.38 |
| "Lithium salts, once the mainstay of therapy for bipolar disorder, have tolerability issues at a higher dosage that often limit adherence." | ( Lithium treatment moderate-dose use study (LiTMUS) for bipolar disorder: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of optimized personalized treatment with and without lithium. Bowden, CL; Calabrese, JR; Friedman, ES; Iosifescu, DV; Ketter, T; Leon, AC; Nierenberg, AA; Ostacher, MJ; Pencina, M; Reilly-Harrington, N; Severe, JB; Sylvia, LG; Thase, ME, 2013) | 0.39 |
| "In this pragmatic comparative effectiveness study, a moderate but tolerated dosage of lithium plus OPT conferred no symptomatic advantage when compared with OPT alone, but the lithium-plus-OPT group had less exposure to second-generation antipsychotics." | ( Lithium treatment moderate-dose use study (LiTMUS) for bipolar disorder: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of optimized personalized treatment with and without lithium. Bowden, CL; Calabrese, JR; Friedman, ES; Iosifescu, DV; Ketter, T; Leon, AC; Nierenberg, AA; Ostacher, MJ; Pencina, M; Reilly-Harrington, N; Severe, JB; Sylvia, LG; Thase, ME, 2013) | 0.39 |
| "During an acute ECT phase, 319 patients were randomized to treatment with moderate dosage bilateral ECT or high-dosage right unilateral ECT." | ( Pharmacological strategies in the prevention of relapse after electroconvulsive therapy. Cooper, T; Haskett, RF; Isenberg, K; McCall, WV; Mulsant, BH; Prudic, J; Rosenquist, PB; Sackeim, HA, 2013) | 0.39 |
| " Although cenesthopathy has been mainly treated with antidepressants and antipsychotics, considering the weight of a manic factor and mixed state, mood stabilizers such as lithium carbonate at an adequate dosage may prove to be effective." | ( [Cenesthopathy in the presenium associated with manic factor resolved with lithium carbonate: two female cases with underlying manic or mixed state]. Marutani, T; Okubo, Y; Ueda, S, 2013) | 0.81 |
| "difficulties in reporting the dosage of the medication prescribed and a high rate of non-adherence were identified among the participants." | ( Bipolar disorder and medication: adherence, patients' knowledge and serum monitoring of lithium carbonate. de Souza, C; Mercedes, BP; Miasso, AI; Vedana, KG, ) | 0.35 |
| "To assess the accuracy and precision of published dosing equations in predicting daily lithium doses and to evaluate if pertinent laboratory tests were performed prior to initiation." | ( Lithium dosing equations: are they accurate? Borckardt, J; Drayton, SJ; Nichols, TA; Taber, DJ, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " Using dosing equations, expected lithium doses were calculated based on corresponding serum concentrations identified in patient charts." | ( Lithium dosing equations: are they accurate? Borckardt, J; Drayton, SJ; Nichols, TA; Taber, DJ, 2014) | 0.4 |
| "Abou-Auda et al developed a predictive lithium dosing equation that was more accurate than equations developed by Jermain et al, Terao et al, and Zetin et al and more precise than the Pepin et al equation." | ( Lithium dosing equations: are they accurate? Borckardt, J; Drayton, SJ; Nichols, TA; Taber, DJ, 2014) | 0.4 |
| "The acute effects of lithium on MEP IO-curve, a marker of corticospinal excitability, are consistent with an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship." | ( Acute effects of lithium on excitability of human motor cortex. Heidegger, T; Hübers, A; Müller-Dahlhaus, F; Voytovych, H; Ziemann, U, 2014) | 0.4 |
| " We aimed to develop the first lithium dosage regimens based on population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics for paediatric patients." | ( Lithium in Paediatric Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens via Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics. Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kirkpatrick, CM; Landersdorfer, CB, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Concentrations and clinical effects following several dosage regimens were predicted by Monte Carlo simulations." | ( Lithium in Paediatric Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens via Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics. Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kirkpatrick, CM; Landersdorfer, CB, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling supported development of practical scientifically-based dosage regimens for paediatric patients." | ( Lithium in Paediatric Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Implications for Selection of Dosage Regimens via Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics. Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Kafantaris, V; Kirkpatrick, CM; Landersdorfer, CB, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Further studies should base on current data including methods of obtaining saliva and its biochemical analysis, collecting samples in a specific time frame from the last dosage of lithium, as well as inter-subject or intra-subject measurements." | ( Lithium therapeutic dose monitoring in human saliva. Cubała, WJ; Gałuszko-Węgielnik, M; Herstowska, M; Jakuszkowiak-Wojten, K; Szarmach, J; Wiglusz, MS; Włodarczyk, A, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " New dosing paradigms have improved tolerability and reduced potential side effects." | ( Using Lithium in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Practical Considerations. Grant, B; Salpekar, JA, 2018) | 0.48 |
| " While most agreed that new strategies are needed to improve fracture management, only 68% were willing to prescribe lithium for fractures with an additional 16% if there is scientific evidence and/or a standard dosing protocol." | ( Perceptions of using lithium in fracture management: a survey of orthopaedic surgeons, fracture patients and the general public. Nam, D; Schaffer, A; Vachhani, K; Whyne, CM, 2019) | 0.51 |
| " Multiple daily doses of olanzapine do not affect the pharmacokinetics of lithium or valproate; therefore, concomitant olanzapine administration does not require dosage adjustment of lithium or valproate." | ( Combination of Olanzapine and Samidorphan Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Lithium or Valproate. Graham, C; Sun, L; von Moltke, L; Yagoda, S; Yao, B, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " Pharmacokinetic parameters of lithium and valproate, including maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve over a 12-h dosing interval, were calculated." | ( Combination of Olanzapine and Samidorphan Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Lithium or Valproate. Graham, C; Sun, L; von Moltke, L; Yagoda, S; Yao, B, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " absence of OLZ/SAM, were within the equivalence interval of 80-125% for both maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve over a 12-h dosing interval of lithium and of valproate." | ( Combination of Olanzapine and Samidorphan Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Lithium or Valproate. Graham, C; Sun, L; von Moltke, L; Yagoda, S; Yao, B, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " We suggest close monitoring of the lithium levels and perhaps a dosage adjustment for the postoperative period." | ( Lithium toxicity with prolonged neurologic sequelae following sleeve gastrectomy: A case report and review of literature. Huang, H; Huang, KY; Kang, JC; Lin, YH; Liu, SW; Wu, HL, 2020) | 0.56 |
| " The majority of patients received 300-900 mg lithium carbonate thrice-weekly following dialysis, but several alternative lithium salts and dosing strategies were utilized." | ( Lithium therapy in patients on dialysis: A systematic review. McGrane, IR; Morgan, NF; Omar, FA; Shuman, MD, 2022) | 0.98 |
| " To evaluate the effect of antipsychotics on the leukocyte-enhancing effect of lithium, we compared white blood cell counts, serum lithium levels, and lithium dosage in patients receiving antipsychotics and lithium in combination and patients receiving lithium alone." | ( Effect of antipsychotics on serum lithium levels and white blood cell counts. Goto, H; Kohda, Y; Kudo, K; Obara, R; Tomita, T; Yoshida, T, 2021) | 0.62 |
| " The purpose of this study was to establish a model for predicting the blood concentration of Li carbonate through an artificial neural network (ANN), and to provide a basis for the clinical rapid and effective formulation of individualized dosing regimens." | ( The development and validation of a prediction model of lithium carbonate blood concentration by artificial neural network: a retrospective study. Feng, W; Hu, Z; Jing, Q; Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, W, 2022) | 0.97 |
| " Intriguingly, lithium orotate (LiOr) is suggested to possess unique uptake characteristics that would allow for reduced dosing and mitigation of toxicity concerns." | ( Different pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate inform why it is more potent, effective, and less toxic than lithium carbonate in a mouse model of mania. Bekar, LK; Pacholko, AG, 2023) | 1.12 |
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| antimanic drug | Antimanic drugs are agents used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders. |
| [role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| lithium salt | |
| carbonate salt | |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID540210 | Clearance in human after iv administration | 2008 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7 | Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. |
| AID540209 | Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration | 2008 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7 | Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. |
| AID540211 | Fraction unbound in human after iv administration | 2008 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7 | Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. |
| AID540212 | Mean residence time in human after iv administration | 2008 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7 | Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. |
| AID540213 | Half life in human after iv administration | 2008 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7 | Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 978 (36.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 598 (22.01) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 694 (25.54) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 384 (14.13) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 63 (2.32) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (85.39) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 394 (13.29%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 378 (12.75%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 896 (30.23%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (0.03%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 1,295 (43.69%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of The Efficacy and Safety of AChE Inhibitor Donepezil As Adjunctive Treatment to Mood Stabilizers in Acute Mania [NCT01191918] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Lithium Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Once Daily Vs Twice Daily Dosing and the Impact of Kidney Function [NCT03811860] | 15 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-02-06 | Recruiting | |||
| Effect of Regulated Add -on Sodium Chloride Intake on Stabilization of Serum Lithium Concentration in Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04222816] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-01-16 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Antagonist Wear Behavior and Patient Satisfaction of Monolithic Zirconia Versus Lithium Silicate Zirconia Crowns [NCT03697018] | 26 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-10-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Clinical Assessment of Retention, Patient Satisfaction and Recurrent Caries of Endocrowns Versus Post Retained Crowns Using Reinforced Lithium Silicate. [NCT03713918] | 18 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-11-15 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Lithia Water Study: Effects of Lithia Water on BDNF and Oxidative Stress Markers in Healthy Male Participants [NCT01257867] | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated by the Principal Investigator) | |||
| A Multi-arm, Adaptive, Group-sequential Trial NETwork to Evaluate Drug Efficacy in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT06008249] | Phase 3 | 171 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-08-09 | Recruiting | ||
| Effect of Lithium Carbonate on Postoperative Sleep in Patients Undergoing Videoassisted Thoracic Surgery [NCT04479566] | Phase 4 | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-11-06 | Completed | ||
| Biomarkers in Mononuclear Blood Cells for Lithium Treatment Response of Bipolar Disorder [NCT02909504] | Phase 4 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding) | ||
| Feasibility and Safety of Umbilical Cord Blood Cell Transplant Into Injured Spinal Cord: an Open-Labeled, Dose-Escalating Clinical Trial [NCT01354483] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Neuropsychological Characterization of Patients With Bipolar Disorder and a History of Suicide Attempt [NCT02116400] | 0 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2017-01-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The primary investigator moved.) | |||
| The Effects of Short-term Lithium Administration on Striatal Reward Processing and Prefrontal Control During Reappraisal in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03965247] | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Lithium Carbonate in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 [NCT01096082] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 62 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase 1 Study of Evaluation of Lithium and it's Effect on Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. [NCT02198859] | Phase 1 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Low-Dose Lithium for the Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms in Frontotemporal Dementia [NCT02862210] | Phase 2 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-27 | Completed | ||
| Multi-dimensional Diagnosis,Individualized Therapy,and Management Technique for Major Depressive Disorder:Based on Clinical and Pathological Characteristics [NCT03219008] | Phase 4 | 800 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-08-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Proximal Tubule Function in Septic Patients as Measured by Endogenous Lithium Clearance [NCT05648435] | 21 participants (Actual) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2022-12-07 | Completed | |||
| Clinical Assessment of Color Stability and Patient Satisfaction for Polished Versus Glazed Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Restorations and Patient Satisfaction [NCT03696641] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-11-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Evaluation of the Esthetic Outcome of Lithium Disilicate (e.Max) All Ceramic Crowns on Titanium Implant Abutments in the Esthetic Zone After Different Color Masking Approaches; a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03686267] | 21 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-11-30 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Shade Evaluation for Clinical Color Change of Discolored Teeth Treated by Bleaching vs Laminate Veneers. [NCT03621163] | 1 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-12-05 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Evaluation of Esthetic and Biomechanical Outcome of Maxillary Anterior Single-Tooth Zirconia Implant Supported PEKK Crowns Versus Lithium Disilicate Crowns on PEKK Abutments: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03521024] | 10 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-09-15 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Lithium in Cardiac Surgery Related Acute Kidney Injury: A Pilot Study [NCT03056248] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-04-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Clinical Performance of Chairside CAD/CAM Restorations [NCT04279574] | 58 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-08-26 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Efficacy of Aripiprazole in Combination With Lithium or Valproate in the Long-Term Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder in Outpatients Partially Nonresponsive to Lithium or Valproate Monotherapy [NCT00261443] | Phase 4 | 1,270 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Endogenous Lithium Clearance in Acute Kidney Injury [NCT05982340] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2023-08-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Wear Characteristics and Clinical Performance of Lithium Silicate Versus Monolithic Zirconia Crowns. (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial) [NCT03530020] | 22 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-02-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Lithium for the Treatment of Pediatric Mania Followed by an Open Label Long-term Safety Period, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Discontinuation Phase, and Open Label Restabilization [NCT01166425] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 81 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Neurotrophic Effects of Lithium Carbonate Following Stroke: A Feasibility Study [NCT01112813] | Phase 3 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation of Onlay Restorations Constructed From Two Types of Glass Ceramics: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05281861] | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-04-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy Associated With Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression. A Clinical, Controlled, Prospective and Randomized Trial [NCT01305707] | Phase 4 | 104 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruiting) | ||
| A Pilot Trial of Lithium in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01259388] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-31 | Completed | ||
| An Initial Study of Lithium in Patients With Medullary Thyroid Cancer [NCT00582712] | Phase 2 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Budget/Funding) | ||
| Prevention of Relapse & Recurrence of Bipolar Depression [NCT00961961] | Phase 4 | 177 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-01 | Completed | ||
| Monolithic CAD/CAM Single Tooth Crowns Made From Different Ceramics: One Year Preliminary Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04474093] | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-24 | Completed | |||
| Pediatric Pharmacokinetic and Tolerability Study of Lithium for the Treatment of Pediatric Mania Followed by an Open Label Long Term Safety Period, Discontinuation Phase, and Restabilization Period. [NCT00442039] | Phase 2 | 61 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Pilot Trial of Lithium in Subjects With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy or Corticobasal Degeneration [NCT00703677] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Lithium Disilicate CAD/CAM Crowns [NCT05070416] | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-10-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Wear of Enamel Antagonist to Polished Versus Glazed Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate Crowns (Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT04914962] | 26 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-07-10 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| a Single-center, Prospective, Open, and Non-randomized Case-control Study of Lithium Carbonate Effect on Niemann Disease C1 Type [NCT03201627] | Early Phase 1 | 18 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-07-05 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Effect of Low-dose Lithium Therapy on Long COVID Symptoms: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05618587] | Phase 2 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-11-28 | Completed | ||
| Objective to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Peropirone Hydrochloride Tablets in the Treatment of Adolescent Bipolar Depressive Episode: a Multicenter Open Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT04826510] | Phase 4 | 189 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-11-25 | Recruiting | ||
| Effect of Low-dose Lithium Therapy on Long COVID Symptoms: an Open-label, Dose-finding Study. [NCT06108297] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| RCT of Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging Biomarkers: Predicting Progression Towards Dementia in Patients With Treatment-resistant Late-life Depression (OPTIMUM-Neuro RCT) [NCT05531591] | Phase 4 | 600 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-08-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| The Bipolar Lithium Imaging Scan Study: Imaging Lithium in the Brains of Bipolar Disorder (BD) Patients. [NCT06134349] | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2024-01-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Efficacy and Tolerability of the Combination of LIthium and CArbamazepine Compared to Lithium and VALproic Acid in the Treatment of Young Bipolar Patients [NCT00976794] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial to Test Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Lithium Carbonate in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2 [NCT00998634] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity [NCT00240110] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 152 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Single Dose, Three-Treatment, Three-Period, Six-Sequence Crossover Bioequivalency Study of 450 mg Lithium Carbonate Extended Release Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00602381] | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Neurofunctional and Neurochemical Markers of Treatment Response in Bipolar Disorder [NCT00608075] | Phase 4 | 260 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-04-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| The Effect of Lithium Disilicate Glass-ceramic (IPS Emax) Versus Hybrid Ceramic (Vita Enamic) Superstructure Materials on Implant Stability in Implant Supported Restorations [NCT02931903] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Double Blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Lithium Carbonate in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury [NCT01855594] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Treatment of Psychosis and Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT02129348] | Phase 2 | 77 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Pilot Study of Tolerability of Lithium Therapy in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type I (SCA1) [NCT00683943] | Phase 1 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-18 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of Lithium on Signal Transduction, Gene Expression and Brain Myo-Inositol Levels in Manic Patients [NCT00870311] | Phase 4 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1996-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Lithium in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (SHANK3 Haploinsufficiency): Pilot Study. [NCT04623398] | Phase 3 | 22 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-21 | Recruiting | ||
| Lithium Treatment to Prevent Cognitive Impairment After Brain Radiotherapy [NCT06051240] | Phase 2 | 84 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Disease-modifying Properties of Lithium in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Prevention Study in Elderly Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment [NCT01055392] | Phase 2 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Open Multicenter Study of Lithium in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis LISLA [NCT00925847] | Phase 2 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II Clinical and Biological Study of Lithium Carbonate in Patients With Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors [NCT00501540] | Phase 2 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Potential Efficacy of Lithium Carbonate for Stimulation of Intestinal Recovery In Patients With Acute Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) [NCT00408681] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Treatment of Bipolar Type II Major Depression [NCT00602537] | Phase 4 | 140 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Acute Antidepressant Therapy in Bipolar II Major Depression [NCT00641927] | Phase 4 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Feasibility Trial Using Lithium As A Neuroprotective Agent In Patients Undergoing Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation For Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01486459] | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruits) | |||
| A Randomised, Multi-Centre Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Extended Release Quetiapine Fumarate (Seroquel XR TM) Tablets as Mono-Therapy or in Combination With Lithium in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Bipolar Depression [NCT00883493] | Phase 3 | 421 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Brain and Cognitive Changes in Older Adults With MCI Taking Lithium to Prevent Alzheimer Type Dementia [NCT03185208] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Randomised, 6-week, Multicentre, Open-label, Rater-blinded Parallel Group Study Comparing Quetiapine Extended Release Monotherapy and Augmentation With Lithium Augmentation in Patients With Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT00789854] | Phase 3 | 688 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Lithium in Subjects With Treatment-Resistant Depression and Suicide Risk. An Independent, Pragmatic, Multicentre, Parallel-Group, Superiority Trial [NCT00927550] | Phase 4 | 230 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparing the Safety and Effectiveness of a Mood Stabilizing Medication, an Antidepressant Medication, and a Combination of Both Medications to Treat Symptoms of Bipolar Type II Depression [NCT00276965] | Phase 3 | 139 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Lithium in Combination With Riluzole in Volunteers With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT00818389] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 84 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to NINDS DSMB recommended trial be terminated for futility after reviewing an interim analysis of 84 subjects.) | ||
| A Single Dose, Two-Period, Two-Treatment Crossover Bioequivalency Study of 300 mg Lithium Carbonate Extended Release Tablets Under Fed Conditions [NCT00602394] | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-05-31 | Completed | |||
| An Optimizing of the Resuscitative Patterns by Use of Balanced Crystalloids and Colloids and the Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring [NCT00914563] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| Evaluation of Lithium as a Glycogen-Synthase-Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitor in Mild Cognitive Impairment [NCT02601859] | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy and Safety pf Lithium Carbonate in the Treatment of Chronic Spinal Cord Injuries: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00750061] | Phase 2 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Optimizing Outcomes of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults [NCT02960763] | Phase 4 | 742 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-24 | Completed | ||
| Lithium Versus Lamotrigine in Bipolar Disorder, Type II - a Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (the LiLa-Bipolar RCT) [NCT06184581] | Phase 4 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2024-03-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Phase 1, Open-Label, Randomized, Cross-Over Study To Estimate The Effects Of PD 0332334 On Lithium Pharmacokinetics In Healthy Subjects [NCT00820794] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Withdrawn | ||
| Pharmacotherapy of Treatment-Resistant Mania [NCT00518947] | Phase 3 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1994-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Genetic Studies of Psychiatric Illness [NCT00252577] | 130 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2005-10-31 | Completed | |||
| The Effects of Lithium Carbonate on Low Dose Radioiodine Ablation in Early Thyroid Cancer Treatment [NCT00251316] | Phase 2 | 34 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of the Effects of in Vivo Lithium Treatment on Gene Expression Levels Using Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines From Human Healthy Subjects [NCT01565759] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Lithium, Valproate, Oxcarbazepine, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, and Ziprasidone in Bipolar I Disorder, Manic or Mixed Phase [NCT01893229] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Longitudinal Study on the Neuroprotective and Neurotrophic Effects of Lithium in Bipolar Disorder: Identification of Cellular and Molecular Targets Clinically Relevant [NCT01919892] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Atypical Antipsychotics for Continuation and Maintenance Treatment After an Acute Manic Episode [NCT01977300] | Phase 3 | 159 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Anterior Teeth Restored With Ultra-translucent Multilayer Zirconia Versus Lithium Disilicate Laminate Veneers (Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT04598737] | 26 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-10-18 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Electroconvulsive Therapy and Concomitant Lithium in Depression: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Study [NCT05923476] | Early Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| [NCT00000369] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1997-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of the Efficacy and the Cutaneous Acceptability of a Dermocosmetic Product in the Repigmentation of Vitiligo -Study Realized by a Dermatologist- [NCT04171427] | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-11-21 | Enrolling by invitation | |||
| The Role of Dopamine Metabolism in the Antidepressant Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Sertraline in Depressed Patients [NCT00581009] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 96 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2001-05-30 | Completed | ||
| Lithium for Fracture Treatment: a Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02999022] | Phase 2 | 160 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-07-21 | Recruiting | ||
| Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies [NCT02893371] | 1,037,352 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-09-30 | Completed | |||
| A Single Dose, Two-Period, Two-Treatment Crossover Bioequivalency Study of 300 mg Lithium Carbonate Extended Release Tablets Under Fasting Conditions. [NCT00601536] | 29 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-04-30 | Completed | |||
| A Single Dose, Three-Treatment, Three-Period, Six-Sequence Crossover Bioequivalency Study of 450 mg Lithium Carbonate Extended Release Tablets Under Fed Conditions [NCT00601575] | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-10-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Citalopram in Combination With Lithium or Placebo in the Treatment of Symptoms in Patients With Depressive Mood Disorders [NCT01189812] | Phase 2 | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Trial of Lithium Carbonate for Treatment of Osteoporosis Pseudoglioma Syndrome [NCT01108068] | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Evaluation of the Tolerance and Efficiency of a Combined Oral Therapy With Lithium and GTA in Patients With Canavan Disease [NCT00657748] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Withdrawn | ||
| A Lithium-Based Medication to Improve Neurological Outcomes After Surgical Carotid Reconstruction: A Double-Blind, Placebo Control Randomized Trial (BINOS) [NCT05126238] | Phase 3 | 500 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-11-20 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Open-label, Trial of Lithium Versus Paroxetine in Subjects With Major Depression Who Have a Family History of Bipolar Disorder or Completed Suicide [NCT01416220] | Phase 4 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Lithium Therapy: Understanding Mothers, Metabolism and Mood [NCT02490241] | 9 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2015-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Treatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study [NCT00177567] | Phase 4 | 60 participants | Interventional | 2001-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Lithium Efficacy Against Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia in Breast Cancer Patients [NCT05221593] | Phase 3 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-08-01 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-Center Controlled Screening Trial of Safety and Efficacy of Lithium Carbonate in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT00790582] | Phase 2 | 109 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| All-ceramic Crowns in Patients With Sleep Bruxism - a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03039985] | 109 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-02-28 | Completed | |||
| Continuation Intravenous Ketamine in Major Depressive Disorder - Modification: Lithium for Relapse Prevention [NCT00548964] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Safety and Effect of Lithium, Umbilical Cord Blood Cells and the Combination in the Treatment of Acute and Sub-acute Spinal Cord Injury : a Randomized, Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT01471613] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase I Study of Lithium During Whole Brain Radiotherapy for Patients With Brain Metastases [NCT00469937] | Phase 1 | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-02-28 | Terminated(stopped due to low accrual) | ||
| [NCT00520026] | 167 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2001-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to number of enrolled individuals after 5 years still off the estimated sample size) | |||
