azomycin profile

azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10701
CHEMBL ID	433637
CHEBI ID	67135
SCHEMBL ID	10049
SCHEMBL ID	4794199
SCHEMBL ID	17145914
MeSH ID	M0049325

Synonym
k8e96xl55d ,
unii-k8e96xl55d
BB 0261804
nsc 105831
einecs 208-425-5
brn 0116444
azomycin
2-NITROIMIDAZOLE ,
1h-imidazole, 2-nitro-
wln: t5m cnj bnw
imidazole, 2-nitro-
amicin
nsc105831
527-73-1
nsc-105831
ro 05-9129
2-nitro-1h-imidazole
2-nitroimidazole, 98%
chebi:67135 ,
CHEMBL433637
A7707
AKOS007929923
AZOMYCIN - 2-NITROIMIDAZOLE
nitroimidazoles
nitroimidazole
AKOS006222773
N0891
36877-68-6
FT-0687305
FT-0601241
NCGC00346715-01
AM20100295
S2267
azomycin [mi]
CCG-208568
smr004701806
MLS006010891
SCHEMBL10049
2-nitro-imidazole
2 -nitroimidazole
2-nitroimidazol
DTXSID7060178
SCHEMBL4794199
mfcd00005185
SY019543
Q-200313
SCHEMBL17145914
CS-D1102
HMS3655N18
SR-05000002197-2
sr-05000002197
SW220260-1
STL554743
HY-N0195
Q27135639
2-nitro imidazole
azomycin (2-nitroimidazole)
AS-14901
BCP26458
BBL100949
azomycin-(2-nitroimidazole)
YSWG910
EN300-84202
Z1203162379

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The toxic action of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells has been shown to be a function of serum concentration, with higher serum concentrations enhancing the toxic effect."	( Some factors affecting the specific toxicity of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells. Gray, P; Stratford, IJ, 1978)	0.26
" For cells in air at 41 degrees C, as at 37 degrees C, there is no toxic effect at the concentration of drug tested."	( Effect of hyperthermia on differential cytotoxicity of a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, Ro-07-0582, on mammalian cells in vitro. Adams, GE; Stratford, IJ, 1977)	0.26
" The enhanced lethality may be associated with the production of toxic intermediates of MISO."	( Effects of local hyperthermia on the tissue levels and toxicity of three radiosensitizers in mice. George, KC; Rücker, A; Streffer, C; Tamuelvicius, P, )	0.13
" INO was very toxic towards HT-29 cells and was equally toxic under aerobic and hypoxic conditions."	( Cytotoxicity and glutathione depletion by 1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole in human colon cancer cells. Gipp, JJ; McClelland, RA; Mulcahy, RT; Panicucci, R; Ublacker, GA, 1989)	0.28
" Studies on Nfx and Bz biotransformation, activation to reactive metabolites, and potential mechanisms for their toxic effects were analyzed."	( Toxic effects of nifurtimox and benznidazole, two drugs used against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). Castro, JA; Diaz de Toranzo, EG, 1988)	0.27
" The results suggest that the possible adverse effects on biological systems limit the prophylactic use of BHA and BHT in preventing the action of chemical carcinogens in man."	( In vivo protective role of antioxidants against genotoxicity of metronidazole and azanidazole. Cantelli-Forti, G; Hrelia, P; Murelli, L; Paolini, M, 1987)	0.27
" Corresponding analogues in Series A and B were equally toxic to HeLa-MR cells."	( Aerobic and hypoxic toxicity of a new class of mixed-function drugs associating nitroimidazoles and chloroethylnitrosourea in nitrosourea-sensitive (Mer-) and -resistant (Mer+) human tumor cells. Barascut, JL; Carminati, A; Imbach, JL; Mulcahy, RT, 1988)	0.27
" trans-[PtCl2(NH3)-(misonidazole)] is more toxic than the cis isomer."	( Platinum complexes with one radiosensitizing ligand [PtCl2(NH3) (sensitizer)]: radiosensitization and toxicity studies in vitro. Adomat, H; Farrell, NP; Skov, KA, 1987)	0.27
" The in vitro cytotoxicity data suggested that RA-263 is considerably more toxic to hypoxic cells than misonidazole."	( Radiosensitization, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of a 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside (RA-263). Agrawal, KC; Rockwell, S; Rupp, WD, 1986)	0.27
" Teratogenicity tests in animals have given negative results in the case of metronidazole, ornidazole and tinidazole, and in the case of metronidazole no evidence of any adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy was seen in women treated for trichomoniasis at various times during gestation, including the first trimester."	( Safety of nitroimidazoles. Roe, FJ, 1985)	0.27
"45 times less toxic to normal tissue, although the dose-limiting organ may be different for the two routes."	( Misonidazole protects mouse tumour and normal tissues from the toxicity of oral CCNU. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1985)	0.27
"Administration of 1-methylsulphonyl-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazole-yl)-2-imidazolidinone (Go 10213) at a dose of 5000 mg/kg to rat, mouse, guinea pig and rabbit and 3000 mg/kg to dog did not induce any toxic symptoms or mortality."	( Pre-clinical toxicity studies on the new nitroimidazole 1-methylsulphonyl-3-(1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-2-yl)-2- imidazolidinone. Gangoli, SD; Marathe, MR; Nair, TB; Rao, RR, 1985)	0.27
" The results of this study suggest that the neurotoxic effects of MISO are species-specific, and that while the rat model may be useful for comparison of the relative toxic effects of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers, it is not a model suited for measurement of neurotoxicity caused by MISO in humans and nonhuman primates."	( Misonidazole neurotoxicity in rats: Part I. Evaluation of misonidazole neurotoxicity in rats by analysis of brain stem auditory and cortical evoked potentials. Edwards, MS; Gordon, DG; Levin, VA; Phillips, TL, 1984)	0.27
"0 g of misonidazole, severe nausea and vomiting are prominent, so that this side effect is a determining factor in the treatment fractionation."	( The role of microsomal enzyme inducers in the reduction of misonidazole neurotoxicity. Bleehen, NM; Jones, DH; Smith, NC; Workman, P, 1983)	0.27
" In contrast, chlorozotocin (CHLZ) was slightly more toxic toward hypoxic cells while Bis-OH CyNU more effectively killed aerobic cells."	( Enhancement of nitrosourea cytotoxicity by misonidazole in vitro: correlation with carbamoylating potential. Dembs, NL; Mulcahy, RT; Ublacker, GA, 1984)	0.27
" However, MISO was more toxic than was 5-TG to P815-X2 mastocytoma cells of mice."	( Comparison of the cytotoxicity of 5-thio-D-glucose and misonidazole on hypoxic cells in vitro. Lee, CK; Levitt, SH; Rhee, JG; Song, CW, )	0.13
"The selectively toxic effect of nitroimidazole drugs towards anaerobic bacteria and protozoa depends on a number of factors."	( Mechanisms of selective toxicity of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs. Edwards, DI, 1980)	0.26
" However, binding does occur, and this depletes intracellular glutathione which is capable both of inactivating these toxic radicals and repairing the target lesions."	( The mechanisms of cytotoxicity and chemosensitization by misonidazole and other nitroimidazoles. Brown, JM, )	0.13
" Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonidazole."	( Misonidazole in patients receiving radical radiotherapy: pharmacokinetic effects of phenytoin, tumor response and neurotoxicity. Dawes, PJ; Henk, JM; Moore, JL; Paterson, IC, )	0.13
"The internal, hypoxic cells of V79 spheroids are preferentially killed by misonidazole, whereas adriamycin is preferentially toxic to the external cells due to diffusion limitations."	( Combination adriamycin/misonidazole toxicity in V79 spheroids. Brown, SM; Durand, RE, )	0.13
" Studies showed that BCNU was more toxic in serum-free medium and that MISO had little or no effect on BCNU toxicity for hypoxic cells in the absence of serum."	( Misonidazole increases the toxicity of BCNU for hypoxic cells. Guttman, P; Tannock, I, )	0.13
"5 mM was only slightly toxic to hypoxic L1210 cells and allowed a greater than 90% survival following a 2-hr exposure."	( The effect of misonidazole on the cytotoxicity and DNA cross-linking activity of an activated sulfidocyclophosphamide in hypoxic mouse leukemia cells. Erickson, LC; McManus, ME; Ramonas, LM, 1982)	0.26
" We studied the ocular toxic effects of a desmethyl derivative of misonidazole after subconjunctival administration of 140 and 70 mg."	( Ocular absorption and toxicity of a radiosensitizer and its effect on hypoxic cells. Adomat, H; Josephy, PD; Palcic, B; Rootman, J, 1982)	0.26
" In contrast, radiochromatograms obtained from cells treated with toxic levels of MISO (75 mM) under aerobic conditions indicated no drug metabolism."	( Sulphydryls, ascorbate and oxygen as modifiers of the toxicity and metabolism of misonidazole in vitro. Rauth, AM; Taylor, YC, 1980)	0.26
"A proven biochemical method for assessing chemically induced neurotoxicity has been applied to the study of the toxic effects of misonidazole (MISO) in the rat."	( A biochemical method for assessing the neurotoxic effects of misonidazole in the rat. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP; Stratford, IJ, 1980)	0.26
"A new 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside radiosensitizer, PR-350 (1-[1',3',4'-trihydroxy-2'-butoxy]-methyl-2-nitroimidazole), has been reported to be as efficient as and less toxic than etanidazole."	( Optical isomers of a new 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside analog (PR-350 series): radiosensitization efficiency and toxicity. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Murata, R; Oya, N; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Shibata, T; Suzuki, T; Takagi, T, 1995)	0.29
"01) less toxic than RK-28 at this dose, as reflected in a lower increase in the brain glucose level (0."	( Metabolic studies and neurotoxicity in tumors and brain of mice after hypoxic cell sensitizers. Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1994)	0.29
" Results demonstrated that INO2 was toxic under hypoxic conditions (tested via colony-forming assay) at concentrations where no toxicity was observed for aerobic cells."	( Mechanism of the selective hypoxic cytotoxicity of 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole. Brezden, CB; McClelland, RA; Rauth, AM, 1994)	0.29
" Benznidazole was less toxic (IC(50)=2000 microM) than prodigiosin (IC(50)=1-20 microM) in V79 cells based on the MTT and NAC assays."	( Cytotoxicity of prodigiosin and benznidazole on V79 cells. da Silva Melo, P; Durán, N; Haun, M, 2000)	0.31
" The results show that sulphimidazole is only slightly toxic in vitro for Vero cells, either alone or in association with trimethoprim, and that the combination of the two functional groups in a single molecule not only maintains its structure-activity relationship intact but also broadens its antibacterial spectrum."	( Cytotoxicity and probable mechanism of action of sulphimidazole. Baggio, G; Castelli, M; Cermelli, C; Lupo, L; Malagoli, M; Paolucci, F; Roffia, S; Zanca, A, 2000)	0.31
" This alkylphospholipid was also extremely toxic against intracellular amastigotes of both strains."	( Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) against drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bozza, MT; Freire-De-Lima, CG; Gibaldi, D; Heise, N; Mendonça-Previato, L; Previato, JO; Saraiva, VB, 2002)	0.31
" Although toxic effects on growth of colonies were not observed, 75 and 100 microM benznidazole induced an increasing of mitotic recombination events in diploid strain."	( Benznidazole-induced genotoxicity in diploid cells of Aspergillus nidulans. Castro-Prado, MA; Kaneshima, EN, 2005)	0.33
" The most frequent adverse effects observed in the use of Nfx are: anorexia, loss of weight, psychic alterations, excitability, sleepiness, digestive manifestations such as nausea or vomiting, and occasionally intestinal colic and diarrhoea."	( Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Bartel, LC; Castro, JA; de Mecca, MM, 2006)	0.33
" The incidence of adverse effects was significantly lower in the group given satranidazole (P < ."	( Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial to compare the efficacy and safety of metronidazole and satranidazole in patients with amebic liver abscess. Kar, P; Madan, K; Muzaffar, J; Sharma, MP, 2006)	0.33
" pylori with particular reference to drug-induced adverse events associated with treatment."	( Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: indications, efficacy and safety. Katelaris, P; Kwok, A; Lam, T; Leong, RW, 2008)	0.35
"Eradication therapy, in general, is safe and well tolerated."	( Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: indications, efficacy and safety. Katelaris, P; Kwok, A; Lam, T; Leong, RW, 2008)	0.35
" In 58 healthy subjects dosed with PA-824 in these studies, the drug candidate was well tolerated, with no significant or serious adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy subjects. Ginsberg, AM; Laurenzi, MW; Rouse, DJ; Spigelman, MK; Whitney, KD, 2009)	0.35
" Essential program components guaranteeing feasibility of implementation were information, education, and communication (IEC) at the community and family level; vector control; health staff training; screening and diagnosis; treatment and compliance, including family-based strategies for early detection of adverse events; and logistics."	( Feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of etiological treatment programs for Chagas disease in Honduras, Guatemala, and Bolivia: 10-year experience of Médecins Sans Frontières. Albajar Viñas, P; Castillo, S; Chambi, W; Ellman, T; Flevaud, L; Lima, MA; Palma, PP; Parreño, F; Roddy, P; Yun, O, 2009)	0.35
" Benznidazole-related adverse events were observed in 50."	( Feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of etiological treatment programs for Chagas disease in Honduras, Guatemala, and Bolivia: 10-year experience of Médecins Sans Frontières. Albajar Viñas, P; Castillo, S; Chambi, W; Ellman, T; Flevaud, L; Lima, MA; Palma, PP; Parreño, F; Roddy, P; Yun, O, 2009)	0.35
"These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment programs in resource-limited settings, including remote rural areas, while addressing the limitations associated with drug-related adverse events."	( Feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of etiological treatment programs for Chagas disease in Honduras, Guatemala, and Bolivia: 10-year experience of Médecins Sans Frontières. Albajar Viñas, P; Castillo, S; Chambi, W; Ellman, T; Flevaud, L; Lima, MA; Palma, PP; Parreño, F; Roddy, P; Yun, O, 2009)	0.35
" The most common adverse events were nausea, skin rash, fatigue, and vomiting."	( Phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Bendell, JC; Borad, MJ; Burris, HA; Chiorean, EG; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Kroll, S; Lacouture, ME; Langmuir, VK; Lee, H; Lewandowski, K; Molina, JR; Ramanathan, RK; Tibes, R; Weiss, GJ, 2011)	0.37
" Common adverse events included fatigue, nausea and skin rash."	( A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, D; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Lorente, G; Okuno, SH; Rushing, D, 2011)	0.37
" Benznidazole is the most commonly used drug for the etiological treatment of the disease although its effectiveness varies according to the phase of the same and toxic side effects are frequent."	( Side effects of benznidazole treatment in a cohort of patients with Chagas disease in non-endemic country. Carrilero, B; Martínez-Lage, L; Murcia, L; Segovia, M, 2011)	0.37
"The Naranjo algorithm was applied to classify the causality of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Safety of benznidazole use in the treatment of chronic Chagas' disease. Chambela, MC; de Sousa, AS; do Brasil, PE; Hasslocher-Moreno, AM; Sperandio da Silva, GM; Xavier, SS, 2012)	0.38
" Fexinidazole, a 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazole rediscovered by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) after extensive compound mining of public and pharmaceutical company databases, has the potential to become a short-course, safe and effective oral treatment, curing both acute and chronic HAT."	( Genotoxicity profile of fexinidazole--a drug candidate in clinical development for human African trypanomiasis (sleeping sickness). Bourdin Trunz, B; Torreele, E; Tweats, D, 2012)	0.38
"There is an urgent need for new antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, including agents that are safe and effective with concomitant antiretrovirals (ARV) and first-line TB drugs."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events during induction were fatigue, nausea, and skin and/or mucosal toxicities as well as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia."	( Phase II study of the safety and antitumor activity of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, DR; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Hendifar, AE; Kroll, S; Okuno, SH; Reed, DR; Van Tine, BA, 2014)	0.4
" We also assessed safety and tolerability by monitoring adverse events."	( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)	0.42
" Frequencies of adverse events were similar to standard treatment in all groups."	( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)	0.42
"Increasing numbers of children with drug-resistant tuberculosis are accessing second-line antituberculosis drugs; these are more toxic than first-line drugs."	( Adverse effects of oral second-line antituberculosis drugs in children. Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Schaaf, HS; Thee, S; van der Laan, L, 2016)	0.43
"A Pubmed search was performed to identify articles addressing adverse effects of second-line antituberculosis drugs; a general search was done for the new drugs delamanid and bedaquiline."	( Adverse effects of oral second-line antituberculosis drugs in children. Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Schaaf, HS; Thee, S; van der Laan, L, 2016)	0.43
"Although children may experience fewer adverse effects from oral second-line antituberculosis drugs than adults, evidence from prospective studies of the incidence of adverse events in children is limited."	( Adverse effects of oral second-line antituberculosis drugs in children. Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Schaaf, HS; Thee, S; van der Laan, L, 2016)	0.43
" During the 24-month treatment, all blood test results remained within the normal range, no adverse events were reported, and corrected QT interval was always normal."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a 24-month treatment regimen including delamanid in a child with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: A case report and review of the literature. Bianchini, S; Bosis, S; Esposito, S; Migliori, GB; Principi, N; Tadolini, M, 2016)	0.43
" Drug-related adverse events occurred less frequently with morinidazole (32."	( Efficacy and safety of morinidazole in pelvic inflammatory disease: results of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial. Cao, C; Luo, A; Wang, S; Weng, D; Wu, P; Zheng, H, 2017)	0.46
"Up to half of patients with Chagas' disease under benznidazole treatment present adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and up to one-third do not complete standard treatment."	( Benznidazole treatment safety: the Médecins Sans Frontières experience in a large cohort of Bolivian patients with Chagas' disease. Brasil, PEAAD; Brum-Soares, LM; Cubides, JC; Fux, CP; Hasslocher-Moreno, AM; Holanda, MT; Mediano, MFF; Mejía, RA; Sangenis, LHC; Saraiva, RM; Silvestre de Sousa, A; Sperandio da Silva, GM, 2017)	0.46
"Benznidazole treatment was safe and a large proportion of patients were able to complete a full course of benznidazole treatment under close treatment surveillance."	( Benznidazole treatment safety: the Médecins Sans Frontières experience in a large cohort of Bolivian patients with Chagas' disease. Brasil, PEAAD; Brum-Soares, LM; Cubides, JC; Fux, CP; Hasslocher-Moreno, AM; Holanda, MT; Mediano, MFF; Mejía, RA; Sangenis, LHC; Saraiva, RM; Silvestre de Sousa, A; Sperandio da Silva, GM, 2017)	0.46
"Etiological treatment of Chagas disease in chronic asymptomatic patients is still in debate and the adverse effects of traditional drugs are one of the main concerns in clinical practice."	( Risk factors for treatment interruption and severe adverse effects to benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Agreda-Rudenko, D; Cucunubá, ZM; Duque, S; Flórez, C; Herazo, R; Nicholls, RS; Olivera, MJ; Valencia-Hernández, CA, 2017)	0.46
" A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Risk factors for treatment interruption and severe adverse effects to benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Agreda-Rudenko, D; Cucunubá, ZM; Duque, S; Flórez, C; Herazo, R; Nicholls, RS; Olivera, MJ; Valencia-Hernández, CA, 2017)	0.46
"We observed 305 adverse reactions in 85 of 99 participants (85."	( What to expect and when: benznidazole toxicity in chronic Chagas' disease treatment. Aldasoro, E; Calvo-Cano, A; Casellas, A; Gascon, J; Pinazo, MJ; Posada, E; Requena-Méndez, A; Sanz, S; Serret, N; Soy, D, 2018)	0.48
"There is a very high frequency of adverse reactions to benznidazole."	( What to expect and when: benznidazole toxicity in chronic Chagas' disease treatment. Aldasoro, E; Calvo-Cano, A; Casellas, A; Gascon, J; Pinazo, MJ; Posada, E; Requena-Méndez, A; Sanz, S; Serret, N; Soy, D, 2018)	0.48
" We report serious adverse events, QTc corrected using the Fridericia formula (QTcF) interval data, and culture conversion data during the first 6 months of treatment."	( Early safety and efficacy of the combination of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Armenia, India, and South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Cox, H; De Avezedo, V; Egazaryan, L; Ferlazzo, G; Furin, J; Hewison, C; Hughes, J; Isaakidis, P; Jonckheere, S; Kalon, S; Khachatryan, N; Laxmeshwar, C; Mohr, E; Shroufi, A, 2018)	0.48
" 16 serious adverse events were reported in seven patients."	( Early safety and efficacy of the combination of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Armenia, India, and South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Cox, H; De Avezedo, V; Egazaryan, L; Ferlazzo, G; Furin, J; Hewison, C; Hughes, J; Isaakidis, P; Jonckheere, S; Kalon, S; Khachatryan, N; Laxmeshwar, C; Mohr, E; Shroufi, A, 2018)	0.48
" 501 (98·0%) of 511 patients had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event."	( Efficacy and safety of delamanid in combination with an optimised background regimen for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group phase 3 trial. Balanag, V; Bielskiene, V; Cadena, E; Caoili, J; Cirule, A; Danilovits, M; Davidaviciene, E; Domente, L; Geiter, LJ; Gupta, R; Hafkin, J; Hittel, N; Lizarbe, V; Patientia, R; Petersen, C; Sanchez, E; Segura, P; Staples, S; Ticona, E; Variava, E; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F; Wells, C; Yu, C, 2019)	0.51
" Patients were followed up for sputum smear and culture conversion and adverse events during the treatment."	( Early efficacy and safety of Bedaquiline and Delamanid given together in a "Salvage Regimen" for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Khalid, UK; Mathuria, KK; Munjal, SK; Myneedu, VP; Puri, MM; Sarin, R; Singla, N; Singla, R; Verma, A; Vohra, V, 2019)	0.51
" 29 adverse events (AE) were reported among 17 patients and there were 11 deaths."	( Early efficacy and safety of Bedaquiline and Delamanid given together in a "Salvage Regimen" for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Khalid, UK; Mathuria, KK; Munjal, SK; Myneedu, VP; Puri, MM; Sarin, R; Singla, N; Singla, R; Verma, A; Vohra, V, 2019)	0.51
"BDQ and DLM given together in a salvage regimen is efficacious with low rate of adverse events."	( Early efficacy and safety of Bedaquiline and Delamanid given together in a "Salvage Regimen" for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Khalid, UK; Mathuria, KK; Munjal, SK; Myneedu, VP; Puri, MM; Sarin, R; Singla, N; Singla, R; Verma, A; Vohra, V, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the aDSM project is to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing national aDSM registers and to describe the type and the frequency of adverse events (AEs) associated with exposure to the new anti-TB drugs."	( Surveillance of adverse events in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: A global feasibility study. Akkerman, O; Al-Marzouqi, NH; Aleksa, A; Alffenaar, JW; Arias-Guillén, M; Belilovski, E; Bernal, E; Boeree, MJ; Borisov, SE; Bruchfeld, J; Cadiñanos Loidi, J; Cai, Q; Caminero, JA; Cebrian Gallardo, JJ; Centis, R; Codecasa, LR; D'Ambrosio, L; Dalcolmo, M; Danila, E; Dara, M; Davidavičienė, E; Davies Forsman, L; De Los Rios Jefe, J; Denholm, J; Duarte, R; Elamin, SE; Ferrarese, M; Filippov, A; Ganatra, S; Garcia, A; García-García, JM; Gayoso, R; Giraldo Montoya, AM; Gomez Rosso, RG; Gualano, G; Hoefsloot, W; Ilievska-Poposka, B; Jonsson, J; Khimova, E; Kuksa, L; Kunst, H; Laniado-Laborín, R; Li, Y; Magis-Escurra, C; Manfrin, V; Manga, S; Marchese, V; Martínez Robles, E; Maryandyshev, A; Matteelli, A; Migliori, GB; Mullerpattan, JB; Munoz-Torrico, M; Mustafa Hamdan, H; Nieto Marcos, M; Noordin, NM; Palmero, DJ; Palmieri, F; Payen, MC; Piubello, A; Pontali, E; Pontarelli, A; Quirós, S; Rendon, A; Skrahina, A; Šmite, A; Solovic, I; Sotgiu, G; Souleymane, MB; Spanevello, A; Stošić, M; Tadolini, M; Tiberi, S; Udwadia, ZF; van den Boom, M; Vescovo, M; Viggiani, P; Visca, D; Zhurkin, D; Zignol, M, 2019)	0.51
" Both drugs present high rates of adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation and there is no consensus regarding the most effective administration schedule for benznidazole or how to prevent and manage treatment toxicity."	( Comparison of the toxicity of two treatment schemes with benznidazole for chronic Chagas disease: a prospective cohort study in two Spanish referral centres. Arsuaga, M; Crespillo-Andújar, C; Díaz-Menéndez, M; López-Vélez, R; Monge-Maillo, B; Norman, F; Pérez-Molina, JA; Trigo, E, 2020)	0.56
" There were also no differences in adverse reactions rate (55."	( Comparison of the toxicity of two treatment schemes with benznidazole for chronic Chagas disease: a prospective cohort study in two Spanish referral centres. Arsuaga, M; Crespillo-Andújar, C; Díaz-Menéndez, M; López-Vélez, R; Monge-Maillo, B; Norman, F; Pérez-Molina, JA; Trigo, E, 2020)	0.56