| Clinical Evaluation of the Fracture Resistance for E-max Cad and Vita Suprinity Laminate Veneers [NCT02940717] | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Clinical Evaluation of Switching to Lithiofor® (Lithium Sulphate Slow -Release, Li-SR Tablets) From Carbolithium® (Lithium Carbonate Immediate-Release, Li-IR, Capsules) in Bipolar Patients, Poorly Tolerant to Lithium Immediate-release Treatment. [NCT03210480] | Phase 4 | 85 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-28 | Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor's decision due to slow enrollment rate.) | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Controlled Trial of Lithium Versus Paroxetine in Subjects With Major Depression Who Have a Family History of Bipolar Disorder or Completed Suicide - a Pilot Study [NCT00400088] | Phase 3 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment difficulties) | ||
| Functional Connectivity in Mood Regulating Circuit In Bipolar Depression and Mania Before and After Lithium Treatment: An Brain fMRI Study [NCT00457054] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Olanzapine Versus Lithium Carbonate in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, Manic or Mixed Episodes [NCT00485680] | Phase 3 | 140 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Characterization and Pathophysiology of Severe Mood and Behavioral Dysregulation in Children and Youth [NCT00025935] | 2,350 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2002-01-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Dysfunctional Cortico-Limbic Activity and Connectivity in Bipolar Disorder Before and After Lithium Treatment: An fMRI Study [NCT00596622] | Phase 4 | 46 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, 6-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled, Flexible-Dose, Parallel-Group Study of Lurasidone Adjunctive to Lithium or Divalproex for the Treatment of Bipolar I Depression [NCT00868452] | Phase 3 | 348 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (RCT) of Implant-retained Monolithic Chairside-made CAD-CAM Hybrid Abutment Single Crowns [NCT04773873] | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-01 | Completed | |||
| Clinical and Radiographical Evaluation of CAD-CAM Crowns With and Without Deep Margin Elevation: Up to 10-year Results [NCT06114030] | 560 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-03-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Phase 1 Study: Evaluation of Three Continuation Therapies After Acute Electroconvusive Therapy (ECT) Concerning Efficacy and Cognition in Severly Depressed Patients [NCT00437385] | Phase 1 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Three Month, Open-label, Single-arm Trial Evaluating the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Lithium in Patients Diagnosed With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [NCT00431171] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Multimodal Brain Imaging Study to Investigate Neural Correlates for Therapeutic Mechanisms of Lithium in Bipolar Disorder: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Gray Matter Volume Increase Following Lithium Treatment in Bipolar [NCT01543724] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-06-01 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The research project has been cancelled before any participants were enrolled.) | ||
| An Open Label Trial of Lithium for the Management of Cannabis Withdrawal [NCT00114439] | Phase 2 | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| The Chemopreventive Effect of Lithium on Adenoma Development in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP); a Pilot Study [NCT05402891] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-06-02 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| An Open-labeled, Parallel-group, Single-blinded (Rater) Pilot Study to Investigate the Neuroprotective Effects of of Low-dose Lithium in Young Subjects at Ultra High Risk (UHR) of Developing a First-episode Psychotic Disorder [NCT00202306] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2001-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Lithium Use for Bipolar Disorder (LiTMUS): A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial [NCT00667745] | Phase 4 | 283 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 Specific Memory B and T- CD4+ Cells [NCT04402892] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-06-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Lithium Water Use in Gun Violence Prevention [NCT02213614] | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-08-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| A Prospected Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial of Lithium Carbonate Combined With Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy to Treat Osteosarcoma [NCT01669369] | Phase 4 | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-01-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Esthetic Evaluation of Onlay Restorations Constructed From Two Types of Glass Ceramics:A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT05437432] | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-03-01 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Lithium Augmentation for Hyperarousal Symptoms of Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pilot Study [NCT01754883] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Withdrawn | ||
| Phase I Trial of Lithium and Tretinoin for Treatment of Non-Promyelocytic Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Patients Intolerant or Relapsed/Refractory to Standard Chemotherapy. [NCT01820624] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, Efficacy and Safety Study of Lithium in Bipolar I Disorder [NCT00422331] | Phase 3 | 206 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Assessment of Cost- Effectiveness Interventions and the Quality of Life in Patients With Major Depression Through Resources Available in Brazilian Public Health [NCT02901249] | Phase 4 | 68 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Cost- Effectiveness and Quality of Life Assessment in Bipolar Disorder Depressive Episode [NCT02918097] | Phase 4 | 78 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparative Safety, Tolerability, and Effectiveness of Lithium Versus Quetiapine in Patients Across the Spectrum of Bipolar Disorder [NCT01526148] | Phase 4 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Ran out of funding) | ||
| Ketamine Plus Lithium as a Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Strategy in Treatment-Resistant Depression [NCT01880593] | Phase 2 | 34 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Combination Therapy in Bipolar Rapid Cycling [NCT00063362] | Phase 3 | 49 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-02-28 | Terminated(stopped due to Funding Expiration) | ||
| Combined Wake Therapy, Light Therapy, and Lithium for Bipolar and Refractory Depression [NCT01431573] | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-07-31 | Completed | |||
| A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Assess Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Lithium in Multiple System Atrophy. [NCT00997672] | Phase 2 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Data Monitoring Committee decision on 22nd August 2011 for safety issues) | ||
| A Randomized, Double Blind Comparison of Lithium Monotherapy Versus Lithium Plus Divalproex for the Outpatient Management of Hypomania/Mania in Patients With Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder Comorbid With Substance Abuse/Dependence [NCT00194129] | Phase 3 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1997-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Lithium Carbonate on Postoperative Sleep and Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Heart Valve Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT05593627] | Phase 4 | 62 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-07-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Wear Behavior of Milled Posterior Crowns Fabricated From the New Gradient Technology Monolithic Zirconia 5Y-TZP/3Y-TZP Compared to Lithium Disilicate: (Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT04805281] | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-08-01 | Recruiting | |||
| One Year Clinical Evaluation of Shade Matching and Patient Satisfaction of New Gradient Technology Monolithic Zirconia (5Y-TZP3Y-TZP) Compared to Lithium Disilicate Crowns in Dental Esthetic Zone (Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT04738526] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Temozolomide, Bevacizumab, Lithium and Radiation Treatment for Newly Diagnosed High Grade Glioma: A Phase II Study [NCT01105702] | Phase 2 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Due to slow accrual) | ||
| Wear Evaluation of Antagonist Enamel to Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate and Metal-ceramic Restorations. Prospective Randomised Study [NCT04963530] | 75 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Long-Term Lithium for Aggressive Conduct Disorder [NCT00000385] | Phase 3 | 59 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 1997-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Adolescent Depression (STAR-AD) a Multicentre Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol [NCT05814640] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 520 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-02-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Effects of Lithium Therapy on Blood-based Therapeutic Targets in Parkinson's Disease. [NCT04273932] | Phase 1 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-10-17 | Completed | ||
| Optimizing Response to Li Treatment Through Personalized Evaluation of Individuals With Bipolar I Disorder: The R-LiNK Initiative [NCT04209140] | 320 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2020-01-10 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Clinical Evaluation of Chairside Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted Machining (CAD/CAM) Lithium Disilicate Fixed Partial Dentures (FPD) [NCT03036566] | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Loss of funding due to COVID-19) | |||
| Pink and White Esthetic Scores of Polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network and Lithium Disilicate Implant Hybrid Abutment Crowns: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03220321] | 18 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-08-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Clinical Psychopharmacology Division Institute of Mental Health, Peking University [NCT03148535] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-06-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Randomized, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Trial of Lithium Plus Treatment as Usual (TAU) for Acute Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Patients With Suicidal Major Depressive Episode [NCT02039479] | 254 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Treatment (SMART) for Bipolar Disorder [NCT01588457] | Phase 4 | 112 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Single-retainer Lithium Di-silicate Versus Zirconia Resin Bonded Fixed Partial Denture for Replacement of an Anterior Missing Tooth. (Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT05861921] | 44 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-07-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder as Assessed by in Vivo Imaging [NCT01880957] | 76 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-08 | Completed | |||
| Lithium Effects on the Brain's Functional and Structural Connectome in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder [NCT03336918] | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2017-12-07 | Recruiting | |||
| CSP #590 - Lithium for Suicidal Behavior in Mood Disorders [NCT01928446] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 519 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-08 | Terminated(stopped due to terminated early due to non-safety related DMC recommendations) | ||
| Phase I/II Trial of Lithium as a Neuroprotective Agent for Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Treated With Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) [NCT01553916] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-04-26 | Completed | ||
| Thermal Clinic Treatment in Gulf War Illness [NCT02293291] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Pharmacogenomics of Mood Stabilizer Response in Bipolar Disorder (PGBD) [NCT01272531] | 560 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2011-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) Study [NCT00057681] | Phase 3 | 379 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-02-28 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
The K-SADS Mania Rating Scale (KMRS) is comprised of 15 items modified from WASH-U-KSADS items. The individual items are scored on a 1-6 severity scale and then these item scores are summed to create an overall KMRS score. Guidelines for interpretation are as follows: 0-11 = no or minimal mania, 12-17 = mild mania, 18-25 = moderate mania, 26+ = marked or worse mania. The maximum possible score is 64. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Randomized Medication - Lithium | 24.06 |
| Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium | 26.31 |
| Randomized Medication - Risperidone | 14.58 |
The Modified Side Effects Form for Children and Adolescents includes 62 potential side effects, with measures of frequency and severity for each item. Frequencies are 0=not present, 1=1-2 days, 2=3-4 days, 3=5-7 days. Severity scores are 0=not present, 1=mild (does not interfere with functioning), 2=moderate (some interference with functioning), 3=severe (functioning is significantly impaired because of side effects). Items for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, ocular, mouth and nose, genito urinary, dermatology, musculo-skeletal, and other side effects are included. For analyses, side effects that were reported at any frequency and a severity of 2 or greater were considered present. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8
| Intervention | side effects at week 8 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Randomized Medication - Lithium | 5.11 |
| Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium | 4.95 |
| Randomized Medication - Risperidone | 3.70 |
The Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assessment instrument measured improvement in mania, depression, and overall bipolar illness. The primary outcome measure was mania improvement, which measured the change in mania from baseline. Scores were 1=very much improved, 2=much improved, 3=minimally improved, 4=no change, 5=minimally worse, 6=much worse, 7=very much worse. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Randomized Medication - Lithium | 2.49 |
| Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium | 2.73 |
| Randomized Medication - Risperidone | 1.70 |
"A marked bimodal response is defined by the following three conditions over four consecutive weeks while on triple therapy and after three weeks of ltg:~Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score of <= 19~Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score of <= 12.5~Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score >= 51~The MADRS measures the severity of a subject's depression symptoms with a possible total score ranging from 0 - 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.~The YMRS measures the severity of a subject's manic symptoms with a possible total score ranging from 0 - 60, with higher scores indicating more severe mania.~The GAS measures a used to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of a subject and ranges in score from 0-100, with a higher score indicating better social, occupational, and psychological functioning." (NCT00063362)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 28
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium + Divalproex + Lamotrigine | 7 |
| Lithium + Divalproex + Placebo | 8 |
Number of subjects who no longer met criteria for active abuse or had entered into early full remission after receiving up to 6 months of open-label treatment with lithium and divalproex (NCT00194129)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Completers | 11 |
Number of subjects who no longer met criteria for active cannabis abuse or had entered into early full remission after receiving up to 6 months of open-label treatment with lithium and divalproex (NCT00194129)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Completers | 8 |
Number of subjects who no longer met criteria for active cocaine abuse or had entered into early full remission after receiving up to 6 months of open-label treatment with lithium and divalproex (NCT00194129)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Completers | 7 |
A relapse is a return to either a depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episode after a period of not have any symptoms. (NCT00194129)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months
| Intervention | weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Plus Divalproex | 17.8 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo | 15.9 |
Change from baseline in percentage of self-report cocaine-abstinent (non-use) days (difference in base percent values) (NCT00240110)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | percentage of days cocaine abstinent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate Add on Placebo | 16.4 |
| Lithium Carbonate Add on Valproate | 14.5 |
Change from baseline in percentage of the amount of money spent on cocaine (NCT00240110)
Timeframe: week 12
| Intervention | Percentage of Money Spent on Cocaine (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate Add on Placebo | -43.6 |
| Lithium Carbonate Add on Valproate | -34.9 |
(NCT00251316)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 10 |
| Placebo | 10 |
The primary outcome measure was time to relapse in months following stabilization on lithium. (NCT00252577)
Timeframe: every 2 months for 2 years
| Intervention | months (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bipolar Disorder | 24.6 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | x10^3 c/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 8.350 |
| Valproate | 6.800 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | x10^9 c/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 297.0 |
| Valproate | 226.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | ng/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 10.0 |
| Valproate | 9.5 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | percentage of total blood volume (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.30 |
| Valproate | 0.20 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | g/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.05 |
| Valproate | 0.10 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 1.0 for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-IR is a proportion of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint (endpoint of a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | proportion of 'normal function' (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.09 |
| Valproate | 0.15 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses beta-cell function (HOMA2-%β) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 100% for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-%Beta is a percentage of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint (endpoint of a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | percentage of 'normal function' (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 7.70 |
| Valproate | 17.05 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | x10^3 c/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | -0.100 |
| Valproate | -0.200 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | x10^9 c/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | -4.0 |
| Valproate | -2.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | ng/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | -2.5 |
| Valproate | -3.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Proportion of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 0.473 |
| Aripiprazole | 0.387 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). The AIMS Total Score has a possible range from 0 to 28. Negative change scores indicate improvement in movement dysfunction. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.05 |
| Valproate | 0.04 |
The Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale is a 4-item scale to assess presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia, including both objective items and subjective items, together with a global clinical assessment of akathisia. Global assessment is made on a scale of 0 to 5 with comprehensive definitions provided for each anchor point on scale: 0=absent; 1=questionable; 2=mild akathisia; 3=moderate akathisia; 4=marked akathisia; 5=severe akathisia. Score has a possible range from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe akathisia). Negative change scores indicate improvement in akathisia. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.14 |
| Valproate | 0.07 |
The SAS is a 10-item instrument used to evaluate the presence and severity of parkinsonian symptomatology. It is the most commonly used rating scale for Parkinsonism in clinical trials over the past 25 years. The ten items focus on rigidity rather than bradykinesia, and do not assess subjective rigidity or slowness. Items are rated for severity on a 0-4 scale, with definitions given for each anchor point. The total SAS Score has a possible range from 10 to 50(lower score=less severe). Negative change scores indicate improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.44 |
| Valproate | 0.15 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). AIMS Item 10 Score range from 0 to 4. A negative score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 145) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 105) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 96) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.06 |
| Placebo | 0.02 | -0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). AIMS Item 8 Score range from 0 to 4. A negative score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 145) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 105) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 96) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.00 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| Placebo | 0.04 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). AIMS Item 9 Score range from 0 to 4. A negative score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 145) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 105) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 96) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.00 | -0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Placebo | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). The AIMS Total Score has a possible range from 0 to 28. Negative change scores indicate improvement in movement dysfunction. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 145) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 105) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 96) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.02 | 0.06 | 0.28 |
| Placebo | 0.11 | -0.01 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.16 |
The Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale is a 4-item scale to assess presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia, including both objective items and subjective items, together with a global clinical assessment of akathisia. Global assessment is made on a scale of 0 to 5 with comprehensive definitions provided for each anchor point on scale: 0=absent; 1=questionable; 2=mild akathisia; 3=moderate akathisia; 4=marked akathisia; 5=severe akathisia. Score has a possible range from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe akathisia). Negative change scores indicate improvement in akathisia. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 144) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 104) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 96) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.16 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.07 | -0.05 | 0.11 |
| Placebo | 0.10 | -0.01 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.06 | 0.07 |
The SAS is a 10-item instrument used to evaluate the presence and severity of parkinsonian symptomatology. It is the most commonly used rating scale for Parkinsonism in clinical trials over the past 25 years. The ten items focus on rigidity rather than bradykinesia, and do not assess subjective rigidity or slowness. Items are rated for severity on a 0-4 scale, with definitions given for each anchor point. The total SAS Score has a possible range from 10 to 50(lower scores=less severe). Negative change scores indicate improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4,8, 12, 24, 36, 52, throughout Phase 3 (for Highest Value of Change)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 161) | Change at Week 8 (n=151, 145) | Change at Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Change at Week 24 (n=113, 120) | Change at Week 36 (n=97, 104) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 95) | Change at Week 52 LOCF (n=164, 162) | Highest Value in Change During Phase 3 (n=164,162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 10.50 | 0.04 | -0.03 | -0.10 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -0.07 | -0.10 | 0.53 |
| Placebo | 10.48 | -0.02 | -0.13 | -0.20 | -0.24 | -0.26 | -0.24 | -0.20 | 0.17 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline (in this case, preceding phase) in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being very much improved and 7 being very much worse). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change at Week 8 | Mean Change at Week 12 | Mean Change at Week 16 | Mean Change at Week 20 | Mean Change at Week 24 | Mean Change at Week 28 | Mean Change at Week 32 | Mean Change at Week 36 | Mean Change at Week 40 | Mean Change at Week 44 | Mean Change at Week 48 | Mean Change at Week 52 | |
| Aripiprazole | 3.56 | 3.52 | 3.45 | 3.45 | 3.53 | 3.54 | 3.52 | 3.49 | 3.52 | 3.47 | 3.49 | 3.44 | 3.44 |
| Placebo | 3.46 | 3.55 | 3.51 | 3.52 | 3.58 | 3.63 | 3.65 | 3.69 | 3.62 | 3.55 | 3.52 | 3.58 | 3.56 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change at Week 8 | Mean Change at Week 12 | Mean Change at Week 16 | Mean Change at Week 20 | Mean Change at Week 24 | Mean Change at Week 28 | Mean Change at Week 32 | Mean Change at Week 36 | Mean Change at Week 40 | Mean Change at Week 44 | Mean Change at Week 48 | Mean Change at Week 52 | |
| Aripiprazole | 3.00 | 2.98 | 3.03 | 2.98 | 3.03 | 2.96 | 3.01 | 3.00 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.96 | 2.96 | 2.89 |
| Placebo | 2.96 | 3.17 | 3.14 | 3.27 | 3.29 | 3.26 | 3.37 | 3.31 | 3.37 | 3.32 | 3.33 | 3.35 | 3.29 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline (in this case, preceding phase) in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being very much improved and 7 being very much worse). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change at Week 8 | Mean Change at Week 12 | Mean Change at Week 16 | Mean Change at Week 20 | Mean Change at Week 24 | Mean Change at Week 28 | Mean Change at Week 32 | Mean Change at Week 36 | Mean Change at Week 40 | Mean Change at Week 44 | Mean Change at Week 48 | Mean Change at Week 52 | |
| Aripiprazole | 3.27 | 3.22 | 3.27 | 3.22 | 3.31 | 3.31 | 3.31 | 3.29 | 3.28 | 3.24 | 3.28 | 3.26 | 3.25 |
| Placebo | 3.17 | 3.36 | 3.34 | 3.45 | 3.53 | 3.60 | 3.65 | 3.63 | 3.61 | 3.54 | 3.57 | 3.63 | 3.58 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 2), Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Mean | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 12 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 16 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 24 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 28 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 36 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 40 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 44 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 48 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 52 | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.47 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.30 |
| Placebo | 1.43 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.51 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 120.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -8.0 |
| Placebo | 120.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | -7.0 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 2), Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 8 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 12 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 16 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 20 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 24 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 28 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 32 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 36 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 40 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 44 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 48 | Mean Change from Baseline At Week 52 | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.70 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.31 |
| Placebo | 1.65 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, During Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | kg (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=161, 160) | Change at Week 12 (n=129, 121) | Change at Week 24 (n=111, 118) | Change at Week 36 (n=89, 98) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 95) | Change at Week 52 (LOCF) (n=161, 160) | Highest Change Value (n=161, 160) | |
| Aripiprazole | 80.22 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 1.61 | 1.07 | 2.35 |
| Placebo | 81.33 | -1.00 | 0.35 | 0.64 | 1.66 | 0.60 | 2.39 |
Participants with Adverse Events (AEs), Deaths, Serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs leading to study discontinuation. AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, is a cancer, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, results in the development of drug dependency or drug abuse, is an important medical event. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: During Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | SAEs | Discontinuations due to AEs | Any AE | Treatment-related AEs in >=2% of Participants | Any Extrapyramidal Syndrome-Related AE | |
| Lithium | 0 | 5 | 38 | 226 | 188 | 108 |
| Valproate | 0 | 10 | 50 | 287 | 233 | 113 |
Participants with Adverse Events (AEs), Deaths, Serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs leading to study discontinuation. AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, is a cancer, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, results in the development of drug dependency or drug abuse, is an important medical event. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | Treatment-Emergent SAEs | Treatment-Emergent AEs | Treatment-Emergent AEs in >=2% of Participants | Treatment-Emergent AEs Leading to Discontinuation | |
| Aripiprazole | 1 | 11 | 105 | 62 | 19 |
| Placebo | 1 | 8 | 105 | 49 | 15 |
AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. By Common Terminology Criteria Version 3.0 (CTC v3) Grade (Gr): Gr 1 (mild); Gr 2 (moderate); Gr 3 (severe); Gr 4 (life-threatening); Gr 5 (death). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild / Grade 1 | Moderate / Grade 2 | Severe / Grade 3 | Very Severe / Grade 4 | |
| Aripiprazole | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Participants with Adverse Events (AEs), Deaths, Serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs leading to study discontinuation. AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, is a cancer, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, results in the development of drug dependency or drug abuse, is an important medical event. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | SAEs | AEs | Discontinuations due to AEs | Treatment-related AEs | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 |
| Placebo | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72 of LTE Phase. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (N=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 8 (n=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 16 (n=18, 23) | Mean Change at Week 24 (n=17, 20) | Mean Change at Week 32 (n=15, 15) | Mean Change at Week 40 (n=9, 12) | Mean Change at Week 48 (n=9, 9) | Mean Change at Week 56 (n=5, 9) | Mean Change at Week 64 (n=5, 4) | Mean Change at Week 72 (n=1, 2) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.35 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.33 | -0.33 | -0.22 | -0.22 | 0.00 | -0.50 |
| Placebo | 1.26 | -0.26 | -0.28 | -0.29 | 0.00 | -0.11 | -0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (N=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 8 (n=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 16 (n=18, 23) | Mean Change at Week 24 (n=17, 20) | Mean Change at Week 32 (n=15, 15) | Mean Change at Week 40 (n=9, 12) | Mean Change at Week 48 (n=9, 9) | Mean Change at Week 56 (n=5, 9) | Mean Change at Week 64 (n=5, 4) | Mean Change at Week 72 (n=1, 2) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Placebo | 1.21 | -0.11 | -0.11 | -0.12 | -0.20 | -0.11 | -0.11 | -0.20 | -0.20 | 0.00 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (N=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 8 (n=19, 23) | Mean Change at Week 16 (n=18, 23) | Mean Change at Week 24 (n=17, 20) | Mean Change at Week 32 (n=15, 15) | Mean Change at Week 40 (n=9, 12) | Mean Change at Week 48 (n=9, 9) | Mean Change at Week 56 (n=5, 9) | Mean Change at Week 64 (n=5, 4) | Mean Change at Week 72 (n=1, 2) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.35 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.33 | -0.33 | -0.22 | -0.22 | 0.00 | -0.50 |
| Placebo | 1.37 | -0.26 | -0.28 | -0.29 | -0.07 | -0.22 | -0.22 | -0.20 | -0.20 | 0.00 |
ECG abnormalities considered by the investigator as clinically relevant.Left Bundle Branch Block: Not present at Baseline--> present post-baseline. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left Bundle Branch Block (see description) | QTcB > 450 msec | QTcF > 450 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 60 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 60 msec | |
| Aripiprazole | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis abnormalities considered by the investigator as clinically relevant. Hematocrit: ≤37%(M)/≤32%(F)+3 percentage pts↓from baseline. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creatine Kinase >= 3 x ULN | Hematocrit (see description) | Hemoglobin ≤11.5 g/dL(M)/≤9.5 g/dL(F) | Eosinophils relative (calculated) ≥10% | Urine Glucose (any glucose in the urine) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Placebo | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Metabolic abnormalities considered by the investigator as clinically relevant. (Need normal values for each.) (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose, non-fasting (n=3,1) | Glucose, fasting (n=17, 22) | HDL Cholesterol, combined (n=18, 22) | HDL Cholesterol, fasting (n=17, 22) | HDL Cholesterol, non-fasting (n=2, 1) | Total Cholesterol, combined (n=18, 22) | Total Cholesterol, fasting (n=17, 22) | Total Cholesterol, non-fasting (n=2, 1) | LDL Cholesterol, combined (n=18, 22) | LDL Cholesterol, fasting (n=17, 22) | LDL Cholesterol, non-fasting (n=2, 1) | Triglycerides, combined (n=18, 22) | Triglycerides, fasting (n=17, 22) | Triglycerides, non-fasting (n=2, 1) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 3 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 | 2 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Vital sign abnormalities considered by the investigator as clinically relevant. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: From first day until 30 days after the last dose of double-blind dosing in the Extension Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic Blood Pressure Increase | Systolic Blood Pressure Decrease | Diastolic Blood Pressure Increase | Diastolic Blood Pressure Decrease | Heart Rate Increase | Heart Rate Decrease | Weight Increase | Weight Decrease | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
| Placebo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. MADRS total score, a 10-item, ordinal rating scale (0=no symptoms; 60=most severe symptoms). Change from baseline=postbaseline score - baseline score. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 2), Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 12 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 16 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 20 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 24 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 28 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 32 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 36 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 40 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 44 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 48 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 52 (n=164, 162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 4.62 | 1.42 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 1.27 | 1.47 | 1.49 | 1.64 | 1.70 | 1.89 | 1.65 | 1.53 | 1.48 | 1.46 |
| Placebo | 4.41 | 1.92 | 2.27 | 2.42 | 2.12 | 2.61 | 2.92 | 3.14 | 3.32 | 3.03 | 3.18 | 3.10 | 3.57 | 3.47 |
"The Y-MRS consists of 11 items: 1) Elevated Mood, 2) Increased Motor Activity -Energy, 3) Sexual Interest, 4) Sleep, 5) Irritability, 6) Speech (Rate and Amount), 7) Language -Thought Disorder, 8) Content, 9) Disruptive-Aggressive Behavior, 10) Appearance, 11) Insight. 7 items are rated on a 0 to 4 scale, while 4 items (items 5, 6, 8 and 9) are rated on a 0 to 8 scale (twice the weight of the other items.) For all items, 0 is the best rating and 4 or 8 is the worst rating. Total Score is the sum of the ratings for all 11 items. The possible Total Scores are from 0 (best) to 60 (worst)." (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 2), Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 of Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Change at Week 8 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 12 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 16 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 20 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 24 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 28 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 32 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 36 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 40 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 44 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 48 (n=164, 162) | Change at Week 52 (n=164, 162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 4.06 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.07 | -0.11 |
| Placebo | 4.03 | 0.47 | 0.91 | 1.53 | 1.74 | 2.29 | 2.42 | 3.02 | 2.72 | 3.04 | 2.82 | 3.19 | 3.15 | 2.93 |
The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. MADRS total score, a 10-item, ordinal rating scale (0=no symptoms; 60=most severe symptoms). Change from baseline=postbaseline score - baseline score. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 (Ph2) Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (n=289, 383) | Change from Baseline at Week 1 (n=277, 371) | Change from Baseline at Week 2 (n=267, 355) | Change from Baseline at Week 4 (n=245, 326) | Change from Baseline at Week 6 (n=221, 305) | Change from Baseline at Week 8 (n=201, 287) | Change from Baseline at Week 12 (n=179, 253) | Change from Baseline at Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Change from Baseline at Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Change from Baseline at Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Change from Baseline at Ph2 Endpoint (n=289, 383) | |
| Lithium | 10.97 | -1.48 | -2.23 | -2.94 | -2.92 | -3.07 | -2.82 | -2.88 | -4.68 | -3.77 | -2.13 |
| Valproate | 11.56 | -1.51 | -2.70 | -3.16 | -3.69 | -3.64 | -3.91 | -4.28 | -4.49 | -5.15 | -2.54 |
"The Y-MRS consists of 11 items: 1) Elevated Mood, 2) Increased Motor Activity -Energy, 3) Sexual Interest, 4) Sleep, 5) Irritability, 6) Speech (Rate and Amount), 7) Language -Thought Disorder, 8) Content, 9) Disruptive-Aggressive Behavior, 10) Appearance, 11) Insight. Seven items are rated on a 0 to 4 scale, while 4 items (items 5, 6, 8 and 9) are rated on a 0 to 8 scale (twice the weight of the other items.) For all items, 0 is the best rating and 4 or 8 is the worst rating. Total Score is the sum of the ratings for all 11 items. The possible Total Scores are from 0 (best) to 60 (worst)." (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of ph 1), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 (Ph2) Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, + Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=289, 383) | Change from Baseline at Week 1 (n=277, 371) | Change from Baseline at Week 2 (n=266, 355) | Change from Baseline at Week 4 (n=245, 326) | Change from Baseline at Week 6 (n=221, 305) | Change from Baseline at Week 8 (n=201, 287) | Change from Baseline at Week 12 (n=179, 253) | Change from Baseline at Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Change from Baseline at Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Change from Baseline at Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Change from Baseline at Ph2 endpoint (n=289, 383) | |
| Lithium | 23.15 | -4.50 | -7.90 | -12.11 | -13.92 | -16.18 | -17.74 | -18.88 | -20.37 | -20.82 | -14.78 |
| Valproate | 22.32 | -4.86 | -7.82 | -10.75 | -13.28 | -14.84 | -16.28 | -17.55 | -17.64 | -19.77 | -14.32 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALP (n=265, 347) | ALT (n=266, 346) | AST (n=266, 346) | CK (n=266, 347) | LD (n=262, 342) | |
| Lithium | 72.0 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 79.0 | 168.0 |
| Valproate | 64.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 91.0 | 173.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | mmHg (Median) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine Systolic BP (SBP) at Baseline (n=286, 372) | Supine SBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=286, 372) | Supine Diastolic BP (DBP) at Baseline(n=286, 372) | Supine DBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=286, 372) | Sitting SBP at Baseline (n=51, 67) | Sitting SBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=51, 67) | Sitting DBP at Baseline (n=51, 67) | Sitting DBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=51, 67) | Standing SBP at Baseline (n=260, 333) | Standing SBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint(n=260,333) | Standing DBP at Baseline (n=260, 333) | Standing DBP Change at Phase 2 Endpoint(n=260,333) | |
| Lithium | 120.0 | 0.0 | 76.0 | 0.0 | 120.0 | 0.0 | 78.0 | 0.0 | 120.0 | 0.0 | 78.5 | 0.0 |
| Valproate | 120.0 | 0.0 | 77.5 | 0.0 | 120.0 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 0.0 | 120.0 | 0.0 | 78.0 | 0.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, Week 24, Week 36, Week 52, Week 52 (LOCF), During Phase 3 (for lowest/highest values)
| Intervention | kg/m^2 (Median) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=161, 160) | Change at Week 12 (n=129, 121) | Change at Week 24 (n=111, 118) | Change at Week 36 (n=89, 98) | Change at Week 52 (n=85, 95) | Change at Week 52 (LOCF) (n=161, 160) | Highest Value During Phase 3 (n=161, 160) | Lowest Value During Phase 3 (n=161, 160) | |
| Aripiprazole | 27.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.1 |
| Placebo | 27.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | -0.4 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | kg/m^2 (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| BMI at Baseline | BMI Change at Phase 2 Endpoint | |
| Lithium | 26.9 | 0.3 |
| Valproate | 27.2 | 0.5 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QTcBazett (QTcB) at Baseline (n=223, 285) | QTcB Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=223, 285) | QTcB (0.33) at Baseline (n=223, 284) | QTcB(0.33) Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=223, 284) | PR at Baseline (n=222, 284) | PR Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=222, 284) | RR at Baseline (n=223, 284) | RR Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=223, 284) | QRS at Baseline (n=223, 284) | QRS Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=223, 284) | |
| Lithium | 415.0 | 4.0 | 403.0 | 4.0 | 154.0 | 2.0 | 845.0 | 0.0 | 90.0 | 0.0 |
| Valproate | 412.0 | -8.0 | 400.0 | -6.0 | 150.0 | -2.0 | 870.0 | 0.0 | 90.0 | -1.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate at Baseline (n=223, 284) | Heart Rate Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=223, 284) | |
| Lithium | 71.0 | 0.0 |
| Valproate | 69.0 | 0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | beats per minute (Median) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine Heart Rate (HR) at Baseline (n=286, 372) | Supine HR Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=286, 372) | Sitting Heart Rate (HR) at Baseline (n=51, 67) | Sitting HR Change at Phase 2 Endpoint (n=51, 67) | Standing HR at Baseline (n=260, 333) | Standing HR Change at Phase 2 Endpoint(n=260, 333) | |
| Lithium | 76.0 | 0.0 | 78.0 | 2.0 | 78.0 | 0.0 |
| Valproate | 74.0 | 0.0 | 82.0 | -2.0 | 78.0 | 0.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | kg (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Weight at Baseline | Weight Change at Phase 2 Endpoint | |
| Lithium | 76.2 | 0.9 |
| Valproate | 76.4 | 1.5 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUN (n=223, 302) | TC (n=245, 318) | Creatine (n=263, 343) | Glucose (n=242, 312) | HDL-C (n=245, 318) | LDL-C (n=245, 318) | Bilirubin (n=265, 347) | Triglycerides (n=245, 318) | Uric Acid (n=266, 347) | |
| Lithium | 11.0 | 182.0 | 0.900 | 92.0 | 47.0 | 105.0 | 0.40 | 112.0 | 5.55 |
| Valproate | 13.0 | 174.0 | 0.900 | 89.0 | 45.0 | 101.0 | 0.40 | 114.0 | 5.10 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percent of total white blood cell count (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Eosinophils, relative (n=266, 347) | Neutrophils, relative (n=266, 346) | |
| Lithium | 2.50 | 67.60 |
| Valproate | 2.20 | 58.10 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest/lowest value)
| Intervention | x 10^3 c/uL (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | Lowest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 7.650 | -0.100 | 1.100 | -1.000 |
| Placebo | 6.900 | 0.150 | 1.100 | -0.900 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest/lowest value)
| Intervention | x10^9 c/L (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | Lowest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 254.0 | -3.5 | 17.5 | -22.0 |
| Placebo | 252.0 | -1.0 | 26.0 | -27.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 80.0 | -2.0 | 0.0 | -4.0 |
| Placebo | 80.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | -4.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | beats per minute ? (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 76.0 | -2.0 | 4.0 | -2.0 |
| Placebo | 78.0 | -4.0 | 3.0 | -4.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 120.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | -6.0 |
| Placebo | 120.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | -3.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 78.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -6.0 |
| Placebo | 78.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | beats per minute (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 78.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | -6.0 |
| Placebo | 78.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -7.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 79.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -6.0 |
| Placebo | 78.0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | -6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | beats per minute (bpm) (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 74.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 | -5.0 |
| Placebo | 74.0 | 0.0 | 7.5 | -5.5 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, During Phase 3 (for highest/lowest values), Week 52
| Intervention | mm Hg (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 (LOCF) | Highest Change Value During Phase 3 | Lowest Change Value During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 120.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | -8.0 |
| Placebo | 120.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | -6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline in Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 100.0 | 0.0 | 16.5 |
| Placebo | 104.5 | 3.5 | 16.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 62.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Placebo | 60.5 | 1.0 | 8.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 20.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 |
| Placebo | 19.5 | -1.0 | 6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 22.0 | -1.0 | 6.0 |
| Placebo | 20.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 12.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Placebo | 11.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 91.5 | -2.0 | 28.0 |
| Placebo | 82.0 | 5.0 | 33.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.900 | 0.000 | 0.100 |
| Placebo | 0.900 | 0.000 | 0.100 |
The change values reported are the median of (post baseline percentage (of white blood cell count) minus baseline percentage (of white blood cell count). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | percent of total white blood cell count (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 2.20 | -0.10 | 0.90 |
| Placebo | 2.30 | 0.00 | 0.80 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 90.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Placebo | 90.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | bpm (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Heart Rate | Lowest Value of Change in Heart Rate | |
| Aripiprazole | 69.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | -2.0 |
| Placebo | 70.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | -3.0 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 1.0 for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-IR is a proportion of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value
| Intervention | proportion of 'normal function' (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.06 | -0.13 | 0.37 |
| Placebo | 1.24 | -0.13 | 0.20 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses beta-cell function (HOMA2-%β) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 100% for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-%Beta is a percentage of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value
| Intervention | percentage of 'normal function' (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 106.90 | 8.50 | 5.30 |
| Placebo | 120.0 | -6.35 | -10.85 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 171.0 | 0.0 | 19.0 |
| Placebo | 161.0 | 4.0 | 25.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | percent of total white blood cell count (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 62.60 | -0.55 | -6.20 |
| Placebo | 61.55 | -1.30 | -6.45 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in PR | |
| Aripiprazole | 150.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 |
| Placebo | 155.0 | -2.0 | 2.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | ng/mL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline in Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 6.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Placebo | 7.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in QRS | |
| Aripiprazole | 90.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Placebo | 89.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in QTc Bazett | |
| Aripiprazole | 410.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 |
| Placebo | 415.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in QTc (0.33) | |
| Aripiprazole | 400.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 |
| Placebo | 404.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | msecs (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in RR | Lowest Value of Change in RR | |
| Aripiprazole | 870.0 | -4.0 | 20.0 | -42.0 |
| Placebo | 857.0 | 3.0 | 38.0 | -15.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
| Placebo | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 181.0 | -0.5 | 20.5 |
| Placebo | 180.0 | 5.0 | 18.5 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change During Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 134.5 | 0.0 | 42.0 |
| Placebo | 130.0 | 4.0 | 37.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for highest value)
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 52 LOCF | Highest Value of Change in Uric Acid | |
| Aripiprazole | 5.75 | 0.00 | 0.50 |
| Placebo | 5.50 | -0.10 | 0.65 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for lowest value
| Intervention | mg/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Lowest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 45.0 | -1.0 | -5.0 |
| Placebo | 46.0 | -1.0 | -5.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for lowest value)
| Intervention | percentage of total blood volume (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Lowest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 42.15 | -0.30 | -1.90 |
| Placebo | 41.40 | -0.40 | -1.60 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (LOCF), Throughout Phase 3 (for lowest value)
| Intervention | g/dL (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 52 LOCF | Lowest Value of Change in Phase 3 | |
| Aripiprazole | 14.00 | -0.10 | -0.60 |
| Placebo | 13.80 | -0.10 | -0.50 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALP (n=265, 347) | ALT (n=266, 346) | AST (n=266, 346) | CK (n=266, 347) | LD (n=262, 342) | |
| Lithium | -2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -1.0 | -3.0 |
| Valproate | -2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | -2.0 | -1.0 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | U/L (Median) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUN (n=223, 302) | TC (n=245, 318) | Creatine (n=263, 343) | Glucose (n=242, 312) | HDL-C (n=245, 318) | LDL-C (n=245, 318) | Bilirubin (n=265, 347) | Triglycerides (n=245, 318) | Uric Acid (n=266, 347) | |
| Lithium | 0.0 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | -1.0 | -4.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | -0.10 |
| Valproate | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.10 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | percent of total white blood cell count (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Eosinophils, relative (n=266, 347) | Neutrophils, relative (n=266, 346) | |
| Lithium | -0.40 | 0.25 |
| Valproate | -0.20 | 0.60 |
Remission is defined as Y-MRS Total Score <=12 and MADRS Total Score <=12. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52. Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Week 8 (n=152, 145) | Week 12 (n=144, 136) | Week 16 (n=138, 131) | Week 20 (n=131, 127) | Week 24 (n=115, 122) | Week 28 (n=114, 122) | Week 32 (n=104, 119) | Week 36 (n=99, 108) | Week 40 (n=100, 110) | Week 44 (n=91, 109) | Week 48 (n=92, 102) | Week 52 (n=89, 97) | |
| Aripiprazole | 142 | 136 | 126 | 126 | 117 | 119 | 115 | 112 | 104 | 109 | 102 | 101 | 95 |
| Placebo | 142 | 138 | 133 | 122 | 115 | 107 | 100 | 99 | 91 | 93 | 81 | 85 | 82 |
Relevant weight gain: >=7% increase from baseline (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, 52 (LOCF), and throughout Phase 3 (for 'at any time' assessment)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight Gain at Week 12 (n=129, 121) | Weight Gain at Week 24 (n=111, 118) | Weight Gain at Week 36 (n=89, 98) | Weight Gain at Week 52 (n=85, 95) | Weight Gain at Week 52 (LOCF) (n=161, 160) | Weight Gain at Any Time (n=163, 164) | |
| Aripiprazole | 6 | 11 | 12 | 18 | 22 | 29 |
| Placebo | 3 | 6 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 23 |
Relevant weight loss: >=7% decrease from baseline (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, 52 (LOCF), and throughout Phase 3 (for 'at any time' assessment)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight Gain at Week 12 (n=129, 121) | Weight Gain at Week 24 (n=111, 118) | Weight Gain at Week 36 (n=89, 98) | Weight Gain at Week 52 (n=85, 95) | Weight Gain at Week 52 (LOCF) (n=161, 160) | Weight Gain at Any Time (n=163, 164) | |
| Aripiprazole | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 18 |
| Placebo | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 13 | 18 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any EPS Medications | Cardiovascular System-Propanolol | Nervous System-Benztropine | Nervous System-Biperiden | Nervous System-Trihexyphenidyl | |
| Aripiprazole | 40 | 21 | 19 | 2 | 10 |
| Placebo | 36 | 18 | 10 | 4 | 11 |
Sinus Tachycardia: ≥120bpm+↑≥15bpm+no current diagnosis of supraventricular (SV) or ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter or other rhythm abnormality (RA). Sinus Bradycardia:≥50bpm+↓≥15bpm+no current diagnosis of AF or flutter or other RA. AF:not present→present or present at rate <100bpm pretreatment to present with rate ≥100bpm+increase of ≥15bpm. AV=atrioventricular; PR=PR interval. Other Intraventricular Block: QRS wave ≥0.12 sec+↑≥0.02 sec+no current diagnosis of left or right bundle branch block. Old Infarction not present→present at ≥12 weeks post study entry. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tachycardia ≥ 120 bpm and ↑ ≥ 15 bpm | Bradycardia ≤ 50 bpm and ↓ 15 bpm | Sinus Tachycardia (see description) | Sinus Bradycardia (see description) | SV Premature Beat - not present → present | Ventricular Premature Beat - not present → present | SV Tachycardia not present → present | Ventricular Tachycardia not present → present | Atrial Fibrillation (see description) | Atrial Flutter not present → present | 1st Degree AV Block PR ≥0.20 sec and ↑ ≥0.05 sec | 2nd Degree AV Block not present → present | 3rd Degree AV Block not present → present | Left Bundle Branch Block not present → present | Right Bundle Branch Block not present → present | Pre-excitation Syndrome not present → present | Other Intraventricular Block (see description) | Acute Infarction not present → present | Subacute (Recent) Infarction not present → present | Old Infarction not present → present at >=12 weeks | Myocardial Ischemia not present → present | Symmetrical T-Wave Inversion not present → present | QTc Bazett (QTcB) > 450 msec | QTc Frederica (QTcF) > 450 msec | QTcB > 500 msec | QTcF > 500 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 60 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 60 msec | |
| Lithium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 28 | 21 | 2 | 1 |
| Valproate | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 11 | 4 | 0 |
Sinus Tachycardia: ≥120bpm+↑≥15bpm+no current diagnosis of supraventricular (SV) or ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter or other rhythm abnormality (RA). Sinus Bradycardia:≥50bpm+↓≥15bpm+no current diagnosis of AF or flutter or other RA. AF:not present→present or present at rate <100bpm pretreatment to present with rate ≥100bpm+increase of ≥15bpm. AV=atrioventricular; PR=PR interval. Other Intraventricular Block: QRS wave ≥0.12 sec+↑≥0.02 sec+no current diagnosis of left or right bundle branch block. Old Infarction not present→present at ≥12 weeks post study entry. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tachycardia ≥ 120 bpm and ↑ ≥ 15 bpm | Bradycardia ≤ 50 bpm and ↓ 15 bpm | Sinus Tachycardia (see description) | Sinus Bradycardia (see description) | SV Premature Beat - not present → present | Ventricular Premature Beat - not present → present | SV Tachycardia not present → present | Ventricular Tachycardia not present → present | Atrial Fibrillation (see description) | Atrial Flutter not present → present | 1st Degree AV Block PR ≥0.20 sec and ↑ ≥0.05 sec | 2nd Degree AV Block not present → present | 3rd Degree AV Block not present → present | Left Bundle Branch Block not present → present | Right Bundle Branch Block not present → present | Pre-excitation Syndrome not present → present | Other Intraventricular Block (see description) | Acute Infarction not present → present | Subacute (Recent) Infarction not present → present | Old Infarction (see description) | Myocardial Ischemia not present → present | Symmetrical T-Wave Inversion not present → present | QTc Bazett (QTcB) > 450 msec | QTc Frederica (QTcF) > 450 msec | QTcB > 500 msec | QTcF > 500 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 30 msec | QTcB Change from Baseline > 60 msec | QTcF Change from Baseline > 60 msec | |
| Lithium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 2 |
| Valproate | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 20 | 4 | 3 |
ULN=upper limit of normal; HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein. Values for ULN are provided by the lab in the database and could be different for each individual patient based on characteristics such as age, gender, or other patient attributes. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaline Phosphatase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=272, 360) | Alanine Aminotransferase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=273, 359) | Aspartate Aminotransferase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=273, 359) | Blood Urea Nitrogen ≥ 30 mg/dL (n=225, 312) | Creatine Kinase >= 3 x ULN (n=273, 360) | Creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL (n=271, 359) | Lactate Dehydrogenase >= 3 x ULN (n=270, 358) | Prolactin > ULN (n=231, 306) | Bilirubin Total ≥ 2.0 mg/dL (n=n=272, 360) | Uric Acid ≥10.5mg/dL(M)/≥8.5mg/dL(F) (n=273, 360) | Total Calcium ≤8.2 mg/dL or ≥12 mg/dL (n=273, 360) | Chloride Serum ≤90 mEq/L or ≥118 mEq/L(n=273, 360) | Potassium Serum ≤2.5 mEq/L/≥6.5 mEq/L(n=271, 358) | Sodium Serum ≤126 mEq/L/≥156 mEq/L (n=273, 360) | Hematocrit ≤37(M)/≤32(F)+3 pts↓from BL(n=272, 358) | Hemoglobin ≤11.5 g/dL(M)/≤9.5 g/dL(F) (n=272, 359) | Leukocytes <=2800 mm^3 or >=16000 mm^3(n=272, 358) | Eosinophils Relative (Calculated) ≥10%(n=272, 358) | Neutrophils Relative (Calculated) ≤15%(n=272, 358) | Platelets ≤75,000 mm^3/≥700,000 mm^3 (n=268, 357) | Urine Glucose-any glucose in the urine(n=269,357) | Urine Protein Increase of ≥ 2 units (n=269, 357) | Glucose (Non-fasting) ≥200 mg/dL (n=78, 89) | Glucose (Fasting) ≥ 126 mg/dL (n=251, 332) | HDL Cholesterol (combined) <40 mg/dL (n=273, 360) | HDL Cholesterol (Fasting) <40 mg/dL (n=252, 332) | HDL Cholesterol (Non-fasting) <40 mg/dL (n=79, 91) | Total Cholesterol (Combined) ≥240 mg/dL(n=273,360) | Total Cholesterol (Fasting) ≥240 mg/dL (n=252,332) | Total Cholesterol (Non-fasting) ≥240mg/dL(n=79,92) | LDL Cholesterol (Combined) ≥160 mg/dL (n=273, 360) | LDL Cholesterol (Fasting) ≥160 mg/dL (n=252, 332) | LDL Cholesterol (Non-fasting) ≥160 mg/dL (n=79,91) | Triglycerides (Combined) ≥ 200 mg/dL (n=273, 360) | Triglycerides (Non-Fasting) ≥ 200 mg/dL (n=79, 93) | Triglycerides (Fasting) ≥ 200 mg/dL (n=252, 332) | |
| Lithium | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 42 | 94 | 85 | 20 | 37 | 32 | 7 | 30 | 28 | 4 | 88 | 25 | 73 |
| Valproate | 0 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 20 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 28 | 131 | 117 | 31 | 53 | 49 | 11 | 47 | 44 | 8 | 108 | 33 | 85 |
ULN=upper limit of normal; Hb=hemoglobin (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaline Phosphatase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=166,165) | Alanine Aminotransferase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=166,165) | Aspartate Aminotransferase ≥ 3 x ULN (n=166,165) | Blood Urea Nitrogen ≥ 30 mg/dL (n=139, 138) | Creatine Kinase (n=166,165) | Creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL (n=166,164) | Lactate Dehydrogenase (n=166,164) | Prolactin > ULN (n=163, 158) | Bilirubin Total ≥ 2.0 mg/dL (n=166, 165) | Uric Acid≥10.5 mg/dL(M)/≥ 8.5 mg/dL(F)(n=166, 165) | Total Calcium ≤8.2 mg/dL or ≥12 mg/dL (n=166, 165) | Chloride Serum ≤90 mEq/L or ≥118 mEq/L(n=166, 165) | Potassium Serum ≤2.5 or ≥6.5 mEq/L (n=166, 164) | Sodium Serum ≤126 or ≥156 mEq/L (n=166, 165) | Hematocrit ≤37(M) or ≤32(F)3 poi (n=166, 164) | Hb ≤11.5 g/dl (M) / ≤9.5 g/dL (F) (n=166, 164) | Leukocytes (n=166, 164) | Eosinophils Relative (Calculated) ≥10 (n=166, 164) | Neutrophils Relative (Calculated) ≤15 (n=166, 164) | Platelet Count (n=165, 162) | Urine Glucose (n=166, 165) | Urine Protein (n=166, 165) | Glucose (non-fasting) (n=38, 28) | Glucose (fasting) (n=159, 158) | HDL Cholesterol (combined) (n=166, 165) | HDL Cholesterol (fasting) (n=160, 159) | HDL Cholesterol (non-fasting) (n=38, 27) | Total Cholesterol (combined) (n=166, 165) | Total Cholesterol (fasting) (n=160, 159) | Total Cholesterol (non-fasting) (n=38, 27) | LDL Cholesterol (combined) (n=166, 165) | LDL Cholesterol (fasting) (n=160, 159) | LDL Cholesterol (non-fasting) (n=38, 27) | Triglycerides (combined) (n=166, 165) | Triglycerides (non-fasting) (n=38, 28) | Triglycerides (fasting) (n=160,159) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 27 | 91 | 88 | 11 | 38 | 35 | 7 | 23 | 22 | 3 | 67 | 15 | 63 |
| Placebo | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 26 | 81 | 76 | 20 | 28 | 27 | 3 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 59 | 16 | 48 |
Heart Rate: increase, ≥120 beats per minute (bpm) and ≥15 relative to baseline (RBL); decrease, ≤50 bpm and ≥15 RBL. Systolic BP: increase, ≥180 mmHg and ≥20 RBL; decrease, ≤90 mmHg and ≥20 RBL. Diastolic BP: increase, ≥105 mmHg and ≥15 RBL; decrease, ≤50 mmHg and ≥15 RBL. For patients missing a baseline value, an on-treatment value was considered potentially clinically relevant if the value meets the criterion value. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 2 (a 13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) - Standing Increase | SBP - Standing Decrease | SBP - Supine Increase | SBP - Supine Decrease | SBP - Sitting Increase | SBP - Sitting Decrease | Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) - Standing Increase | DBP - Standing Decrease | DBP - Supine Increase | DBP - Supine Decrease | DBP - Sitting Increase | DBP - Sitting Decrease | Heart Rate - Standing Increase | Heart Rate - Standing Decrease | Heart Rate - Supine Increase | Heart Rate - Supine Decrease | Heart Rate - Sitting Increase | Heart Rate - Sitting Decrease | Weight - Increase | Weight - Decrease | |
| Lithium | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 15 |
| Valproate | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 46 | 6 |
Heart Rate: increase, ≥120 beats per minute (bpm) and ≥15 relative to baseline (RBL); decrease, ≤50 bpm and ≥15 RBL. Systolic BP: increase, ≥180 mmHg and ≥20 RBL; decrease, ≤90 mmHg and ≥20 RBL. Diastolic BP: increase, ≥105 mmHg and ≥15 RBL; decrease, ≤50 mmHg and ≥15 RBL. For patients missing a baseline value, an on-treatment value was considered potentially clinically relevant if the value meets the criterion value. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP- Standing Increase (n=145, 147) | SBP- Standing Decrease (n=145, 147) | SBP- Supine Increase (n=165, 164) | SBP- Supine Decrease (n=165, 164) | SBP- Sitting Increase (n=41, 47) | SBP- Sitting Decrease (n=41, 47) | DBP- Standing Increase (n=145, 147) | DBP- Standing Decrease (n=145, 147) | DBP- Supine Increase (n=165, 164) | DBP- Supine Decrease (n=165, 164) | DBP- Sitting Increase (n=41, 47) | DBP- Sitting Decrease (n=41, 47) | HR- Standing Increase (n=145, 147) | HR- Standing Decrease (n=145, 147) | HR- Supine Increase (n=165, 164) | HR- Supine Decrease (n=165, 164) | HR- Sitting Increase (n=41, 47) | HR- Sitting Decrease (n=41, 47) | |
| Aripiprazole | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Placebo | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Kaplan Meier estimated survival rate. Relapse is defined as any of the following events accompanied by a YMRS > 16 and/or a MADRS > 16; serious adverse event of worsening disease, or discontinuation by the investigator for lack of efficacy. A hospitalization for a manic, mixed, or depressive episode does meet the criteria for relapse, however does not require an accompanying Y-MRS and/or MADRS score > 16. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 of phase 3
| Intervention | proportion of participants (Number) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion at Week 0 (n=169, 168) | Proportion at Week 4 (n=153, 148) | Proportion at Week 8 (n=148, 139) | Proportion at Week 12 (n=142, 133) | Proportion at Week 16 (n=132, 130) | Proportion at Week 20 (n=123, 128) | Proportion at Week 24 (n=115, 125) | Proportion at Week 28 (n=107, 121) | Proportion at Week 32 (n=104, 114) | Proportion at Week 36 (n=101, 111) | Proportion at Week 40 (n=98, 110) | Proportion at Week 44 (n=94, 107) | Proportion at Week 48 (n=91, 98) | Proportion at Week 52 (n=6, 8) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| Placebo | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rate. Criteria for relapse include one or more of the following: relapse is defined as any of the following events accompanied by a Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS) >16 and/or a Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) >16; serious adverse event of worsening disease, or discontinuation by the investigator for lack of efficacy. A hospitalization for a manic, mixed, or depressive episode does meet the criteria for relapse, however does not require an accompanying Y-MRS and/or MADRS score >16. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 of phase 3