" The MTT assay showed that no statistically significant toxic effects occurred in the developed system, nor significant effects on cell viability."	( ZIF-8 as a promising drug delivery system for benznidazole: development, characterization, in vitro dialysis release and cytotoxicity. da Silva Nascimento, DDS; de Albuquerque Wanderley Sales, V; de Moura Ferraz, LR; de Souza Pereira, JJ; Ferreira, AS; Júnior, SA; Rolim, LA; Rolim-Neto, PJ; Silva, JYR; Tabosa, AÉGA, 2020)	0.56
" In this nationwide descriptive cohort study from Belarus, we examined adverse drug events, time to culture conversion, treatment outcomes including post-treatment recurrence among children and adolescents (<18 years of age) treated with bedaquiline and/or delamanid containing regimens from 2015 to 2019."	( Effectiveness and safety of delamanid- or bedaquiline-containing regimens among children and adolescents with multidrug resistant or extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: A nationwide study from Belarus, 2015-19. Auchynka, V; Charnysh, I; Hurevich, H; Katovich, D; Klimuk, D; Kumar, AMV; Sereda, Y; Setkina, S; Skrahin, A; Skrahina, A; Solodovnikova, V; Yedilbayev, A, 2021)	0.62
" Cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) were classified as serious or not, based on international guidelines."	( Effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of delamanid-containing regimens in adults with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: A nationwide cohort study from Belarus, 2016-18. Auchynka, V; Hurevich, H; Katovich, D; Kumar, AMV; Sereda, Y; Setkina, S; Skrahin, A; Skrahina, A; Solodovnikova, V; Yedilbayev, A, 2021)	0.62
"Multicentre (16 countries), prospective, observational study reporting incidence and frequency of clinically relevant adverse events of special interest (AESIs) among patients who received MDR/RR-TB treatment containing bedaquiline and/or delamanid."	( Safety of Treatment Regimens Containing Bedaquiline and Delamanid in the endTB Cohort. Adenov, M; Adnan, S; Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Coutisson, S; Danielyan, N; Franke, MF; Hewison, C; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Janmohamed, A; Kamene Kimenye, M; Karakozian, H; Khan, P; Khan, U; Kholikulov, B; Kirakosyan, O; Krisnanda, A; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leblanc, G; Lecca, L; Mamsa, S; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Nkuebe, M; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rich, ML; Seung, KJ; Thit, P; Varaine, F, 2022)	0.72
" All serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest (AESI), leading to a treatment change, or judged significant by a clinician, were systematically monitored and documented."	( Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes From a 14-Country Cohort of Patients With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treated Concomitantly With Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Other Second-Line Drugs. Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Franke, MF; Grium Tefera, D; Hewison, C; Holtzman, D; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Jacques Leblanc, G; Khan, PY; Khan, U; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leonovich, O; Mamsa, S; Manzur-Ul-Alam, M; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Myint, Z; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rafi Siddiqui, M; Rashitov, M; Rich, ML; Salahuddin, N; Salia, G; Sánchez, E; Serobyan, A; Seung, KJ; Varaine, F; Vetushko, D; Yeghiazaryan, L, 2022)	0.72
"Concomitant use of Bdq and Dlm, along with linezolid and clofazimine, is safe and effective for MDR/RR-TB patients with extensive disease."	( Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes From a 14-Country Cohort of Patients With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treated Concomitantly With Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Other Second-Line Drugs. Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Franke, MF; Grium Tefera, D; Hewison, C; Holtzman, D; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Jacques Leblanc, G; Khan, PY; Khan, U; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leonovich, O; Mamsa, S; Manzur-Ul-Alam, M; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Myint, Z; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rafi Siddiqui, M; Rashitov, M; Rich, ML; Salahuddin, N; Salia, G; Sánchez, E; Serobyan, A; Seung, KJ; Varaine, F; Vetushko, D; Yeghiazaryan, L, 2022)	0.72
" However, adverse drug reactions (ADR) are common and frequently cause patients to discontinue treatment."	( Mitigation of benznidazole toxicity and oxidative stress following ascorbic acid supplementation in an adult traveller with chronic indeterminate Chagas' disease. Breynaert, A; De Bruyne, T; Hermans, N; Huits, R; Truyens, C; Van Den Broucke, S; Van Esbroeck, M; Van Herreweghe, M, 2022)	0.72
" Diagnostic tools, treatment protocols, seroconversion rates and adverse events were investigated."	( Monotherapy and combination chemotherapy for Chagas disease treatment: a systematic review of clinical efficacy and safety based on randomized controlled trials. Cardoso Santos, E; Dias Novaes, R; Lima, GDA; Oliveira Silva, R; Santana Nogueira, S; Vilela Gonçalves, R, 2022)	0.72
" The trial results will help establish evidence towards a safe and effective dose of LZD that can be used in a fully, all-oral short course regimen for highly DR-TB patients."	( Randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of varying doses of linezolid with bedaquiline and pretomanid in adults with pre-extensively drug-resistant or treatment intolerant/non-responsive multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: study Devaleenal, B; Mandal, S; Mattoo, S; Padmapriyadarsini, C; Parmar, M; Ponnuraja, C; Ramraj, B; Singla, R, 2022)	0.72
" Overall, 116 (93%) of 125 patients reported 586 treatment-emergent adverse events, mainly mild or moderate."	( Safety and efficacy of oral fexinidazole in children with gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2-3 trial. Bardonneau, C; Bernhard, S; Blesson, S; Delhomme, S; Fina Lubaki, JP; Ilunga Wa Kyhi, M; Kande Betu Kumesu, V; Kaninda Badibabi, L; Kasongo Bonama, A; Kavunga Lukula, P; Kuziena Mindele, W; Lumbala, C; Lumeya Vuvu, S; Mahenzi Mbembo, H; Mandula Mokenge, G; Mutombo Kalonji, W; Nganzobo Ngima, P; Ngolo Tete, D; Scherrer, B; Simon, F; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Tarral, A; Valverde Mordt, O, 2022)	0.72
"Oral fexinidazole is a safe and effective first-line treatment option across all gambiense human African trypanosomiasis disease stages in paediatric patients."	( Safety and efficacy of oral fexinidazole in children with gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2-3 trial. Bardonneau, C; Bernhard, S; Blesson, S; Delhomme, S; Fina Lubaki, JP; Ilunga Wa Kyhi, M; Kande Betu Kumesu, V; Kaninda Badibabi, L; Kasongo Bonama, A; Kavunga Lukula, P; Kuziena Mindele, W; Lumbala, C; Lumeya Vuvu, S; Mahenzi Mbembo, H; Mandula Mokenge, G; Mutombo Kalonji, W; Nganzobo Ngima, P; Ngolo Tete, D; Scherrer, B; Simon, F; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Tarral, A; Valverde Mordt, O, 2022)	0.72
" No adverse events potentially related to treatment or caused by protocol-required procedures were documented for either treatment regimen."	( Efficacy and Safety of Nifurtimox in Pediatric Patients with Chagas Disease: Results at 4-Year Follow-Up in a Prospective, Historically Controlled Study (CHICO SECURE). Altcheh, J; Ding, O; Grossmann, U; Huang, E; Moscatelli, G; Pinto Rocha, JJ; Ramirez, T; Sierra, V, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These pharmacokinetic differences result from the longer half-life of tinidazole."	( Aspects of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles with special reference to tinidazole. Noguchi, Y; Tanaka, T, 1978)	0.26
"Bilateral kidney ligation of mice immediately before injection of misonidazole (MIS) prolongs the plasma half-life of this radiosensitizer from about 2 h (in normal mice) to 10-11 h, similar to that in man."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations in testing hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in mouse tumours. Brown, JM; Workman, P; Yu, NY, 1979)	0.26
" However, the apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2) for MIS was reduced by 20-67%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was decreased by 23-49% in plasma, brain and tumour."	( Effects of pretreatment with phenobarbitone and phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of misonidazole in mice. Workman, P, 1979)	0.26
" The longer half-life of tinidazole led to significantly higher serum concentrations (by bioassay and chemical assay) of tinidazole than of metronidazole from 6 hrs onwards."	( Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole and metronidazole in women after single large oral doses. Monro, AM; Wood, BA, 1975)	0.25
" Their binding to human plasma proteins was less than 15%; the mean half-life of elimination from the plasma was 14."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of ornidazole and metronidazole in man. Jeunet, F; Schwartz, DE, 1976)	0.26
" The secondary goal was to prospectively evaluate the utility of pharmacokinetic monitoring and dose-modification of the incidence and severity of the dose-limiting peripheral neurotoxicity."	( The efficacy of pharmacokinetic monitoring and dose modification of etanidazole on the incidence of neurotoxicity: results from a phase II trial of etanidazole and radiation therapy in locally advanced prostate cancer. Buswell, L; Coleman, CN; Noll, L; Riese, N; Rose, MA, 1992)	0.28
" Most of the early pharmacokinetic studies employed nonspecific assays such as microbiological and chemical assays."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole anti-infectives. Danziger, LH; Lam, NP; Lau, AH; Piscitelli, SC; Wilkes, L, 1992)	0.28
" Reasoning that this may lie in a more beneficial pharmacokinetic profile, we investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and metabolism of RB 6145 in mice using a specially developed reversed-phase HPLC technique."	( Pharmacokinetic contribution to the improved therapeutic selectivity of a novel bromoethylamino prodrug (RB 6145) of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer/cytotoxin alpha-(1-aziridinomethyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol (RSU 1069). Binger, M; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in six cats."	( Technique, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of intratumoral etanidazole and radiotherapy for treatment of spontaneous feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Brown, DQ; Curran, WJ; Evans, SM; Hanks, G; Helfand, S; LaCreta, F; VanWinkle, T, 1991)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic data were compared with those for the racemic mixture in the same individuals."	( Lack of stereoselectivity in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the radiosensitizer Ro 03-8799 in man. Bleehen, NM; Newman, HF; Smithen, CE; Ward, R; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic studies have shown the importance of area under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve (AUC) in predicting the risk of peripheral neuropathy."	( Abnormal clinical pharmacokinetics of the developmental radiosensitizers pimonidazole (Ro 03-8799) and etanidazole (SR 2508). Bleehen, NM; Maughan, TS; Newman, HF; Ward, R; Workman, P, 1990)	0.28
"Classical pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma, urine and tissue specimens continues to be of major value to the rational development of chemical modifiers of cancer treatment."	( Micropharmacokinetics of chemical modifiers. Workman, P, 1989)	0.28
" As a consequence of a decreased clearance (26% to 48%), the half-life and MRT are increased in all patients by 19% to 38% when compared with healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of ornidazole in patients with acute viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and extrahepatic cholestasis. Attali, P; Bourget, P; Etienne, JP; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM, 1989)	0.28
" Literature values of four pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in dogs and acute LD50 values of the nitroimidazoles in BALB/c mice were highly correlated with log K or log Km only in CHOL-free liposomes."	( Correlation of partitioning of nitroimidazoles in the n-octanol/saline and liposome systems with pharmacokinetic parameters and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Betageri, GV; Rogers, JA, 1989)	0.28
" Plasma and urine pharmacokinetic studies showed that no drug interaction occurred."	( A phase I study of the combination of two hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, Ro 03-8799 and SR-2508: toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Bleehen, NM; Newman, HF; Workman, P, 1986)	0.27
" There was no adverse pharmacokinetic interaction, or perturbation of plasma pharmacokinetics between initial and final infusions."	( The multi-dose clinical tolerance and pharmacokinetics of the combined radiosensitizers, Ro 03-8799 (pimonidazole) and SR 2508 (etanidazole). Bleehen, NM; Newman, HF; Ward, R; Workman, P, 1988)	0.27
"Complete pharmacological data from 71 patients treated on the phase I trial of SR 2508 were analyzed to see if the dose-limiting toxicity of peripheral neuropathy is related to the individual patient's pharmacokinetic profile."	( Relationship between the neurotoxicity of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer SR 2508 and the pharmacokinetic profile. Blaschke, T; Coleman, CN; Cox, RS; Halsey, J; Hancock, S; Hirst, VK; Howes, AE; Pajak, T; Urtasun, RC; Wasserman, TH, 1987)	0.27
" Based on the pharmacokinetic results and residual concentrations at 24 h, a single daily infusion of ornidazole 20 mg X kg-1 appears adequate for therapy in neonates and infants."	( Pharmacokinetics of ornidazole in neonates and infants after a single intravenous infusion. Allain, P; Cavellat, M; Granry, JC; Turcant, A, 1987)	0.27
" Conversely, the hydrophilic MISO metabolite Ro 05-9963 was a poor chemosensitizer and produced only very weak pharmacokinetic effects."	( Altered pharmacokinetics in the mechanism of chemosensitization: effects of nitroimidazoles and other chemical modifiers on the pharmacokinetics, antitumour activity and acute toxicity of selected nitrogen mustards. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1986)	0.27
" The mean pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for tinidazole were similar to those reported in the literature; total clearance 51 ml/min, renal clearance 10 ml/min, volume of distribution 501 and half-life 11."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-tinidazole in humans. Baker, JM; Brodie, RR; Chasseaud, LF; Darragh, A; Faulkner, JK; John, BA; Lambe, RF; Wood, BA; Wood, SG, 1986)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data suggested that RA-263 was eliminated from plasma by a rapid alpha phase and a slower beta phase with T 1/2 of 36 and 72 min, respectively."	( Radiosensitization, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of a 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside (RA-263). Agrawal, KC; Rockwell, S; Rupp, WD, 1986)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out in 31 patients."	( A clinical phase I toxicity study of Ro 03-8799: plasma, urine, tumour and normal brain pharmacokinetics. Bleehen, NM; Roberts, JT; Walton, MI; Workman, P, 1986)	0.27
" In ACRF patients, the half-life of ornidazole was 10."	( Pharmacokinetics of ornidazole in patients with renal insufficiency; influence of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Baumelou, A; Chick, O; Diquet, B; Merdjan, H; Singlas, E, 1985)	0.27
" It was found that the effectiveness of these compounds in producing pharmacokinetic effects correlated directly with their lipophilicity, viz."	( Nitroimidazoles as modifiers of nitrosourea pharmacokinetics. Lee, FY; Workman, P, 1984)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic behaviour was linear except at high doses in mice."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics of benznidazole. Owen, LN; Twentyman, PR; Walton, MI; White, RA; Workman, P, 1984)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic studies with the esters revealed their rapid hydrolysis in serum to the corresponding acids within 5 minutes as detected by HPLC."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of amino acid analogues of 2-nitroimidazole, new hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Agrawal, KC; Garg, PK; Larroquette, CA, 1984)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic properties of metronidazole (M) and tinidazole (T) were studied in patients undergoing colorectal surgery after a single preoperative dose of 1500 mg infused during 50 minutes."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and tinidazole used as single dose prophylactic agents. Bakkevold, K; Bergan, T; Leinebø, O; Salvesen, B; Søreide, O; Ulvik, NM, 1984)	0.27
" Such a pharmacokinetic effect could account for part of the potentiation of MEL and CY action observed in tumours with large single doses of MISO."	( The effect of radiosensitizers on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the mouse. Hinchliffe, M; McNally, NJ; Stratford, MR, 1983)	0.27
" Reduced clearance of FU by MISO was associated with an earlier onset of the period of nonlinearity of FU pharmacokinetics and an increased half-life of elimination."	( Pharmacokinetic rationale for the interaction of 5-fluorouracil and misonidazole in humans. Martin, WM; McDermott, BJ; Murphy, RF; Van den Berg, HW, 1983)	0.27
" After intravenous administration the mean elimination half-life of tinidazole was 17."	( Tinidazole pharmacokinetics in severe renal failure. Bailey, RR; Robson, RA; Sharman, JR, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetics of misonidazole have been studies in 6 patients with special emphasis on determination of the peak concentration in plasma and saliva."	( Pharmacokinetic considerations of misonidazole in therapeutics. Johnston, A; Matheson, I; Plowman, PN, 1984)	0.27
" in a 2-liter volume to 6 patients affected by advanced ovarian carcinoma, and the pharmacokinetic course of the two drugs was studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of the hypoxic radiosensitizers misonidazole and demethylmisonidazole after intraperitoneal administration in humans. Collins, JM; Gianni, L; Greene, RF; Jenkins, JF; Lichter, AS; Myers, CE, 1983)	0.27
" Whenever the parameters were calculable, the elimination half-life of tinidazole (range of means, 14."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and tinidazole as influenced by administration route. Lamminsivu, U; Männistö, PT; Mäntylä, R; Mattila, J; Nykänen, S, 1983)	0.27
" Tinidazole elimination plasma half-life was 15."	( Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in chronic renal failure and in patients on haemodialysis. Chevalier, GC; Dubois, DM; Flouvat, BL; Humbert, G; Imbert, C; Roux, AF; Temperville, BP, 1983)	0.27
" Cimetidine inhibited MISO demethylation and increased its half-life and area under the curve."	( Effects of cimetidine, antipyrine, and pregnenolone carbonitrile on misonidazole pharmacokinetics. Donaldson, J; Smith, NC; Workman, P, )	0.13
"A short review is given of the pharmacokinetic characteristics and side effects of the nitroimidazoles: metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole."	( Pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles. Spectrum of adverse reactions. Andersson, KE, 1981)	0.26
" Peak plasma levels were obtained one to four hours after administration of MIS, with a half-life of five to ten hours."	( Misonidazole as a radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of glioblastomas and oesophageal cancer. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. Bamberg, M; Scherer, E; Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1981)	0.26
" The pharmacokinetic constants (absorption and elimination coefficients) were determinated."	( Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of misonidazole after intraperitoneal administration to the mouse. Labat, C; Malmary-Nebot, MF; Martin, B; Oustrin, J; Terrissol, M, )	0.13
" Neuropathy was a serious side effect but the drug phenytoin has been shown to shorten the half-life of misonidazole."	( Misonidazole in patients receiving radical radiotherapy: pharmacokinetic effects of phenytoin, tumor response and neurotoxicity. Dawes, PJ; Henk, JM; Moore, JL; Paterson, IC, )	0.13
" This paper reports the pharmacokinetic data observed in those patients who received multiple doses to a total of 12 gm-2."	( Desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-9963): clinical pharmacokinetics after multiple oral administration. Anderson, P; Dische, S; Minchinton, AI; Saunders, MI; Stratford, MR, )	0.13
" The plasma pharmacokinetic data indicates no evidence of a MISO-BCNU drug interaction."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of BCNU and misonidazole in humans. Agboola, O; Fulton, D; Koziol, D; Rabin, HR; Raleigh, J; Tanasichuk, H; Turner, R; Urtasun, RC, )	0.13
" One reason for this could be that diffusion to the site of action in the hypoxic cell is restricted by the short half-life in the mouse and the net positive charge carried by the drug at physiological pH."	( Pharmacokinetic studies using multiple administration of RO 03-8799, a 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer. Hill, SA; McNally, NJ; Minchinton, AI; Stratford, MR; Williams, MV, )	0.13
"We have examined the pharmacokinetic properties of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole (MISO)."	( The pharmacokinetics in mice and dogs of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers more lipophilic than misonidazole. Owen, L; White, R; Workman, P, )	0.13
" Speculation exists in the literature that observed differences in tinidazole plasma concentrations between males and females may be due to sex-mediated pharmacokinetic differences."	( Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in male and female subjects. Alton, KB; Chaikin, P; Sampson, C; Weintraub, HS, )	0.13
" The resulting plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urinary concentrations were measured by HPLC analysis; various pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained and compared with similar data for the parent compound, misonidazole (MISO), in the dog."	( Pharmacokinetic and tumour-penetration properties of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-Ro-9963) in dogs. White, RA; Workman, P, 1980)	0.26
" The pharmacokinetic studies were performed in C3H/He mice bearing the SCCVII tumor."	( Fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole derivative hypoxic cell radiosensitizers: radiosensitizing activities and pharmacokinetics. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Nishimoto, S; Oya, N; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Shibata, T; Yoshizawa, T, 1994)	0.29
" Evaluation of pharmacokinetics in the peripheral nerves showed that the apparent biological half-life of SR-2508 increased with the increases in the number of administrations, whereas that of KU-2285 became shorter."	( Radiosensitizing activity and pharmacokinetics of multiple dose administered KU-2285 in peripheral nerve tissue in mice. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Matsuno, E; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic properties of metronidazole and satranidazole were studied in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), at a dose of 80 mg/kg po."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and amoebicidal activity of metronidazole and satranidazole in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Bhopale, KK; Kaul, CL; Masani, KB; Pargal, A; Pradhan, KS; Rao, C, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic characterization of radiopharmaceuticals, specifically radiopharmaceuticals for imaging tissue hypoxia, has not been a central theme in their development."	( Pharmacokinetics of SPECT radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxic tissues. Stypinski, D; Wiebe, LI, 1996)	0.29
" The hydroxy metabolite has biological activity of 30 to 65% and a longer elimination half-life than the parent compound."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. Freeman, CD; Klutman, NE; Lacy, MK; Lamp, KC, 1999)	0.3
" Our results confirm that 123I-IAZA has appropriate pharmacokinetic and radiopharmacokinetic properties to support clinical hypoxia imaging."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 123I-IAZA in healthy volunteers. McEwan, AJ; Mercer, JR; Schmidt, RP; Stypinski, D; Tam, YK; Wiebe, LI, 1999)	0.3
" Our goal was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of [18F]FETNIM in rats and analyze metabolites in human, dog, and rat plasma and urine."	( Pharmacokinetics of [18F]FETNIM: a potential marker for PET. Bergman, J; Eskola, O; Forsback, S; Grönroos, T; Haaparanta, M; Lehtiö, K; Marjamäki, P; Minn, H; Solin, O, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic parameter control-related effective regrowth time (CERT) was used."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of nitroimidazoles alone and in combination with clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori. Nilsson, LE; Nilsson, M; Sörberg, M; Ström, M; Svensson, M, 2002)	0.31
" Radiation dose estimates obtained from the tissue activity levels for this period were calculated from pharmacokinetic (WinNonlin) and dosimetry (MIRD and RAdiation Dose Assessment Resource) parameters."	( [131I]Iodoazomycin arabinoside for low-dose-rate isotope radiotherapy: radiolabeling, stability, long-term whole-body clearance and radiation dosimetry estimates in mice. Kumar, P; McEwan, AJ; McQuarrie, SA; Wiebe, LI; Zhou, A, 2005)	0.73
"Elimination half-life in blood (mono-exponential fit) reached 81."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, metabolism and hypoxia-dependent uptake of [18F]-EF3 and [18F]-MISO in rodent tumor models. Cheguillaume, A; De Bast, M; de Groot, T; Gillart, J; Grégoire, V; Haustermans, K; Labar, D; Mahy, P, 2008)	0.35