| Intervention | proportion of participants (Number) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion at Week 0 (n=169,168) | Proportion at Week 4 (n=153,148) | Proportion at Week 8 (n=148,139) | Proportion at Week 12 (n=142,133) | Proportion at Week 16 (n=132,130) | Proportion at Week 20 (n=122,128) | Proportion at Week 24 (n=113,125) | Proportion at Week 28 (n=105,121) | Proportion at Week 32 (n=102,115) | Proportion at Week 36 (n=99, 111) | Proportion at Week 40 (n=95,110) | Proportion at Week 44 (n=91,107) | Proportion at Week 48 (n=88, 98) | Proportion at Week 52 (n=5, 8) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
| Placebo | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rate. Criteria for relapse include one or more of the following: hospitalization for a manic, mixed or depressive episode; serious adverse event of worsening disease under study accompanied by a Y-MRS > 16 and/or a MADRS > 16; discontinuation due to lack of efficacy as determined by the investigator accompanied by a Y-MRS > 16 and/or a MADRS > 16. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Week 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 of Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | proportion of participants (Number) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion at Week 0 (n=169, 168) | Proportion at Week 4 (n=153, 148) | Proportion at Week 8 (n=148, 139) | Proportion at Week 12 (n=142, 133) | Proportion at Week 16 (n=131, 130) | Proportion at Week 20 (n=122, 128) | Proportion at Week 24 (n=113, 125) | Proportion at Week 28 (n=105, 121) | Proportion at Week 32 (n=102, 114) | Proportion at Week 36 (n=99, 111) | Proportion at Week 40 (n=95, 110) | Proportion at Week 44 (n=91,107) | Proportion at Week 48 (n=88, 98) | Proportion at Week 52 (n=5, 8) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
| Placebo | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. By Common Terminology Criteria Version 3.0 (CTC v3) Grade (Gr): Gr 1 (mild); Gr 2 (moderate); Gr 3 (severe); Gr 4 (life-threatening); Gr 5 (death). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: During Phase 2. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Adverse Event | Mild/Grade 1 | Moderate/Grade 2 | Severe/Grade 3 | Very Severe/Grade 4 | |
| Lithium | 226 | 172 | 109 | 20 | 2 |
| Valproate | 287 | 219 | 165 | 31 | 1 |
AE is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a pre-existing medical condition. By Common Terminology Criteria Version 3.0 (CTC v3) Grade (Gr): Gr 1 (mild); Gr 2 (moderate); Gr 3 (severe); Gr 4 (life-threatening); Gr 5 (death). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Phase 3 (A 52-Week Assessment of Relapse Phase following Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants <= 50 Years (n=132, 131) | Participants >50 Years (n=34, 36) | Male Participants (n=70, 81) | Female Participants (n=96, 86) | White Participants (n=63, 74) | Non-White Participants (n=42, 31) | Participants with Mild/Grade 1 AE | Participants with Moderate/Grade 2 AE | Participants with Severe/Grade 3 AE | Participants with Very Severe/Grade 4 AE | |
| Aripiprazole | 84 | 21 | 47 | 58 | 74 | 31 | 75 | 55 | 9 | 2 |
| Placebo | 81 | 24 | 45 | 60 | 63 | 42 | 75 | 53 | 11 | 1 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from baseline (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Weeks 1, 2, 4,6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (BL) (n=289, 383) | Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=275, 370) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=267, 354) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 326) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 252) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,383) | |
| Lithium | 2.16 | -0.16 | -0.22 | -0.29 | -0.31 | -0.30 | -0.17 | -0.21 | -0.27 | -0.23 | -0.16 |
| Valproate | 2.33 | -0.19 | -0.33 | -0.39 | -0.43 | -0.37 | -0.35 | -0.36 | -0.37 | -0.46 | -0.26 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (BL) (n=289, 383) | Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=275, 370) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=267, 354) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 326) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 252) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,383) | |
| Lithium | 4.25 | -0.52 | -1.05 | -1.56 | -1.86 | -2.17 | -2.31 | -2.57 | -2.71 | -2.73 | -1.90 |
| Valproate | 4.08 | -0.53 | -0.97 | -1.31 | -1.62 | -1.80 | -1.99 | -2.17 | -2.14 | -2.38 | -1.66 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being very much improved and 7 being very much worse). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=274, 368) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=265, 353) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 325) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 250) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,382) | |
| Lithium | 3.56 | 3.42 | 3.35 | 3.22 | 3.13 | 3.28 | 3.30 | 3.24 | 2.91 | 3.30 |
| Valproate | 3.40 | 3.25 | 3.19 | 3.13 | 3.11 | 3.06 | 2.99 | 3.18 | 3.15 | 3.26 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall change from preceding phase items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being very much improved and 7 being very much worse). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4,6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=274, 369) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=265, 353) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 325) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 252) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,382) | |
| Lithium | 3.15 | 2.61 | 2.14 | 1.95 | 1.73 | 1.66 | 1.54 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 1.95 |
| Valproate | 3.09 | 2.58 | 2.24 | 1.97 | 1.80 | 1.65 | 1.61 | 1.68 | 1.67 | 1.94 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline (in this case, preceding phase) in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being very much improved and 7 being very much worse). (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=274, 369) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=265, 353) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 325) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 252) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,382) | |
| Lithium | 3.20 | 2.70 | 2.27 | 2.11 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 1.74 | 1.81 | 1.68 | 2.26 |
| Valproate | 3.13 | 2.69 | 2.40 | 2.19 | 2.08 | 1.94 | 1.80 | 1.90 | 1.82 | 2.37 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change from baseline in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on mania, depression and overall bipolar illness items on a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Phase 2), 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 4 (n=160, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 8 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 12 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 16 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 20 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 24 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 28 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 32 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 36 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 40 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 44 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 48 (n=164, 162) | Mean Change from Baseline to Week 52 (n=164, 162) | |
| Aripiprazole | 1.54 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| Placebo | 1.54 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
The AIMS is an assessment of movement dysfunctions. It is a 12-item instrument assessing abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs and 'spontaneous' motor disturbance related to the illness itself. Scoring the AIMS consists of rating the severity of movement in 3 main anatomic areas (facial/oral, extremities, and trunk), based on a five-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). The AIMS Total Score has a possible range from 0 to 28. Negative change scores indicate improvement in movement dysfunction. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.10 |
| Valproate | 0.08 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from baseline (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline (end of Ph 1), Weeks 1, 2, 4,6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and Phase 2 Endpoint. Phase 2 (13- to 24-week Stability and Maintenance of Stability Phase, which followed a 2- to 8-week Screening, Washout, and Confirmation of Partial Nonresponse Phase)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Baseline (BL) (n=289, 383) | Mean Change from BL to Week 1 (n=275, 370) | Mean Change from BL to Week 2 (n=267, 354) | Mean Change from BL to Week 4 (n=245, 326) | Mean Change from BL to Week 6 (n=219, 305) | Mean Change from BL to Week 8 (n=200, 287) | Mean Change from BL to Week 12 (n=179, 252) | Mean Change from BL to Week 16 (n=138, 193) | Mean Change from BL to Week 20 (n=59, 99) | Mean Change from BL to Week 24 (n=22, 39) | Mean Change from BL to Phase 2 Endpoint(n=289,383) | |
| Lithium | 4.22 | -0.58 | -1.15 | -1.73 | -2.04 | -2.40 | -2.60 | -2.83 | -2.93 | -2.91 | -2.21 |
| Valproate | 4.06 | -0.58 | -1.06 | -1.45 | -1.82 | -2.06 | -2.27 | -2.40 | -2.32 | -2.56 | -2.01 |
The Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale is a 4-item scale to assess presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia, including both objective items and subjective items, together with a global clinical assessment of akathisia. Global assessment is made on a scale of 0 to 5 with comprehensive definitions provided for each anchor point on scale: 0=absent; 1=questionable; 2=mild akathisia; 3=moderate akathisia; 4=marked akathisia; 5=severe akathisia. Score has a possible range from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe akathisia). Negative change scores indicate improvement in akathisia. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.09 |
| Valproate | 0.14 |
The SAS is a 10-item instrument used to evaluate the presence and severity of parkinsonian symptomatology. It is the most commonly used rating scale for Parkinsonism in clinical trials over the past 25 years. The ten items focus on rigidity rather than bradykinesia, and do not assess subjective rigidity or slowness. Items are rated for severity on a 0-4 scale, with definitions given for each anchor point. The total SAS Score has a possible range from 10 to 50.(lower score=less severe). Negative change scores indicate improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 10.28 |
| Valproate | 10.30 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Extension Phase Endpoint. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.05 |
| Aripiprazole | -0.35 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Extension Phase Endpoint. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.16 |
| Aripiprazole | 0.00 |
Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assesses global illness severity and change in patients with bipolar disorder. Patients are rated on Change from Preceding Phase (mania, depression and overall bipolar illness) items (also a 7-point scale [1 to 7], with 1 being normal and 7 being very severely ill). A negative change score signifies improvement. (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline, Extension Phase Endpoint. LTE Phase (A 72-week Extension Phase [until study unblinding] following Phase 3 [52 weeks], Phase 2 [13 to 24 weeks] and Phase 1 [2 to 8 weeks])
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.11 |
| Aripiprazole | -0.35 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percentage of total blood volume (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 41.30 |
| Valproate | 41.10 |
(NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | g/dL (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 13.75 |
| Valproate | 13.80 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses beta-cell function (HOMA2-%β) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 100% for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-%Beta is a percentage of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percentage of 'normal function' (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 99.95 |
| Valproate | 118.70 |
HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta-cell function. These are model-based calculations that use fasting insulin and glucose concentrations in order to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. The HOMA2 model assesses insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) relative to expected normal function (indexed to 1.0 for normal function) and is based on predictions from experimental human data on the relationship between insulin and glucose in a fasted state. HOMA2-IR is a proportion of 'normal function.' (NCT00261443)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | proportion of 'normal function' (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 1.14 |
| Valproate | 1.42 |
Patients who were alive at the specified time after enrollment (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: 6 months after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Treated Patients | 10 |
Recurrence or progression of the malignant disease that was the reason for hematopoietic cell transplantation (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: 2 years after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Treated Patients | 1 |
Death without prior recurrent or progressive malignancy after transplantation. (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: 2 years after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Treated Patients | 13 |
Medical condition that made the greatest contribution in causing death (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: up to 6 years after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recurrent or progressive malignancy | Acute graft-versus-host disease | Chronic GVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans | Infection | Multiorgan failure | Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage | Hemolytic uremic syndrome | |
| Treated Patients | 2 | 11 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Any systemic medication given in an effort to control graft-versus-host disease (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: Up to 100 days after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methotrexate | Pentostatin | Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin | Mycophenolate mofetil | Tacrolimus | Infliximab | Etanercept | Alemtuzumab | Sirolimus | |
| Treated Patients | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Patients who were alive at the specified time point (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: 2 years after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm I | 7 |
Patients who were alive at the specified time point (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: 1 year after enrollment
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Treated Patients | 8 |
Number of days from beginning of orally administered lithium carbonate to the end of orally administered lithium carbonate (NCT00408681)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months
| Intervention | days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Treated Patients | 30.5 |
Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR) >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD) >=20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD), small changes that do not meet the above criteria. (NCT00501540)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complete Response (CR) | Partial Response (PR) | Progressive Disease (PD) | Stable Disease (SD) | |
| Lithium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Progression is defined using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0), as a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, or a measurable increase in a non-target lesion, or the appearance of new lesions. Progression free survival is measured from the date of entry on the study to the appearance of new metastatic lesions or objective tumor progression. If a participant did not experience an event of disease progression or death at the time of analysis (03/10/2011), then the patient's data was censored at the date of the last available evaluation. (NCT00501540)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 4.50 |
Overall survival for a participant is defined as the number of days from the day of first Lithium administration to the participant's death. As of the time of analysis (03/10/2011), median overall survival duration was not reached. (NCT00501540)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years
| Intervention | participants (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | NA |
17-item HDRS is gold standard for measurement of depression with a range from 0 - 52. 10 - 14: mild depression; 14-20 moderate depression; >20: severe and very severe depression. (NCT00596622)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline 17-item HDRS | After 8 weeks lithium treatment | |
| Bipolar Depressed Participants Treated | 20 | 2 |
| Bipolar Euthymic Subjects Treated | 6 | 2 |
| Bipolar Manic Subjects Treated | 6 | 3 |
Gold standard scale to measure mania, Range 0 - 60; 12 - 15 mild mania; 15 - 20 moderate mania; >20 severe mania (NCT00596622)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline 17-item YMRS | Post 8 week treatment YMRS | |
| Bipolar Depressed Subjects Treated | 3 | 2 |
| Bipolar Euthymic Subjects Treated | 1 | 2 |
| Bipolar Manic Subjects Treated | 15 | 3 |
These subjects must be responders. (NCT00602537)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 12 and 36
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Any depression | Any subsyndromal hypomania | |
| Antidepressant Therapy | 15 | 3 |
| Mood Stabilizer Therapy | 11 | 3 |
"These subjects must be responders. Outcome measures were obtained at continuation weeks. Participant would be considered depressive relapse if relapsed by any of these times." (NCT00602537)
Timeframe: Weeks 16, 20, 24, 30, 36
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Antidepressant Therapy | 3 |
| Mood Stabilizer Therapy | 4 |
"The MADRS is a 10-item measure and has a fixed scaling of seven points (from 0 through 6), with 0 representing sypmtoms that are not present and 6 being the most severe symptoms. When completed, the sum of each individual item is taken to create an overall score.~Overall scores:~0 to 6 - normal /symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression" (NCT00667745)
Timeframe: Measured over 6 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPT With Lithium | 8.20 |
| OPT Without Lithium | 8.84 |
The scale has 11 items and is based on the patient's subjective report of his or her clinical condition over the previous 48 hours. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale with 0 indicating that symptoms are absent and 8 indicating that symptoms are severe (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/aggressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale, with 0 indicating that symptoms are absent and 4 indicating that symptoms are severe (Elevated mood, increased motor activity-energy, sexual interest, sleep, language-thought disorder, appearance, and insight). Total scores can vary from 0-60, with 0 indicating that symptoms are completely absent and 60 indicating that the patient is severely manic. (NCT00667745)
Timeframe: Measured over 6 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPT With Lithium | 6.35 |
| OPT Without Lithium | 5.79 |
"Metric Definition (Necessary Clinical Adjustments (NCA)): Medication adjustments to reduce symptoms, optimize treatment response and functioning, or to address intolerable side effects. This was determined with the Medication Recommendation Tracking Form (MRTF), a novel method for capturing physician prescribing behavior and clinical decision making.~Range: whole numbers~Relevant time points: Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24." (NCT00667745)
Timeframe: Measured over 6 months
| Intervention | Adjustments (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPT With Lithium | 1.17 |
| OPT Without Lithium | 1.26 |
"Scale: Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorder Severity (CGI-BP-S) Construct: This scale holistically measures severity of a participant's depression, mania, and overall illness.~Range: 0- not assessed, 1-normal (not at all ill), 2- borderline mentally ill, 3- mildly ill, 4- moderately ill, 5- markedly ill, 6- severely ill, 7- among the most extremely ill patients." (NCT00667745)
Timeframe: Relevant time points: baseline and week 24
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPT With Lithium | -1.22 |
| OPT Without Lithium | -1.48 |
The Modified Scale for Suicide Ideation (MSSI) assesses the presence of absence of suicide ideation and the degree of severity of suicidal ideas. The time frame is from the point of interview and the previous 48 hours. It uses 13 items from the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) and 5 new items. The modifications increased both reliability and validity. The scale was also changed to range from 0 to 3, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 54. A total score is attained by summing all of the items. A score between 0-8 indicates low suicidal ideation; 9-20 indiciates mild-moderate suicidal ideation; 21+ indicates severe suicidal ideation. (NCT00667745)
Timeframe: Measured over 6 months
| Intervention | units of scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPT With Lithium | 0.73 |
| OPT Without Lithium | 1.10 |
The ability to complete the study period on lithium at a serum concentration of at least 0.4 mEq/L. (NCT00703677)
Timeframe: 28 weeks
| Intervention | Subject (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 1 |
Subjects receiving 80% or more of the prescribed doses between study visits were considered compliant. (NCT00703677)
Timeframe: 28 weeks
| Intervention | Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 14 |
Changes of Motor Scores (0 ~ 100), Pin Prick Scores (0 ~ 112) and Light Touch Scores (0 ~ 112) from Baseline to Week 6 and Month 6. The higher the changes the better the functional improvement. (NCT00750061)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| change light touch score (wk6-d0) | change light touch score (m6-d0) | change pin-prick score (wk6-d0) | change pin-prick score (m6-d0) | change motor score (wk6-d0) | change motor score (m6-d0) | |
| Lithium Carbonate | 0 | -0.766 | 0.053 | -0.982 | 0 | 1.316 |
| Placebo | -0.158 | 2.208 | 0.053 | 1.906 | -1 | 0.844 |
Changes from Baseline to Week 6 and Month 6 in Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor subscale (0 ~ 91, the higher the better), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain (0 ~ 100, the less the better) (NCT00750061)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| change in FIM (Wk6 - D0) | change in FIM (M6 - D0) | change in VAS (Wk6 - D0) | change in VAS (M6 - D0) | |
| Lithium Carbonate | -0.3 | 0.04 | -9.3 | -9.3 |
| Placebo | 0.2 | 3.5 | 1.0 | -0.9 |
Self-rated sleeping quality measured by PSQI (Scale 0-21, subscales 0-3, 18 questions, where a lower value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -4.77 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -4.96 |
| Add-on Lithium | -3.51 |
Self rating assessment of working productivity using WPAI:GH (Scale 0 to number of hours worked during a week multiplied with the salary in Euro, a lower value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -233 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -185 |
| Add-on Lithium | -299 |
Number of patients in remission with one previous treatment failure and with total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≤10. MADRS scale has range from 0 to 60, where the lower score indicates the better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 22 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 42 |
| Add-on Lithium | 31 |
Number of patients in remission with two previous treatment failure and with total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≤10. MADRS scale has range from 0 to 60, where the lower score indicates the better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 31 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 31 |
| Add-on Lithium | 29 |
Number of patients in remission with total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≤12. MADRS scale has range from 0 to 60, where the lower score indicates the better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 67 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 89 |
| Add-on Lithium | 73 |
Number of patients in remission with total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≤8. MADRS scale has range from 0 to 60, where the lower score indicates the better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 35 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 58 |
| Add-on Lithium | 45 |
Number of patients in remission, with total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≤10. MADRS scale has range from 0 to 60, where the lower score indicates the better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 53 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 73 |
| Add-on Lithium | 60 |
Change in global improvement measured by Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I). Scale from 1-4, where lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.54 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.85 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.58 |
Change in global improvement measured by Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I). Scale from 1-4, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.67 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.79 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.54 |
Change in global improvement measured by Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I). Scale from 1-4, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.42 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.91 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.62 |
Response rate at end of study measured as number of patients with Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) with total score reduction ≥ 50% compared to baseline, the higher number of patients the better (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 week of treatments
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 114 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 120 |
| Add-on Lithium | 102 |
Response rate at end of study measured as number of patients with Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) with total score reduction ≥ 50% compared to baseline, the higher number of patients the better (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 54 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 65 |
| Add-on Lithium | 53 |
Response rate at end of study measured as number of patients with Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) with total score reduction ≥ 50% compared to baseline, the higher number of patients the better (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 60 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 55 |
| Add-on Lithium | 49 |
Change in LS mean total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from randomisation to end-of-treatment (week 6) (Scale 0-60), lower score indicates a better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -13.9 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -15.1 |
| Add-on Lithium | -13.3 |
Self-rating assessment of anxiety measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), trait anxiety inventory (Scale 20-80, where a lower value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.01 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.36 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.39 |
Self-rating assessment of anxiety measured by STAI, state anxiety inventory (Scale 20-80, where a lower value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -0.62 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 0.014 |
| Add-on Lithium | -0.87 |
Self-rating assessment of anxiety using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Scale from 0-100, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -21.2 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -23.4 |
| Add-on Lithium | -20.6 |
Self-rating assessment of depressive symptoms using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Scale from 0-63, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -11.7 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -13.5 |
| Add-on Lithium | -12.2 |
The physician has evaluated the therapeutic effect and the side effect combined at end of study. Patients with a 'marked/moderate' therapeutic effect and 'None/Do Not Significantly Interfere' side effect has been added. The higher values show more patients with a treatment effect without any side-effect. The range is from 0 patients to the maximum number of patients in the treatment arm (225, 229 or 221). (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 135 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 146 |
| Add-on Lithium | 131 |
The physician has evaluated the therapeutic effect and the side effect combined at end of study. Patients with a 'marked/moderate' therapeutic effect and 'None/Do Not Significantly Interfere' side effect has been added. The higher values show more patients with a treatment effect without any side-effect. The range is from 0 patients to the maximum number of patients in the treatment arm. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 67 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 75 |
| Add-on Lithium | 69 |
The physician has evaluated the therapeutic effect and the side effect combined at end of study. Patients with a 'marked/moderate' therapeutic effect and 'None/Do Not Significantly Interfere' side effect has been added. The higher values show more patients with a treatment effect without any side-effect. The range is from 0 patients to the maximum number of patients in the treatment arm. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 week of treatments
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 68 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 71 |
| Add-on Lithium | 62 |
Change in severity of illness measured by Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). Scale form 1-7, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.43 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.65 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.49 |
Change in severity of illness measured by Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). Scale from 1-7, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.45 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.82 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.59 |
Change in severity of illness measured by Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). Scale from 1-7, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -1.52 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -1.55 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.45 |
Change in LS mean total Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from randomisation to end-of-treatment (week 6) (Scale 0-60), lower score indicates a better health status. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -16.2 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -17.2 |
| Add-on Lithium | -14.9 |
Self-rating assessment of pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Scale from 0-100, where a lower value shows a larger improvement. (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -9.47 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -8.03 |
| Add-on Lithium | -8.3 |
Self rating assessment of quality in life using EQ-5D utility (Scale 0-100, where a higher value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 0.184 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 0.224 |
| Add-on Lithium | 0.208 |
Self rating assessment of quality in life using SF-36, mental component (Scale 0-100, where a higher value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 9.59 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 10.77 |
| Add-on Lithium | 9.66 |
Self rating assessment of quality in life using SF-36, physical component (Scale 0-100, where a higher value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | 5.224 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | 5.065 |
| Add-on Lithium | 4.566 |
Sleeping quality measured by Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item 4 (reduced sleep) (Scale 0-6, where a lower value shows a larger improvement) (NCT00789854)
Timeframe: 6 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | MADRS item 4 score (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR Mono | -2.2 |
| Add-on Quetiapine XR | -2.4 |
| Add-on Lithium | -1.63 |
Vital Capacity (VC) is a breathing test in which the patient is asked to take a deep breath and then blow out all of the breath through a tube. The volume is measured in number of liters. It is converted to a percent predicted for the patient's age, height, and gender. (NCT00790582)
Timeframe: Screen, Baseline, Month 1,3,6,9,12
| Intervention | Decline in the percent predicted/month (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 2.84 |
| Control | 2.91 |
This questionnaire has 12 questions about the patient's ability to complete certain daily activities. There are three questions each about the mouth area, arms, legs, and breathing. A normal score is 48 with each question scored at 0 (worst) to 4 (normal function). In research studies, the change in slope is measured in number of points changed per month. Maximum possible=48 (normal) Minimum=0 (severe dysfunction) (NCT00790582)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 1,3,4.5,6,7.5,9,10.5,12,13
| Intervention | points per month (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 1.20 |
| Historical Controls | 1.01 |
ALSFRS-R is a self-administered ordinal rating scale questionnaire (rating 0-4 for each question,4 is most functional,0-48 total)of 12 functional activities. The most functional total score is 48. ALSFRS-R done at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 & 52, dependent on enrollment duration. Number of subjects who failed by treatment group was evaluated. Failure was defined as 6-point drop in ALSFRS-R or death from baseline. (NCT00818389)
Timeframe: 9 months: Baseline to study termination (January 2009 - October 2009)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium + Riluzole | 18 |
| Placebo + Riluzole | 14 |
ALSFRS-R is a self-administered ordinal rating scale questionnaire (rating 0-4 for each question,4 is most functional,0-48 total)of 12 functional activities. The most functional total score is 48. ALSFRS-R done at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 & 52, dependent on enrollment duration. Secondary efficacy was evaluated by comparing the mean rate of decline of ALSFRS-R score by treatment group. (NCT00818389)
Timeframe: 9 months: Baseline to study termination (January 2009 - October 2009)
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium + Riluzole | -1.24 |
| Placebo + Riluzole | -1.09 |
Secondary efficacy was measured by comparing the rate of decline of mean VC by treatment group. (NCT00818389)
Timeframe: 9 months: Baseline to study termination (January 2009- October 2009)
| Intervention | Percent of predicted normal (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium + Riluzole | -1.89 |
| Placebo + Riluzole | -3.12 |
MADRS total score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 60. Lower values represent a better score, higher values represent a worse score. Similarly, greater negative change from baseline represents improvement, and positive changes from baseline represent worsening. (NCT00868452)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lurasidone | -17.1 |
| Placebo | -13.5 |
STS total score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 30. Lower values represent a better score, higher values represent a worse score. Similarly, greater negative change from baseline represents improvement, and positive changes from baseline represent worsening. (NCT00868452)
Timeframe: Baselin Week 6
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lurasidone | -9.5 |
| Placebo | -7.0 |
CGI-EP-S depression score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 7. Lower values represent a better score, higher values represent a worse score. Similarly, greater negative change from baseline represents improvement, and positive changes from baseline represent worsening. (NCT00868452)
Timeframe: Baseline Week 6
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lurasidone | -1.96 |
| Placebo | -1.51 |
"The mean change of HAM-D Total Score from baseline to the end of treatment was calculated by subtracting the HAM-D Total Score assessed at week 8 from the baseline one (Baseline - week 8).~HAM-D is a multiple choice questionnaire used to rate the severity of a patient's major depression. It consists of 17 different items with possible scores from 0 to 4 or 0 to 2 or 0 to 6 depending on the items. Sum the total of all seventeen items gives the HAM-D Total Score, which may range from 0 (min) to 53 (max). The higher the score, the more severe the depression." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 20.5 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 21.0 |
"Response rate defined as the percentage of patients with a ≥50% reduction from baseline in the MADRS total score to the final assessment at week 8.~The MADRS is a 10-item scale that evaluates the core symptoms and cognitive features of clinical depression. Each MADRS item is rated on a 0 to 6 scale. The MADRS Total score ranges from 0 (min) to 60 (max). Higher MADRS scores indicate higher levels of depressive symptoms." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 93.2 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 92.9 |
"The 14-item TAQ questionnaire evaluates the patient's overall level of satisfaction with the study medication, the effectiveness, side effects and convenience of the medication.~Effectiveness, side effects, convenience and global satisfaction is rated on a scale of 0 being the worst and 100 being very effective, no side effects or very convenient or very satisfied. Overall satisfaction is rated over a score of 5 and 5 being the best overall satisfaction." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effectivenes, baseline | Effectivenes, week 8 | Side effects, baseline | Side effects, week 8 | Convenience, baseline | Convenience, week 8 | Global satisfaction, baseline | Global satisfaction, week 8 | |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 36.7 | 66.7 | 44.4 | 50.4 | 52.8 | 72.9 | 35.0 | 70.7 |
| Quetiapine XR | 42.7 | 68.7 | 41.7 | 58.2 | 53.8 | 73.6 | 37.4 | 69.4 |
"The YMRS is a rating scale to assess manic symptoms. The scale has 11 items and is based upon patient's subjective report of his or hers clinical condition over the previous 48 hours.~The mean change in YMRS Total score reported was calculated as baseline - week 8.~The YMRS total score ranges from 0 to 60 where higher scores indicate more severe mania, thus, a negative change (or decrease) from baseline indicates a reduction (or improvement) in manic symptoms. Total score ≤12 indicates remission (13-19=minimal symptoms; 20-25=mild mania, 26-37=moderate mania, 38-60=severe mania)." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 2.3 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 2.2 |
"The change of MADRS Total Score from baseline to the end of treatment was calculated by subtracting the MADRS Total Score assessed at week 8 from the baseline one (Baseline - 8 weeks).~The MADRS is a 10-item scale that evaluates the core symptoms and cognitive features of clinical depression. Each MADRS item is rated on a 0 to 6 scale. The MADRS Total score ranges from 0 (min) to 60 (max). Higher MADRS scores indicate higher levels of depressive symptoms." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 23.7 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 24.3 |
"The mean change in the SDS Total score from baseline to week 8 (baseline- week 8).~Sheehan Disability Scale is a 5 item scale, with a visual analog scale evaluating work/school work, social life and family life ranging from 0 to a maximum score of 30. Each one of the 3 domains is rated from 0-10 (no impairment to most severe impairment) with evaluation of not at all (0), mild (1-3), moderate (4-6), marked (7-9) and extreme (10) disability. A total score will be calculated. A score of 30 indicates most severe impairment." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 14.4 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 14.3 |
"The mean change in PSQI score from baseline to final assessment at week 8 was calculated as baseline - week 8.~PSQI evaluates 7 areas of quality and pattern of sleep: sleep quality, duration getting to sleep, sleep duration, sleep adequacy, sleep disturbance, use of sleeping pill, and somnolence). Each area is rated on a scale from 0 (better) to 3 (worse) with a total score ranging from 0 to 21. Reduction in total scores are associated with better sleep quality." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 3.7 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 5.0 |
"The reported mean change in the CGI-S score was calculated as baseline - week 8.~CGI-S is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment. A patient is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 3.1 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 3.3 |
"The mean change in (Q-LES-Q-Short Form) Total Score from baseline to week 8 was calculated by subtracting the 8 week value from baseline value (baseline - week 8).~The Q-LES-Q-SF is a patient self assessment questionnaire consisting of 16 self-rated questions (1 being very poor - 5 very good); the first 14 will be incorporated into a total score. Higher scores indicate better quality of life." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | -17.9 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | -18.8 |
"The mean change in HAM-A total score from baseline to final assessment was calculated by subtracting the HAM-A Total score assessed at week 8 from the total score assessed at the baseline (baseline - week 8).~The HAM-A is a 14-item scale that assesses anxiety symptoms of anxiety such as anxious mood, tension or fears. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0=not present to 4=severe. Sum the scores from all 14 parameters gives the HAM-A Total Score which may range from 0 (min) to 56 (max)." (NCT00883493)
Timeframe: baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Quetiapine XR | 17.5 |
| Quatiapine XR + Lithium | 17.7 |
Patients who were randomized to one of the Phase II conditions were interviewed once each month. If they met criteria for a relapse of a Major Depressive Episode, this was considered the study outcome. If they participated for the full year of Phase II without a documented relapse, they were considered a completer. (NCT00961961)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Plus Fluoxetine Phase II | 4 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo Phase II | 5 |
Onsets of a manic episodes were ascertained with the clinician-rated Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The YMRS covers 11 symptom groups over the previous 48 hours. Four of the items are rated on a scale from 0 to 4; the other 4 are rated on a scale of 0 to 8. A score of 12 or above indicates a manic episode. (NCT00961961)
Timeframe: 1 Year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Plus Fluoxetine Phase I | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo Phase I | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Fluoxetine Phase II | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo Phase II | 0 |
Onsets of a hypomanic episodes were ascertained with the clinician-rated Hypomania Interview Guide and associated scoring rules. (NCT00961961)
Timeframe: 1 Year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Plus Fluoxetine Phase I | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo Phase I | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Fluoxetine Phase II | 0 |
| Lithium Plus Placebo Phase II | 0 |
Number of Adverse Events and their relative frequency in treatment groups was analyzed (NCT00997672)
Timeframe: the endpoint will be recorded at all visits
| Intervention | number of AEs (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium CARBONATE 150 or 300 mg | 58 |
| Placebo | 21 |
OS defined as time from diagnosis to most recent follow up or death. (NCT01105702)
Timeframe: Up to 50 months
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| TBL/RT | 18.5 |
Adverse events evaluated per CTCAE 3 (NCT01105702)
Timeframe: The whole time while on treatment and 30 days after the treatment
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dermatitis | DVT | Neurologic | Pneumonia | Rash | Cough | Hyponatremia | Gastrointestinal | Febril Neutropenia | Neutropenia | Thrombocytopenia | Somnolence | |
| Grade 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Grade 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
PFS defined as time from date of diagnosis to most recent follow up, disease progression, or death. Disease progress defined as either clinical deterioration or radiographic progressive disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per updated response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria (Wen, et al). (NCT01105702)
Timeframe: Up to 50 months
| Intervention | months (Median) |
|---|---|
| TBL/RT | 9.4 |
"The Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean of age matched controls. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean, with negative numbers indicating values lower than the mean and positive values higher. A positive change in Z-score indicates a favorable outcome.Z-score of pQCT variable was noted for the in two OPPG participants who received lithium and were also able to get pQCT scans. The n of 2 was too small to do statistical analyses. Of the 5 OPPG who were on lithium, 2 were too small for the machine (eventhough over age 4) and 1 had rods in his legs and couldn't have pQCT" (NCT01108068)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 months
| Intervention | Z-score (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Z-score SM | 6 mo Z-score SM | |
| OPPG Rx With Lithium | -4.96 | -4.93 |
pQCT will be done at baseline for all OPPG participants and unaffecteds. The Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean of age matched controls. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean, with negative numbers indicating values lower than the mean and positive values higher. A positive change in Z-score indicates a favorable outcome. (NCT01108068)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Z-score (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cortical Area Z-score | Periosteal circum. Z | |
| Lithium | -2.19 | -2.09 |
| Unaffected Controls | 0.04 | -0.30 |
"The S-STS is an 14 item clinician administered prospective rating scale that scores both treatment-emergent suicidal ideations and suicidal behaviors with scores ranging from 0-40 points. Patients scoring a 0 are experiencing no suicidal thoughts, ideations, or attempts, while a score of 40 indicates a fatal, completed suicide.~Comparison was made between the citalopram with lithium and the citalopram with placebo treatment groups. Outcome measures are expressed as change scores from the baseline visit to week 4." (NCT01189812)
Timeframe: 4 weeks; from Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (S-STSS) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 4.8 |
| Lithium | 5.0 |
The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 10 used to assess disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). A score of 0 denotes no neurological impairments and no neurological exam abnormalities, while a score of 10 denotes death due to MS. The EDSS is derived from subscales called Functional System Scales at the lower range of the EDSS, and from ambulatory impairments and overall functional impairment at higher ranges of the scale. The Functional System scores (Vision, Brainstem, Pyramidal, Sensory, Cerebellar, Cognitive, Bladder and Bowel) are used to generate the EDSS based on pre-specified rules that determine the overall EDSS score. (NCT01259388)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0 |
| Observation | 0.5 |
Total number of relapses which occurred during the Li-treatment and observation study phases. (NCT01259388)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | relapses (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 2 |
| Observation | 5 |
Paired comparison of change in brain parenchymal fraction during Lithium treatment and during observation period (NCT01259388)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | percentage of change in brain volume (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.107 |
| Observation | -0.355 |
"This a standard listing covering most major categories of psychiatric symptoms. It allows measurement not only of depressive symptoms over time, but also other common symptoms, such as those of panic attacks or other anxiety disorders. It consists of 90 items that yields nine scores along primary symptom dimensions and three scores among global distress indices.~Each item scores 0-4, higher scores indicate greater distress.~Mean of the respective item scores are used. Range from 0-4, higher value indicate greater distress." (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 1.03 |
This is a structured interview to obtain 17 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ratings, with 8 additional items added to measure reverse vegetative features common in bipolar depression and depression with atypical features. There are total 25 items, score ranges from 0 to 90. Higher score means worse depression. (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 16.6 |
"The HIGH-C is structured like the SIGH-ADS, and provides assessments of manic and hypomanic symptoms , in order to help identify and quantify switches and mixed states.~All items are scored from 0 to 4, range from 0-60. An item score of 0 indicates absence of the symptom; 1 and 2 indicate incremental levels of mild presentations short of hypomania (but typical of hyperthymia); 3 indicates moderate severity, persistent and uncharacteristic for the patient, and in most cases, observable by others(as is typical of hypomania); and 4 indicates a marked or severe symptom (typical of mania). The sum of points on all items constitutes the total HIGH-R score." (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 2.0 |
"This is a standard self-report instrument for measuring the extent to which an individual is an early bird vs. a night owl, asking a variety of questions concerning the time of day individuals prefer engagement in various activities. Scores correlate highly with biologic measures of circadian rhythm phase and will be used to custom program the timing of each patient's light therapy and habitual sleep~Numerical scales: Multiple choice, 4-5 point scale. The sum gives a score ranging from 16 to 86; scores of 41 and below indicate evening types, scores of 59 and above indicate morning types, scores between 42-58 indicate intermediate types; 49.8% of the total population was classified as morning type compared to 5.6% having an evening-type preference" (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 45.3 |
"This is a standard measure of the clinician's overall impression of how the patient is doing. It includes two measurements, one for the patient's severity of overall symptomatology, and the other for improvement since starting treatment.~is rated on a seven-point scale: Compared to the patient's condition at admission to the project [prior to medication initiation], this patient's condition is: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment." (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 3.25 |
"The responses to this question set, adapted from John Rush's Inventory of Depressive Symptoms:~Total QIDS scores range from 0 to 27, with scores of 5 or lower indicative of no depression, scores from 6 to 10 indicating mild depression, 11 to 15 indicating moderate depression, 16 to 20 reflecting severe depression, and total scores greater than 21 indicating very severe depression" (NCT01431573)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Wake Therapy + Light Box +/- Lithium | 11.5 |
Change in homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) from screening to end of study. Insulin resistance is a condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone in the body. The HOMA-IR is calculated using a subject's fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels. The higher the score, the higher the level of insulin resistance. (NCT01526148)
Timeframe: Screening and Week 16
| Intervention | IR Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | -5.5 |
| Quetiapine | 0.2 |
The time, as measured in number of days, for discontinuation due to all causes will be measured and used as the primary outcome measure (NCT01526148)
Timeframe: Week 16
| Intervention | days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 41 |
| Quetiapine | 77 |
-Defined as at least 4 of 6 patients successfully completing pre-treatment and 3 month post-treatment testing (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 13 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The immediate recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them immediately. The list was read a second time followed by a second free recall trial. This was followed by a third reading and third free recall.~The words recalled for each trial were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 24.0 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The immediate recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them immediately. The list was read a second time followed by a second free recall trial. This was followed by a third reading and third free recall.~The words recalled for each trial were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 20.0714 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The immediate recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them immediately. The list was read a second time followed by a second free recall trial. This was followed by a third reading and third free recall.~The words recalled for each trial were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 20.2 |
1-year rate of brain metastases (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 2 |
-Overall survival is defined as the time between date of on study and date of death due to any cause (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 5 |
-Graded and described using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v 4. Safety will be defined as < 2 patients experiencing DLTs of the first 6 treated. (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 1 |
(NCT01553916)
Timeframe: Baseline through 12 months
| Intervention | cc (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | 12 months | |
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 6.13 | 6.08 | 6.34 |
Adverse events will be tabulated by type and grade using NCI CTCAE v 4. (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: Through 12 months
| Intervention | CNS adverse events (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | |
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 28 | 6 | 2 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The delayed recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them 20-25 minutes later.~The words recalled were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 10.3 |
"Assessed by comparing questionnaire test scores to baseline; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ30 (global health/QOL, cognitive functioning, and fatigue scales)~30 total questions with 28 questions having answers ranging from 1-4 with 1=not at all and 4= very much and 2 questions ranging from 0-7 with 1-very poor and 7=excellent~Raw scores will be transformed to a 100-point scale (0=lowest score, 100=highest score)~The higher the score the lower the quality of life" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 45.0820 |
"Assessed by comparing questionnaire test scores to baseline; BN20 (future uncertainty and communications deficit scales)~20 questions with answers ranging from 1-4 with 1=not at all and 4=very much~Raw scores will be transformed to a 100-point scale (0=lowest score, 100=highest score)~The higher the score the lower quality of life" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 20.5514 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The delayed recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them 20-25 minutes later.~The words recalled were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 10.5 |
"The HVLT is a word learning test measuring episodic visual memory~The delayed recall memory deterioration test portion consists of 36 words split into 3 sections (animals, gemstones, places of shelter, types of birds, tools, items of clothing, kitchen utensils,weapons, and alcoholic beverages)~The words were read aloud and the participants was asked to freely recall them 20-25 minutes later.~The words recalled were recorded and a total recall score tallied (range: 0-36).~The higher the score the better the recall" (NCT01553916)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1: Lithium Carbonate + Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation | 8.6923 |
Percentages of Type I and Type II Bipolar Disorder included in Randomization groups (NCT01588457)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bipolar Type 1 Divalproex Group | 70 |
| Bipolar Type II Divalproex Group | 74.1 |
| Bipolar Type 1 Lithium Group | 30 |
| Bipolar Type II Lithium Group | 25.9 |
"The BISS uses a structured interview to assess the full spectrum of symptoms associated with all primary clinical states in bipolar disorder, yielding a total severity, a depression, a mania, as well as dimensional scale scores. There are 42 items; each item is rated on a 0-4 scale. The BISS is a clinician-rated instrument. The Scale is rated as follows:~0 Not at all~Slight~Mild~Moderate~Severe Each of the 42 items is rated separately, with a score, based on the most recent 7 day period. The mean score is calculated from the total score, giving an overall score out of 4, where 0 is slight and 4 is the most severe symptoms. A negative score indicated an improvement from baseline to 26 weeks." (NCT01588457)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 26 weeks
| Intervention | calculated mean scale score (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mania | Depression | Irritability | Anxiety | Psychosis | |
| Divalproex After Randomization 1 | -0.31 | -0.71 | -0.50 | -0.49 | -0.14 |
| Divalproex or Lithium Monotherapy | 0.15 | -0.18 | -0.27 | 0.16 | -0.27 |
| Lithium After Randomization 1 | -0.41 | -0.20 | -0.39 | -0.51 | -0.25 |
| Lithium or Divalproex Plus Lamotrigine | -0.85 | -0.95 | -0.96 | -0.93 | -0.16 |
| Lithium or Divalproex Plus Quetiapine | -0.38 | -0.61 | -0.66 | -0.72 | -0.14 |
Baseline demographic percentages of subject randomized to either Divalproex or Lithium at the first randomization (NCT01588457)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Single never married | Married | Disrupted Marriage | |
| Divalproex | 27.1 | 55.9 | 17.0 |
| Lithium | 33.3 | 37.0 | 29.6 |
"The Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) is used to assess global illness severity~The CGI-S score change is measured from baseline to 26 weeks and is rated on a 7-point scale. The scale is read as follows:~very much improved since the initiation of treatment~much improved~minimally improved~no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment)~minimally worse~much worse~very much worse since the initiation of treatment The score is calculated as a mean of all items, where 1 indicates improvement from inititation of visit, and 7 indicates the condition to be much worse since the inititation of treatment. A negative score indicates a change from worse to better." (NCT01588457)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to 26 weeks
| Intervention | calculated mean scale score (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CGI-Depression | CGI-Mania | CGI-Overall | |
| Divalproex After Randomization 1 | -1.11 | -0.69 | -1.28 |
| Divalproex or Lithium Monotherapy | -0.09 | -0.19 | -0.11 |
| Lithium After Randomization 1 | -0.32 | -1.12 | -0.55 |
| Lithium or Divalproex Plus Lamotrigine | -1.24 | -1.81 | -1.64 |
| Lithium or Divalproex Plus Quetiapine | -0.99 | -0.71 | -0.99 |
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS) - Full range from 0 (low intensity suicidal ideation to 9 (high intensity suicidal ideation). (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | .833 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | .44 |
Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 13.5 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 11.13 |
The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) has 10-items which are based on mood symptoms over the past 7 days. Each items is scored 0 (normal) to 6 (severe depression) with overall score ranges from 0 (normal) to 60 (severe depression). (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 22.56 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 23 |
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Self-Report (QIDS-SR) score - Each item is rated 0 (no depression) to 3 (severe depression), for a total score range of 0 (no depression) to 27 (severe depression). (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 9.89 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 10.13 |
Number of Participants with PRISE (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 3 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 2 |
BECK Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS) - 0-13 Minimal; 14-19 Mild; 20-28 Moderate; 29-63 Severe (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 4.94 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 2.69 |
The Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment, relative to the clinician's past experience with patients who have the same diagnosis. Considering total clinical experience, a patient is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill. (NCT01880593)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after last ketamine infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Ketamine and Lithium | 3.83 |
| Ketamine and Placebo | 3.875 |
Patients will have a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 (HDRS) score obtained at baseline. Minimum score 0, maximum possible score 75; the higher the score on the scale, the more severe the degree of depression. Participants must have an HDRS score of at least 15 to be eligible. After eight weeks of medication treatment, the HDRS score will be reevaluated with the HDRS-24 (and rescanned with PET and MRI). Participants who have a 50% or greater decrease in their HDRS-24 score will be considered responders (to Lithium treatment). (NCT01880957)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Percent Change in HDRS-24 Score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients With BPD | -44.49 |
Linear regression & correlation to assess the relationship between between change in binding potential pre- to post treatment vs. treatment response (NCT01880957)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Percent Change in Binding Potential (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| R-Squared: 5-HTT Midbrain | R-Squared: 5-HT1A Raphe | R-Squared: 5-HT1A Hippocampus | |
| Change in 5-HT1A Binding Potential and Treatment Response | NA | 0.086 | 0.073 |
| Change in 5-HTT Binding Potential vs. Treatment Response | 0.061 | NA | NA |
"Outcome measures were generated following LASSO linear regression analysis using pretreament HDRS-24 AND..~pre-treatment 5-HTT OR~pretreatment 5-HT1A OR~the combination of both 5-HTT and 5-HT1A binding potential~to predict post-treatment response defined by a dichotomous remission status variable (remitter vs. non-remitter, where remitter is defined a priori by HDRS-24 <10 post-treatment and a reduction of greater than or equal to 50% in HDRS-24 pre-to-post treatment). Outcome measure is reported as percent accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity in predicting remitter status outcomes." (NCT01880957)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | Percentage (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prediction Accuracy = True positive + negative divided by the sum of true + false positive/negative | Prediction Specificity = True negatives divided by the sum of true negative and false positive | Prediction Sensitivity= True positives divided by the sum of true positive and false negative | |
| Combinatorial Prediction Using Pre-Treatment 5-HTT & 5-HT1A | 84.6 | 87.5 | 60 |
| Prediction by Pre-treatment 5-HT1A | 85.7 | 87.5 | 80 |
| Prediction by Pre-treatment 5-HTT | 71.4 | 77.8 | 60 |
"Differences in mean of 5-HT1A binding potential between patients with depression pre-treatment, post-treatment, compared to healthy volunteers. Broadly, binding potential is defined as the ratio of the tracer concentration in tissue to the free plasma concentration. It is a measure of the density of available targets (e.g. 5-HT1A) & the affinity of the ligand (tracer) to that target." (NCT01880957)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | Weighted Mean Binding Potential (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raphe Nucleus | Parahippocampal Gyrus | Amygdala | Hippocampus | |
| Healthy Volunteers | 8.91 | 12.48 | 20.8 | 27.06 |
| Post-treatment 5-HT1A Binding Potential (8 Weeks) | 8.57 | 15.79 | 14.01 | 28.39 |
| Pre-treatment 5-HT1A Binding Potential (Baseline) | 9.62 | 14.88 | 17.86 | 30.17 |
"Differences in mean of 5-HTT binding potential between patients with depression pre-treatment, post-treatment, compared to healthy volunteers. Broadly, binding potential is defined as the ratio of the tracer concentration in tissue to the free plasma concentration. It is a measure of the density of available targets (e.g. 5-HTT) & the affinity of the ligand (tracer) to that target." (NCT01880957)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | Weighted Mean Binding Potential (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grey Matter of Cerebellum | Midbrain | Anterior Cingulate | Amygdala | |
| Healthy Volunteers | 93.27 | 264.82 | 131.80 | 198.56 |
| Post-treatment 5-HTT Binding Potential (8 Weeks) | 88.70 | 181.13 | 130.04 | 166.73 |
| Pre-treatment 5-HTT Binding Potential (Baseline) | 88 | 81.73 | 187.48 | 116.94 |
"The primary hypothesis tested is that lithium augmentation of enhanced usual care is superior to enhanced usual care plus placebo for the prevention of repeated episodes of suicidal self-directed violence over time. The investigators posit a one-year repeat rate of 15% in the placebo group and a 37% reduction of events in the intervention group.~Suicidal self-directed violence includes non-fatal suicide attempts, interrupted attempts (attempts interrupted by patient or by others), hospitalization to prevent suicide and deaths from suicide." (NCT01928446)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Monthly Hazard rate (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 0.0382 |
| Placebo | 0.0348 |
"Subtypes of suicidal self-directed violence:~Self-directed violence;~Interrupted self-directed violence;~Hospitalization to prevent suicide;~Death from suicide - there were too few deaths in the study, making data insufficient to perform analysis." (NCT01928446)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicidal self-directed violence | Interrupted suicidal self-directed violence | Hospitalization to prevent suicide | Death from suicide | Other | |
| Lithium | 11 | 17 | 34 | 1 | 2 |
| Placebo | 10 | 11 | 39 | 0 | 2 |
"Compliance is defined as taking 80% or more of study medication over the entire clinical trial.~Episode of self-directed violence is defined as: First Repeated Episode of Suicide Related Event, Including Suicide Attempts, Interrupted Attempts, Hospitalization to Prevent Suicide and death." (NCT01928446)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium (Compliance Per Protocol) | 12 |
| Placebo (Compliance Per Protocol) | 8 |
Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview with the caregiver asked to rank 22 items on a scale with responses for each item from 'never' (score 0) to 'nearly always' (score 4). Total score is the measure used; range 0-88 with higher scores indicating greater caregiver burden. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 4, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 2.8 |
| Placebo Group | -0.4 |
Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale that covers 26 somatic symptoms, each rated as present (score=1) or absent (score=0). Total score is the measure used with scoring range 0-26; higher scores indicate more somatic symptoms. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 0.6 |
| Placebo Group | 0.7 |
Simpson Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Sign requires in-person examination to assess gait, arm dropping, shoulder shaking, elbow rigidity, wrist rigidity, leg pendulousness, head dropping, glabella tap, tremor, and salivation. Total score is the measure used, range 0-40; higher scores indicate increased severity of signs. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | -0.0 |