" There was no evidence of pharmacokinetic interaction between TH-302 and doxorubicin."	( A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, D; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Lorente, G; Okuno, SH; Rushing, D, 2011)	0.37
"3 l/m(2), respectively, resulting in a terminal elimination half-life of about 36 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of TH-302: a hypoxically activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Cai, X; Duan, JX; Jiao, H; Jung, D; Lin, L; Matteucci, M, 2012)	0.38
"TH-302 exhibited good safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties in nonclinical species, translating into favorable properties in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics of TH-302: a hypoxically activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Cai, X; Duan, JX; Jiao, H; Jung, D; Lin, L; Matteucci, M, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetics of TH-302 was characterized by a short half-life of 12."	( Metabolism, pharmacokinetics and excretion of a novel hypoxia activated cytotoxic prodrug, TH-302, in rats. Duan, JX; Jiao, H; Jung, D; Matteucci, M; Wang, R, 2012)	0.38
" This method could be a useful method for clinical pharmacokinetic studies of morinidazole and its carbonylation metabolite, and it has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving 11 renal insufficiency patients and 11 healthy volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of morinidazole and its carbonylation metabolite in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study involving renal insufficiency patients and healthy volunteers. Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Mu, L; Pei, Q; Tan, H; Xie, F; Yang, G; Yu, P; Yuan, H, 2013)	0.39
"This study assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic interaction between PA-824, a novel antitubercular nitroimidazo-oxazine, and midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate, in 14 healthy adult male and female subjects."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between PA-824 and midazolam in healthy adult subjects. Egizi, E; Erondu, N; Everitt, D; Ginsberg, A; Pauli, E; Rouse, DJ; Severynse-Stevens, D; Winter, H, 2013)	0.39
" After the administration of PA-824, the geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUC0-∞ revealed an increase in exposure with the addition of a high-calorie, high-fat meal compared to the fasted state by 140 and 145% at 50 mg, 176 and 188% at 200 mg, and 450 and 473% at 50, 200, and 1,000 mg, respectively."	( Effect of a high-calorie, high-fat meal on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy adult subjects. Egizi, E; Erondu, N; Everitt, D; Ginsberg, A; Pauli, E; Whitney, K; Winter, H, 2013)	0.39
" In both groups, maximum plasma concentration of morinidazole was reached within 1 hour, while the tmax of M4-1 differed greatly."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose morinidazole in patients with severe renal impairment. Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, YY; Liu, JS; Pei, Q; Tan, HY; Yang, GP; Yi, B; Yuan, H; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of morinidazole and M4-1 are seen in patients with RI and may be clinically important."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose morinidazole in patients with severe renal impairment. Huang, J; Huang, L; Huang, YY; Liu, JS; Pei, Q; Tan, HY; Yang, GP; Yi, B; Yuan, H; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" The method had been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fixed dose administration of PA-824, moxifloxacin, pyrazinamide and their combination in SD rat."	( LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of PA-824, moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Diao, C; Liang, L; Liu, X; Wang, L; Xu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.4
"Prospective population pharmacokinetic (PK) cohort study in children 2-12 years old with Chagas disease treated with oral benznidazole 5-8 mg/kg/day BID for 60 days."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of benznidazole in pediatric Chagas disease suggests efficacy despite lower plasma concentrations than in adults. Altcheh, J; Ballering, G; Bisio, M; García-Bournissen, F; Giglio, N; Koren, G; Marson, ME; Mastrantonio, G; Moroni, S; Moscatelli, G, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.4
" After 7 days of exposure to 200 mg of ketoconazole once daily, the AUC0-t and Cmax of the parent drug were not affected significantly."	( Effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on pharmacokinetics of morinidazole in healthy chinese subjects. Chen, X; Gao, R; Pang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhong, D; Zhong, K, 2014)	0.4
" Furthermore, we demonstrated the application of the method in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study after administration of a single oral dose of BNZ in Wistar rats."	( Rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography method for quantification of antichagasic benznidazole in plasma: application in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Davanço, MG; de Campos, ML; Peccinini, RG, 2015)	0.42
" Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of PA-824 utilized Sprague Dawley rats with a dosage of 20mg/kg at various time points."	( Determination of the antitubercular drug PA-824 in rat plasma, lung and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. A Bester, L; Bratkowska, D; Govender, T; Kruger, HG; Maguire, GE; Shobo, A; Singh, S, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of the present study was to build a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to characterize benznidazole (BNZ) pharmacokinetics in adults with chronic Chagas disease."	( Population pharmacokinetics of benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Aldasoro, E; Gascón, J; Guerrero, L; Mejía, T; Posada, E; Serret, N; Soy, D; Urbina, JA, 2015)	0.42
" The present investigation deals with formulation of stable nanocrystals of poorly soluble satranidazole (SAT) for improving dissolution rate and pharmacokinetic profiling."	( Mechanistic investigation of biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of surface engineering of satranidazole nanocrystals. Dhat, S; Kokare, C; Pund, S; Sharma, P; Shrivastava, B, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated that the extended-release tablets prolonged drug release from the pharmaceutical matrix and provided an increase in the maintenance of the drug concentrationin vivo, which would allow the frequency of administration to be reduced."	( Benznidazole Extended-Release Tablets for Improved Treatment of Chagas Disease: Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study. Alzate, AH; Campos, ML; Davanço, MG; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG; Rolim, LA; Rolim-Neto, PJ; Rosa, TA, 2016)	0.43
" IIIM-019 showed satisfactory in-vivo pharmacokinetic properties."	( Preclinical comprehensive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiling of novel nitroimidazole derivative IIIM-019 - A potential oral treatment for tuberculosis. Ahmed, Z; Bhagat, A; Kour, G; Kumar, A; Sharma, S; Singh, PP; Vishwakarma, RA, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, BNZ tissue biodistribution in a murine model and its pharmacokinetic profile in plasma were monitored."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Benznidazole after Oral Administration in Mice. Cardoso, JM; Carneiro, CM; Correa-Oliveira, R; Fonseca, KD; Mathias, FA; Molina, I; Moreira da Silva, R; Perin, L; Reis, LE; Vieira, PM, 2017)	0.46
" The method had been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fixed dose administration of PA-824, darunavir and their combination in rats."	( Drug-Drug Interactions Between PA-824 and Darunavir Based on Pharmacokinetics in Rats by LC-MS-MS. Feng, T; Jing, J; Liu, X; Mi, L; Shen, X; Wang, L; Zhang, R; Zhang, S; Zhao, J; Zhou, N, 2018)	0.48
"The new lead series were shown to have cidal pharmacodynamic activity."	( In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics of three novel antileishmanial lead series. Braillard, S; Caljon, G; Chatelain, E; Hendrickx, S; Mabille, D; Maes, L; Mowbray, CE; Van den Kerkhof, M, 2018)	0.48
" A population pharmacokinetic model for pretomanid was constructed using a Bayesian analysis of data from two phase 2 studies, PA-824-CL-007 and PA-824-CL-010, conducted with adult (median age, 27 years) patients in Cape Town, South Africa, with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB."	( Modeling and Simulation of Pretomanid Pharmacokinetics in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Lyons, MA, 2018)	0.48
" While clearance (CL) and blood half-life (t½) were similar for both [18F]FDG and [18F]FAZA for both sampling methods, volume of distribution yielded larger differences, indicative of limitations such as partial volume effects within quantitative image-derived data."	( Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Pharmacokinetics: Classical Blood Sampling Versus Image-Derived Analysis of [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG in a Murine Tumor Bearing Model. Brocks, DR; Jans, HS; Kumar, P; Wiebe, LI; Wuest, M; Yang, XH, 2018)	0.48
"A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for pretomanid was developed using data from 14 studies in the pretomanid development program: six phase 1 studies, six phase 2 studies, and two phase 3 studies."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
" The motivation for using [F]FAZA pharmacokinetic imaging was to compare this profile with histologically confirmed cases of chordoma."	( Pharmacokinetic Analysis of [18F]FAZA Dynamic PET Imaging Acquisitions for Highlighting Sacrum Tumor Profiles. Belly-Poinsignon, A; Champion, L; Madar, O; Mammar, H; Provost, C, 2020)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of benznidazole was evaluated via non-linear mixed-effects modelling using the NONMEN program."	( Population pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice. Balthazar Nardotto, GH; Correa-Oliveira, R; da Silva Fonseca, K; Fernanda Rodrigues Bastos Mendes, T; Martins Carneiro, C; Melo de Abreu Vieira, P; Molina, I; Oliveira Paiva, B; Perin, L; Pinto, L, 2020)	0.56
"Our results demonstrate that mouse weight allometrically influences benznidazole clearance; the AUC curve and the highest plasma concentration are dose proportional; benznidazole does not influence its own metabolism; its tissue distribution is limited; and the standard treatment regimen for Chagas' disease in mice (100 mg/kg/day for 20 days) is inadequate from a pharmacokinetic standpoint, as are the other regimens tested in this study (100 mg/kg/day for 40 days, 200 mg/kg/day for 20 days and 40 mg/kg/day for 20 or 40 days)."	( Population pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice. Balthazar Nardotto, GH; Correa-Oliveira, R; da Silva Fonseca, K; Fernanda Rodrigues Bastos Mendes, T; Martins Carneiro, C; Melo de Abreu Vieira, P; Molina, I; Oliveira Paiva, B; Perin, L; Pinto, L, 2020)	0.56
" The population pharmacokinetic model developed here can allow optimization of the dosing regimen of benznidazole to treat experimental Chagas' disease."	( Population pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice. Balthazar Nardotto, GH; Correa-Oliveira, R; da Silva Fonseca, K; Fernanda Rodrigues Bastos Mendes, T; Martins Carneiro, C; Melo de Abreu Vieira, P; Molina, I; Oliveira Paiva, B; Perin, L; Pinto, L, 2020)	0.56
"A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of delamanid in patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was developed using data from four delamanid clinical trials."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Delamanid in Patients with Pulmonary Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Gibiansky, E; Mallikaarjun, S; Wang, X, 2020)	0.56
"To help fill existing knowledge gaps, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of novel and repurposed anti-tuberculosis drugs among patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline, delamanid and clofazimine in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Al-Shaer, MH; Alghamdi, WA; Barbakadze, K; Kempker, RR; Kipiani, M; Mikiashvili, L; Peloquin, CA, 2021)	0.62
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis of delamanid and its major metabolite DM-6705 was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics of delamanid and DM-6705 in pediatric participants with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."	( Population Pharmacokinetic and Concentration-QTc Analysis of Delamanid in Pediatric Participants with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Hafkin, J; Karlsson, MO; Mallikaarjun, S; Sasaki, T; Svensson, EM; Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"The present study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling of benznidazole (BZD) in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of benznidazole in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. Bedor, DCG; Frade, VP; Ghilard, FR; Moreira, CHV; Oliveira, CDL; Sabino, EC; Sanches, C, 2022)	0.72
"We investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of pretomanid (formerly PA-824) in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of pretomanid in healthy Chinese adults: Results of a phase I single dose escalation study. Hui, AM; Li, K; Liu, Y; Lu, Z; Tan, Y; Wei, G; Yang, B, 2022)	0.72
" The aims of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to characterize the concentration-time course of delamanid and DM-6705 in adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis and to explore a potential drug-drug interaction with bedaquiline when coadministered."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Delamanid and its Main Metabolite DM-6705 in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Delamanid Alone or Coadministered with Bedaquiline. De Los Rios, J; Diacon, AH; Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Shenje, J; Svensson, EM; Tanneau, L; Upton, CM; Wiesner, L, 2022)	0.72
" Predicted terminal half-life values for delamanid and DM-6705 were 15."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Delamanid and its Main Metabolite DM-6705 in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Delamanid Alone or Coadministered with Bedaquiline. De Los Rios, J; Diacon, AH; Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Shenje, J; Svensson, EM; Tanneau, L; Upton, CM; Wiesner, L, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of this work was to predict bedaquiline and pretomanid site-of-action exposures using a translational minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) approach to understand the probability of target attainment (PTA)."	( Predictions of Bedaquiline and Pretomanid Target Attainment in Lung Lesions of Tuberculosis Patients using Translational Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Guo, T; Mehta, K; van der Graaf, PH; van Hasselt, JGC, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"75 mg/g) on the growth of MNU fibrosarcoma when administered with fractionated radiation therapy."	( A comparison of the effects of tumour growth delay of fractionated and single dose irradiation when administered with misonidazole (Ro-07-0582). Reddy, EK, 1978)	0.26
"Since most clinical radiotherapy is given as multiple small irradiation fractions, the present study was undertaken to test the in vivo radiosensitizing activity of a new hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, KU-2285, in combination with radiation dose fractionation."	( In vivo radiosensitizing activity of a new fluorinated hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, KU-2285, in combination with radiation dose fractionation. Abe, M; Fushiki, M; Iwai, H; Nishimoto, S; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Suyama, S; Takahashi, M; Yukawa, Y, 1991)	0.28
" The degree of cytopenia with 2 Gy total-body irradiation when combined with either radiosensitizer was not significantly greater than that seen with 2 Gy alone, and the neutropenia was significantly less than that seen with 3 Gy alone."	( Bone marrow toxicity of total-body irradiation combined with radiosensitizers. Allalunis-Turner, J; Applebaum, FR; Chapman, JD; Deeg, HJ; Graham, T; Shields, AF; Storb, R, 1989)	0.28
" To evaluate MDF and MDF in combination with MISO, a randomized prospective trial was initiated."	( Misonidazole combined with hyperfractionation in the management of malignant glioma. Fulton, DS; Geggie, PH; Johnson, E; Mielke, B; Moody, J; Muller, PJ; Shin, KH; Tanasichuk, H; Thomas, H; Urtasun, RC, 1984)	0.27
"Between October 1979 and January 1982, a total of 39 cases were entered on a nonrandomized phase I-II protocol for the evaluation of misonidazole combined with radiation in the treatment of patients with advanced pelvic malignancies of multiple gynecological and gastrointestinal origin."	( Misonidazole combined with large-fraction pelvic irradiation in the treatment of patients with advanced pelvic malignancies. Preliminary report of an ongoing RTOG phase I-II study. Doss, L; Johnson, R; Meoz, RT; Spanos, WJ; Wasserman, TH, 1983)	0.27
"The skin of mouse feet was used to study the effects of hyperthermic treatment, either alone or combined with irradiation."	( A study of the effects of prior heat treatment on the skin reaction of mouse feet after heat alone or combined with X-rays: influence of misonidazole. Haveman, J; Wondergem, J, 1984)	0.27
"From 1978 to the end of 1980, 179 patients with advanced head and neck tumors were accrued in a multicenter pilot study of the EORTC Radiotherapy Group, investigating the feasibility of high dose multiple daily fractionation (MDF) and its combination with misonidazole."	( The feasibility of high-dose multiple daily fractionation and its combination with anoxic cell sensitizers in the treatment of head and neck cancer. A pilot study of the Radiotherapy Group of the EORTC (European Organisation for Research on Treatment of C Arcangeli, G; Chaplain, G; Gonzalez, D; Horiot, JC; Svoboda, V; Van den Bogaert, W; van der Schueren, E, 1982)	0.26
"To compare the effect on the RIF-1 murine sarcoma of nine bioreductive agents from five different classes when used in combination with either photodynamic therapy or clamping."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"RIF-1 tumors implanted intradermally in C3H mice were treated with either 50J photodynamic therapy or with 120 min clamping in combination with either misonidazole, pimonidazole, metronidazole, nimorazole, RB6145, RSU1069, SR4233, mitomycin-C, or RB90740."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"RSU1069 produced the greatest anti-tumor activity in combination with both photodynamic therapy and clamping."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
"Of the bioreductive agents studied RSU1069, RB6145 and mitomycin-C showed the greatest anti-tumor response in combination with photodynamic therapy."	( Comparing the anti-tumor effect of several bioreductive drugs when used in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Adams, GE; Bradley, JK; Bremner, JC; Naylor, MA; Sansom, JM; Stratford, IJ, 1994)	0.29
" In the present study, the in vivo effects of a promising hypoxic cytotoxin, tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide), were examined in comparison with those of KU-2285, one of the best hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, in combination with both single and fractionated irradiation."	( Comparison of in vivo efficacy of hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine and hypoxic cell radiosensitizer KU-2285 in combination with single and fractionated irradiation. Abe, M; Hiraoka, M; Murata, R; Oya, N; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Shibata, T; Takagi, T, 1996)	0.29
" When these gels are used in combination with melarsoprol gel they are capable of curing experimental murine CNS-trypanosomiasis with a one-day treatment."	( Topical chemotherapy for experimental murine African CNS-trypanosomiasis: the successful use of the arsenical, melarsoprol, combined with the 5-nitroimidazoles, fexinidazole or MK-436. Atouguia, JM; Jennings, FW; Murray, M, 1996)	0.29
"Pharmacodynamic studies of Helicobacter pylori exposed to metronidazole and tinidazole alone and in combination with clarithromycin were performed by bioluminescence assay of intracellular ATP."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of nitroimidazoles alone and in combination with clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori. Nilsson, LE; Nilsson, M; Sörberg, M; Ström, M; Svensson, M, 2002)	0.31
" In the present study, the effects of benznidazole (BZ) therapy in combination with the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) on the development of infection in mice inoculated with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain have been investigated."	( Trypanosoma cruzi: effect of benznidazole therapy combined with the iron chelator desferrioxamine in infected mice. Arantes, JM; Bahia, MT; Carneiro, CM; de Abreu Vieira, PM; de Lana, M; Francisco, AF; Martins, HR; Pedrosa, ML; Silva, M; Tafuri, WL; Veloso, VM, 2008)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics and preliminary activity of TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug, in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma."	( A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, D; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Lorente, G; Okuno, SH; Rushing, D, 2011)	0.37
"The hematologic toxicity of doxorubicin is increased when combined with TH-302."	( A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, D; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Kroll, S; Langmuir, VK; Lorente, G; Okuno, SH; Rushing, D, 2011)	0.37
"To study the drug-drug interaction of morinidazole and warfarin and its application, a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of R-warfarin/S-warfarin in human plasma."	( [Enantioselective determinination of R-warfarin/S-warfarin in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a drug-drug interaction study]. Chen, XY; Jin, S; Liu, K; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2012)	0.38
"The present work aimed to investigate the curative effect of benznidazole (BZL) in combination with other patented drugs [nifurtimox (NFX), posaconazole (POS) or AmBisome(®) (AMB)] in mice acutely or chronically infected with either a BZL-susceptible (Tulahuen) or a BZL-partially-resistant (Y) strain of Trypanosoma cruzi."	( Evaluation of benznidazole treatment combined with nifurtimox, posaconazole or AmBisome® in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Carlier, Y; Cencig, S; Coltel, N; Truyens, C, 2012)	0.38
" In order to improve the drug armamentarium against Chagas' disease, in the present study we describe the synthesis of the compound 3-chloro-7-methoxy-2-(methylsulfonyl) quinoxaline (quinoxaline 4) and its activity, alone or in combination with benznidazole, against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro."	( A quinoxaline derivative as a potent chemotherapeutic agent, alone or in combination with benznidazole, against Trypanosoma cruzi. Corrêa, AG; Nakamura, CV; Rodrigues, JH; Sangi, DP; Ueda-Nakamura, T, 2014)	0.4
" This phase II study investigated TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin, followed by single-agent TH-302 maintenance therapy in patients with first-line advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) to assess progression-free survival (PFS), response rate, overall survival, safety, and tolerability."	( Phase II study of the safety and antitumor activity of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Adkins, DR; Butrynski, JE; Chawla, SP; Cranmer, LD; Ganjoo, KN; Hendifar, AE; Kroll, S; Okuno, SH; Reed, DR; Van Tine, BA, 2014)	0.4
" Enalapril alone or in combination with benznidazole did not change the number of circulating parasites, but reduced cardiac leukocyte recruitment and total collagen in the cardiac tissue."	( Enalapril in Combination with Benznidazole Reduces Cardiac Inflammation and Creatine Kinases in Mice Chronically Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. de Paula Costa, G; Horta, AL; Leite, AL; Natali, AJ; Neves, CA; Penitente, AR; Shrestha, D; Talvani, A, 2015)	0.42
" Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential drug-drug interactions between delamanid and antiretroviral drugs, including ritonavir, a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, and selected anti-TB drugs, including rifampin, a strong inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes."	( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects. Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)	0.43
" Here we investigated the hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide in combination with different treatment regimens of IR against lung A549- and head&neck UT-SCC-14-derived tumor xenografts."	( The hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide in combination with multiple regimens of radiotherapy. Bender, S; Grgic, I; Guckenberger, M; Nytko, KJ; Ott, J; Pruschy, M; Riesterer, O, 2017)	0.46
" This study assessed the anticancer efficacy of evofosfamide in combination with the Proapoptotic Receptor Agonists (PARAs) dulanermin and drozitumab against human osteosarcoma in vitro and in an intratibial murine model of osteosarcoma."	( Anticancer efficacy of the hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide is enhanced in combination with proapoptotic receptor agonists against osteosarcoma. Atkins, GJ; DeNichilo, M; Difelice, C; Evdokiou, A; Findlay, DM; Hay, S; Ingman, W; Liapis, V; Panagopoulos, V; Ponomarev, V; Shoubridge, A; Zannettino, ACW; Zinonos, I; Zysk, A, 2017)	0.46
" With the aim of finding new therapeutic approaches, in vitro and in vivo anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of vitamin C alone and combined with benznidazole were investigated."	( Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. Batlle, A; Demaria, A; Frank, FM; Lombardo, ME; Puente, V, 2018)	0.48
" Two mechanisms of action may be postulated for vitamin C: a lethal pro-oxidant effect on the parasite when used alone, and an antioxidant effect, when combined with benznidazole."	( Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. Batlle, A; Demaria, A; Frank, FM; Lombardo, ME; Puente, V, 2018)	0.48
" The cytotoxicity of evofosfamide impacted the generation of in vitro drug-drug interaction (DDI) data, especially in vitro induction results."	( A Novel PBPK Modeling Approach to Assess Cytochrome P450 Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of the Cytotoxic Prodrug Evofosfamide. Dolgos, H; Dyroff, M; El Bawab, S; Gallemann, D; Hecht, S; Johne, A; Jung, D; Lüpfert, C; von Richter, O, 2018)	0.48
" We enrolled eligible adults (>18 years) with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to receive, in combination with an optimised background regimen developed according to WHO and national guidelines, either oral delamanid (100 mg twice daily) for 2 months followed by 200 mg once daily for 4 months or placebo (same regimen)."	( Efficacy and safety of delamanid in combination with an optimised background regimen for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group phase 3 trial. Balanag, V; Bielskiene, V; Cadena, E; Caoili, J; Cirule, A; Danilovits, M; Davidaviciene, E; Domente, L; Geiter, LJ; Gupta, R; Hafkin, J; Hittel, N; Lizarbe, V; Patientia, R; Petersen, C; Sanchez, E; Segura, P; Staples, S; Ticona, E; Variava, E; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F; Wells, C; Yu, C, 2019)	0.51
" Pretomanid (PA-824), a nitroimidazooxazine compound, is a new drug for the treatment of pulmonary TB that was recently approved in the United States and Europe in the context of a regimen combined with bedaquiline and linezolid."	( Phase 1 Study of the Effects of the Tuberculosis Treatment Pretomanid, Alone and in Combination With Moxifloxacin, on the QTc Interval in Healthy Volunteers. El-Amin, W; Everitt, D; Li, M; Makhene, MK; Nedelman, J; Osborn, B; Saviolakis, GA; Yang, TJ, 2021)	0.62
"Clove and ginger EOs, administered alone and in combination with BZ, promoted suppression of parasitemia (p < 0."	( Essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Zingiber officinale, administered alone or in combination with benznidazole, reduce the parasite load in mice orally inoculated with Trypanosoma cruzi II. de Abreu, AP; de Ornelas Toledo, MJ; de Souza Fernandes, N; Lucas da Silva, HF; Sarto, MPM; Zanusso Junior, G, 2021)	0.62
"Benznidazole induced effective antiparasitic response, regardless of treatment duration, dose, or combination with fosravuconazole, and was well tolerated in adult patients with chronic Chagas disease."	( New regimens of benznidazole monotherapy and in combination with fosravuconazole for treatment of Chagas disease (BENDITA): a phase 2, double-blind, randomised trial. Almeida, IC; Alonso-Vega, C; Barboza, T; Barreira, F; Bilbe, G; Blum, B; Correia, E; Garcia, W; Gascón, J; Ortiz, L; Parrado, R; Ramirez, JC; Ribeiro, I; Sosa-Estani, S; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Torrico, F; Vaillant, M, 2021)	0.62
" The results of our Greco universal response surface analysis showed that CFZ was at least additive with a clear trend towards synergy when combined with PMD, BDQ and LZD against Mtb in all explored metabolic states under in vitro checkerboard assay conditions."	( Evaluating the effect of clofazimine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis given alone or in combination with pretomanid, bedaquiline or linezolid. Almoslem, M; Drusano, GL; Duncanson, B; Kim, S; Louie, A; Myrick, J; Neely, M; Nole, J; Peloquin, CA; Scanga, CA; Schmidt, S; Yamada, W, 2022)	0.72
" Given the prohibitive drug-drug interactions between bedaquiline and rifampin or rifapentine, the BZMRb regimen represents the best opportunity to combine, in one regimen, the treatment-shortening potential of the rifamycin class with that of BZM and deserves high priority for evaluation in clinical trials."	( Novel Regimens of Bedaquiline-Pyrazinamide Combined with Moxifloxacin, Rifabutin, Delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in Murine Tuberculosis Models. Carr, W; Converse, PJ; Dartois, V; Dooley, KE; Garcia, A; Kurbatova, E; Nuermberger, EL; Stout, JE; Tasneen, R; Vernon, AA; Zimmerman, MD, 2022)	0.72
" The aims of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to characterize the concentration-time course of delamanid and DM-6705 in adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis and to explore a potential drug-drug interaction with bedaquiline when coadministered."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Delamanid and its Main Metabolite DM-6705 in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Delamanid Alone or Coadministered with Bedaquiline. De Los Rios, J; Diacon, AH; Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Shenje, J; Svensson, EM; Tanneau, L; Upton, CM; Wiesner, L, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The relative bioavailability of the compound (oral tablet versus oral solution) was checked in three of the subjects and found to be 91."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of the trypanosomicide benznidazole in man. Raaflaub, J; Ziegler, WH, 1979)	0.26
" The drug has an oral bioavailability approaching 100%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole anti-infectives. Danziger, LH; Lam, NP; Lau, AH; Piscitelli, SC; Wilkes, L, 1992)	0.28
" This suggests a potential microscopic bioavailability problem with probes of this type when used in vivo as they would become progressively depleted in the extracellular fluid as they diffused from blood vessels, through layers of packed cells in tumors, to the hypoxic cells where they could undergo hypoxia-specific metabolism."	( Fluorescent markers for hypoxic cells: a study of nitroaromatic compounds, with fluorescent heterocyclic side chains, that undergo bioreductive binding. Hodgkiss, RJ; Jones, GW; Long, A; Middleton, RW; Parrick, J; Stratford, MR; Wardman, P; Wilson, GD, 1991)	0.28
"1 h and the bioavailability essentially 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in the horse. Hänninen, U; Kaartinen, L; Kotilainen, T; Mero, M; Pyörälä, S; Silvennoinen, P, 1990)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetics of ronidazole and the bioavailability of a prolonged release tablet were studied in the homing pigeon."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ronidazole from a prolonged release tablet in the homing pigeon (Columba livia). De Backer, P; Herman, J; Remon, JP; Vermeersch, H, 1989)	0.28
" Compound 5 is well absorbed in rats after oral administration but the plasma levels are inferior to those of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole."	( Synthesis and biological properties of 1-methyl-2-[(4-aminophenyl)-sulfonyl-]amino-5-nitro imidazole. Alberti, D; Bertolini, A; Borella, F; Castelli, M; Comini, A; Coppi, G; Dall' Asta, L, 1989)	0.28
" The bioavailability of oral doses of metronidazole is 88-95%, that of tinidazole 90%."	( Antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles. A review. Bergan, T, 1985)	0.27
" The bioavailability of single oral doses ranged between 88 and 129% with a mean of 99%."	( Biological availability and pharmacokinetics of tinidazole after single and repeated doses. Andersson, KE; Ando, G; Lunell, E; Vinge, E, 1983)	0.27
" Bioavailability of either drug, calculated according to the formula (area under the curve for oral administration)/(area under the curve for infusion), was practically complete after oral administration and was poorer after rectal and especially vaginal administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and tinidazole as influenced by administration route. Lamminsivu, U; Männistö, PT; Mäntylä, R; Mattila, J; Nykänen, S, 1983)	0.27
" The drugs are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum plasma levels generally being obtained 1 to 4 h after oral intake."	( Pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles. Spectrum of adverse reactions. Andersson, KE, 1981)	0.26
" The IP bioavailability of DEMIS (1."	( Dose-dependence and related studies on the pharmacokinetics of misonidazole and desmethylmisonidazole in mice. Workman, P, 1980)	0.26
" In mice, after a single equimolar oral administration, the molecules EU 11100 and 11103 were poorly absorbed and poorly excreted in urine."	( Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori and pharmacokinetic properties in mice of new 5-nitroimidazole derivatives devoid of mutagenic activity in the Ames test. Bellotti, MG; Dubini, F; Riviera, L; Scaltrito, MM, 1993)	0.29
" As part of the pre-clinical development strategy, pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and biodistribution studies were performed in mice."	( The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and biodistribution in mice of a rationally designed 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia probe SR-4554. Aboagye, EO; Graham, MA; Kelson, AB; Lewis, AD; Ryan, KJ; Tracy, M; Workman, P, 1996)	0.29
" Metronidazole given orally is absorbed almost completely, with bioavailability > 90% for tablets; absorption is unaffected by infection."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. Freeman, CD; Klutman, NE; Lacy, MK; Lamp, KC, 1999)	0.3
"Two studies have been performed to assess the relative bioavailability of Azomycin (Julphar, UAE) as compared with Zithromax (Pfizer, USA) at the International Pharmaceutical Research Center (IPRC), Amman, Jordan."	( Bioequivalence assessment of Azomycin (Julphar, UAE) as compared to Zithromax (Pfizer, USA)--two brands of azithromycin--in healthy human volunteers. Admour, I; Dham, R; Ghanem, IE; Idkaidek, N; Mahmood Alam, S; Najib, NM; Zaman, Q, 2001)	0.83
" The absorption rate of MT from vaginal epithelium was faster than OR."	( W/O/W multiple emulsions containing nitroimidazole derivates for vaginal delivery. Köseoglu, K; Ozer, O; Ozyazici, M; Taner, MS; Tedajo, M, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, interventions on TGF-beta1 bioavailability and/or its cognate signaling may be of benefit in preventing hypoxia-related liver injuries."	( Serum factors potentiate hypoxia-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro through increasing transforming growth factor-beta1 activation and release. Chen, CL; Cheng, YF; Goto, S; Hsu, LW; Huang, CJ; Jawan, B; Kao, YH; Lin, YC; Nakano, T; Pan, MC; Sun, CK; Tai, MH; Wang, CS, 2009)	0.35
" Five such compounds were >100-fold better than the parent drug in a mouse model of acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and two orally bioavailable pyridine analogues (3-4-fold more soluble than the parent at low pH) were superior to antitubercular drug OPC-67683 in a chronic infection model."	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of aza- and diazabiphenyl analogues of the antitubercular drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). Blaser, A; Denny, WA; Franzblau, SG; Kmentova, I; Ma, Z; Palmer, BD; Sutherland, HS; Thompson, AM; Wan, B; Wang, Y, 2010)	0.36
" In laboratory animals, fexinidazole is well absorbed after oral administration and readily distributes throughout the body, including the brain."	( Fexinidazole--a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate entering clinical development for the treatment of sleeping sickness. Bourdin Trunz, B; Bray, MA; Brun, R; Kaiser, M; Mazué, G; Pécoul, B; Torreele, E; Tweats, D, 2010)	0.36
"Effervescent tablets produced using an inclusion complex of BNZ with CD suggest a possible improvement in the bioavailability of BNZ, and this could represent a relevant advance in Chagas therapy."	( Development of effervescent tablets containing benzonidazole complexed with cyclodextrin. Bahia, MT; Costa, GH; Cunha-Filho, MS; de Sá Barreto, LC; Maximiano, FP, 2011)	0.37
" Bioisosteric replacement of this biaryl moiety by arylpiperazine resulted in a soluble, orally bioavailable carbamate analogue providing identical activity in the acute model, comparable efficacy to OPC-67683 in a chronic infection model, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles across several species, and enhanced safety."	( Structure-activity relationships for amide-, carbamate-, and urea-linked analogues of the tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). Blaser, A; Denny, WA; Franzblau, SG; Kmentova, I; Ma, Z; Palmer, BD; Sutherland, HS; Thompson, AM; Wan, B; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" These promising results, supported by the in silico prediction of high bioavailability and less potential risk than benznidazole, reveal several tetrahydroquinolines as prototypes of potential antichagasic drugs."	( Selective activity of 2,4-diaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and amastigotes expressing β-galactosidase. Escario, JA; Fonseca-Berzal, C; Gómez-Barrio, A; Kouznetsov, VV; Merchán Arenas, DR; Romero Bohórquez, AR, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric BZL-cyclodextrins (CDs) complexes on the bioavailability of BZL."	( Effects of benznidazole:cyclodextrin complexes on the drug bioavailability upon oral administration to rats. Bombardiere, ME; Leonardi, D; Salomon, CJ, 2013)	0.39
"To study the effects of BAY-84-7296, a novel orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activity, on hypoxia, microenvironment, and radiation response of tumors."	( Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway inhibition resolves tumor hypoxia and improves local tumor control after single-dose irradiation. Baumann, M; Brüchner, K; Gurtner, K; Helbig, L; Hess-Stumpp, H; Koi, L; Pruschy, M; Unterschemmann, K; Yaromina, A; Zips, D, 2014)	0.4
"This work aims to develop novel benznidazole (BZN) solid dispersions (SD) to improve its solubility and bioavailability properties."	( Development of novel benznidazole formulations: physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation on parasitemia reduction in Chagas disease. Arán, VJ; Escario, JA; Fonseca-Berzal, C; Gómez-Barrio, A; Palmeiro-Roldán, R; Torrado-Durán, S; Torrado-Santiago, S, 2014)	0.4
" TBA-354 (SN31354[(S)-2-nitro-6-((6-(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-3-yl)methoxy)-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine]) is a pyridine-containing biaryl compound with exceptional efficacy against chronic murine tuberculosis and favorable bioavailability in preliminary rodent studies."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of the nitroimidazole TBA-354 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cho, S; Franzblau, SG; Kim, Y; Lu, Y; Ma, Z; Mdluli, K; Upton, AM; Wang, B; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Yang, TJ, 2015)	0.42
" The most efficacious analogue also displayed outstanding in vivo activity in the stringent chronic model (up to 24-fold better than the drug delamanid and 4-fold greater than our previous best phenylpyridine candidate), with favorable pharmacokinetics, including good oral bioavailability in the rat."	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for extended side chain analogues of the antitubercular drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). Blaser, A; Denny, WA; Franzblau, SG; Kmentova, I; Ma, Z; Palmer, BD; Sutherland, HS; Thompson, AM; Wan, B; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The designing of surface engineered nanocrystals for improved stability and bioavailability is a multivariate process depending on several critical formulation and process variables."	( Mechanistic investigation of biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of surface engineering of satranidazole nanocrystals. Dhat, S; Kokare, C; Pund, S; Sharma, P; Shrivastava, B, 2016)	0.43
" The bioavailability of BNZ was adequate in the administration of extended-release tablets; however, with the administration of the pediatric tablet, the bioavailability was lower than with other tablets, which showed that the clinical use of this formulation should be monitored."	( Benznidazole Extended-Release Tablets for Improved Treatment of Chagas Disease: Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study. Alzate, AH; Campos, ML; Davanço, MG; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG; Rolim, LA; Rolim-Neto, PJ; Rosa, TA, 2016)	0.43
" The oral bioavailability of IIIM-019 was 51."	( Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for quantification of IIIM-019-A novel nitroimidazole derivative with promising action against Tuberculosis: Application to drug development. Ahmed, Z; Bhagat, A; Chandan, BK; Gupta, AP; Khullar, M; Kour, G; Munagala, G; Singh, PP; Vishwakarma, RA, 2016)	0.43
" The compound showed a good oral bioavailability of 58."	( Preclinical comprehensive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiling of novel nitroimidazole derivative IIIM-019 - A potential oral treatment for tuberculosis. Ahmed, Z; Bhagat, A; Kour, G; Kumar, A; Sharma, S; Singh, PP; Vishwakarma, RA, 2016)	0.43
"Benznidazole (BNZ), the only commercialized antichagasic drug, and the antifungal compound posaconazole (PCZ) have shown synergistic action in the therapy of Chagas disease, however both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exhibit low aqueous solubility potentially limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( Enhancement of dissolution rate through eutectic mixture and solid solution of posaconazole and benznidazole. de La Roca Soares, MF; de Medeiros Vieira, ACQ; Figueirêdo, CBM; Lee, PI; Nadvorny, D; Rolim Neto, PJ; Soares Sobrinho, JL, 2017)	0.46
" The observed pretomanid plasma concentration-time profiles for all tested doses were described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination and a sigmoidal bioavailability dependent on dose, time, and the predose fed state."	( Modeling and Simulation of Pretomanid Pharmacokinetics in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Lyons, MA, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, the present SD system has the advantage of presenting a fixed-dese combination of two synergistic antichagasic agents PCZ and BNZ together in amorphous form stabilized in the PVPVA matrix with enhanced dissolution, potentially improving their bioavailability and therapeutic activity in treating Chagas disease."	( Enhanced delivery of fixed-dose combination of synergistic antichagasic agents posaconazole-benznidazole based on amorphous solid dispersions. Figueirêdo, CBM; Lee, PI; Nadvorny, D; Rolim Neto, PJ; Schver, GCRM; Soares Sobrinho, JL; Soares, MFR; Vieira, ACQM, 2018)	0.48
" The present work reviews in detail the formulation and in-vitro/in-vivo analysis of different nanoformulations of nifurtimox and benznidazole in order to enhance their solubility, dissolution, bioavailability and trypanocidal activity."	( Nanocarriers for effective delivery of benznidazole and nifurtimox in the treatment of chagas disease: A review. Arrúa, EC; Bedogni, GR; Okulik, NB; Salomon, CJ; Seremeta, KP, 2019)	0.51
" Pretomanid pharmacokinetic behavior was described by a one-compartment model that at a given dose was linear in its absorption and clearance processes but where the rate of absorption and extent of bioavailability changed with dose."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) may improve bioavailability of drugs such as BZ, which have poor water solubility and low permeability."	( Benznidazole self-emulsifying delivery system: A novel alternative dosage form for Chagas disease treatment. Bahia, MT; Gonçalves, KR; Mazzeti, AL; Mosqueira, VCF; Oliveira, LT; Schaun, GC, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, the relative oral bioavailability of the novel benznidazole microparticles showed that the area under the curve for the microencapsulated drug was 10."	( A Novel Prototype Device for Microencapsulation of Benznidazole: In Vitro/In Vivo Studies. Barrera, MG; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Salomón, CJ; Tejada, G, 2020)	0.56
" However, they suffer from the issue of poor oral bioavailability due to disparate factors: low solubility in the case of nitroimidazoles (BCS class II drugs), and low permeability in the case of peptides (BCS class III drugs)."	( Formulation technologies and advances for oral delivery of novel nitroimidazoles and antimicrobial peptides. Blaskovich, M; Falconer, JR; Ndayishimiye, J; Popat, A, 2020)	0.56
" The dissolution studies corroborated that a pH sensitive Drug Delivery System capable of vectorizing the release of BNZ was developed, may leading to the improvement in the bioavailability of BNZ."	( ZIF-8 as a promising drug delivery system for benznidazole: development, characterization, in vitro dialysis release and cytotoxicity. da Silva Nascimento, DDS; de Albuquerque Wanderley Sales, V; de Moura Ferraz, LR; de Souza Pereira, JJ; Ferreira, AS; Júnior, SA; Rolim, LA; Rolim-Neto, PJ; Silva, JYR; Tabosa, AÉGA, 2020)	0.56
" Delamanid PK was adequately described for all observed dosing regimens and subpopulations by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination and absorption, an absorption lag time, and decreased relative bioavailability with increasing dose."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Delamanid in Patients with Pulmonary Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Gibiansky, E; Mallikaarjun, S; Wang, X, 2020)	0.56
" However, the Cur therapeutic limitation is its bioavailability and new Cur nanomedicine formulations are developed to overcome this obstacle."	( Dual chemotherapy with benznidazole at suboptimal dose plus curcumin nanoparticles mitigates Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited chronic cardiomyopathy. Corral, RS; Hernández, M; Pérez Caballero, E; Santamaría, MH; Wicz, S, 2021)	0.62
" These systems ensure high patient acceptability and direct access to the systemic circulation, improving drug bioavailability and toxicological profile."	( Development and characterization of thermopressed polyvinyl alcohol films for buccal delivery of benznidazole. Amaral, BR; Argenta, DF; Caon, T; Enumo, A; Kroth, R; Parize, AL; Rauber, GS; Rebelatto, ERL; Saatkamp, RH, 2021)	0.62
" The covariates included in the model were body weight on the apparent volume of distribution and apparent clearance (for both delamanid and DM-6705); formulation (dispersible versus film-coated tablet) on the mean absorption time; age, formulation, and dose on the bioavailability of delamanid; and age on the fraction of delamanid metabolized to DM-6705."	( Population Pharmacokinetic and Concentration-QTc Analysis of Delamanid in Pediatric Participants with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Hafkin, J; Karlsson, MO; Mallikaarjun, S; Sasaki, T; Svensson, EM; Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Poor solubility is a major challenge that can limit the oral bioavailability of many drugs, including delamanid, a weakly basic nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative used to treat tuberculosis."	( Combining enabling formulation strategies to generate supersaturated solutions of delamanid: In situ salt formation during amorphous solid dispersion fabrication for more robust release profiles. Duong, TV; Nguyen, HT; Taylor, LS, 2022)	0.72
" Benznidazole, approved by FDA, is a drug of choice but its poor aqueous solubility may lead to a low bioavailability and efficacy."	( Improving the oral delivery of benznidazole nanoparticles by optimizing the formulation parameters through a design of experiment and optimization strategy. Arrua, EC; Goicoechea, H; Hartwig, O; Lehr, CM; Loretz, B; Murgia, X; Salomon, CJ, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The patients were divided in two groups: Group I, composed of 50 patients were divided with a dosage of 300 mgm per day for seven consecutive days."	( [New derivative of nitromidazole-tinidazole, for the treatment of giardiasis]. Huggins, D, )	0.13
" Since the urine from a dog dosed with I showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than I itself, metabolites from this urine were isolated and partially characterized."	( Urinary metabolites of 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the dog. Arison, BH; Eskola, P; Kulsa, P; Miller, AK; Miller, BM; Miller, TW; Mrozik, H; Skeggs, H; Vandenheuvel, WJ; Zimmerman, SB, 1979)	0.26
" In some others, lower dosage was used."	( Prolonged metronidazole administration with protracted radiotherapy: a pilot study on response of advanced tumours. Karim, AB, 1978)	0.26
" The prime purpose of the administration of the drug to these patients was to determine safe dosage and suitable regimes for use in clinical radiotherapy."	( Clinical experience with misonidazole. Dische, S; Saunders, MI, 1978)	0.26
" Significant side effects were observed only in those children who received the drug at the higher dosage regime."	( Single dose treatment with Tiberal of Giardia lamblia infection in children. Iyngkaran, N; Lee, IL; Robinson, MJ, 1978)	0.26
" Extensive faecal excretion of material not containing any nitro group occurred in mice, rats, and baboons dosed with radiolabelled drug."	( Pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole. Flockhart, IR; Large, P; Malcolm, SL; Marten, TR; Troup, D, 1978)	0.26
" However, in 7 cases the dosage had to be repeated."	( Amoebic liver abscess and clinical experiences with tinidazole in Bangladesh. Islam, N; Quaderi, MA; Rahman, A; Rahman, MS, 1978)	0.26
" Either dosage of tinidazole initially cleared all stool samples of Giardia lamblia, and most clinical and parasitological failures were first detected a few weeks after the treatment."	( Comparative evaluation of two dosages of tinidazole in the treatment of giardiasis. Jokipii, AM; Jokipii, L, 1978)	0.26
" Medicated swine given dosage of 25 mg/L of drinking water had greater frequency of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea than did those given the higher concentrations, and diarrhea in some swine did not subside during medication."	( Ipronidazole in the drinking water for treatment and prevention of experimental swine dysentery. Olson, LD, 1977)	0.26
"The effectiveness of metronidazole (Flagyl) and nimorazole (Naxogin) has been compared by using these drugs in the recommended dosage in alternate patients in a series of 218 consecutive cases of vaginal trichomoniasis."	( Treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. A comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole. Heasman, L; Laird, SM; Roy, RB, 1975)	0.25
" Using comparable dosage Ro-07-0582 seems approximately three times more effective than metronidazole."	( Clinical testing of the radiosensitiser Ro-07-0582. II. Radiosensitisation of normal and hypoxic skin. Dische, S; Gray, AJ; Zanelli, GD, 1976)	0.26
" It was a 5-fold increase of the recommended ronidazole dosage which eliminated the infection in affected pigeons."	( In vitro nitroimidazole resistance of Trichomonas gallinae and successful therapy with an increased dosage of ronidazole in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Franssen, FF; Lumeij, JT, 1992)	0.28
" and oral dosing and possibly contributed to the acute toxicity."	( Pharmacokinetic contribution to the improved therapeutic selectivity of a novel bromoethylamino prodrug (RB 6145) of the mixed-function hypoxic cell sensitizer/cytotoxin alpha-(1-aziridinomethyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol (RSU 1069). Binger, M; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
") was administered just prior to an alkylating agent, the combination treatment produced significantly more tumor cell killing across the dosage range of each alkylating agent tested compared with the alkylating agent alone."	( Modulation of alkylating agents by etanidazole and Fluosol-DA/carbogen in the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma and EMT6 mammary carcinoma. Bubley, G; Coleman, CN; Eder, JP; Frei, E; Herman, TS; Holden, SA; Tanaka, J; Teicher, BA, 1991)	0.28
" There remains the possibility that, on the basis of the combined drug dosage achieved, an increased therapeutic efficacy can be reached with either drug alone."	( The combination of multiple doses of etanidazole and pimonidazole in 48 patients: a toxicity and pharmacokinetic study. Bleehen, NM; Maughan, TS; Newman, HF; Stenning, S; Ward, R; Workman, P, 1991)	0.28
" A steep dose-response curve exists, and reductions in dose can lead to unfavourable outcomes."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Moore, MJ, 1991)	0.28
" These corresponded to 600 or 900 mg/day of allopurinol for 60 days and benznidazole or nifurtimox at conventional dosage regimens."	( Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Gallerano, RH; Marr, JJ; Sosa, RR, 1990)	0.28
" In cases of repeated failure, the authors prescribed a dosage of 500 mg of diloxanide furoate three times per day (TID) for 10 days."	( Treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis in homosexual men. Clinical trials with metronidazole, tinidazole, and diloxanide furoate. Bergström, T; Håkansson, C; Johanisson, G; Norkrans, G; Thorén, K, )	0.13
" In view of the in-vitro sensitivities of various anaerobic bacteria, a dosage of 10-15 mg/kg of tinidazole, orally, at 12-h intervals, can be recommended for the treatment of anaerobic infections in horses."	( Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole in the horse. Hänninen, U; Kaartinen, L; Kotilainen, T; Mero, M; Pyörälä, S; Silvennoinen, P, 1990)	0.28
"Efficacity of tiniba (tinidasole, Kadila, India) and of fasigyn (Polfa, Poland) dosed 300 mg daily for 7 days was 87."	( [Comparative efficacy of tiniba and fasigyn in treating primary and persisting Giardia infections]. Firsova, RA; Kulinich, GV; Ozeretskovskaia, NN; Panteleeva, EA, )	0.13
" high haemodialysis clearance in the absence of significant renal clearance, no dosage adjustment is necessary while renal function declines, but an increased dose is mandatory while patients are on dialysis."	( High haemodialysis clearance of ornidazole in the presence of a negligible renal clearance. Frey, FJ; Heizmann, E; Horber, FF; Maurer, O; Probst, PJ, 1989)	0.28
" Another dosage and timing of misonidazole administration in relation to the irradiation schedule, and a consideration of effects of concomitant drugs like dexamethasone and phenytoin are discussed."	( Combined modality treatment of operated astrocytomas grade 3 and 4. A prospective and randomized study of misonidazole and radiotherapy with two different radiation schedules and subsequent CCNU chemotherapy. Stage II of a prospective multicenter trial of Ganz, JC; Hagen, S; Hatlevoll, R; Kristiansen, K; Lindegaard, KF; Mella, O; Nesbakken, R; Ringkjöb, R; Rosengren, B; Torvik, A, 1985)	0.27
" The absorption of [14C]-SC 28538 was rapid and essentially complete after oral dosage in male animals, and also after intravaginal dosage in the female rat."	( Studies on the disposition of a 5-nitroimidazole in laboratory animals. Barrow, A; Burford, SR; Forrest, TJ; Hawkins, AJ; Rose, DA; Stevens, PM; Vose, CW; Walls, CM, )	0.13
" It is concluded that ornidazole, at a high dosage of 400 mg/kg/day, produces infertility in male rats by inhibiting epididymal sperm motility in terms of decreased sperm velocity."	( The effect of ornidazole on fertility and epididymal sperm function in rats. Downing, JC; McClain, RM, 1988)	0.27
" Dosing of TCI and TBI to rats resulted within 24-48 hr in neuronal necrosis within the CNS involving the vestibular nucleus, red nucleus, and outer parietal neocortex and ataxia of the hindlimbs."	( The relationship between uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and neuronal necrosis within the CNS in rats dosed with trihalogenated imidazoles. Bird, I; Brown, AW; Ray, DE; Verschoyle, RD, 1987)	0.27
" The results showed that desmethylmisonidazole like misonidazole had a similar potential for inducing peripheral nerve damage as measured biochemically, but the dosing regimen had to be maintained for 10 consecutive days as opposed to the 7 days required for misonidazole."	( The neurotoxicity of radiosensitizing drugs: a biochemical assessment of desmethylmisonidazole (DMM) in the rat. Rose, GP; Taylor, JM, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves under aerobic and hypoxic conditions showed a much depressed base damage formation under hypoxia, which was created by blowing a stream of nitrogen across the cell suspensions for 30 min on ice."	( Effect of misonidazole on formation of thymine damage by gamma rays. Remsen, JF, 1985)	0.27
" Therefore, there is no need to modify the usual dosage of ornidazole for these patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of ornidazole in patients with renal insufficiency; influence of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Baumelou, A; Chick, O; Diquet, B; Merdjan, H; Singlas, E, 1985)	0.27
" The results show that at equivalent dosage schedules with repeated high dosages, Go-10213 is devoid of adverse central and peripheral neural effects in monkeys; cats and dogs, whereas unequivocal evidence of metronidazole neurotoxicity was obtained in all the three species."	( Pharmacological profile of 1-methylsulphonyl-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Go-10213), a new antiprotozoal agent, in comparison with metronidazole. Acharya, TK; David, J; Grewal, RS; Kaul, CL; Nargunde, HS; Ringe, SY; Wagle, GP, 1985)	0.27
" In absence of MIS no significant difference was found between the dose-response curves after irradiation of tumours in dead mice and of cells in suspension under hypoxic conditions."	( Sensitising effect of misonidazole on NHIK 1922 cells irradiated in vitro or as solid tumour in athymic nude mice. Brustad, T; Pettersen, EO; Rofstad, EK, 1981)	0.26
" fragilis was similar and at all dosage levels a significant correlation was found between the numbers of Bact."	( Quantification of the effect of anti-anaerobic drugs in experimental Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice. Dijkmans, BA; Hermans, J; Mattie, H; van Furth, R, 1984)	0.27
" The trials suffered from unclear methods, variability in study populations and total dosage of medication used, inaccuracy in determining outcomes, and inadequate sample sizes."	( Issues in clinical parasitology: the treatment of giardiasis. Davidson, RA, 1984)	0.27
" dosing of thiamine (0."	( Protection against misonidazole-induced neuropathy in rats: a biochemical assessment. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP; Stratford, IJ, 1983)	0.27
" This decrease, which is both time and dosage dependent, is equivalent for MISO and DMM."	( The effect of nitroimidazoles on the oxygen consumption rate and respiratory control ratio of beef heart mitochondria. Chao, CF; Johnson, RJ; Subjeck, JR; Ting, L, 1984)	0.27
" In addition, the efficacy of 1-day tinidazole prophylaxis with 8- and 12-h dosage intervals in the prevention of postoperative infection complications was evaluated."	( Tinidazole prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. Kairaluoma, MI; Laitinen, S; Ståhlberg, M, 1984)	0.27
" However, a chronic low dosing schedule of MISO did not affect the plasma half-life of either cytotoxic drug, although a significant potentiation of each drug in combination with a chronic MISO dose has been obtained in some tumours."	( The effect of radiosensitizers on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the mouse. Hinchliffe, M; McNally, NJ; Stratford, MR, 1983)	0.27
"Tinidazole was administered to healthy volunteers and serum concentrations were measured following single oral and intravenous doses and after repeated dosage at different dose levels."	( Biological availability and pharmacokinetics of tinidazole after single and repeated doses. Andersson, KE; Ando, G; Lunell, E; Vinge, E, 1983)	0.27
" We cannot, therefore, recommend tinidazole alone in this dosage as a treatment for non-invasive amoebiasis."	( Treatment of non-invasive amoebiasis. A comparison between tinidazole alone and in combination with diloxanide furoate. Bengtsson, E; Pehrson, P, 1983)	0.27
" In the presence of renal failure no modification of tinidazole dosage would appear to be necessary."	( Tinidazole pharmacokinetics in severe renal failure. Bailey, RR; Robson, RA; Sharman, JR, )	0.13
"Concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in serum and abdominal tissues were determined after a single 500-mg intravenous infusion or after a 5-day oral dosage of 500 mg three times daily in groups of 10 patients each."	( Concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in abdominal tissues after a single intravenous infusion and repetitive oral administration. Auvinen, O; Haataja, H; Männistö, P; Tunturi, T; Viitanen, J, 1984)	0.27
" The dosage and fractionation of the high voltage irradiation (2 x 5 Gy/week, total dose 60 Gy) were adapted to clinical data."	( [Treatment with misonidazole and high voltage irradiation of xenotransplanted human carcinomas in nu/nu mice with thymic aplasia]. Kleine, W; Ladner, HA; Nagy, D; Stange, S, 1982)	0.26
" Determination of the total radioactive residues present in the carcass, blood, plasma, liver, fat and kidney 5 days after dosing indicated that the carcass of the germ-free animals contained a greater quantity of residue than that of conventional rats."	( Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitro-imidazole. IV. The role of the microflora. Alvaro, RF; Fiorentini, K; Goldman, P; Green, M; Koch, RT; Lu, AY; McLafferty, MA; Miwa, GT; Wislocki, PG; Wolf, FJ, 1983)	0.27
" The results obtained suggest that the present MIS dosage for glioblastoma patients results in a low plasma level with no observable therapeutic effect."	( Misonidazole as a radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of glioblastomas and oesophageal cancer. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. Bamberg, M; Scherer, E; Streffer, C; Tamulevicius, P, 1981)	0.26
" The SER at each concentration was determined from radiobiological dose-response curves."	( Comparative studies of hypoxic-cell radiosensitization using artificially hypoxic skin in vivo. Denekamp, J; Michael, BD; Minchinton, AI; Smithen, CE; Stewart, FA; Stratford, MR; Terry, NH, 1982)	0.26
" The results of our in vivo studies indicated that when various dosage schedules of misonidazole were combined with cyclophosphamide, the tumor effect was greater than when cyclophosphamide was administered alone."	( The value of combining the radiosensitizer misonidazole with cyclophosphamide in treating the murine Lewis lung tumor. Barron, G; Meeker, BE; Pedersen, JE, )	0.13
" Regrowth delay has been used as the assay, and by producing dose-response curves the effect has been classified as additive or interactive."	( Chemosensitization of mouse tumors by misonidazole. Denekamp, J; Randhawa, VS; Stewart, FA, )	0.13
" Sensitizer dose-response curves were obtained for MISO, METRO and two of the most effective agents, benznidazole (Ro 07-1051) and Ro 07-1902."	( Structure/activity relationships for the enhancement by electron-affinic drugs of the anti-tumour effect of CCNU. Twentyman, PR; Workman, P, 1982)	0.26
" Peak DEMIS tumour concentrations, however, occurred rapidly after dosage (15-20 min) and were as much as twice those for MISO, although they declined rapidly from their initial concentration."	( Pharmacokinetic and tumour-penetration properties of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer desmethylmisonidazole (Ro 05-Ro-9963) in dogs. White, RA; Workman, P, 1980)	0.26
" Radiation dose-response curves for anoxic blood containing 8 mM metronidazole or misonidazole were compared with previously obtained curves for dicentric and total aberration induction in untreated anoxic blood."	( The influence of two radiosensitizers on the induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by X-radiation. Priseman, SJ; Prosser, JS, 1980)	0.26
"Metabolite fractions from the urine of a dog dosed with 3a,4,5,6,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (MK-0436) were obtained by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Identification of canine urinary metabolites of the antiprotozoal agent 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole . Arison, BH; Kirkman-Bey, N; Onofrey, D; Pile, J; Vandenheuvel, WJ; Zweig, JS, 1980)	0.26
" The in-vitro activities, indications, side effects and dosage recommendations of the first choice (clindamycin, metronidazole and ornidazole, cefoxitin, penicillin G) and second choice antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ticarcillin) are discussed."	( [Therapy of anaerobic infections]. Eijsten, A; Lüthy, R, 1980)	0.26
" In the present study, the in vivo radiosensitizing activity of KU-2285 in combination with radiation dose fractionation, and the pharmacokinetics of cumulative dosing of KU-2285 in the peripheral nerves were examined."	( Radiosensitizing activity and pharmacokinetics of multiple dose administered KU-2285 in peripheral nerve tissue in mice. Abe, M; Iwai, H; Matsuno, E; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y, 1994)	0.29
" Both metronidazole and satranidazole were administered as single graded doses po, and their dose-response profiles were characterized."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and amoebicidal activity of metronidazole and satranidazole in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Bhopale, KK; Kaul, CL; Masani, KB; Pargal, A; Pradhan, KS; Rao, C, 1993)	0.29
" The radiation dose-response curves of MN frequency suggested that the interaction of tirapazamine with irradiation appeared to be essentially additive in both cell lines."	( Tirapazamine: hypoxic cytotoxicity and interaction with radiation as assessed by the micronucleus assay. Abe, M; Hiraoka, M; Murata, R; Oya, N; Sasai, K; Shibamoto, Y; Shibata, T; Takagi, T; Takahashi, M, 1996)	0.29
" Of 77 patients studied, 27 were treated with nifurtimox and 26 with benznidazole in the dosage of 5 m/kg/day for 30 consecutive days, and 24 received a placebo in tablets similar to benznidazole."	( [Comparative controlled study on the use of benznidazole, nifurtimox and placebo, in the chronic form of Chagas' disease, in a field area with interrupted transmission. I. Preliminary evaluation]. Coura, JR; de Abreu, LL; Petana, W; Willcox, HP, )	0.13
" Renal dysfunction reduces the elimination of metronidazole metabolites; however, no toxicity has been documented and dosage alterations are unnecessary."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. Freeman, CD; Klutman, NE; Lacy, MK; Lamp, KC, 1999)	0.3
" The exact dosage still has to be determined."	( Nitroimidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis treated with paromomycin. Poppe, WA, 2001)	0.31
" The in vivo administration of the thiol drugs, at dosage regimes available in literature, was able to markedly prevent the BZ prolongation effect on the sleeping time."	( Prevention of benznidazole-induced prolonging effect on the pentobarbital sleeping time of rats using different thiol-containing compounds. Bernacchi, AS; Castro, JA; Montalto de Mecca, M, )	0.13
" Nevertheless, the cytotoxic effect of miltefosine against intracellular amastigotes was independent of the amount of NO produced by the infected macrophages since the same dose-response curves for miltefosine were observed when the NO production was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate."	( Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) against drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bozza, MT; Freire-De-Lima, CG; Gibaldi, D; Heise, N; Mendonça-Previato, L; Previato, JO; Saraiva, VB, 2002)	0.31
" Rats were orally dosed with almokalant or tap water on GD 11 (150 micromol/kg), 13 (50 micromol/kg), or 16 (800 micromol/kg), followed by PIM intravenously 30 min later."	( Teratogenicity by the hERG potassium channel blocking drug almokalant: use of hypoxia marker gives evidence for a hypoxia-related mechanism mediated via embryonic arrhythmia. Blomgren, B; Danielsson, BR; Dillner, B; Johansson, A; Sköld, AC, 2003)	0.32
" Complete dose-response curves for local tumour control were generated and the slope, a measure of heterogeneity of radiation response, was determined."	( Does heterogeneity of pimonidazole labelling correspond to the heterogeneity of radiation-response of FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma? Baumann, M; Eicheler, W; Hessel, F; Hölscher, T; Krause, M; Petersen, C; Rosner, A; Thames, HD; Yaromina, A; Zips, D, 2005)	0.33
" Model calculations based on the variability in pHF resulted in similar slopes of the dose-response curve for local tumour control in comparison with the observed slope when the heterogeneity in an unknown and arbitrarily chosen additional radiobiologically relevant parameter, in this example clonogen density, was taken into account."	( Does heterogeneity of pimonidazole labelling correspond to the heterogeneity of radiation-response of FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma? Baumann, M; Eicheler, W; Hessel, F; Hölscher, T; Krause, M; Petersen, C; Rosner, A; Thames, HD; Yaromina, A; Zips, D, 2005)	0.33
"4 mg/ml), which precludes the preparation of liquid dosage forms, in particular, parenteral formulations."	( Development of parenteral formulations and evaluation of the biological activity of the trypanocide drug benznidazole. Bassani, G; Lamas, MC; Leonardi, D; Nocito, I; Pascutti, F; Salomón, CJ; Serra, E; Villaggi, L, 2006)	0.33
" Chronic model of the disease showed that both canthin-6-one (1) and the alkaloidal extract at the above dosage induced 80-100% animal survival compared to untreated controls."	( Effects of canthin-6-one alkaloids from Zanthoxylum chiloperone on Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. de Arias, AR; de Bilbao, NV; Ferreira, ME; Fournet, A; Hocquemiller, R; Lagoutte, D; Nakayama, H; Poupon, E; Schinini, A; Serna, E; Soriano-Agatón, F, 2007)	0.34
" However, animals dosed by the pulmonary route showed drug loads that remained locally in the lungs for 32 h postexposure, whereas those given the drug orally cleared the drug more rapidly."	( Dry powder nitroimidazopyran antibiotic PA-824 aerosol for inhalation. Edwards, DA; Elbert, KJ; Garcia-Contreras, L; Hickey, AJ; Peloquin, CA; Sung, JC; Verberkmoes, JL, 2009)	0.35
" In 58 healthy subjects dosed with PA-824 in these studies, the drug candidate was well tolerated, with no significant or serious adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy subjects. Ginsberg, AM; Laurenzi, MW; Rouse, DJ; Spigelman, MK; Whitney, KD, 2009)	0.35
" The following renal function parameters were determined before and during dosing and after a 7-day washout: SC, glomerular filtration rate (GFR; measured as the iohexol clearance), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF; measured as the para-amino hippurate clearance), filtration fraction (FF), creatinine clearance (CrCl), extraglomerular creatinine excretion (EGCE; defined as CrCl minus GFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels."	( Assessment of the effects of the nitroimidazo-oxazine PA-824 on renal function in healthy subjects. Ginsberg, AM; Laurenzi, MW; Rouse, DJ; Spigelman, MK; Whitney, KD, 2009)	0.35
" Results obtained showed that, at appropriate concentrations, H(2)O(2) accelerates MNZ degradation by generating additional HO(); however, when the dosage of H(2)O(2) exceeds the optimal concentration, the efficacy of MNZ degradation is reduced."	( Gamma irradiation of pharmaceutical compounds, nitroimidazoles, as a new alternative for water treatment. Ferro-García, MA; López-Peñalver, J; Prados-Joya, G; Rivera-Utrilla, J; Sánchez-Polo, M, 2009)	0.35
" However, this activity may be missed in conventional teratology studies because repeat dosing may cause resorptions."	( Improved methodology for identifying the teratogenic potential in early drug development of hERG channel blocking drugs. Bengtsson, E; Blomgren, B; Danielsson, BR; Danielsson, C; Johansson, A; Khan, KM; Kultima, K; Nilsson, MF; Sköld, AC; Webster, WS; Wilson, J, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing of 1,200 mg gave no additional exposure compared to 1,000 mg daily."	( Early bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in smear-positive tuberculosis patients. Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Ginsberg, AM; Hanekom, M; Laurenzi, MW; Maritz, SJ; Narunsky, K; Rouse, DJ; Spigelman, MK; van Niekerk, C; Venter, A; Whitney, K, 2010)	0.36
" A combination chemotherapy, eflornithine alongside nifurtimox, has been introduced to decrease the time frame and overall dosing of eflornithine and reducing the risk of drug resistance emerging."	( Potential new drugs for human African trypanosomiasis: some progress at last. Barrett, MP, 2010)	0.36
" In humans with tuberculosis, PA-824 demonstrated early bactericidal activity (EBA) at doses ranging from 200 to 1,200 mg per day, but no dose-response effect was observed."	( PA-824 exhibits time-dependent activity in a murine model of tuberculosis. Ahmad, Z; Derendorf, H; Ginsberg, A; Grosset, JH; Nuermberger, EL; Peloquin, CA; Singh, RP; Tyagi, S, 2011)	0.37
"TH-302 was administered intravenously over 30 to 60 minutes in two regimens: three times weekly dosing followed by 1 week off (arm A) and every 3-week dosing (arm B)."	( Phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Bendell, JC; Borad, MJ; Burris, HA; Chiorean, EG; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Kroll, S; Lacouture, ME; Langmuir, VK; Lee, H; Lewandowski, K; Molina, JR; Ramanathan, RK; Tibes, R; Weiss, GJ, 2011)	0.37
" In acute and chronic safety studies, there was no accumulation of TH-302 following once weekly dosing for 3 weeks in the rat and dog."	( Pharmacokinetics of TH-302: a hypoxically activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Cai, X; Duan, JX; Jiao, H; Jung, D; Lin, L; Matteucci, M, 2012)	0.38
" TH-302 treatment resulted in a reduction in the volume of the HF 48 hours after dosing and a corresponding increase in the necrotic fraction."	( Selective tumor hypoxia targeting by hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 inhibits tumor growth in preclinical models of cancer. Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The antitumor activity, different dosing sequences, and dosing regimens of TH-302 in combination with commonly used conventional chemotherapeutics were investigated in human tumor xenograft models."	( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules. Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Simultaneous administration of TH-302 and chemotherapeutics increased toxicity versus schedules with dosing separations."	( TH-302, a hypoxia-activated prodrug with broad in vivo preclinical combination therapy efficacy: optimization of dosing regimens and schedules. Ahluwalia, D; Ammons, WS; Baker, AF; Cranmer, LD; Curd, JG; Duan, JX; Ferraro, D; Hart, CP; Liu, Q; Matteucci, MD; Sun, JD; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The plasma exposure profiles for each compound following a single oral dose in mice and estimated exposure parameters after repeated twice-daily dosing for 20 days are also presented."	( Pharmacological characterization, structural studies, and in vivo activities of anti-Chagas disease lead compounds derived from tipifarnib. Bahia, MT; Buckner, FS; Charman, SA; Chatelain, E; Chennamaneni, NK; Gelb, MH; Hulverson, MA; Laydbak, JU; Lepesheva, GI; Scandale, I; Shackleford, DM; Suryadevara, PK; Verlinde, CL; White, KL, 2012)	0.38
" Despite of the large number of pediatric patients infected, there are no commercial liquid dosage forms available to treat this trypanosomiasis."	( Efficacy of novel benznidazole solutions during the experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Bottasso, E; Lamas, MC; Manarin, R; Revelli, S; Salomón, CJ; Serra, E, 2013)	0.39
" In a separate experiment, dofetilide treatment of GD 13 rats was followed 2, 4, 12, or 24 hr with iv dosing with the hypoxia marker, pimonidazole (60 mg/kg)."	( The teratogenic effect of dofetilide during rat limb development and association with drug-induced bradycardia and hypoxia in the embryo. Ababneh, DH; Oakes, DJ; Power, CA; Ritchie, HE; Webster, WS, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, the dosage of anti-Tc13Tul antibodies may be useful as a methodology complementary to CS to evaluate chagasic patients undergoing chemotherapy with benznidazole."	( Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that utilizes the Tc13Tul antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi to monitor patients after treatment with benznidazole. Bruballa, AC; De Rissio, AM; Garavaglia, PA; García, GA; Irazu, LE; Riarte, A; Rodríguez, MA; Ruiz, AM; Santamaría, AL, 2013)	0.39
" However, radioactivity in the blood of patients and healthy volunteers dosed with [123I]IAZA has a protracted terminal elimination phase in which clearance is influenced by free [123I]IAZA and possibly by unidentified metabolites."	( [131I]IAZA as a molecular radiotherapeutic (MRT) drug: wash-out with cold IAZA accelerates clearance in a murine tumor model. McEwan, AJ; Mercer, JR; Wiebe, LI, 2013)	0.39
" Real samples of human breast milk from patients in treatment with BNZ were dosed to support the validation process of the method."	( A simple and efficient HPLC method for benznidazole dosage in human breast milk. Altcheh, J; García-Bournissen, F; Marson, ME; Mastrantonio, G; Padró, JM; Reta, MR, 2013)	0.39
" Reducing the overall dosage of BZ or NFX by using an intermittent (once every 5 days) schedule or combining 5 daily doses of POS with 7 intermittent doses of BZ also provided approximately 100% cure."	( New, combined, and reduced dosing treatment protocols cure Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Bustamante, JM; Craft, JM; Crowe, BD; Ketchie, SA; Tarleton, RL, 2014)	0.4
" A total of 48 subjects were dosed in the two studies in a randomized crossover design with PA-824 at dose levels of 50, 200, or 1,000 mg in the fed state or fasted state."	( Effect of a high-calorie, high-fat meal on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy adult subjects. Egizi, E; Erondu, N; Everitt, D; Ginsberg, A; Pauli, E; Whitney, K; Winter, H, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the direct and indirect photodegradation of BNZ and to evaluate the interference of the excipients used in the forms dosage solid as well as to shed light on the chemical structure of the degradation products obtained."	( A study of photostability and compatibility of the anti-chagas drug Benznidazole with pharmaceutics excipients. Ferraz, LR; Figueirêdo, CB; Lima Leite, AC; Lyra, MA; Neves de Lima, ÁA; Peixoto, MS; Rolim Neto, PJ; Rolim, LA; Santos, FL; Soares-Sobrinho, JL, 2015)	0.42
" The indirect photodegradation of BNZ was carried out using physical mixtures with 13 pharmaceutical excipients commonly used in the preparation of solid dosage forms."	( A study of photostability and compatibility of the anti-chagas drug Benznidazole with pharmaceutics excipients. Ferraz, LR; Figueirêdo, CB; Lima Leite, AC; Lyra, MA; Neves de Lima, ÁA; Peixoto, MS; Rolim Neto, PJ; Rolim, LA; Santos, FL; Soares-Sobrinho, JL, 2015)	0.42
" cruzi infection, with oral dosing in chow for 28 days at doses from 3 to 50 mg/kg of body weight."	( Reversible cysteine protease inhibitors show promise for a Chagas disease cure. Beaulieu, C; Black, WC; Isabel, E; Massé, F; Mellon, C; Methot, N; Nath-Chowdhury, M; Ndao, M; Nicoll-Griffith, DA; Vasquez-Camargo, F, 2014)	0.4
" Regimens should contain at least one new class of drug; be broadly applicable for use against MDR and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains; contain three to five effective drugs, each from a different drug class; be delivered orally; have a simple dosing schedule; have a good side-effect profile that allows limited monitoring; last a maximum of 6 months; and have minimal interaction with antiretrovirals."	( Principles for designing future regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Balasegaram, M; Brigden, G; du Cros, P; Horsburgh, CR; Hughes, J; McIlleron, H; Mitnick, CD; Nuermberger, E; Nyang'wa, BT; Phillips, PP; Rich, M; Varaine, F, 2014)	0.4
" Fourteen-day multiple ascending dosing administered up to 3,600 mg/day in fasted conditions showed that fexinidazole was generally well-tolerated (mild to moderate, spontaneously reversible drug-related adverse events)."	( Determination of an optimal dosing regimen for fexinidazole, a novel oral drug for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: first-in-human studies. Blesson, S; Bray, MA; Evène, E; Felices, M; Gualano, V; Hovsepian, L; Mordt, OV; Sassella, D; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Tarral, A; Torreele, E, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic data suggested that biological efficacy most likely resides with the sulfone metabolite (or subsequent reactive metabolites formed following reduction of the nitro group) following administration of either the sulfoxide or the sulfone and that prolonged plasma exposure over the 24-h dosing window is required to achieve high cure rates."	( Antitrypanosomal activity of fexinidazole metabolites, potential new drug candidates for Chagas disease. Bahia, MT; Caldas, IS; Charman, SA; Chatelain, E; Diniz, Lde F; Gonçalves, KR; Koltun, M; Marques, LF; Mazzeti, AL; Mota, LW; Nascimento, AF; Saunders, J; Scandale, I; Shackleford, DM; Talvani, A; White, KL, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.4
" Its superior potency and pharmacokinetic profile that predicts suitability for once-daily oral dosing suggest that TBA-354 be studied further for its potential as a next-generation nitroimidazole."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of the nitroimidazole TBA-354 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cho, S; Franzblau, SG; Kim, Y; Lu, Y; Ma, Z; Mdluli, K; Upton, AM; Wang, B; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Yang, TJ, 2015)	0.42
" Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of PA-824 utilized Sprague Dawley rats with a dosage of 20mg/kg at various time points."	( Determination of the antitubercular drug PA-824 in rat plasma, lung and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. A Bester, L; Bratkowska, D; Govender, T; Kruger, HG; Maguire, GE; Shobo, A; Singh, S, 2015)	0.42
" Later on, simulations were performed to generate BNZ concentration-time course profiles for different dosage regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics of benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Aldasoro, E; Gascón, J; Guerrero, L; Mejía, T; Posada, E; Serret, N; Soy, D; Urbina, JA, 2015)	0.42
" M1 had the highest exposure among the eight metabolites after repeated oral dosing in humans, which indicated that M1 was the major metabolite."	( Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Delamanid, a Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Drug, in Animals and Humans: Importance of Albumin Metabolism In Vivo. Hirao, Y; Kitano, K; Koyama, N; Sasahara, K; Shibata, M; Shimokawa, Y; Umehara, K, 2015)	0.42
" The activities of the benznidazole/itraconazole combinations were compared with the results from those receiving the same dosage of each individual drug."	( Benznidazole/Itraconazole Combination Treatment Enhances Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity in Experimental Chagas Disease. Assíria Fontes Martins, T; Bahia, MT; Caldas, IS; Caldas, S; da Silva do Nascimento, ÁF; de Andrade, IM; de Figueiredo Diniz, L; Mazzeti, AL; Ribeiro, I, 2015)	0.42
" In the current study, we sought to identify a dosing regimen of posaconazole that could permanently clear Trypanosoma cruzi from mice with experimental Chagas disease."	( Antitrypanosomal Treatment with Benznidazole Is Superior to Posaconazole Regimens in Mouse Models of Chagas Disease. Glynne, R; Groessl, T; Khare, S; Liu, X; Molteni, V; Rivera, I; Stinson, M; Supek, F; Tuntland, T; Wen, B; Yeh, V, 2015)	0.42
" SAT has low polar surface area, high dose and dosing frequency."	( Mechanistic investigation of biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of surface engineering of satranidazole nanocrystals. Dhat, S; Kokare, C; Pund, S; Sharma, P; Shrivastava, B, 2016)	0.43
" In short, the quantification of BNZ and ITZ by analysis of mixtures had shown to be efficient and cost-effective alternative for determination of these drugs in a pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of benznidazole and itraconazole using spectrophotometry applied to the analysis of mixture: A tool for quality control in the development of formulations. Cunha-Filho, MS; Infante, CM; Pinho, LA; Sá-Barreto, LC, 2016)	0.43
" Since dosage may influence ADE, we aimed to assess Bzl efficacy in terms of parasiticidal and anti-inflammatory activity, using doses lower than those previously reported."	( Low-dose benznidazole treatment results in parasite clearance and attenuates heart inflammatory reaction in an experimental model of infection with a highly virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Cevey, ÁC; Goren, NB; Mirkin, GA; Penas, FN, 2016)	0.43
" U87 tumors showed an absence of blood flow over large areas of treated tumors after dosing with RRx-001."	( RRx-001, an epigenetic-based radio- and chemosensitizer, has vascular normalizing effects on SCCVII and U87 tumors. Cabrales, P; Minchinton, A; Oronsky, B; Scicinski, J, 2016)	0.43
" Twice-daily oral dosing of delamanid at 30 mg kg(-1) for 5 days resulted in sterile cures in a mouse model of VL."	( The anti-tubercular drug delamanid as a potential oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. Auer, JL; Fairlamb, AH; Norval, S; Osuna-Cabello, M; Patterson, S; Read, KD; Simeons, FR; Stojanovski, L; Wyllie, S, 2016)	0.43
" Coadministration of Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) with delamanid resulted in an approximately 25% higher delamanid area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the end of the dosing interval (AUCτ)."	( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects. Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)	0.43
" We have adapted a continuous enzymatic assay to a medium-throughput format and carried out a primary screening of both collections, followed by construction and analysis of dose-response curves of the most promising hits."	( Novel scaffolds for inhibition of Cruzipain identified from high-throughput screening of anti-kinetoplastid chemical boxes. Agüero, F; Alvarez, VE; Cazzulo, JJ; Karpiak, J; Landaburu, LU; Madauss, KP; Salas-Sarduy, E, 2017)	0.46
" Benznidazole is still the drug of choice in many countries to treat it in spite of its dosage regimen and adverse side effects such as such as allergic dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy and anorexia."	( Elucidating the impact of low doses of nano-formulated benznidazole in acute experimental Chagas disease. Arrúa, EC; Esteva, MI; Fichera, LE; Rial, MS; Salomon, CJ; Scalise, ML, 2017)	0.46
" PCR analysis of blood samples taken after induction of immunosuppression showed that a dosage of 25 mg/kg/day rendered 40% of the mice PCR-negative."	( Elucidating the impact of low doses of nano-formulated benznidazole in acute experimental Chagas disease. Arrúa, EC; Esteva, MI; Fichera, LE; Rial, MS; Salomon, CJ; Scalise, ML, 2017)	0.46
" cruzi acute infections in immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed mice and provides further evidence for the optimization of dosage regimens to treat Chagas disease."	( Elucidating the impact of low doses of nano-formulated benznidazole in acute experimental Chagas disease. Arrúa, EC; Esteva, MI; Fichera, LE; Rial, MS; Salomon, CJ; Scalise, ML, 2017)	0.46
"Decades after the last new chemical entity was added to the pharmacopeia for human African trypanosomiasis (or sleeping sickness), orally dosed fexinidazole stands poised to replace the current treatment regimen for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections, following a positive Phase 2/3 clinical trial."	( Fexinidazole: A New Drug for African Sleeping Sickness on the Horizon. Pollastri, MP, 2018)	0.48
" In small animals, blood sampling after dosing presents technical difficulties, particularly when short time intervals and frequent sampling are required."	( Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Pharmacokinetics: Classical Blood Sampling Versus Image-Derived Analysis of [18F]FAZA and [18F]FDG in a Murine Tumor Bearing Model. Brocks, DR; Jans, HS; Kumar, P; Wiebe, LI; Wuest, M; Yang, XH, 2018)	0.48
" Combinations of optimal dose and release rates were simulated such that plasma concentrations were maintained over the epidemiological cut-off or minimum inhibitory concentration for the dosing interval."	( Modelling the long-acting administration of anti-tuberculosis agents using PBPK: a proof of concept study. Flexner, C; Moss, DM; Owen, A; Podany, AT; Rajoli, RKR; Siccardi, M; Swindells, S, 2018)	0.48
" Optimised dosing schedules and/or new drugs are urgently needed."	( Safety Profile of Benznidazole in the Treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease: Experience of a Referral Centre and Systematic Literature Review with Meta-Analysis. Crespillo-Andújar, C; López-Polín, A; López-Vélez, R; Monge-Maillo, B; Norman, F; Pérez-Molina, JA; Venanzi-Rullo, E, 2018)	0.48
" In this pre-clinical study, the slope of the dose-response curve was evaluated for its predictive relevance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts (HNSCC)."	( Residual gammaH2AX foci in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas as predictors for tumour radiosensitivity: Evaluation in pre-clinical xenograft models and clinical specimens. Baumann, M; Bütof, R; Gudziol, V; Hering, S; Krause, M; Löck, S; Meneceur, S; Rehm, M; von Neubeck, C, 2019)	0.51
"These results further support the promise of the slope of the residual γH2AX foci dose-response as a biomarker for radiosensitivity."	( Residual gammaH2AX foci in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas as predictors for tumour radiosensitivity: Evaluation in pre-clinical xenograft models and clinical specimens. Baumann, M; Bütof, R; Gudziol, V; Hering, S; Krause, M; Löck, S; Meneceur, S; Rehm, M; von Neubeck, C, 2019)	0.51
" The final analysis data set contained 17,725 observations from 1,054 subjects, including healthy subjects and subjects with drug-sensitive, multidrug-resistant, or extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis dosed pretomanid in monotherapy or combination therapy for up to 6 months."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
" Studies of explanted lungs from patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis have shown substantial drug-specific gradients across pulmonary cavities, suggesting that alternative dosing and drug delivery strategies are needed to reduce functional monotherapy at the site of disease."	( The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Commission: 2019 update: epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant and incurable tuberculosis. Dheda, K; Dooley, KE; Furin, J; Gumbo, T; Maartens, G; Murray, M; Nardell, EA; Warren, RM, 2019)	0.51
"Two hundred mice were divided into five groups according to benznidazole dosing regimens: (1) 100 mg/kg/day for 20 days; (2) 100 mg/kg/day for 40 days; (3) 200 mg/kg/day for 20 days; (4) 40 mg/kg/day for 20 days; or (5) 40 mg/kg/day for 40 days."	( Population pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice. Balthazar Nardotto, GH; Correa-Oliveira, R; da Silva Fonseca, K; Fernanda Rodrigues Bastos Mendes, T; Martins Carneiro, C; Melo de Abreu Vieira, P; Molina, I; Oliveira Paiva, B; Perin, L; Pinto, L, 2020)	0.56
" The population pharmacokinetic model developed here can allow optimization of the dosing regimen of benznidazole to treat experimental Chagas' disease."	( Population pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice. Balthazar Nardotto, GH; Correa-Oliveira, R; da Silva Fonseca, K; Fernanda Rodrigues Bastos Mendes, T; Martins Carneiro, C; Melo de Abreu Vieira, P; Molina, I; Oliveira Paiva, B; Perin, L; Pinto, L, 2020)	0.56
" Considering our previous data on solubility, together with these on efficacy, this new liquid formulation represents a promising alternative for the treatment of Chagas disease, particularly in cases when dosing poses a challenge, as in infants."	( Benznidazole/Poloxamer 407 Solid Dispersion as a New Strategy to Improve the Treatment of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Bermúdez, JM; Cid, AG; Davies, C; Micheloud, JF; Negrette, OS; Parada, LA; Ragone, PG; Simonazzi, A, 2020)	0.56
" Using C3HeB/FeJ and BALB/c mouse models of tuberculosis disease, thrice-weekly linezolid dosing was compared with daily dosing, with intermittent dosing introduced (i) from treatment initiation or (ii) after an initial period of daily dosing."	( Preserved Efficacy and Reduced Toxicity with Intermittent Linezolid Dosing in Combination with Bedaquiline and Pretomanid in a Murine Tuberculosis Model. Bigelow, KM; Chang, YS; Dooley, KE; Nuermberger, EL; Tasneen, R, 2020)	0.56
" Dose-response curves were calculated for each time point after addition of test compounds, revealing how EC50 values first decreased over the time of drug exposure, and then leveled off."	( Non-invasive monitoring of drug action: A new live in vitro assay design for Chagas' disease drug discovery. Braissant, O; Fesser, AF; Kaiser, M; Kelly, JM; Mäser, P; Olmo, F, 2020)	0.56
" The high frequency of dosing leads to poor adherence for patients who live in lower economic and nomadic populations."	( Sustained absorption of delamanid from lipid-based formulations as a path to reduced frequency of administration. Boyd, BJ; Clulow, AJ; Hawley, A; Pham, AC; Ramirez, G; Salim, M, 2021)	0.62
" Following initial profiling, a first proof-of-concept in vivo study was undertaken, in which once daily oral dosing of a 7-substituted 2-nitroimidazooxazine analogue suppressed blood parasitemia to low or undetectable levels, although sterile cure was not achieved."	( Re-evaluating pretomanid analogues for Chagas disease: Hit-to-lead studies reveal both in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal efficacy. Avery, VM; Charman, SA; Chatelain, E; Cornwall, S; Denny, WA; Francisco, AF; Keenan, M; Kelly, JM; Marshall, AJ; O'Connor, PD; Perez, CJ; Read, KD; Riley, J; Sykes, ML; Thompson, AM; Thompson, RCA; White, KL; Zulfiqar, B, 2020)	0.56
" Delamanid PK was adequately described for all observed dosing regimens and subpopulations by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination and absorption, an absorption lag time, and decreased relative bioavailability with increasing dose."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Delamanid in Patients with Pulmonary Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Gibiansky, E; Mallikaarjun, S; Wang, X, 2020)	0.56
" Although supratherapeutic exposure of pretomanid relative to the now-recommended dosing with food was not achieved, these findings contribute to the favorable assessment of cardiac safety for pretomanid."	( Phase 1 Study of the Effects of the Tuberculosis Treatment Pretomanid, Alone and in Combination With Moxifloxacin, on the QTc Interval in Healthy Volunteers. El-Amin, W; Everitt, D; Li, M; Makhene, MK; Nedelman, J; Osborn, B; Saviolakis, GA; Yang, TJ, 2021)	0.62
"We found a strong association of weight with bedaquiline and clofazimine exposure parameters, suggesting the need for weight-based dosing for those agents."	( Pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline, delamanid and clofazimine in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Al-Shaer, MH; Alghamdi, WA; Barbakadze, K; Kempker, RR; Kipiani, M; Mikiashvili, L; Peloquin, CA, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling was combined with an evolutionary algorithm to identify dosage regimens that yield optimal trade-offs between multiple conflicting therapeutic objectives."	( Pretomanid dose selection for pulmonary tuberculosis: An application of multi-objective optimization to dosage regimen design. Lyons, MA, 2021)	0.62
" To both avoid off-target side effects and reduce the necessary dosage of BNZ, we packaged the drug within poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene sulfide) polymersomes (BNZ-PSs)."	( Nanocarrier-enhanced intracellular delivery of benznidazole for treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Engman, DM; Falk, BA; Li, X; Martinez, SJ; Olson, CL; Romano, PS; Scariot, DB; Scott, EA; Yi, S, 2021)	0.62
" Thus, this work aimed to develop a novel DDS based on BNZ and the ZIF-8 to use it in development of prolonged-release dosage forms to alternative treatment of Chagas disease."	( Benznidazole in vitro dissolution release from a pH-sensitive drug delivery system using Zif-8 as a carrier. da Silva Nascimento, DDS; de Moura Ferraz, LR; Ferreira, AS; Junior, SA; Rolim, LA; Rolim-Neto, PJ; Silva, JYR; Tabosa, AÉGA, 2021)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic profile required definition of a higher loading dosage for the first 4 days and administration of the daily dose together with a typical local meal to optimize product absorption and rapidly achieve drug steady state."	( Development and Introduction of Fexinidazole into the Global Human African Trypanosomiasis Program. Strub-Wourgaft, N; Tarral, A; Valverde Mordt, O, 2022)	0.72
" Predictions with the final model suggested a similar QT prolonging potential with simplified, once-daily dosing regimens compared with the approved regimens, with a maximum median change from baseline QTcF increase of 20 milliseconds in both regimens."	( Assessing Prolongation of the Corrected QT Interval with Bedaquiline and Delamanid Coadministration to Predict the Cardiac Safety of Simplified Dosing Regimens. Cramer, YS; Diacon, AH; Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Morganroth, J; Rosenkranz, SL; Shenje, J; Svensson, EM; Tanneau, L; Upton, CM, 2022)	0.72
"Further evaluation is needed to establish fexinidazole's minimum effective dosage and risk-benefit relationship."	( A Phase 2, Randomized, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Trial of Oral Fexinidazole in Adults With Chronic Indeterminate Chagas Disease. Barreira, F; Bilbe, G; Blum, B; Gascón, J; Ortiz, L; Palacios, A; Pinazo, MJ; Pinto, J; Ribeiro, I; Rojas, G; Schijman, AG; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Torrico, F; Vaillant, M, 2023)	0.91
" A phase 2 randomized controlled trial suggests that shorter or reduced dosed regimes of benznidazole could be used."	( Transplantation for chagas' disease: closing the knowledge gap. La Hoz, RM, 2022)	0.72
" Although these studies suggest that rigorously timed and more potent dosing regimen may be needed to achieve an immediate benefit of prophylaxis, additional studies would be needed to determine if drug prophylaxis reduced disease severity despite this failure to prevent new infections."	( Prophylactic low-dose, bi-weekly benznidazole treatment fails to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs under intense transmission pressure. Auckland, LD; Busselman, RE; Bustamante, JM; Collins, S; Hamer, SA; Malcolm, EL; Padilla, AM; Saunders, AB; Tarleton, RL; White, B; Wilson, BF, 2022)	0.72
"The translational mPBPK model predicted that the standard bedaquiline continuation phase and standard pretomanid dosing may not achieve optimal exposures to eradicate non-replicating bacteria in most patients."	( Predictions of Bedaquiline and Pretomanid Target Attainment in Lung Lesions of Tuberculosis Patients using Translational Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Guo, T; Mehta, K; van der Graaf, PH; van Hasselt, JGC, 2023)	0.91
"5-fold that of previously used daily dosing protocols, provided the best chance to obtain parasitological cure."	( Frequency Variation and Dose Modification of Benznidazole Administration for the Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice, Dogs, and Nonhuman Primates. Auckland, LD; Bustamante, JM; Hamer, SA; Hodo, CL; McCain, S; Saunders, AB; Tarleton, RL; Wang, W; White, BE; Wilkerson, GK, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
antitubercular agent	A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
C-nitro compound	A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.
imidazoles	A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.2576	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259256
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID231785	Ratio of concentration required to kill 50% aerobic V79-379A cells C50(air) to that of concentration required to kill 50% of cells under N2 C50(N2) was determined	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-18, Volume: 35, Issue:19	2-Nitroimidazole dual-function bioreductive drugs: studies on the effects of regioisomerism and side-chain structural modifications on differential cytotoxicity and radiosensitization by aziridinyl and oxiranyl derivatives.
AID697853	Inhibition of horse BChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID697852	Inhibition of electric eel AChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID217044	Concentration required to kill 50% of aerobic V79-379A cells (in vitro)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-18, Volume: 35, Issue:19	2-Nitroimidazole dual-function bioreductive drugs: studies on the effects of regioisomerism and side-chain structural modifications on differential cytotoxicity and radiosensitization by aziridinyl and oxiranyl derivatives.
AID217042	Selective toxicity to hypoxic V79-379A cells was determined in vitro; expressed as concentration required to give enhancement ratio of 1.6	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-18, Volume: 35, Issue:19	2-Nitroimidazole dual-function bioreductive drugs: studies on the effects of regioisomerism and side-chain structural modifications on differential cytotoxicity and radiosensitization by aziridinyl and oxiranyl derivatives.
AID25595	Dissociation constant was evaluated	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 39, Issue:11	Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA): 3D-QSAR without molecular superposition.
AID26397	Dissociation constant (pKa, calculated using GNN method)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-19, Volume: 40, Issue:26	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships from molecular similarity matrices and genetic neural networks. 2. Applications.
AID25092	Ionization constant (pKa)	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	Direct prediction of dissociation constants (pKa's) of clonidine-like imidazolines, 2-substituted imidazoles, and 1-methyl-2-substituted-imidazoles from 3D structures using a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) approach.
AID217043	Concentration required to kill 50% of V79-379A cells under N2 (in vitro)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-18, Volume: 35, Issue:19	2-Nitroimidazole dual-function bioreductive drugs: studies on the effects of regioisomerism and side-chain structural modifications on differential cytotoxicity and radiosensitization by aziridinyl and oxiranyl derivatives.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1695 (38.15)	18.7374
1990's	443 (9.97)	18.2507
2000's	620 (13.95)	29.6817
2010's	1289 (29.01)	24.3611
2020's	396 (8.91)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	418 (8.73%)	5.53%
Reviews	373 (7.79%)	6.00%
Case Studies	123 (2.57%)	4.05%
Observational	21 (0.44%)	0.25%
Other	3,855 (80.48%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.99	4	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
adenine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	8.79	18	2	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	3.47	8	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.37	2	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.5	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
choline [no description available]	3.78	3	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.46	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.07	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	1.96	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
3-chlorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	drug metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	1.99	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
cytosine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.2	5	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	3.05	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	1.96	1	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.48	8	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	1.96	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	1.99	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.06	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.26	6	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.71	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	10.87	12	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.21	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.07	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	5.02	5	2	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.76	3	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.76	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	6.57	8	2	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.71	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.26	6	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	3.11	5	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.17	5	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.31	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.15	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.35	5	3	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
putrescine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	14.2	49	11	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.25	1	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.11	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.37	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.47	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.37	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.37	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.63	9	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
taurine [no description available]	3.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	1.96	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	4.32	6	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	1.96	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.71	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epibatidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.15	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
bw 284 c 51 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.01	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	3.11	5	0	imidazoles
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.37	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.41	2	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	3.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
phenytoin [no description available]	5.29	13	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.7	3	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.59	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	4.58	7	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	7.54	18	1	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
theophylline [no description available]	4.13	16	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.84	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.25	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.13	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	1.95	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.37	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.69	3	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	3.52	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.99	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	5.46	12	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	3.36	7	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.93	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	5.6	18	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	1.96	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.05	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.75	3	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.68	9	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.11	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	6.09	6	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.81	3	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	10.29	19	2	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.98	4	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.03	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.04	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	5.02	7	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	1.99	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.41	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.49	2	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimetridazole Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.	5.09	44	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	4.45	1	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	5.89	7	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.4	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.07	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.07	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.96	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.01	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.76	3	0
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	14.75	145	22	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.97	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.99	4	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.65	3	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	8.41	15	2	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.43	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.18	4	3
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.07	1	0
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	3.17	5	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.36	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.89	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.43	2	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.49	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	5.21	3	1	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.07	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	1.95	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.46	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.11	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	11.42	27	5	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.07	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.11	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	6.09	9	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.07	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	6.11	3	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	3.11	5	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine
lavendustin b [no description available]	2.07	1	0
lomustine [no description available]	8.85	38	3	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.13	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	3.83	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.06	5	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.07	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.74	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.96	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.8	1	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	1.96	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	16.36	356	65	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.47	1	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.95	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.02	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitromide nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure	3.23	1	0
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.46	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.41	2	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	7.06	8	2	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	1.98	1	0	carbazoles
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	1.97	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.07	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	5.92	10	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.66	10	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.1	4	0	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.75	11	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phloretin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
piperazine [no description available]	3.01	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.69	3	0	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.95	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.78	2	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.13	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.21	1	0	benzothiazoles
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	5.1	45	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.65	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.34	1	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.19	5	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5.54	13	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.15	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tetrahydropapaverine tetrahydropapaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is norlaudanosoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; polyether; secondary amino compound
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.07	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.49	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.97	1	0	aziridines
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	16.31	335	123	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	1.95	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.7	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.98	4	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.07	1	0
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	2.07	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.15	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.21	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.19	5	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.99	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.39	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.15	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	3.67	10	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.05	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	4.87	3	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.98	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	1.95	1	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.36	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	6.38	7	1	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine hydrochloride pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.08	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.36	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.39	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.07	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.46	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	5.62	14	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.41	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.55	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.89	4	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.42	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.02	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.25	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.96	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.4	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.02	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.8	3	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.39	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	7.24	16	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.77	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	8.32	19	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	5.17	9	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
veratramine veratramine: structure. veratramine : A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.	2.07	1	0	piperidine alkaloid
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.01	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	4.44	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.21	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.96	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.76	6	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.97	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.42	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.39	2	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.99	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.83	4	2	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.21	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
veratridine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	steroid	sodium channel modulator
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.72	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.25	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	1.99	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.07	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
visnagin visnagin: from Musineon divaricatum. visnagin : A furanochromone that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one which is substituted at positions 4 and 7 by methoxy and methyl groups, respectively. Found in the toothpick-plant, Ammi visnaga.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; furanochromone; polyketide	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; phytotoxin; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.07	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
phanquinone phanquinone: structure. phanquone : An orthoquinone that is the 5,6-diketo derivative of 4,7-phenanthroline.	1.96	1	0	orthoquinones
syrosingopine syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
fluorene [no description available]	2.21	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
methylmercury ii [no description available]	1.96	1	0	methylmercury compound
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	5	5	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.07	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.78	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.5	8	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.41	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.48	2	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.21	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.44	7	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.25	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	1.99	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	3.25	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	1.96	1	0	organoarsonic acid
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	1.97	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
3-toluic acid 3-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	methylbenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
4-toluic acid 4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.	1.99	1	0	methylbenzoic acid
4-nitrotoluene 4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	mononitrotoluene
4-anisic acid 4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
4-nitroacetophenone 4-nitroacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.	4.31	6	0	acetophenones; C-nitro compound
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.53	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
boric acid [no description available]	2.74	3	0	boric acids	astringent
4-bromoaniline 4-bromoaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1403	3.23	1	0
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
acrolein [no description available]	2.31	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
glyoxal [no description available]	2.9	4	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.05	1	0	alkane
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	1.98	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	1.96	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
diethylamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	5.5	8	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.59	8	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
morpholine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.07	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	1.99	1	0	bromide salt
propylene propylene: structure	2.07	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.01	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	5.16	6	2	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	1.95	1	0	biphenyls
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; thiazoles
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.69	3	0
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.07	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.13	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.66	3	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.42	7	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.38	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.92	6	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.16	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	8.2	11	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.49	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.89	4	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	18.54	232	16	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	10.57	37	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.41	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.93	3	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.21	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
edrophonium bromide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.07	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	3.47	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.41	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	4.89	2	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	1.99	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid 4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid carrying a 4-trifluoromethyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzoic acids
3-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid
4-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.25	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
jervine jervine: teratogen from Veratrum grandiflorum; RN given refers to parent cpd(3beta,23beta)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	piperidines
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.17	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.95	1	0
boldine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
indirubin [no description available]	2.52	2	0
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	2.07	1	0	nitramine	explosive
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.43	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.45	8	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.07	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.07	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
1,4-benzodioxan 1,4-benzodioxan: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	5.64	10	0	triazines
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.96	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.23	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.41	2	0	thiazolidine
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.07	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.37	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.11	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
violacein [no description available]	2.21	1	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.95	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	5.19	6	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	3.17	5	0	phenoxazine
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	3.98	4	0
aniline mustard Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.	1.99	1	0
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.03	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-methoxybenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	flavouring agent; human urinary metabolite
4-bromobenzoic acid 4-bromobenzoic acid : A bromobenzoic acid carrying a single bromo subsituent at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	bromobenzoic acid
algestone Algestone: A synthetic progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.. algestone : A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at position 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17.	1.99	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	progestin
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.04	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
3-iodobenzoate 3-iodobenzoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 3-iodobenzoic acid : An iodobenzoic acid with a single iodo substituent placed at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	iodobenzoic acid
4-ethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids
4-cyanobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-nitrobenzonitrile 4-nitrobenzonitrile: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
Berberine chloride (TN) [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.08	5	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.05	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-methylimidazole [no description available]	2.68	3	0
2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole: structure in first source	3.85	12	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.37	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.98	1	0
4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles	carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate
2-phenylbenzothiazole 2-phenylbenzothiazole: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	8.26	5	3	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	3.76	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	9.44	10	3	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.47	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.91	4	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.1	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole [no description available]	3.84	12	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.35	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
2-hydroxyethyl disulfide 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide: reversible inactivator of aldehyde dehydrogenase	2.05	1	0	organic disulfide
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	7.4	22	1	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
2,4,5-tribromoimidazole 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole: induces poisoning typical of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation	1.97	1	0
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
aminorex Aminorex: An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.	2.25	1	0	benzenes
muscarine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.02	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure. 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	3.74	2	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	acylcholine
thymine glycol thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	10.72	99	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
octachlorodibenzo-4-dioxin octachlorodibenzo-4-dioxin: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.27	6	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.21	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	4.04	3	1	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
streptomycin [no description available]	2.9	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.01	1	0	carbon oxoanion
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
butyrylthiocholine Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline
1-methyl-5-chloro-4-nitroimidazole [no description available]	3.59	9	0
nifuratel Nifuratel: Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.	1.95	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	7.57	26	1	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.51	2	0
nsc 520594 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nimorazole Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.	9.32	30	11	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
n-deacetyl-n-formylcolchicine N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.31	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	3.05	5	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.52	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.59	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.77	3	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.37	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.98	13	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	5.49	12	0	manganese group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	1.95	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.48	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.25	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	1.95	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.05	1	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.1	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.03	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.03	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.39	2	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2.07	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.04	1	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.98	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	1.97	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.38	2	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.04	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.03	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.49	2	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.36	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
melarsonic acid melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	22.58	641	51
desmethylmisonidazole [no description available]	10.15	49	5
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.41	2	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
ipronidazole Ipronidazole: An antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. It also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry.	4.16	17	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.51	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	11.85	126	34	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
cl 64855 [no description available]	5.21	9	0
iodine [no description available]	3.05	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.36	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.98	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	2.07	1	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.48	7	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	22.27	874	49	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.13	1	0
2-chlorodibenzofuran 2-chlorodibenzofuran: structure	1.99	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.07	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	4.1	4	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.36	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.21	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	3.35	1	1	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.11	3	1	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	14.51	42	3	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
gallium citrate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	3.07	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.06	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
pcb 118 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	3.82	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.54	5	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl tetrachlorobiphenyl : Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.	1.99	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	4.32	2	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	3.07	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.14	4	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.07	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	1.99	1	0
2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; hexachlorobiphenyl; tetrachlorobenzene
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.79	2	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
2,8-dichlorodibenzo-4-dioxin 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-4-dioxin: metabolite for 2,3,7,8-TCDD	1.99	1	0
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
bezafibrate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.34	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	3.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin: structure given in first source. 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzodioxine : An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.	1.99	1	0	dibenzodioxine; organobromine compound
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.21	1	0	1,2-thiazoles	antifouling biocide; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran: toxic product which was generated in Italy due to an explosion in a plant manufacturing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.07	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
etofylline clofibrate etofylline clofibrate: whole issue; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	oxopurine
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	4.45	6	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
satranidazole satranidazole: anti-bacterial used to treat periodontitis; structure given in first source	7.03	23	4
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.07	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.07	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.35	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-nitrosoacetamide N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.36	2	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
fazarabine fazarabine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-arabinofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. A synthetic analogue of cytosine arabinoside and 5-azacytidine that incorporates structural features of both compounds, it shows good activity against a variety of transplanted tumors.	3.07	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fialuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	22.21	365	22
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran [no description available]	1.99	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.07	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	3.35	1	1
2,3,4,4'5-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pentachlorobiphenyl; tetrachlorobenzene
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.85	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.56	8	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	3.07	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
flavone acetic acid flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	3.07	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
crisnatol crisnatol: structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2.17	1	0	quinolines
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.11	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1,3-di-(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane 1,3-di-(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
sulofenur sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea	3.07	1	0
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.51	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	8.26	5	3	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.07	2	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	2.53	2	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
dehydroabietylamine dehydroabietylamine: has antimalarial activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	diterpenoid
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	6.21	18	2
daunorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	anthracycline
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	1.99	1	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	5.85	2	2	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.3	6	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.7	3	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.93	4	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.07	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.41	2	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexamidine hexamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of hexane-1,6-diol.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	1.97	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.45	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
baccatin iii [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; benzoate ester; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
taleranol taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)	2.07	1	0	macrolide
narasin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diterpene glycoside
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	8.59	15	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
quassin quassin: article discusses quassinoid principle; structure	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
etofamide etofamide: structure	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines
sertaconazole sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.	2.13	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
iobitridol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; hexol; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
2-ethylimidazole [no description available]	2.68	3	0
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.17	1	0
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.72	3	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	14.41	70	11	1,2,3-triazole
4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
benzofuroxan [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nitroscanate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	11.33	46	5	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
fexinidazole fexinidazole: structure given in first source	12.86	48	4
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.13	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	2.08	1	0	quinolines
2-phenylimidazole [no description available]	2.68	3	0
isoscopoletin isoscopoletin : A hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	plant metabolite
tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
vinburnine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.1	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
quinfamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	quinolines
secnidazole [no description available]	5.23	11	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
pyrithidium bromide [no description available]	2.36	2	0
nitrefazole [no description available]	7.48	9	1	imidazoles
quindoxin quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702	2.05	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
hesperetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.07	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
tetrahydroalstonine tetrahydroalstonine : A heteropentacyclic compound that is (20alpha)-16,17-didehydro-18-oxayohimban which is substituted at position 16 by a methoxycarbonyl group and at position 19 by a methyl group. It is a metabolite found in several plant species.	2.07	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; yohimban alkaloid	plant metabolite
hernandezine hernandezine: from Thalictrum glandulosissimum; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/91	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	2.07	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
madecassic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol	antioxidant; plant metabolite
dehydroleucodine dehydroleucodine: has antimicrobial activity; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer	2.46	2	0
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
new methylene blue [no description available]	2.21	1	0
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	2.07	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	8.79	24	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
2-n-propylquinoline 2-propylquinoline: structure in first source	2	1	0
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	2.37	2	0
4-hydroxyindole hydroxyindoles : Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	hydroxyindoles; phenols
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
xylonidine xylonidine: alpha adrenoreceptor stimulation by above cpd mainly inhibits the release of mediator and/or the bronchoconstriction caused by moderate activation of sensory nerves; forced molting agent; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
5-phenoxysulfonyl-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole 5-phenoxysulfonyl-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole: structure given in first source	2.87	4	0
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	2.68	3	0
benzoylmetronidazole metronidazole benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the hydroxy group of metronidazole.	3.35	1	1	benzoate ester	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; prodrug
4-(methylthio)benzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
eriocitrin eriocitrin: structure in first source. eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavanone	antioxidant
adriamycinol doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.	3.45	1	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; aromatic ether; deoxy hexoside; p-quinones; phenols; polyol; tetracenequinones	cardiotoxic agent; drug metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	14.82	49	4	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
hexyltrimethylammonium hexyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
7,8-dihydromethysticin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.67	3	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.07	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
cinchonine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.03	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; acetylcholine antag. N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(4-oxopentyl)ammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are methyl (three) and 4-oxopentyl.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.99	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aucubin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
matrine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
catalpol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
quinine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
2-methoxyacetaldehyde 2-methoxyacetaldehyde: shows testicular toxicity; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sapogenin
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	8.52	35	1
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	3.76	3	0	organic molecular entity
sr 2555 [no description available]	4.56	8	0
lopinavir [no description available]	4.85	2	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
corynanthine Corynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
prunin protein, prunus prunin protein, Prunus: a legumin-like type of globulin; structure given in first source. naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
podocarpic acid podocarpic acid: structure. podocarpic acid : An abietane diterpenoid lacking the isopropyl substituent with an aromatic C-ring and a hydroxy group at the 12-position.	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
11-ketoprogesterone 11-ketoprogesterone: structure	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
harmol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
5-Methoxyflavone 5-methoxyflavone: DNA polymerase-beta inhibitor and neuroprotective agent against beta-amyloid toxicity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	ether; flavonoids
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.17	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
4-mercaptobenzoate 4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase	1.99	1	0
canthin-6-one canthin-6-one: from Zanthoxylum usambarense; structure in first source. canthin-6-one : An indole alkaloid that is 6H-indolo[3,2,1-de][1,5]naphthyridine substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	enone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimycobacterial drug; metabolite
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	1.95	1	0
ra 263 RA 263: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-aziridino-2-propanol 1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-aziridino-2-propanol: structure given in first source	9.84	32	2
rsu 1131 RSU 1131: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
isophosphamide mustard isophosphamide mustard: antitumor metabolite of ifosfamide; palifosfamide-tris is a salt with tris; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	phosphorodiamide
2,5-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3-one [no description available]	2.39	2	0
corydaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
demissidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; steroid
2 alpha-methyl-9 alpha-fluorocortisol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.07	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.08	4	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.73	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.23	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	2.41	2	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
propidium iodide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic iodide salt
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	2.39	2	0	beta-carbolines
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	beta-carbolines
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
catechin (+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.	2.07	1	0	hydrate	geroprotector
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
cafestol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
parthenolide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	germacranolide
tamibarotene tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.	2.21	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; retinoid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.1	5	0
anecortave acetate anecortave acetate: derived from cortisone (11 OH replaced by 9-11 double bond)	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.11	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
aluminum phthalocyanine aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
trypanothione trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.	3.42	7	0	organic disulfide
cubebin cubebin: structure in first source. (-)-cubebin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran-2-ol substituted by two 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively (the 2S,3R,4R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves of Piper nigrum and exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and trypanocidal activities.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; cyclic acetal; lactol; lignan; secondary alcohol	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antimicrobial agent; histamine antagonist; plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.08	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
ak 2123 AK 2123: a 3-nitrotriazole cpd	2.02	1	0
4-hydroxypyrazole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
mk 436 MK 436: structure	5.37	19	0
iodofiltic acid iodofiltic acid: labeled with 123 I for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled, non-isomeric cpd	2.01	1	0
1-(2-nitro-1-imidazoly)-3-(2,3-dimethylaziridino)-2-propanol [no description available]	2.38	2	0
angustmycin a angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines
razadyne Razadyne: Name of the FDA approved preparation from J&J.	2.07	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.06	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole: human urinary metabolite of metronidazole; structure	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	2.07	1	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt	2.15	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1,3-di(4-imidazolinophenoxyl)propane 1,3-di(4-imidazolinophenoxyl)propane: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.07	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.94	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.06	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.21	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.07	1	0	leucine derivative
melarsomine dihydrochloride [no description available]	3.77	3	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
coenzyme f420 coenzyme gamma-F420-2 : The amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.	4.35	7	0
3-ethoxy-beta-carboline 3-ethoxy-beta-carboline: high affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligand with partial inverse agonist properties	2.39	2	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
rb 6145 RB 6145: structure given in first source; prodrug to RSU 1069; PD 144872 is the R-enantiomer of RB 6145	6.4	32	0
2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol 2,4-dinitroimidazole-1-ethanol: structure	3.22	6	0
sn 23862 5-(N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide: RN & structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	3.46	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
chlorophenol red galactopyranoside chlorophenol red galactopyranoside: a chromogenic substrate used for detection of beta-galactosidase in transfected mammalian cells	2.02	1	0
r 79882 R 79882: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cci 103f CCI 103F: hexafluorinated nitroimidazole; hypoxic cell marker; structure given in first source	4.51	24	0
rp 170 RP 170: structure given in first source	3.48	8	0
nlp 1 NLP 1: structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
butamidine butamidine: RN refers to HCl; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
4-s-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide 4-S-(propionic acid)sulfidocyclophosphamide: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
1-methyl-2-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)amino-5-nitroimidazole 1-methyl-2-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)amino-5-nitroimidazole: structure given in first source	3.12	5	0
7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline 7-(4'-(2-nitroimidazole-1-yl)butyl)theophylline: a hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer	4	14	0
2-nitroimidazole-1-methylacetohydroxamate 2-nitroimidazole-1-methylacetohydroxamate: structure given in first source	3.38	7	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
9-(3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine 9-(3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
carbapenems [no description available]	4.74	3	0
ro 15-0216 [no description available]	4.94	12	0
sinensetin sinensetin: isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on platelets. sinensetin : A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.07	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
harmalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1-methyl-2-nitrosoimidazole [no description available]	2.38	2	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.78	3	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a: a photodynamic sensitizer; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	7.57	5	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
vatalanib [no description available]	2.06	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	12.44	41	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	2.07	1	0	tropane alkaloid
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.07	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.93	4	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
schizandrin b (+)-schisandrin B : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is found in Fructus Schisandrae and Schisandra chinensis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic acetal; organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; tannin	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
dichlorobis(1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole)platinum (ii) dichlorobis(1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole)platinum (II): structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.06	1	0	organic sulfate salt
tipifarnib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
2-nitroimidazole-1-acetohydroxamic acid [no description available]	4.97	7	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	2.05	1	0	pyrrolidines
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.58	2	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	2.31	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isosakuranetin isosakuranetin: structure in first source. 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite
saicar SAICAR: adenosylsuccinase catalyzes its conversion to AICAR. SAICAR : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.	1.98	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
aminoimidazole ribotide 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole that is 5-aminoimidazole in which the proton at position 1 has been replaced by a 5-phospho-beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	1.98	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole; aminoimidazole	bacterial metabolite
isovitexin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.07	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
doranidazole doranidazole: structure given in first source	3.82	3	0
tanshinone ii a tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	7.73	13	1	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	1.98	1	0
leucodin leucodin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.42	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.54	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
limonin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
f 4 F 4: structure	2.38	2	0
4-nitro-3-dimethylaminopropiophenone 4-nitro-3-dimethylaminopropiophenone: NO(2) group responsible for required electron affinity; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	2.07	1	0
dioxocyclam [no description available]	2.01	1	0
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	3.36	2	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
albaconazole albaconazole: UR-9825 is the (1R,2R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
azd2563 posizolid: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	3.61	2	0
sorafenib [no description available]	2.9	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.51	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
19-norprogesterone 19-norprogesterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.1	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstane-3,17-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	3.07	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
acetylstrophanthidin acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester	anti-arrhythmia drug
Harringtonine harringtonin: alkaloid C from Caphalotaxus fortunei	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
rosoxacin rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.	1.96	1	0	pyridines; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
acivicin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
ketopinic acid ketopinic acid: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
menogaril Menogaril: A semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.	3.07	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.66	2	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
gitoxigenin gitoxigenin: structure	2.07	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 16beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
2-amino-5-methylthiazole 2-amino-5-methylthiazole: binds the W191G cavity of E coli cytochrome c peroxidase	2.25	1	0
graveoline graveoline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	quinolines
4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en 4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,3abeta,4beta,8aalpha))-isomer; a natural benzyl ester of a carotyl type azulene sesquiterpenoid; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	3.12	5	0
ku 2285 KU 2285: structure given in first source	7.33	19	2
nla 1 NLA 1: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.02	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
2-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-n-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide: a pentafluorinated derivative of etanidazole	6.37	11	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	5.1	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-(3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-propylamino)-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride 4-(3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-propylamino)-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.72	3	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.73	3	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.05	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.92	4	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.72	3	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.4	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.21	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.43	2	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.06	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.07	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.07	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.68	3	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mimosine L-mimosine : An L-alpha-amino acid that is propionic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a 3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl group at position 3 (the 2S-stereoisomer). It a non-protein plant amino acid isolated from Mimosa pudica.	2.07	1	0	4-pyridones; amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	1.99	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
glutathionylspermidine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	glutathione derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	1.95	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.07	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
conessine conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.	2.07	1	0	steroid alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; H3-receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	4.34	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	4.82	4	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.07	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.07	1	0
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	4.04	3	1
linezolid [no description available]	13.37	38	6	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
indican [no description available]	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
deltaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic acetal; diterpene alkaloid; organic polycyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
ingenol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
picrotin picrotin: the less toxic component of PICROTOXIN lacking GABA activity. picrotin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is picrotoxinin in which the olefinic double bond has undergone addition of water to give the corresponding tertiary alcohol. It is the less toxic component of picrotoxin, lacking GABA activity.	2.07	1	0	diol; epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
naringin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.07	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.07	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	2.07	1	0	indolizines
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
Dubinidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.08	1	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	anthracycline
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.07	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
dihydroergocristine monomesylate dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.	2.07	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.29	6	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.15	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.53	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.07	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.54	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.03	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.07	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.07	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	9.84	18	3
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	10.71	5	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
epothilone b [no description available]	2.07	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.07	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.07	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.07	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	1.98	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phorbol ester	metabolite
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	17.96	182	23
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	3.35	1	1	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.07	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	3.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.07	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	6.49	36	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.05	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.91	2	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
u 100480 U 100480: structure given in first source	5.89	6	0
ravuconazole ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)	7.71	8	3	1,3-thiazoles; fluorobenzenes; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	antifungal drug; antileishmanial agent; EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	10.09	29	2	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
bromodeoxycytidine Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.	3.05	1	0
(+)-usnic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	usnic acid
beta, beta-dimethylacrylshikonin, (+)-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
tak 187 TAK 187: structure in first source; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor with possible usage against Trypanosoma	2.02	1	0
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	3.73	2	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.35	7	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	4.3	6	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
3-chlorodibenzofuran 3-chlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.23	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
rhapontin rhapontin: constituent of rhubarb rhizome	2.07	1	0	rhaponticin	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.31	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	3.58	2	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.01	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.97	4	0	isomethyleugenol
1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene: structure in first source. [8]annulene : An antiaromatic annulene that is cyclooctane having four double bonds at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7.	2.21	1	0
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.07	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.83	3	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.47	2	0
alpha-cyanocinnamate alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0
rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.07	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.37	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	1.96	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.07	1	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
cholinophyllin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	2.21	1	0
hydrastine, (r-(r,s))-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	1.96	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.05	12	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.84	6	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.07	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.07	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.07	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.07	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
heliotrine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrrolizines
sclareolide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	naphthofuran
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hypocrellin b hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.31	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.53	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	2.07	1	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.07	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
fumonisin b2 fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).	2.07	1	0	diester; diol; fumonisin; primary amino compound	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: is a nonaqueous ionic liquid	2.11	1	0
nadp [no description available]	3.8	11	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	3.19	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.05	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
r 82150 R 82150: structure given in first source; inhibits HIV-1 replication	1.99	1	0
r 86183 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.16	5	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.45	8	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
sq-641 SQ-641: a MurX inhibitor with antitubercular activity; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.98	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.49	2	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.01	1	0	nitrogen oxide
carnidazole carnidazole: structure in second source	5.16	6	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
ranitidine bismuth citrate ranitidine bismuth citrate: Pylorid & Tritec are tradenames	5.2	6	0
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
12-deoxyphorbolphenylacetate-20-acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
norpseudopelleterine-n-oxyl [no description available]	1.96	1	0
brassinin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dithiocarbamic ester; indole phytoalexin
maltose tetrapalmitate maltose tetrapalmitate: immunopotentiator	1.96	1	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87	1.99	1	0
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.07	1	0
hirsutine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
3-deoxyvasicine, hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
emetine dihydrochloride emetine dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of emetine.. emetine dihydrochloride hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the dihydrochloride salt of emetine.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; protein synthesis inhibitor
ferrocenium ferrocenium: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
silybin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.52	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.48	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.92	4	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.03	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.03	1	0
3-propoxy-beta-carboline 3-propoxy-beta-carboline: structure in first source	2.39	2	0
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.	2.25	1	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
iodoazomycin arabinoside iodoazomycin arabinoside: marker of tissue hypoxia; structure given in first source	7.56	25	1
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.57	9	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
5,6-dehydrokawain 5,6-dehydrokawain: from Alpinia speciosa rhizoma; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
9,10-dihydrolysergol 9,10-dihydrolysergol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	8.2	11	0
geranylgeranic acid geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; diterpenoid; methyl-branched fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid
quercetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.07	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
prostaglandin b1 prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.07	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
quercitrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.03	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.37	2	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.07	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	2.07	1	0	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.53	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	7.15	11	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.11	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.01	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
butein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
chartreusin chartreusin: structure	2.07	1	0	benzochromenone; glycoside
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.39	2	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methysticin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
yangonin yangonin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.07	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
datiscetin datiscetin : A tetrahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 5.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone
diosmetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.07	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
robinetin robinetin: structure given in first source. robinetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
tamarixetin tamarixetin: isolated from Costsus spicatus. tamarixetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.07	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.07	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.07	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
wedelolactone wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins A
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
rhoifolin rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside	metabolite
vitexin rhamnoside 2''-O-rhamnopyranosylvitexin: has both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities; isolated from Alternanthera maritima; structure in first source. vitexin 2''-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A derivative of vitexin having an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue attached at the 2''-position of the glucitol moiety.	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; disaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.07	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.57	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.45	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sq-18506 5-Amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole: A nitrovinyl furan used as a schistosomicidal agent and proposed for trypanosomiasis, especially Chagas disease.	2.36	2	0
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.07	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
natamycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	3.36	7	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.07	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
ubiquinone 7 ubiquinone 7: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer. ubiquinone-7 : A compound whose structure comprises a 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus, common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of seven isoprenoid units.	2.31	1	0	ubiquinones
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.07	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.13	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
vinorelbine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.07	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.57	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source. isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
angiotensin amide psilostachyin A: has antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, leishmanicidal, and molluscicidal activities; isolated from Ambrosia psilostachya; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
1-Ethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole [no description available]	2.39	2	0	harmala alkaloid
su 11248 [no description available]	5.1	3	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	3.48	2	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.05	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.36	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.76	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
flavokawain a flavokawain A: from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	chalcones
flavokawain b flavokawain B: from Piper methysticum Forst (Kava Kava) roots; structure in first source. flavokawain B : A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.	2.07	1	0	chalcones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
furanoheliangolide furanoheliangolide: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	10.09	22	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.95	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.7	11	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.02	1	0	boron group element atom
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.98	1	0	styrenes
kavain [no description available]	2.07	1	0	racemate	glycine receptor antagonist
abscisic acid, (+,-)-isomer 2-cis-abscisic acid : A member of the class of abscisic acids in which the double bond betweeen positions 2 and 3 has cis- (natural) geometry.	2.07	1	0	abscisic acids	abscisic acid receptor agonist
5-deazaflavin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pyridopyrimidine
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	17.78	156	12	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.53	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	4.94	12	0
catharanthine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid ester; bridged compound; methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2.07	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
cytochalasin d [no description available]	2.07	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.07	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
bleomycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.31	16	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.08	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.03	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.07	1	0
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.87	3	0
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	2.06	1	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.95	1	0
(1S,15S,17R,18R,19S,20S)-6,18-dimethoxy-17-[oxo-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1,3,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21-dodecahydroyohimban-19-carboxylic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.02	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	3.76	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	3.8	3	0	indoles
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.07	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.05	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer) [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hydrocotarnine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
salsolinol hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.17	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.96	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
lasalocid sodium lasalocid sodium : The sodium salt of lasalocid. It is a veterinary ionophore antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.07	1	0	benzoates; organic sodium salt	coccidiostat; ionophore
cilastatin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
sclerotiorin sclerotiorin: isolated from monoverticillate Penicillia; RN given for (R-(R,S-(E,E)))-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	azaphilone
azanidazole [no description available]	3.06	5	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
ebelactone b ebelactone B: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source; see also ebelactone A	2.07	1	0
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	3.35	1	1
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	3.8	2	1
3-o-methylbutein 3-O-methylbutein: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	chalcones
thermozymocidin thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino fatty acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sphingoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole 1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole: structure given in first source	4.83	6	0
marein marein: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
sudoterb sudoterb: an antibacterial active against M. tuberculosis; structure in first source	4.07	1	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	18.47	210	16	piperidines
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	4.02	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.34	7	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
ca 074 methyl ester [no description available]	2.1	1	0
hydroxyachillin hydroxyachillin: isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	16.88	211	6	nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.07	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	3.16	5	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
carboxyl radical [no description available]	1.99	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.07	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
anisodamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.07	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
drimane drimane: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
alpha-solanine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycoalkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; steroid saponin; trisaccharide derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	1.97	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	3.1	1	0
bms 181321 BMS 181321: structure given in first source	5.65	25	0
18f-fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine (18F)fluoroethyltyrosine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
apigenin-7-o-rutinoside [no description available]	2.07	1	0
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.07	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
sr 4554 SR 4554: a fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia probe; structure given in first source	8.16	14	2
bn 52020 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
olesoxime olesoxime: drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cediranib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
zeolites [no description available]	2.69	2	0
aq4n AQ4N: structure given in first source	3.19	1	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.03	1	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	18.64	81	9
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	4.27	1	1
carmine carminic acid : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone that is that is 1,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone substituted by a methyl group at position 8, a carboxy group at position 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 2 via a C-glycosidic linkage. It is a natural dye isolated from several insects such as Dactylopius coccus.	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid; tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	animal metabolite; histological dye
bavachinin bavachinin: do not confuse with bavachin	2.07	1	0	flavanones
sk&f 102698 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.43	7	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	3.16	5	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
pr-104 PR-104: 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard, an alkyating antineoplastic; structure in first source	11.39	4	1
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.25	1	0
morinidazole morinidazole: structure in first source	6.53	12	4
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.4	6	0
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	3.09	5	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.07	1	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.55	2	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.1	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	3.02	4	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
cinobufagin cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom	2.07	1	0	steroid lactone
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.08	1	0
th 302 TH 302: an hypoxia-activated prodrug of bromo-isophosphoramide mustard; an antineoplastic agent	13.46	71	15
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	2.04	1	0
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cannogenin thevetoside cannogenin thevetoside: from Thevetia neriifolia; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARDENOLIDES (77-84), CARDANOLIDES (75-76); RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.07	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
rifamycins [no description available]	7.77	12	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.39	2	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.31	1	0
eriodictyol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite; radical scavenger
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	2.07	1	0
norisoboldine norisoboldine: from Croton lechleri, a source of the wound healing latex sangre de grado; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
carbon-11 methionine carbon-11 methionine: RN refers to L-methionine labeled with carbon-11	2.25	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.56	8	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rrx-001 RRx-001: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
rwj-416457 RWJ-416457: pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.58	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.97	1	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.06	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.08	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.72	3	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.07	4	0	glycoside
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.41	2	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	4.16	16	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.45	2	0
dihydrorobinetin dihydrorobinetin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine 4-borono-2-fluorophenylalanine: used as a target cpd for boron neutron capture therapy; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer 18F-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92	3.21	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.21	5	0
mo 113 MO 113: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
monensin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	2.06	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.66	3	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.98	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.41	2	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	3.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.6	1	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.07	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
2-(acetoxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phenylpyridine
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	3.82	2	0
GDC-0623 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	1.96	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.36	2	0
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.31	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.06	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.6	1	0
guanidinohydantoin guanidinohydantoin: structure in first source. 5-guanidinohydantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a guanidino group at position 5.	3.25	1	0	guanidines; imidazolidine-2,4-dione
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.77	3	0
jnj38877605 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	quinolines
lychnopholide lychnopholide: isolated from Vanillosmopsis erythropappa; structure in first source	3.9	3	0
tba-354 [no description available]	3.02	4	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.06	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.04	1	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.61	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.52	8	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.08	8	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.95	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.37	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.81	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.55	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.13	4	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.07	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	3.23	1	0
vulpinic acid vulpinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source; vulpinic acid refers to (E)-isomer	2.07	1	0	butenolide
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	3.41	1	0	tetracyclines
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.73	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.41	2	0
pbtz169 macozinone: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol 3-fluoro-2-(4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propan-1-ol: a radiosensitizing agent used for PET imaging of hypoxia; structure in first source	9.28	9	5
cpzen-45 CPZEN-45: caprazamycin derivative; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.6	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.11	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	3.41	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
hydroxymethylnitrofurazone hydroxymethylnitrofurazone: structure in first source	2.79	3	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
contrast agent p792 contrast agent P792: a gadolinium macrocyclic compound based on a Gd-DOTA structure substituted by hydrophilic arms; rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.07	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.09	5	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.89	4	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.31	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.15	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.03	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.34	1	1
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	3.82	11	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.09	5	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.41	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	1.99	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	13.69	39	9	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	8.81	25	3	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	4.13	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.07	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	6.35	21	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.17	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.48	2	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2	1	0
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648: structure in first source	3.11	1	0	phenoxazine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.15	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2	1	0
triacetylguanosine [no description available]	2	1	0
trifazid [no description available]	4.87	2	1
alpha-cyclopiazonic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alpha-cyclopiazonic acids
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.65	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole: a guanine oxidation product; structure in first source	4.66	8	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.07	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.15	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.65	3	0
abaloparatide abaloparatide: synthetic analog of human PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein)	2.17	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	6.09	5	1
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.99	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.59	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.08	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	10.98	184	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.41	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	22.12	687	59
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	22.12	687	59
Anoxemia [description not available]	15.98	289	12
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	17.61	240	30
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	15.98	289	12
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	17.61	240	30
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	12.78	193	3
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.46	8	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	6.83	18	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	7.96	33	1
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	7.19	14	1
EHS Tumor [description not available]	6.52	75	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.04	46	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	6.88	25	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	6.88	25	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	19.55	216	28
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	19.55	216	28
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	10.18	52	4
Chronic Illness [description not available]	15.72	123	9
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	15.72	123	9
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	5.04	8	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	14.48	95	6
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	14.48	95	6
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	13.97	70	5
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.31	6	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.65	5	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	11.78	97	2
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.93	3	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	18.78	218	4
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	18.78	218	4
Koch's Disease [description not available]	14.13	81	5
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	14.13	81	5
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	12.33	53	3
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	12.33	53	3
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	10.32	24	9
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	10.32	24	9
Cancer of Head [description not available]	15.03	98	27
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	15.03	98	27
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	7.65	14	4
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	6.74	11	6
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	7.65	14	4
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	6.74	11	6
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.69	3	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	4.56	2	2
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	9.88	64	1
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	5.12	5	2
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	13.63	138	43
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	9.88	64	1
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	13.63	138	43
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	5.12	5	2
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	11.4	22	4
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	11.4	22	4
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	8.33	6	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.91	12	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.33	6	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.91	12	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	15.98	73	21
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	15.98	73	21
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	6.05	3	3
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	11.8	52	14
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	11.8	52	14
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.82	10	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.59	25	2
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.82	10	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.59	25	2
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.15	5	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	2.93	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.67	19	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	12.88	85	19
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	12.88	85	19
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	8.42	31	13
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	6.32	6	2
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	6.32	6	2
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.99	4	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	12.42	34	7
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	10.6	38	9
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	10.6	38	9
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.21	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	8.72	41	3
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	8.07	15	7
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	8.72	41	3
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	8.07	15	7
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.61	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	11.31	23	7
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.31	23	7
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	12.61	79	18
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	12.61	79	18
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	4.73	11	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	8.47	15	1
Carditis [description not available]	6.91	18	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	6.91	18	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.25	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	10.83	32	6
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	5.34	8	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	5.38	7	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	5.34	8	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.9	15	6
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.9	15	6
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	3.17	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	9.62	56	3
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	6.19	17	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	12.03	65	6
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	2.48	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.41	2	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.25	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.69	3	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	8.18	21	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	8.18	21	2
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.57	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.75	4	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.57	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.75	4	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	6.08	6	2
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	6.4	4	2
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	6.4	4	2
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	4.24	6	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	14.89	127	24
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	7.82	16	5
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	14.89	127	24
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.84	3	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	10.8	58	19
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	10.8	58	19
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	7.65	7	2
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	7.65	7	2
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	5.94	9	1
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.31	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.31	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.31	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	8.83	23	10
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	8.83	23	10
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.48	2	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	2.8	3	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.31	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.31	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	8.74	16	5
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	8.74	16	5
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	5.39	5	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.31	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.59	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	5.65	18	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	5.65	18	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.78	3	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	3.88	4	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	5.37	5	1
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.88	3	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.31	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	4.44	4	0
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	2.31	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.67	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.77	3	0
Black Fever [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.35	6	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	12.59	74	25
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.8	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	12.59	74	25
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.06	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.72	7	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	5.72	7	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.15	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	5.47	8	2
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	5.47	8	2
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.4	2	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.15	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.15	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.79	3	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.15	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	5.63	10	2
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.63	10	2
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.94	20	3
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	14.45	173	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.94	20	3
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	14.45	173	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.76	88	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.3	19	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	10.16	26	9
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	10.16	26	9
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.15	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	4.4	7	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	4.4	7	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	5.08	9	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	5.08	9	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	6.04	10	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	6.04	10	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	5.77	4	2
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	5.77	4	2
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.48	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.76	12	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	3.73	3	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.73	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.73	3	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.59	2	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	2.79	3	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	3.56	1	1
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.44	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	3.4	2	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	2.17	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	8.41	11	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	8.41	11	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.21	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2.21	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.55	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.46	2	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.81	3	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.4	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.21	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.53	8	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	3.15	5	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	6.68	13	5
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	5.75	2	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	8	14	7
Phlegmon [description not available]	3.9	2	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	10.74	39	15
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.21	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	5.93	7	4
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.96	4	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	3.9	2	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	10.74	39	15
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.21	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.21	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	8	14	7
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.68	10	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.08	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	4.94	8	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.68	3	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	4.61	6	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	8.37	15	6
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.47	1	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	3.47	1	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.08	1	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	4.45	2	2
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	4.45	2	2
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	5.93	5	2
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	6.31	5	3
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	6.31	5	3
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	4.71	2	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.43	2	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.08	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.08	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.08	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	4.2	6	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.71	3	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	5.66	3	2
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	5.66	3	2
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	8.48	14	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	5.26	6	2
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	5.26	6	2
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.1	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	4.45	8	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	2.1	1	0
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.77	12	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.77	12	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.77	2	1
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.1	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.07	5	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.49	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.95	13	0
Metastase [description not available]	7.54	20	3
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	7.54	20	3
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	8.34	31	12
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.95	4	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	8.34	31	12
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	5.39	2	2
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	6.93	5	2
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	4.41	1	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	5.39	2	2
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	5.87	8	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.87	8	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	9.65	44	32
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.11	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.12	5	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.47	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	8.36	7	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.11	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.61	6	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.61	6	1
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.11	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.98	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	5.27	4	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	6.24	13	3
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.41	1	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	5.04	3	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.49	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	5.04	3	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	3.61	3	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.13	3	1
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.13	1	0
Laryngeal Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.13	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.13	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	5.44	10	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	5.01	3	3
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	4.63	3	2
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	5.01	3	3
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.13	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.41	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.13	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.89	4	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.47	2	0
Indigestion [description not available]	13.85	172	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	13.85	172	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	13.06	172	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.66	3	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.15	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.69	2	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	3.3	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.04	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	6.72	12	2
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	6.72	12	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	5.2	4	1
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.96	4	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	5.2	4	1
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.49	9	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	6	6	1
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.05	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	6	6	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.91	4	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.05	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.05	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.93	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	6.7	11	6
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	6.7	11	6
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	3.44	1	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.92	4	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.05	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.97	1	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	5.52	27	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	5.52	27	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.45	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.05	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.05	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.47	2	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.05	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	3.79	2	1
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	2.05	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.98	15	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	8.09	22	3
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	8.09	22	3
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.06	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	3.45	1	1
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	7.05	7	3
Dientamoeba fragilis Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	5.02	5	2
Bleb [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.06	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	5.02	5	2
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	6.49	17	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	6.49	17	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	3.81	4	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.07	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.42	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.07	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.07	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.07	1	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Aura [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Absence Status [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.78	2	1
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.08	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	2.08	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.89	4	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.07	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.44	2	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.07	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	3	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.8	4	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.89	4	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.67	3	0
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.93	1	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	2.93	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.01	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	4.43	5	1
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	1.93	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	1.93	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.01	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.01	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.41	2	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.02	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.53	20	8
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	7.53	20	8
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.88	4	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.02	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.02	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.4	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.02	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	6.97	16	2
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.43	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	2.03	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	5.18	4	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	5.18	4	1
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	7.05	12	8
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.03	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.83	4	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.03	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.03	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.03	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	4.27	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	4.27	2	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	2.03	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.03	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	2.04	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.04	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.03	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.53	3	2
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	6.44	10	5
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	6.44	10	5
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.96	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.04	1	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	6.68	4	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	6.68	4	2
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.33	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	2.96	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Bilharziasis [description not available]	5.17	4	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	5.17	4	1
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	5.77	8	3
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	8.87	38	17
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	5.29	7	2
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	5.29	7	2
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	6.75	5	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	5.89	3	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	6.75	5	1
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	5.89	3	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.91	13	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	4.6	3	2
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	3.05	5	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	1.95	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	6.84	11	7
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.84	11	7
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	4.31	2	2
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	5.43	15	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	5.43	15	1
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.36	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.37	2	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.75	2	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.75	2	1
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.36	2	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	4.04	3	1
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	2.88	1	0
Abscess, Periapical [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	2.88	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	4.83	4	2
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	4.83	4	2
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.75	2	1
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	5.18	4	3
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	5.87	9	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.87	9	1
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	1.96	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	4.44	23	0
Bejel [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.64	3	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	1.96	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	6.97	11	8
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	6.79	9	8
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	6.79	9	8
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.16	17	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	1.96	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pericoronitis Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	1.96	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.87	4	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.36	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.75	2	1
Periapical Cyst [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.66	3	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.65	3	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.37	2	0
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.36	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	4.31	2	2
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	4.31	2	2
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	5.01	5	2
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	1.96	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.36	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.65	3	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	1.96	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	1.96	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	5.36	5	3
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	5.36	5	3
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Palatal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.	1.96	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	1.96	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.96	1	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.96	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Aphthae [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	3.75	2	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.36	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	1.96	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	1.95	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.75	2	1
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.96	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	4.25	19	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.36	2	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	1.95	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	2.66	3	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.96	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	1.98	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	5.04	5	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.04	5	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	1.98	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	1.98	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Laboratory Infection Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.	2.9	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	1.98	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.39	2	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	1.98	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1.99	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	1.99	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	1.99	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	1.99	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.38	2	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	1.99	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.89	4	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	1.99	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	1.99	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	1.99	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	1.99	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.99	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	3.29	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	3.77	2	1
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	3.34	1	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.03	3	1
Infection, Wound [description not available]	4.31	2	2
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	3.34	1	1
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	1.95	1	0
Acute Membranous Gingivitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.74	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.74	2	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.87	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.95	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.95	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.95	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ache [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	1.95	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	1.95	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.95	1	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	1.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.74	2	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	1.95	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	1.95	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	1.95	1	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Synovioma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	1.98	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	1.97	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.89	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.36	1	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	1.97	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	5.75	4	2
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	1.97	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.37	2	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	3.35	1	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	3.35	1	1
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.8	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	3.8	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	3.8	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	3.35	1	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Chromosomal Fragility [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	3.35	1	1
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.37	2	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	1.96	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	1.96	1	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	1.96	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.94	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	1.95	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Itching [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.33	1	1
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	1.95	1	0
B. coli Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	1.95	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	1.95	1	0

azomycin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (64)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (38)

Research

Studies (4,443)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.64

Study Types

azomycin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (64)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (38)

Research

Studies (4,443)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.64

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,377)

Related Conditions (867)