| Placebo Group | 0.0 |
Neuropsychological test used to assess a patient's cognitive ability. The patient is asked to complete small tasks such as drawing shapes and printing their name. They are also asked to remember certain names and objects, such as a cup and a spoon, and the evaluator's first name. Total score is the measure used; range 0-100, higher scores indicate better cognition. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 2.1 |
| Placebo Group | -0.0 |
30 item questionnaire used to assess degree of cognitive impairment. Orientation, registration, attention/calculation, recall, language, repetitions and commands are assessed. Total score is the measure used; range 0-30, higher scores indicate better global cognitive function. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Screening, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 0.9 |
| Placebo Group | 0.9 |
The patient is classified as a responder (score=1) if both criteria are met or as a non-responder (score=0) if both criteria are not met. The first criterion to determine responder status, NPI core score, has a scoring range 0-36; each of the three component scores for symptoms of agitation/aggression, delusions and hallucinations has a scoring range 0-12. For each symptom and the total score, higher score indicates more symptoms. The second criterion to determine responder status, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), is used to assess change in overall behavior; scoring range 1-7 with higher scores indicating worsening over time and lower scores indicating improvement over time. Only patients who met both criteria, assessed as change compared to baseline, were counted as responders; all other patients were non-responders. Patients that demonstrated improvement at week 12 were reported; scores for earlier weeks were only used to assess progress throughout the study. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 12 |
| Placebo Group | 7 |
Basic Activities of Daily Living with items for 6 functions: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding. Each item is scored as unimpaired=1, impaired=0. Total score is the measure used, range 0-6; higher scores indicate better functioning. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 0.3 |
| Placebo Group | 0.1 |
Young Mania Rating Scale total score is the measure used to assess symptoms that occur in mania; each item is a symptom that is rated for severity. Scoring range 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 3.1 |
| Placebo Group | 1.1 |
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Agitation/Aggression Domain is the measure used that combines symptoms of agitation and aggression. Frequency X Severity rating score, range 0-12. Higher score indicates more agitation and aggressive behavior. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at screening, Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 3.2 |
| Placebo Group | 2.5 |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Behavior Change score is the measure used to assess change in overall behavior; scoring range 1-7 with higher scores indicating worsening over time and lower scores indicating improvement over time. Scores ranging from 1-3 indicate improvement. Only patients that demonstrated improvement at week 12 were reported; scores for earlier weeks were only used to assess progress throughout the study. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Treatment Group | 12 |
| Placebo Group | 8 |
"QOL scores as measured by World Heath Organization Quality of Life - WHOQOL -BREF instrument.~scores 0-20 . Higher scores means a better outcome. The measure presented is a overall domain with the mean (SD)" (NCT02901249)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Sertraline | 9.45 |
The remission outcome was established as obtaining three consecutive scores of values considered asymptomatic in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD <7 points) . The subjects that were asymptomatic for at least 6-8 month were considered to be in remission, according to the criteria for partial and complete remission in the DSM-IV. (NCT02901249)
Timeframe: 8 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Sertraline | 32 |
Response to treatment was defined as a 50% reduction from baseline scores in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is abbreviated version, consists of 17 items. The cutoff points are: 7-17 for mild depression,18-24 for moderate depression, and 25 or more for severe depression . (NCT02901249)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Sertraline | 58 |
Molecule expression is measured as a function of relative fluorescence intensity. The number derives from a photomultiplier tube which essentially counts photons. Higher numbers mean a higher intensity. The values in the results tables represents change in fluorescence intensity between Baseline and Week 16 across various molecules of interest and compares responders (those who experience a >=50% decrease in mood symptom severity between baseline and week 16) and non responders (those who did NOT experience a >=50% decrease in mood symptom severity between baseline and week 16). The rows represent the various molecules that were analyzed. (NCT02909504)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16
| Intervention | fluorescence intensity (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLRP3 | PDEB4 | BAK | p-Fyn Yes | HMGB1 | IRS2 | p-CREB | PPAR g | TNFAIP3 | TPH1 | PKC theta | Bcl-2 | iNOS | NR3C1 | mTor | PKA C-a | Bcl-2 A1 | BDNF | GSK-3b | XBP1 | MARCKS | p-GSK 3b | p-GSK 3ab | Fyn | Timeless | PGM1 | NFKB p-P65 | Calmodulin | |
| Lithium Non Responders | 30.73 | 28.15 | 11.16 | 12.49 | 23.18 | 25.29 | 30.78 | 21.90 | 33.74 | 7.13 | 33.8 | 39.72 | 24.51 | 7.33 | 22.87 | 24.51 | 1.37 | 37.78 | 20.89 | 1.11 | 1.32 | 4.01 | 2.29 | 33.01 | 1.41 | 30.96 | 15.03 | 34.44 |
| Lithium Responders | 26.00 | 27.31 | 11.50 | 13.33 | 22.61 | 24.06 | 30.46 | 21.13 | 31.17 | 7.23 | 35.81 | 35.87 | 24.54 | 6.69 | 21.07 | 23.93 | 1.19 | 34.00 | 19.49 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 4.11 | 1.93 | 30.24 | 1.42 | 28.58 | 14.58 | 31.86 |
"Quality of Life - WHOQOL -BREF instrument scores~scores 0-20 . higher scores mean a better outcome." (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 10.58 |
The remission outcome was established as obtaining three consecutive visits with scores of values considered asymptomatic Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD <7 points) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS <6 points) during the trial. The subjects that were asymptomatic for at least 6-8 month were considered to be in partial remission and complete if at least 12 months without symptoms, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 8 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 21 |
"Response to treatment was defined as a 50% reduction from baseline scores in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scales HRSD was developed to evaluate and quantify depression.Its abbreviated version,. Scoring is based on the 17-item scale and scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal. The cutoff points are: 8-17 for mild depression,18-24 for moderate depression, and 25 or more for severe depression. The maximum score being 52 on the 17-point scale.~YMRS is is the most widely used assessment tool for manic symptoms. The scale consists of 11 items .The YMRS follows the style of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) with each item given a severity rating. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/agressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale. Scores of YMRS > 20 generates indicate mania" (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 65 |
Life threatening illness, hospitalization, or need of medical care. (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Aripiprazole Augmentation | 15 |
| Bupropion Augmentation | 15 |
| Switch to Bupropion | 19 |
| Lithium Augmentation | 12 |
| Switch to Nortriptyline | 11 |
Psychological well-being was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Psychological Wellbeing subscales of Positive Affect and General Life Satisfaction, with a T score calculated as the average of these two subscales. Higher scores indicate greater positive affect and life satisfaction. Reference T-score (mean=50, SD=10). (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks
| Intervention | t-score (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| baseline | 10 weeks | |
| Aripiprazole Augmentation | 34.7 | 38.8 |
| Bupropion Augmentation | 35.0 | 38.7 |
| Lithium Augmentation | 33.1 | 35.7 |
| Switch to Bupropion | 34.8 | 36.1 |
| Switch to Nortriptyline | 34.2 | 35.6 |
Remission defined as Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale score ≤10. Scale ranges from 0-60 with higher scores indicating higher depressive symptoms. (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Aripiprazole Augmentation | 61 |
| Bupropion Augmentation | 58 |
| Switch to Bupropion | 39 |
| Lithium Augmentation | 24 |
| Switch to Nortriptyline | 26 |
"Tooth Sensitivity is evaluated as either 0 if the subject reports that there is NO sensitivity for either tooth with the study bridge, or 1 if the subject reports that there IS tooth sensitivity to hot/cold or biting pressure for either tooth supporting the bridge. The better outcome is to have NO tooth sensitivity." (NCT03036566)
Timeframe: from delivery of the bridge up to 5 years
| Intervention | number of bridges (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bridge | 0 |
"Margin Staining is evaluated as either 0 if there is NO staining at the crown margin where it meets the tooth for either tooth supporting the bridge, or 1 if there IS staining at the crown margin where it meets the tooth for either tooth supporting the bridge. The better outcome is to have NO margin staining." (NCT03036566)
Timeframe: from delivery of the bridge up to 5 years
| Intervention | number of bridges (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bridge | 3 |
Loss of retention is measured as detachment of the bridge from the teeth without fracture of the bridge requiring recementation of the bridge. (NCT03036566)
Timeframe: from delivery of the bridge up to 5 years
| Intervention | number of bridges (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bridge | 0 |
Bridge failure includes fracture of the bridge or loss of the bridge requiring placement of a new bridge at any time between delivery and five years. (NCT03036566)
Timeframe: from delivery of the bridge up to 5 years
| Intervention | number of bridges (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bridge | 2 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 13.97 | 14 | 5 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| 5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. | 10.37 | 4 | 1 | hydroxytryptophan | human metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water. | 8.08 | 1 | 0 | ethanediol; glycol | metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| adenine [no description available] | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant |
| quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor |
| bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) | 7.67 | 3 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic bromine | |
| carbamates [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid anion | |
| choline [no description available] | 9.94 | 12 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 4.6 | 6 | 1 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 5.55 | 17 | 1 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | coumarins | fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 7.67 | 11 | 2 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| n(1)-methylnicotinamide N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite |
| 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | human metabolite |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| creatine [no description available] | 6.13 | 3 | 1 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde; one-carbon compound | allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 8.22 | 6 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 4.27 | 4 | 1 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histamine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge.. | 11.36 | 7 | 1 | diatomic iodine | nutrient |
| inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration. | 16.32 | 19 | 7 | cyclitol; hexol | |
| melatonin [no description available] | 13.26 | 8 | 3 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
| phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | phosphocholines | allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 3.97 | 2 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 7.67 | 3 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 4.68 | 9 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | NMDA receptor antagonist |
| 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound | |
| normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | catecholamine | |
| vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols | human metabolite |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine | drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic |
| enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 11.8 | 8 | 1 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5. | 6.11 | 5 | 2 | indole-3-acetic acids | drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 4.62 | 3 | 2 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; pyridoindole | antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 9.33 | 6 | 0 | organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
| amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| theophylline [no description available] | 5.17 | 3 | 1 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 9.21 | 5 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| dan 2163 [no description available] | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone | environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 9.31 | 27 | 7 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. | 7.39 | 2 | 0 | pyrazolone | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| baclofen [no description available] | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
| bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite |
| betaxolol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | propanolamine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bevantolol bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; calcium channel blocker |
| biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| brotizolam brotizolam: structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| bunazosin bunazosin: structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | quinazolines | |
| bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound | |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| caffeine [no description available] | 4.34 | 6 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 9.67 | 18 | 4 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | radioopaque medium |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 17.25 | 152 | 36 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| carvedilol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 4.96 | 2 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 3.78 | 2 | 1 | benzodiazepine | |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 15.6 | 30 | 4 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide | |
| cifenline [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. | 12.56 | 12 | 4 | 2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 7.27 | 17 | 7 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation. | 9.39 | 22 | 4 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 4.86 | 8 | 1 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug |
| cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 4.26 | 3 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione | muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist |
| dapsone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug |
| desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 11.51 | 31 | 14 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative |
| amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. | 3.17 | 5 | 0 | primary amine | |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 4.34 | 1 | 1 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 25.41 | 227 | 55 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
| donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. | 4.04 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones | central nervous system stimulant |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 4.64 | 3 | 2 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative |
| droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| dipropizine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
| dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols | bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenols | |
| felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 6.22 | 3 | 2 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| fenspiride fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azaspiro compound | |
| fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines | antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fluphenazine [no description available] | 9.87 | 8 | 1 | N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes | anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative |
| fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 9.8 | 27 | 3 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. | 4.46 | 5 | 1 | decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug |
| foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 7.99 | 8 | 2 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS. | 3.5 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| granisetron [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; indazoles | |
| guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | acetamides | |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 10.97 | 57 | 10 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| halothane [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; thiazide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| hypericin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 5.63 | 10 | 2 | primary amine | |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| ifosfamide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 10.94 | 33 | 12 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 12.64 | 15 | 1 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid. | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| 2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol | protic solvent |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
| itraconazole [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
| ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. | 5.29 | 4 | 1 | cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lamotrigine [no description available] | 15.27 | 53 | 12 | 1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic |
| lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| letrozole [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE. | 4.06 | 3 | 1 | aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| lomustine [no description available] | 7.06 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. | 5.08 | 10 | 1 | benzodiazepine | |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 3.8 | 3 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| memantine [no description available] | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
| mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide | drug allergen; local anaesthetic |
| meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. | 3.54 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative | anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 13.57 | 15 | 2 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 3.77 | 3 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere. | 7.01 | 9 | 3 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist |
| midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| milrinone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. | 6.32 | 6 | 2 | benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist |
| mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
| moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound | fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug |
| acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
| clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant. | 5.37 | 5 | 3 | aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound | |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 7.42 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome). | 9.65 | 3 | 2 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound | anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative |
| nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent |
| nizatidine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist |
| nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. | 5.16 | 3 | 1 | isoquinolines | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. | 16.87 | 19 | 13 | organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound | drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin |
| oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic |
| pamidronate [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phosphonoacetic acid | |
| pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
| pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines | dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 7.27 | 7 | 1 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; aromatic ether | cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 3.8 | 3 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; pyrimidines | |
| pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridazinone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients. | 6.1 | 5 | 1 | pyridobenzodiazepine | anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. | 4.19 | 5 | 0 | inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt | fertilizer |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide | anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic |
| primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine | antimalarial |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
| procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
| propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | xanthenes | |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 5.86 | 13 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| pyridostigmine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | |
| pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | piperazines; pyridines | |
| rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| ranitidine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
| riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 8.9 | 6 | 2 | benzothiazoles | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 19.04 | 47 | 10 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rofecoxib [no description available] | 3.11 | 1 | 0 | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sodium fluoride [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | fluoride salt | mutagen |
| sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt | |
| risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
| sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| imatinib [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine. | 4.02 | 4 | 0 | benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 4.04 | 4 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
| suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
| gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; resorcinols | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
| thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. | 4.67 | 9 | 0 | phenothiazines; piperidines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aziridines | |
| thiothixene Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | thioxanthenes | |
| tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 3.78 | 2 | 1 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | |
| tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid | |
| trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group. | 4.59 | 8 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pteridines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | sedative |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. | 4.27 | 3 | 0 | amine | |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 3.97 | 2 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. | 4.46 | 5 | 1 | dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| tyramine [no description available] | 4.6 | 3 | 2 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| urapidil [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
| venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
| zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| zotepine zotepine: structure | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug |
| corticosterone [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 8.24 | 6 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist |
| reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. | 9.82 | 6 | 0 | alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic |
| cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 3.79 | 2 | 1 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| thymidine [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 15.14 | 30 | 3 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration. | 4.35 | 6 | 0 | 1-phenylpropan-2-amine | adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| aldosterone [no description available] | 9.48 | 5 | 1 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 6.07 | 9 | 1 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 3.63 | 9 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 14.55 | 26 | 4 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 2 | 1 | 0 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 6.34 | 5 | 3 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 4.35 | 1 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| vincristine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 8.23 | 6 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 8 | 10 | 1 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease | 6.76 | 11 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound | phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt | acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 3.11 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid | chelator |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| mannitol [no description available] | 5.18 | 3 | 1 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
| cytarabine [no description available] | 4.61 | 3 | 2 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 6.54 | 11 | 5 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 6.12 | 5 | 2 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; piperidines | anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug |
| trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. | 6.96 | 1 | 0 | chloroethenes | inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite |
| dichloroacetic acid [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | astringent; marine metabolite |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 3.86 | 2 | 1 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organobromine compound; pyridines | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | |
| isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene | |
| quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent | |
| pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium salt | |
| chlorphenesin Chlorphenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203). chlorphenesin : Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | glycol; monochlorobenzenes; propane-1,2-diols | antibacterial drug; antifungal drug; muscle relaxant |
| deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents. | 4.44 | 1 | 1 | ethanolamines; tertiary amine | curing agent; radical scavenger |
| cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton. | 8.46 | 9 | 3 | cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol | solvent |
| thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. | 5.71 | 11 | 0 | peptide ergot alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | bromide salt | |
| linalyl acetate linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; monoterpenoid | |
| framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound | |
| 1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | naphthylamine | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| 20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. | 3.75 | 2 | 1 | methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; barbiturates | drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic |
| quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines | |
| isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 9.47 | 10 | 2 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | organic cation | |
| ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | nitrile | |
| edrophonium bromide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches. | 7.7 | 13 | 1 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| cyproterone acetate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester | androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin |
| hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | monofluorobenzenes | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| homocystine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; homocystines | human metabolite |
| dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound | antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent |
| bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines | agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin |
| dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 3.97 | 2 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| medroxyprogesterone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | gluconic acid | chelator; Penicillium metabolite |
| copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | thiazoles | |
| methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover. | 5.53 | 9 | 2 | methoxybenzenes; phenols | |
| methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. | 5.9 | 4 | 1 | amphetamines; secondary amine | central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic |
| aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2.75 | 3 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | carbonate salt; potassium salt | catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant |
| glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry. | 3.78 | 2 | 1 | N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | 17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | sedative |
| vinblastine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lithium citrate lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression. | 11.11 | 11 | 3 | lithium salt | |
| ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative | antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | alkali metal hydroxide | |
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities. | 4.44 | 1 | 1 | 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid | |
| metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 4.36 | 6 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567) | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | thioxanthenes | |
| chlordesmethyldiazepam [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. | 6.77 | 7 | 3 | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
| butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nitrosamine; primary alcohol | carcinogenic agent |
| cladribine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine | |
| floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; enone; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| mebhydroline mebhydroline: see also rcored for mebhydrolin 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate, RN: 6153-33-9 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| terodiline [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283) | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
| silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA. | 7.35 | 2 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental silver | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | manganese group element atom | |
| titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | titanium group element atom | |
| cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 3.01 | 1 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom | |
| gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental gold | |
| vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom | micronutrient |
| ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom | |
| zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | titanium group element atom | |
| aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aluminium coordination entity | Lewis acid |
| zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt | anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent |
| metocurine iodide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | diatomic bromine | |
| zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity | fertilizer |
| silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt | astringent |
| calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum. | 2 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt | |
| potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser |
| chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity | bleaching agent |
| deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. | 1.92 | 1 | 0 | deuterated compound; water | NMR solvent |
| sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt | nutraceutical |
| trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| cesium fluoride cesium fluoride: RN given refers to above cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzotriazines | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug |
| selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
| levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole | antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator |
| pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptathiophene | histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | organic sodium salt | anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen |
| isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator |
| fluorides [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic fluorine | |
| iodine [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic iodine | human metabolite |
| daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester | antithyroid drug; prodrug |
| bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 6.43 | 7 | 2 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid | human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | ||
| alkenes [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 4.76 | 5 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| ribostamycin Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; metabolite |
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ADP-sugar | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 3.56 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | |
| oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy. | 6.69 | 6 | 1 | cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine | anticonvulsant; drug allergen |
| toloxatone toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes | |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent |
| tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
| ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| adinazolam adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; sedative |
| amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin |
| phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
| tolamolol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide | anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker |
| sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | |
| sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 3.32 | 2 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
| ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor |
| meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azepanes | |
| sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes | anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic |
| medroxalol medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | salicylamides | |
| epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lorcainide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| ceforanide ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 15.63 | 20 | 6 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxacephem | antibacterial drug |
| endralazine BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol | adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist |
| cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker |
| pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| recainam recainam: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine | |
| enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxine; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trospectomycin trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dioxanes | |
| finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group. | 3.11 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent |
| loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| sparfloxacin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | |
| cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
| tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes | anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor |
| mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | tetralins | T-type calcium channel blocker |
| topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor |
| tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | ||
| bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders. | 9.34 | 14 | 2 | aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone | drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist |
| remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
| lamivudine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | duloxetine hydrochloride | antidepressant |
| irinotecan [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. | 9.47 | 10 | 2 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor |
| zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone; tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist |
| n-butyllithium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion | EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor |
| fenproporex fenproporex: was minor descriptor; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines | |
| acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| rubidium chloride rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | inorganic chloride; rubidium molecular entity | antidepressant; biomarker |
| cyamemazine cyamemazine: phototoxic neuroleptic effects; structure in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines | |
| cisatracurium cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. | 10.49 | 13 | 6 | hydrochloride | |
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| fosinoprilat fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | L-proline derivative; phosphinic acids | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefprozil [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| chloroquine diphosphate [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl. | 5.8 | 4 | 2 | N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite |
| glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | glutathione derivative; organic disulfide | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| imipramine n-oxide imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | |
| dexloxiglumide dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | glutamic acid derivative | |
| intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyridoindole | |
| repaglinide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | fenfluramine | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| lithium sulfate lithium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | metal sulfate | antidepressant |
| ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate | antineoplastic agent; estrogen |
| fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162) | 4.41 | 2 | 2 | 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose | |
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 5.74 | 6 | 1 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| cefcanel cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
| epristeride epristeride: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | steroid acid | |
| talinolol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ureas | |
| dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | fatty amide | geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| denaverine denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| diprafenone diprafenone: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic compound | |
| nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| uk 68798 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker |
| ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole | antibacterial drug |
| dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | razoxane | antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent |
| voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | P450 inhibitor |
| betamipron [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzofurans | |
| panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| 7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| 9-aminocamptothecin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | |
| sch 34343 Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | bile acid | |
| atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone | |
| rivastigmine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound | cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| frovatriptan [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | bromide salt; lithium salt | |
| s20098 [no description available] | 3.21 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| strontium titanium oxide [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84) | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | ||
| mci 9038 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| oxyprothepine decanoate oxyprothepine decanoate: structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5882 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-cyanoethylurea 2-cyanoethylurea: immunopotentiator | 8.76 | 3 | 0 | ||
| cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | cobalt group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion | antibacterial drug |
| bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre. | 2 | 1 | 0 | D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| asulacrine asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acridines | |
| hydroxycotinine hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid | |
| daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic). | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | plant metabolite |
| quinaprilat quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| 2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | |
| dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ecteinascidin 743 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite |
| 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively. | 3.54 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles; diamine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger |
| ici 169369 2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| mk 0663 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gefitinib [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
| 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells. | 3.16 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols | eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule |
| glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methotrexate [no description available] | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 4.12 | 3 | 1 | aromatic ether | |
| tamsulosin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| sulbactam [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillanic acids | |
| dilevalol (R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide | |
| ganglerone ganglerone: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 7.21 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| docetaxel [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent |
| irofulven irofulven: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexenones | |
| ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial drug |
| dx 8951 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | |
| cilomilast [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sabarubicin sabarubicin: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug |
| clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine | |
| solifenacin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | |
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound | calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor |
| asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration. | 5.81 | 2 | 2 | 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole | |
| abanoquil [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative | |
| clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug |
| varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V). | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II | human metabolite |
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine | local anaesthetic |
| melagatran [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor |
| osemozotan osemozotan: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fosfluconazole fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles | prodrug |
| tolvaptan [no description available] | 3.15 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cortisone [no description available] | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lithium fluoride lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nsc-89199 estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate | |
| phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | |
| acivicin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite |
| bortezomib [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor |
| carboplatin [no description available] | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. | 11.25 | 18 | 0 | inorganic chloride; lithium salt | antimanic drug; geroprotector |
| oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. | 3.48 | 1 | 1 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
| ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. | 3.26 | 6 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal | antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore |
| cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | L-asparagine derivative; quinolines | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; steroid ester | cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents. | 8 | 4 | 0 | 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines | antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| miglitol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| linezolid [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone | antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | tripeptide | |
| tolterodine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant |
| metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino sugar | |
| medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | |
| darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester | adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug |
| acarbose [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol; glycoside | |
| tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic) | |
| rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. | 12.49 | 9 | 3 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone | calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; phosphonic acids | antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor |
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; polyphenol | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen |
| bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor |
| eptifibatide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide | anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| imidazolidines [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | |
| decitabine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
| sm 8668 Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| teniposide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity | |
| cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 3.15 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| sitafloxacin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic | |
| enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion | analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite |
| tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin | antiinfective agent |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 3.76 | 2 | 1 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic salt; potassium salt | antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent |
| potassium perchlorate potassium perchlorate: thyroid antagonist; structure | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | ||
| calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic peptide | |
| arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 10.03 | 5 | 2 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
| mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | oligopeptide | anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist |
| fludarabine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 9.85 | 6 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid | antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments. | 4.48 | 5 | 1 | diarylmethane | |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 7.74 | 12 | 2 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| terbinafine [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 4.32 | 3 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 9.29 | 4 | 1 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| cancidas [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic |
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| hmr 3647 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug |
| 2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 22.12 | 1,203 | 136 | alkali metal atom | |
| dolasetron [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| or 1259 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | steroid | estrogen |
| quinine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| isepamicin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid | |
| lamifiban lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | |
| telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols | antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sphing-4-enine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| quercetin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| bilirubin [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | biladienes; dicarboxylic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic |
| dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| alprostadil [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oxapenam | antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 8.35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| paricalcitol [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane | antiparathyroid drug |
| humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene. | 4.7 | 3 | 2 | alpha-humulene | |
| myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone | anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| daidzein [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite |
| sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | |
| coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration. | 7.13 | 1 | 0 | ubiquinones | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite |
| 8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | F2-isoprostane | biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 7.1 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| indocyanine green [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| dothiepin hydrochloride Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. | 3.79 | 2 | 1 | dothiepin | |
| codeine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. | 4.85 | 2 | 1 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | androgen antagonist |
| hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 4.29 | 3 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative | antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 3.15 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 4.32 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
| alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor |
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
| deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide | diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| dexmedetomidine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | medetomidine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative |
| iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol | platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| vinorelbine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 6.54 | 8 | 2 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| romidepsin depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; heterocyclic antibiotic; organic disulfide | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom | neurotoxin |
| (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
| cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium | |
| rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom | |
| bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | metal atom; pnictogen | |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 6.11 | 5 | 1 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene | antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor |
| methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | phenanthrenes | |
| cefixime [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
| zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385) | 4.6 | 6 | 1 | styrenes | |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester | antigen; mouse metabolite |
| silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086]. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom | |
| phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen | macronutrient |
| heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug |
| enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| cefuroxime [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen |
| ceftriaxone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug |
| hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine | |
| ceftazidime [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | |
| famotidine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| aztreonam [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ginkgolide b [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE. | 2.53 | 2 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | micronutrient |
| palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound | antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist |
| cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles | antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor |
| dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant | anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| eniporide eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cilastatin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide | EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| fk 453 FK 453: adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a new antihypertensive agent with diuretic action in isolated rabbit aorta; FR113452 is the S-(-) enantiomer of FK 453 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ixabepilone [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle | antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ceftizoxime [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monobactam | antibacterial drug |
| nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
| eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | lipid As | |
| dantrolene [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer |
| dexniguldipine niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| temsirolimus [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | macrolide lactam | |
| rwj-333369 S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound | |
| bms188797 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent. | 3.14 | 1 | 0 | penicillanic acids | |
| phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | phosphagen; phosphoamino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sl 327 SL 327: a MEK inhibitor. SL-327 : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen attached to the same carbon as the cyano group has been replaced by an o-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, while the remaining hydrogens of the ethenyl group have been replaced by amino and (4-aminophenyl)sulfanyl groups. The configuration of the double bond is not specified. It is an inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | magnesium salt | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| azimilide azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| tomopenem [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bb-83698 BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | |
| mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
| zotarolimus zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | lactam; macrolide | |
| g(m2) ganglioside G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine; sialotriaosylceramide | antigen |
| gentamicin sulfate [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bn 52020 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2-hydroxy-5-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzylamino)benzoic acid 2-hydroxy-5-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzylamino)benzoic acid: a potent antioxidant | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. | 3.05 | 4 | 0 | ||
| alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. | 3.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia. | 5.87 | 2 | 2 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | nystatins | |
| pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. | 2.51 | 2 | 0 | ||
| vindesine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | ||
| pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). | 4.68 | 9 | 0 | ||
| acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bisaramil [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS. | 4.62 | 3 | 2 | polypeptide | |
| teicoplanin teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ly-146032 [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics |
| dalbavancin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrate acid derivative; glycopeptide; monosaccharide derivative; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chitosan [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack. | 3.55 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lithium orotate [no description available] | 7.76 | 3 | 0 | ||
| hygromycin b [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine. | 4.02 | 2 | 0 | organic cation; sulfonium compound | coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 11.97 | 29 | 4 | fumarate salt | |
| cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist |
| fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion | |
| glycolipids [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 4.86 | 6 | 0 | ||
| interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | polypeptide | |
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | ||
| chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 3.8 | 3 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| piroxicam [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide | |
| mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 3.79 | 3 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tigecycline [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bellergal [no description available] | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). | 3.51 | 2 | 0 | ||
| technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
| cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| guanine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 10.78 | 38 | 3 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| ganciclovir [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
| sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 19.8 | 56 | 12 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols | antiviral drug |
| vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 5.01 | 3 | 1 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | formyltetrahydrofolic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles | gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist |
| tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer |
| aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles | antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist |
| ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; thiadiazoles | antimicrobial agent |
| rifabutin [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eye [no description available] | 3.78 | 3 | 0 | ||
| carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. | 5.76 | 3 | 2 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available] | 0 | 25.06 | 1,290 | 191 |
| Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. | 1 | 29.82 | 2,580 | 382 |
| Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage. | 0 | 7.82 | 29 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroid [description not available] | 0 | 8.43 | 20 | 2 |
| Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE. | 0 | 8.43 | 20 | 2 |
| Leukocytopenia [description not available] | 0 | 7.72 | 24 | 3 |
| Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000). | 0 | 7.72 | 24 | 3 |
| Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypomania [description not available] | 0 | 4.28 | 2 | 1 |
| Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 14.67 | 71 | 7 |
| 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.01 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 4.87 | 13 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. | 0 | 14.67 | 71 | 7 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 9.98 | 8 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 6.94 | 9 | 2 |
| Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75) | 1 | 8.94 | 9 | 2 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 4.98 | 8 | 0 |
| Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available] | 0 | 4.59 | 10 | 0 |
| Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism. | 1 | 12.99 | 36 | 11 |
| Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions. | 0 | 4.59 | 10 | 0 |
| Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm. | 0 | 4.15 | 5 | 0 |
| Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. | 0 | 7.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Exanthem [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Dementia Praecox [description not available] | 0 | 13 | 89 | 11 |
| Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. | 1 | 15 | 89 | 11 |
| ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 13.62 | 28 | 9 |
| Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available] | 0 | 6.4 | 9 | 5 |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94) | 1 | 15.62 | 28 | 9 |
| Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 6.4 | 9 | 5 |
| Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY. | 0 | 19.2 | 132 | 73 |
| Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5) | 1 | 21.2 | 132 | 73 |
| Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 3.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available] | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. | 1 | 5.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst. | 0 | 9.29 | 19 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 6.41 | 38 | 0 |
| Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 8.65 | 15 | 2 |
| Malignant Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 1 | 10.65 | 15 | 2 |
| Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445) | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA. | 0 | 4.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Bone Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 5.5 | 2 | 2 |
| Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones. | 1 | 7.5 | 2 | 2 |
| Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 6.57 | 10 | 2 |
| Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN. | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 6.57 | 10 | 2 |
| Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight. | 0 | 8.07 | 17 | 6 |
| Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 6.86 | 9 | 3 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 3.42 | 6 | 0 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 4.95 | 8 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 3.42 | 6 | 0 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 4.95 | 8 | 1 |
| Bone Stress Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Cartilage Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 15.55 | 50 | 4 |
| Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 19.04 | 299 | 74 |
| Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available] | 0 | 7.19 | 22 | 1 |
| Panic Attacks [description not available] | 0 | 4.13 | 3 | 1 |
| Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. | 0 | 3.85 | 2 | 1 |
| Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 10.55 | 50 | 4 |
| Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 1 | 23.77 | 598 | 148 |
| Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. | 0 | 7.19 | 22 | 1 |
| Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. | 0 | 4.13 | 3 | 1 |
| Cardiac Toxicity [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood. | 1 | 11.48 | 40 | 5 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Refractory Depression [description not available] | 0 | 6.59 | 7 | 1 |
| Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.) | 1 | 8.59 | 7 | 1 |
| Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available] | 0 | 4.71 | 2 | 1 |
| Psychoses [description not available] | 0 | 14.51 | 131 | 18 |
| Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 16.7 | 42 | 8 |
| Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene. | 0 | 4.71 | 2 | 1 |
| Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 1 | 16.51 | 131 | 18 |
| Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 5.52 | 8 | 0 |
| Encephalitis, Limbic [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 8.58 | 20 | 2 |
| Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 8.58 | 20 | 2 |
| Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available] | 0 | 3.67 | 9 | 0 |
| Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment. | 0 | 9.95 | 31 | 2 |
| Infections, Coronavirus [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Drooling [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE). | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available] | 0 | 8.45 | 30 | 1 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Morbid Obesity [description not available] | 0 | 3.5 | 2 | 0 |
| Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Complication, Postoperative [description not available] | 0 | 5.06 | 16 | 0 |
| Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2. | 0 | 3.5 | 2 | 0 |
| Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance. | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. | 0 | 5.06 | 16 | 0 |
| Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. | 0 | 7.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Glossalgia Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. | 0 | 7.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Acrania [description not available] | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41) | 0 | 7.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 10.26 | 57 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Absence Status [description not available] | 0 | 2.97 | 4 | 0 |
| Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30) | 0 | 2.97 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Central Hypothyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 9.47 | 50 | 1 |
| Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction. | 0 | 9.47 | 50 | 1 |
| Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 18.56 | 151 | 52 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 9.86 | 8 | 1 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 10.74 | 36 | 11 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 15.65 | 75 | 23 |
| Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 6.15 | 11 | 0 |
| Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions. | 0 | 6.15 | 11 | 0 |
| Basedow Disease [description not available] | 0 | 13.05 | 30 | 2 |
| Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy). | 0 | 8.05 | 30 | 2 |
| Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 8.32 | 27 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 7.28 | 5 | 1 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 7.28 | 5 | 1 |
| Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION. | 0 | 8.79 | 11 | 0 |
| Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. | 0 | 7.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 9.06 | 16 | 1 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 9.06 | 16 | 1 |
| Brain Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 5.81 | 12 | 0 |
| Myoclonic Jerk [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 7 | 0 |
| Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM. | 0 | 5.81 | 12 | 0 |
| HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3) | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS). | 0 | 8.94 | 13 | 0 |
| Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available] | 0 | 11.19 | 48 | 6 |
| Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. | 0 | 11.19 | 48 | 6 |
| Inadequate Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 8.68 | 15 | 3 |
| Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 5.31 | 21 | 0 |
| Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available] | 0 | 3.76 | 11 | 0 |
| Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 5.05 | 5 | 2 |
| Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS. | 0 | 3.76 | 11 | 0 |
| Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 5.05 | 5 | 2 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 3.11 | 5 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 3.11 | 5 | 0 |
| Action Tremor [description not available] | 0 | 5.43 | 15 | 1 |
| Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE. | 0 | 5.43 | 15 | 1 |
| Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism. | 0 | 4.52 | 9 | 0 |
| Anankastic Personality [description not available] | 0 | 7.83 | 17 | 2 |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. | 0 | 7.83 | 17 | 2 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 6.72 | 8 | 1 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 3.83 | 4 | 0 |
| Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 3.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44) | 0 | 3.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 3.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 1 | 5.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V) | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 8.51 | 24 | 3 |
| Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 6.13 | 7 | 1 |
| Microglossia [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199) | 0 | 8.51 | 24 | 3 |
| Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. | 0 | 6.13 | 7 | 1 |
| Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes. | 0 | 3.11 | 5 | 0 |
| Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastric Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| As If Personality [description not available] | 0 | 10.59 | 18 | 2 |
| Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. | 0 | 6.38 | 13 | 0 |
| Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 4.72 | 2 | 1 |
| Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Mitral Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Prostate [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available] | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. | 0 | 4.23 | 2 | 0 |
| Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 1 | 9.1 | 12 | 1 |
| Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation). | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
| Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Teeth, Impacted [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied. | 0 | 3.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Cerebral Ischemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION). | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 4.95 | 6 | 0 |
| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. | 0 | 4.95 | 6 | 0 |
| Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Licheniform Eruptions [description not available] | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available] | 0 | 6.89 | 16 | 1 |
| Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH. | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Drop Attack [description not available] | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
| Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
| Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available] | 0 | 6.14 | 3 | 2 |
| Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96) | 1 | 8.14 | 3 | 2 |
| CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available] | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27)) | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 7.51 | 10 | 2 |
| Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 4.3 | 7 | 0 |
| Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS). | 0 | 9.3 | 7 | 0 |
| Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available] | 0 | 3.6 | 9 | 0 |
| Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42) | 0 | 3.6 | 9 | 0 |
| Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available] | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321). | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8) | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
| Cognitive Decline [description not available] | 0 | 3.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. | 0 | 3.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Sex Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Acne [description not available] | 0 | 9.5 | 9 | 0 |
| Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. | 0 | 4.5 | 9 | 0 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical Dependence [description not available] | 0 | 12.73 | 35 | 5 |
| Gambling, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 6.05 | 6 | 1 |
| Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money. | 0 | 6.05 | 6 | 1 |
| Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. | 0 | 12.73 | 35 | 5 |
| Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. | 0 | 6.5 | 7 | 1 |
| Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43) | 1 | 8.31 | 4 | 2 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 15.94 | 68 | 21 |
| Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. | 0 | 2.77 | 3 | 0 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 15.94 | 68 | 21 |
| Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure. | 0 | 5.9 | 17 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. | 0 | 2.77 | 3 | 0 |
| Anxiety Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 11.8 | 27 | 3 |
| Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY. | 0 | 11.8 | 27 | 3 |
| Acute Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 3.49 | 8 | 0 |
| Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. | 0 | 5.56 | 12 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions. | 0 | 8.49 | 8 | 0 |
| Amentia [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 12 | 0 |
| Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. | 1 | 7.8 | 12 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available] | 0 | 3.11 | 5 | 0 |
| Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 2.71 | 3 | 0 |
| Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. | 0 | 3.11 | 5 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Alloxan Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 3.41 | 7 | 0 |
| Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND. | 0 | 8.22 | 11 | 1 |
| Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS). | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available] | 0 | 4.3 | 4 | 0 |
| AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40) | 0 | 4.3 | 4 | 0 |
| Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available] | 0 | 9.67 | 33 | 3 |
| Amyloid Deposits [description not available] | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
| Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7) | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994) | 0 | 8.49 | 8 | 0 |
| Post-Natal Depression [description not available] | 0 | 4.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386) | 0 | 4.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available] | 0 | 11.76 | 19 | 19 |
| Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.). | 1 | 13.76 | 19 | 19 |
| Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Cacosmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. | 0 | 2.73 | 3 | 0 |
| Allergic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 6.33 | 24 | 0 |
| Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 7 | 0 |
| Cannabis Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning. | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Daytime Sleepiness [description not available] | 0 | 5.55 | 6 | 1 |
| Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands. | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320) | 0 | 5.55 | 6 | 1 |
| Embryopathies [description not available] | 0 | 4.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Calcification, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Allergy, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 4.13 | 3 | 1 |
| Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226) | 0 | 4.13 | 3 | 1 |
| Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysthymia [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 4 | 2 |
| Adjustment Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor. | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
| Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV) | 0 | 5.8 | 4 | 2 |
| Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions. | 0 | 3.36 | 7 | 0 |
| Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. | 0 | 3.23 | 6 | 0 |
| Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 11 | 0 |
| Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 8.78 | 11 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.24 | 6 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. | 0 | 3.24 | 6 | 0 |
| Cyclothymia [description not available] | 0 | 8.77 | 12 | 1 |
| Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING. | 0 | 5.47 | 15 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 7 | 0 |
| Colitis, Mucous [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Allodynia [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. | 0 | 8.59 | 9 | 0 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 5.39 | 5 | 3 |
| Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. | 0 | 4.87 | 4 | 2 |
| Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 5.39 | 5 | 3 |
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 6.1 | 21 | 0 |
| Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. | 0 | 6.1 | 21 | 0 |
| Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION. | 0 | 3.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Alcohol Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 11.92 | 29 | 14 |
| Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4) | 1 | 13.92 | 29 | 14 |
| ADDH [description not available] | 0 | 12 | 28 | 5 |
| Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V) | 0 | 12 | 28 | 5 |
| Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW. | 0 | 4.08 | 3 | 1 |
| Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.75 | 3 | 0 |
| Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available] | 0 | 3.69 | 10 | 0 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2) | 0 | 3.69 | 10 | 0 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Dyslipidemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available] | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES. | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). | 0 | 10.07 | 12 | 5 |
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperlipemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.61 | 3 | 0 |
| Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood. | 0 | 3.61 | 3 | 0 |
| Day Blindness [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Aneuploid [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.85 | 4 | 0 |
| Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 5.09 | 10 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results. | 0 | 4.3 | 4 | 0 |
| Central Pontine Myelinolysis [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperpotassemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 3 | 0 |
| Blood Pressure, Low [description not available] | 0 | 4.3 | 7 | 0 |
| Tachyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.59 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. | 0 | 4.3 | 7 | 0 |
| Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Anal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Pyrexia [description not available] | 0 | 5.17 | 6 | 2 |
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72) | 0 | 5.05 | 16 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. | 0 | 10.17 | 6 | 2 |
| Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 3.84 | 2 | 0 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. | 0 | 3.84 | 2 | 0 |
| Bradyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 4.01 | 14 | 0 |
| Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. | 0 | 4.01 | 14 | 0 |
| Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS). | 0 | 13.19 | 35 | 1 |
| Aura [description not available] | 0 | 4.76 | 7 | 0 |
| Thrombopenia [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) | 0 | 4.76 | 7 | 0 |
| Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS. | 0 | 5.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Ebstein Anomaly A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle. | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available] | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329) | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Malnourishment [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Equine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion. | 0 | 3.6 | 3 | 0 |
| Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others. | 0 | 3.37 | 7 | 0 |
| Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575) | 0 | 2.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 11 | 0 |
| Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. | 0 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
| Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 5.91 | 3 | 1 |
| Anti-Yo-Associated Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen. | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Histomoniasis [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 2 | 0 |
| Reactive Attachment Disorder Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-V) | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005) | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Incipient Schizophrenia [description not available] | 0 | 5.19 | 4 | 1 |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. | 0 | 5.19 | 4 | 1 |
| Injuries, Radiation [description not available] | 0 | 5.2 | 4 | 1 |
| Nerve Pain [description not available] | 0 | 9.85 | 11 | 9 |
| Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. | 0 | 9.85 | 11 | 9 |
| Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Torsade de Pointes [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Stammering [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Autism [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V) | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Prodromal Characteristics [description not available] | 0 | 2.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.46 | 1 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 3.79 | 2 | 1 |
| Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 5.22 | 6 | 2 |
| Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available] | 0 | 5.55 | 9 | 2 |
| Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer. | 0 | 3.79 | 2 | 1 |
| Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. | 1 | 7.55 | 9 | 2 |
| MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Polydipsia, Primary [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Post-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.73 | 3 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) | 0 | 2.73 | 3 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available] | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder. | 0 | 4.14 | 6 | 0 |
| Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses. | 0 | 4.14 | 6 | 0 |
| Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION. | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| 47,XX,+21 [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213) | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Sinus Arrest [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Asystole [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation. | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. | 0 | 9.58 | 24 | 5 |
| Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Elevated Cholesterol [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
| Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 7 | 0 |
| Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 7.01 | 10 | 2 |
| Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle. | 0 | 7.01 | 10 | 2 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 6.91 | 9 | 2 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 6.91 | 9 | 2 |
| Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. | 0 | 6.67 | 9 | 1 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 5.09 | 17 | 0 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 5.09 | 17 | 0 |
| Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Caries, Dental [description not available] | 0 | 4.08 | 3 | 0 |
| Parodontosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 0 |
| Asialia [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 0 |
| Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. | 0 | 4.08 | 3 | 0 |
| Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 0 |
| Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow. | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 0 |
| Mucositis, Oral [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP. | 0 | 8.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry) | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Briquet Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V) | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Swelling [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Atrial Septal Defect [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) | 0 | 3.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Bleeding [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Mental [description not available] | 0 | 9.05 | 25 | 4 |
| Akinetic Autism [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28) | 0 | 9.05 | 25 | 4 |
| Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment. | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Trichotillomania Compulsion to pull out one's hair. | 0 | 4.07 | 3 | 1 |
| Acoustic Perceptual Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 5.01 | 5 | 2 |
| Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. | 0 | 5.01 | 5 | 2 |
| Clerambault Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 7.86 | 17 | 1 |
| Chorea Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 6 | 0 |
| Athetoid Movements [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 5 | 0 |
| Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. | 0 | 4.62 | 6 | 0 |
| Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Appetite Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 6.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. | 0 | 6.8 | 8 | 1 |
| Cancer of Pituitary [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychoses, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 4.76 | 12 | 0 |
| Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Emboli [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Apraxia [description not available] | 0 | 7.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Auricular Fibrillation [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysarthosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Apraxias A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7) | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation. | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Migraine [description not available] | 0 | 5.71 | 11 | 0 |
| Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) | 0 | 5.71 | 11 | 0 |
| Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments. | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 3.09 | 5 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available] | 0 | 2.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 3.09 | 5 | 0 |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA. | 0 | 7.7 | 3 | 0 |
| Acute Brain Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 3.48 | 8 | 0 |
| Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. | 0 | 3.48 | 8 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 3.49 | 8 | 0 |
| Hemisensory Neglect [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act. | 0 | 6.58 | 6 | 2 |
| Enteric Fever [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available] | 0 | 5.82 | 10 | 0 |
| Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV) | 0 | 5.82 | 10 | 0 |
| Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Back Ache [description not available] | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
| Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions. | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
| Light Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 8.41 | 1 | 1 |
| Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Insulin Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 1 |
| Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 1 |
| Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements. | 1 | 5.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 5.84 | 5 | 1 |
| Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 5.84 | 5 | 1 |
| Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 5.91 | 3 | 3 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available] | 0 | 4.41 | 8 | 0 |
| Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc. | 0 | 10.43 | 50 | 11 |
| Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Cocaine Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Heroin Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Addiction, Opioid [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN. | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Alarm Clock Headache [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 2 | 1 |
| Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis. | 0 | 8.8 | 2 | 1 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 3.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9) | 0 | 3.32 | 2 | 0 |
| Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES). | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Disc, Herniated [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Adiadochokinesis [description not available] | 0 | 4.14 | 6 | 0 |
| Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90) | 0 | 4.14 | 6 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC). | 0 | 4.59 | 10 | 0 |
| Addison's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Glial Cell Tumors [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Sinoatrial Block Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Germinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 1 |
| Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. | 0 | 4.28 | 4 | 1 |
| Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Stones [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Heart Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Grippe [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994) | 0 | 13.06 | 14 | 2 |
| Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 7.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Interstitial Nephritis [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 4 | 0 |
| Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction. | 0 | 3.82 | 4 | 0 |
| Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Deafness, Transitory [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Circulatory Collapse [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs. | 0 | 7.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Nodular Goiter [description not available] | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 0 |
| Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS. | 0 | 4.61 | 6 | 0 |
| Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 5.99 | 6 | 1 |
| Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 1 | 1 |
| Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79) | 0 | 5.99 | 6 | 1 |
| Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4) | 1 | 6.26 | 1 | 1 |
| Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns. | 0 | 9.41 | 20 | 6 |
| Aprosodia [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 0 |
| Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 0 |
| Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis). | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 0 |
| Cold Sore [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.) | 0 | 7.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Infections, Proteus [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Cholera Infantum [description not available] | 0 | 5.42 | 3 | 1 |
| Amyotonia Congenita [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. | 0 | 4.6 | 3 | 2 |
| Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Contact Dermatitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Verruca [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nervous System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.84 | 12 | 0 |
| Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. | 0 | 3.84 | 12 | 0 |
| Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.75 | 2 | 1 |
| Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent. | 0 | 3.75 | 2 | 1 |
| Alogia [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Disease, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Parotid Duct Calculi [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available] | 0 | 3.47 | 8 | 0 |
| Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. | 0 | 3.47 | 8 | 0 |
| Sinus Infections [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available] | 0 | 8.05 | 22 | 2 |
| Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Muscle Spasm [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE. | 0 | 7.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77) | 0 | 6.1 | 4 | 3 |
| Paraphilias [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Pederasty [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Stunted Growth [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Asthma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 5.52 | 3 | 2 |
| Auditory Vertigo [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 1 | 1 |
| Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). | 0 | 10.52 | 3 | 2 |
| Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops. | 0 | 4.26 | 1 | 1 |
| Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Factitious Disorders Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Polyarthritis [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Crisis, Thyrotoxic [description not available] | 0 | 4.05 | 3 | 1 |
| Abnormality, Heart [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| ACD-MPV [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Anoxia, Fetal [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT). | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Cancer of Ovary [description not available] | 0 | 3.75 | 2 | 1 |
| Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS. | 0 | 3.75 | 2 | 1 |
| Eye Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) | 1 | 5.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus. | 0 | 7.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Infection [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Health Care Associated Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Fungal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Viral Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscle Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 6.83 | 7 | 4 |
| Malignant Hypertension [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Familial Periodic Paralysis [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| A-V Dissociation [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Sycosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Heat Collapse [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Choked Disk [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175) | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Autotomy Human [description not available] | 0 | 5.18 | 4 | 1 |
| Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available] | 0 | 8.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Enlarged Spleen [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Kahler Disease [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypotension, Postural [description not available] | 0 | 5.18 | 4 | 1 |
| Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE. | 0 | 5.18 | 4 | 1 |
| Edema, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms ( | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bewilderment [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 7 | 0 |
| Angiitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available] | 0 | 3.22 | 6 | 0 |
| Prinzmetal Angina [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphocytopenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythrocytosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombocythemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Impotence [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Female Genital Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythema Migrans, Lingual [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Myelopathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Binge Eating [description not available] | 0 | 7.37 | 8 | 2 |
| Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger. | 0 | 12.37 | 8 | 2 |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 4.86 | 8 | 0 |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. | 0 | 4.86 | 8 | 0 |
| Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cushing's Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Caries, Cervical [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Paranoia [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95) | 0 | 8.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Colorectal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Celiac Sprue [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetishism (Psychiatric) [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Transvestic Fetishism [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Mouth [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Verrucous A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans. | 0 | 4.97 | 9 | 0 |
| Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Glandular Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Anomia A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| MODS [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Complications, Labor [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Syphilis [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. | 0 | 2.91 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Duncan Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias. | 0 | 3.38 | 1 | 1 |
| Breathlessness [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| High T4 Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperthyroxinemia Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available] | 0 | 4.71 | 2 | 1 |
| Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE. | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 1 | 6.71 | 2 | 1 |
| Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Skin [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Asperger Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5) | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Causalgia Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Causalgia A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Rectum [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hidradenitis The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Nail Fungus [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Bladder Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Frigidity [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Bilirubinemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Capgras Syndrome A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acne Keloid A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Hakim Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Claustrophobia [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Genital Herpes [description not available] | 0 | 8.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females. | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA). | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Suffocation [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. | 0 | 6.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Disgerminoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Testis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Bullous Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2. | 0 | 6.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bovine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperkyphosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Angel Dust Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nocturnal Wandering [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Q Fever [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatophytoses [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Catatonic Rigidity [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cramp [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Metabolic [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroesophageal Laceration-Hemorrhage [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress. | 0 | 6.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Apnea, Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Blunt Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |