Compounds > remifentanil
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remifentanil

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Description

Remifentanil is a potent and short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic. It is an analog of fentanyl, differing in the structure of the phenylpiperidine moiety. Its rapid onset and offset of action are due to its rapid hydrolysis in the blood by esterases, resulting in inactive metabolites. Remifentanil is primarily used for general anesthesia, especially for procedures requiring rapid induction and emergence. It is also used for sedation during mechanical ventilation and for pain management in critical care settings. Its rapid onset and offset allow for precise control of analgesia and sedation, making it particularly useful for procedures requiring rapid adjustments in anesthetic depth. Remifentanil is extensively studied due to its unique pharmacokinetic profile, which offers several advantages over traditional opioids, such as fentanyl. Research focuses on optimizing its use in various clinical settings, including general anesthesia, critical care, and pain management.'

Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID60815
CHEMBL ID1005
CHEBI ID8802
SCHEMBL ID36652
MeSH IDM0194769

Synonyms (43)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0029
remifentanil [inn:ban]
1-piperidinepropanoic acid, 4-(methoxy-carbonyl)-4-((1-oxopropyl)phenylamino)-, methyl ester
gi 87084x
dea no. 9739
C08021
132875-61-7
remifentanil
remifentanyl
DB00899
CHEMBL1005
ids-nr-005
ramifentanyl
ultiva-
chebi:8802 ,
methyl 1-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-4-(n-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxylate
L001266
remifentanil (inn)
D08473
4-carboxy-4-(n-phenylpropionamido)-1-piperidinepropionic acid dimethyl ester
4-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-((1-oxopropyl)phenylamino)-1-piperidinepropanoic acid methyl ester
p10582jyyk ,
hsdb 8377
unii-p10582jyyk
methyl 1-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-4-[phenyl(propanoyl)amino]piperidine-4-carboxylate
remifentanil [vandf]
remifentanil [mi]
remifentanil [who-dd]
remifentanil [inn]
methyl 1-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-4-(n-phenylpropanamido)piperidine-4-carboxylate
gtpl7292
SCHEMBL36652
ZTVQQQVZCWLTDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1-piperidinepropanoic acid, 4-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-, methyl ester
DTXSID00157826 ,
Q417902
SB17331
remifentanilo
methyl 1-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-4-(phenyl(propanoyl)amino)piperidine-4-carboxylate
n01ah06
4-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-
dtxcid6080317
remifentanilum

Research Excerpts

Overview

Remifentanil (RF) is a potent short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonist. It is an effective drug in peri-operative pain therapy, but it can also induce and aggravate hyperalgesia. Remifenil TCI is a suitable protocol for procedural sedation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remifentanil (RF) is a potent short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonist. "( Effects of remifentanil on human C20 microglial pro-inflammatory activation.
Aceto, P; Cappoli, N; Dello Russo, C; Mezzogori, D; Navarra, P; Sollazzi, L; Tabolacci, E, 2021)		2.45
"Remifentanil is an effective drug in peri-operative pain therapy, but it can also induce and aggravate hyperalgesia. "( Evaluation of antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of 35% nitrous oxide when combined with remifentanil: A randomised phase 1 trial in volunteers.
Bauer, M; Bessiere, B; Ihmsen, H; Noel, N; Prottengeier, J; Ramirez-Gil, JF; Schüttler, J; Wehrfritz, A, 2021)		2.28
"Remifentanil is a rapid onset and rapid recovery opioid. "( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition: a single center retrospective study.
Huang, CH; Huang, HH; Lin, PL; Lin, YJ; Wang, YC, 2022)		2.47
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that sometimes causes opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which has led to controversy regarding the association between intraoperative remifentanil administration and postoperative pain. "( Association between the Remifentanil Dose during Anesthesia and Postoperative pain.
Matsusaki, T; Morimatsu, H; Ren, W, 2022)		2.47
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting µ-opioid receptor agonist, which is widely used in general anesthesia. "( TRPV1 and spinal astrocyte activation contribute to remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.
Hong, HK; Ma, Y; Xie, H, 2019)		2.21
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting opioid that provides quick and efficient analgesia but is associated with the induction of opioid-induced hyperalgesia."( Remifentanil for abdominal surgery is associated with unexpectedly unfavorable outcomes.
Guenther, F; Heyn, J; Küchenhoff, H; Luchting, B; Niedermayer, S, 2020)		2.72
"Remifentanil is a commonly used opioid analgesic during anesthesia in children. "( Comparison of remifentanil consumption in pupillometry-guided versus conventional administration in children: a randomized controlled trial.
Choi, SN; Jang, YE; Ji, SH; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2021)		2.42
"Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid that is often used as a component of total intravenous anesthesia."( Association Between Intraoperative Remifentanil Dosage and Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Adolescent Idiopathic Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Brown, S; Dubé, R; Faraoni, D; Lo, C; Schwindt, S; Sharma, R; Steinberg, BE, 2021)		1.62
"Remifentanil TCI is a suitable protocol for procedural sedation, but respiratory depression is a permanent concern. "( Efficacy of target controlled infusion of remifentanil with spontaneous ventilation for procedural sedation and analgesia (Remi TCI PSA): A double center prospective observational study.
Billard, V; Depoix, JP; Motamed, C; Roche, G; Roubineau, R; Servin, F, )		1.84
"Remifentanil is a potent, short-acting opioid analgesic drug that can protect tissues from ischemia and reperfusion injury though anti-inflammatory effects. "( Remifentanil preconditioning promotes liver regeneration via upregulation of β-arrestin 2/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway.
Gao, P; Jiao, YF; Lv, DD; Mao, MH; Wang, BS; Wu, YL; Yang, LQ; Yin, SQ; Yu, WF; Zhang, Z; Zhou, YY; Zhu, L, 2021)		3.51
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short acting opioid with selective affinity to the mu (μ) receptor, and also exhibits GABA agonist effects."( Remifentanil reduces glutamate toxicity in rat olfactory bulb neurons in culture.
Naldan, ME; Taghizadehghalehjoughi, A, )		2.3
"Remifentanil is a rapid-acting pure μ-opioid receptor agonist, which is indicated to provide analgesia and sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units."( Lateralized Periodic Discharges During Remifentanil Infusion.
Chinyere, SC; Martín-López, D; Rodríguez-Viña, C; Sakathevan, J; Somasundaram, K, 2022)		1.71
"Remifentanil is a very short half-life opiate that combines sufficient intra-operative analgesia with a fast post-operative recovery time."( Spontaneous breathing for managing analgesia during balanced anesthesia with remifentanil and desflurane: a prospective, single center randomized controlled trial.
Bellgardt, M; Lange, T; Meiser, A; Trost, M; Vogelsang, H; Weber, TP; Wetterkamp, M, )		1.08
"Remifentanil is a selective, ultra-short-acting, µ-opioid receptor agonist opioid."( Effects of Remifentanil Pretreatment on Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats.
Ayoğlu, H; Pişkin, Ö, 2018)		1.59
"Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid of high analgetic potency and superior controllability. "( [Remifentanil Up2date - Part 1].
Bushuven, S; Kranke, P; Kreuer, S, 2017)		2.81
"Remifentanil is a selective μ-opioid receptor that is metabolized by unspecific esterases and eliminated independently of liver or renal function."( Could remifentanil reduce duration of mechanical ventilation in comparison with other opioids for mechanically ventilated patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Du, B; Wang, Y; Xi, X; Zhu, Y, 2017)		1.66
"Remifentanil infusion is a common alternative, but the incidence of apneic events does not allow achieving safely a good level of analgesia."( Does caffeine improve respiratory rate during remifentanil target controlled infusion sedation? A case report in endoscopic sedation.
Costamagna, G; De Riso, M; Riccioni, ME; Sammartino, M; Sbaraglia, F, )		1.11
"Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid of high analgetic potency and superior controllability. "( [Remifentanil up2date - Part 2].
Bushuven, S; Kranke, P; Kreuer, S, 2017)		2.81
"Remifentanil, which is a commonly used ultra-short-acting opioid, has antiinflammatory and sympatholytic effects with improvement of microcirculation."( Effect of remifentanil during cardiopulmonary bypass on incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.
Hirata, N; Sakai, W; Yamakage, M; Yoshikawa, Y, 2017)		1.58
"Remifentanil, is an excellent drug for pain control during intra-operative procedures, that allows an optimal hemodynamic stability for IH repairs in a DS setting, due to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and few adverse effects."( Inguinal hernia repair in day surgery: the role of MAC (Monitored Anesthesia Care) with remifentanil.
Amatucci, C; Illuminati, G; Palumbo, P; Perotti, B; Ruggeri, L; Tellan, G; Usai, S, )		1.8
"Remifentanil is a commonly used surgical analgesic."( The Mechanism of Hyperalgesia and Anxiety Induced by Remifentanil: Phosphorylation of GluR1 Receptors in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.
Huang, G; Li, S; Yu, C; Zeng, J; Zhang, C, 2018)		1.45
"Remifentanil seemed to be a safe and effective opioid used in critically ill patients undergoing PDT."( The use of remifentanil in critically ill patients undergoing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: A prospective randomized-controlled trial.
Chang, SY; Feng, M; Liu, G; Sun, RQ; Wang, HL; Xu, DQ; Xu, YM, 2019)		1.63
"Remifentanil is a powerful mu-opioid (MOP) receptor agonist used in anaesthesia with a very short half-life. "( Remifentanil produces cross-desensitization and tolerance with morphine on the mu-opioid receptor.
Allouche, S; Coulbault, L; Davis, A; Hanouz, JL; Hervault, M; Marie, N; Nowoczyn, M, 2013)		3.28
"Remifentanil is a clinical anesthetic drug that can activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor."( The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in glioma cell apoptosis induced by remifentanil.
Li, Z; Xiao, L; Xu, J; Xu, P; Yang, Z, 2013)		1.34
"Remifentanil (Ultiva(®)) is a potent ultra-short acting mu-opioid receptor agonist used for perioperative pain treatment and anaesthesia. "( Effects of remifentanil on processing of auditory stimuli: a combined MEG/EEG study.
Kalso, E; Münte, S; Quaedflieg, CW; Sambeth, A, 2014)		2.23
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting µ-opioid receptor agonist and is especially suitable for neuroanesthesia. "( Effects of remifentanil on in-hospital mortality and length of stay following clipping of intracranial aneurysm: a propensity score-matched analysis.
Fushimi, K; Horiguchi, H; Sumitani, M; Uchida, K; Yamada, Y; Yasunaga, H, 2014)		2.23
"Remifentanil is a selective mu-opioid receptor agonist characterized by a rapid onset and ultrashort predictable duration of action providing intense analgesia without prolonged respiratory depression. "( Effects of remifentanil on the cardiac conduction system. Our experience in the study of remifentanil electrophysiological properties.
Almendral Garrote, J; Anadon Baselga, MJ; Del Blanco Narciso, BB; Jimeno Fernandez, C; Zaballos Garcia, M, 2014)		2.23
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting synthetic opioid, and the metabolism of which is not influenced by hepatic or renal function. "( A comparative study of two remifentanil doses for procedural pain in ventilated preterm infants: a randomized, controlled study*.
Choi, JH; Choi, KY; Kim, EK; Kim, HS; Lee, J; Lee, JH; Park, MS; Shin, SH, 2014)		2.14
"Remifentanil is a powerful analgesic with fast onset and ultra-short duration of action. "( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].
Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)		2.15
"Remifentanil (Rem) is an ultra-short-acting opioid administered concomitantly as an analgesic with Pro."( Simultaneous determination of propofol and remifentanil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction analysis.
El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)		1.4
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short acting agent."( [Shivering associated with general anesthesia using remifentanil].
Kitamura, T; Koda, K; Tagami, M, 2014)		1.37
"Remifentanil is a μ-opioid receptor agonist that was developed as a synthetic opioid for use in anesthesia and intensive care medicine. "( Analysis of remifentanil with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and an extensive stability investigation in EDTA whole blood and acidified EDTA plasma.
Alffenaar, JW; Greijdanus, B; Koster, RA; Struys, MM; Touw, DJ; Vereecke, HE, 2015)		2.24
"Remifentanil is a relatively new but commonly used opioid alternative in the management of labor pain relief. "( Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia remifentanil for labor analgesia: time to stop, think and reconsider.
Van de Velde, M, 2015)		2.13
"Remifentanil PCIA is a valuable analgesic strategy whenever regional analgesia is contraindicated. "( Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia remifentanil for labor analgesia: time to stop, think and reconsider.
Van de Velde, M, 2015)		2.13
"Remifentanil is a short-acting and highly selective mu opiate agonist that is used in many clinical surgical situations for intraoperative pain relief. "( Intrathecal injection of KN93 attenuates paradoxical remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia by inhibiting spinal CaMKII phosphorylation in rats.
Cheng, C; Gu, X; Jiang, M; Ma, Z; Zhang, W, 2015)		2.11
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that is used commonly during both short-term and prolonged surgery. "( Is Intraoperative Remifentanil Associated With Acute or Chronic Postoperative Pain After Prolonged Surgery? An Update of the Literature.
Ahlers, SJ; Dahan, A; de Hoogd, S; Hamilton-Ter Brake, TA; Knibbe, CA; Tibboel, D; van de Garde, EM; van Dongen, EP, 2016)		2.21
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid derivative that was introduced into clinical practice in the United States in 1996. "( Remifentanil: applications in neonates.
Kamata, M; Tobias, JD, 2016)		3.32
"Remifentanil is a kind of synthetic opioid which has gained wide clinical acceptance by anesthesiologists. "( Impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and NR2A/2B expression ratio in remifentanil withdrawal rats.
Liu, S; Wang, YY; Yang, J; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y, 2016)		2.11
"Remifentanil is an injectable opioid that is metabolized rapidly at a constant rate by plasma esterases. "( Inhaled Remifentanil in Rodents.
Bevans, T; Deering-Rice, C; Light, A; Reilly, C; Sakata, DJ; Stockmann, C, 2016)		2.31
"Remifentanil is a potent opioid metabolized by serum and tissue esterases; it is routinely administered to patients with liver failure as anaesthetic and analgo-sedative without variation in doses, even if prolonged clinical effects and respiratory depression have been observed in these patients. "( The effect of liver esterases and temperature on remifentanil degradation in vitro.
Cascone, S; De Robertis, E; Lamberti, G; Piazza, O; Sessa, L, 2016)		2.13
"Remifentanil is an effective drug for protecting against adverse haemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation. "( Comparison of the effect of continuous intravenous infusion and two bolus injections of remifentanil on haemodynamic responses during anaesthesia induction: a prospective randomised single-centre study.
Kodama, Y; Maruta, T; Shirasaka, T; Tanaka, I; Tsuneyoshi, I, 2016)		2.1
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort acting opiate that does not appear to accumulate with prolonged use."( [Agents for sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit].
Lagneau, F; Sztark, F, )		0.85
"Remifentanil seems to be a safe and effective analgesic adjunct for monitored anesthesia care of hysteroscopic surgery."( Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-propofol for monitored anesthesia care during hysteroscopy.
Do, SH; Kim, JH; Park, KS; Ryu, JH, 2008)		3.23
"Remifentanil is a potent ultra short-acting opioid analgesic drug, undergoes rapid metabolism by non-specific tissue and plasma esterases, and does not accumulate to any clinically important degrees."( [Anesthetic management of an ALS patient with remifentanil].
Tagami, N; Umegaki, H, 2008)		1.33
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid, first introduced into clinical practice in 1996. "( Remifentanil in paediatric anaesthetic practice.
Hodkinson, B; Marsh, DF, 2009)		3.24
"Remifentanil is an opioid analgesic that is rapidly metabolized by non-specific blood and tissue esterases."( [New opioids for general anaesthesia and in- and out-hospital analgesia].
Dabrowska-Wójciak, I; Piotrowski, A, )		0.85
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid, widely used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in various types of operations. "( Remifentanil-induced abdominal pain: a randomised clinical trial.
Bameshki, A; Jahanbakhsh, S; Khashayar, P, 2009)		3.24
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that acts as a mu-receptor agonist."( Pharmacology of sedative-analgesic agents: dexmedetomidine, remifentanil, ketamine, volatile anesthetics, and the role of peripheral mu antagonists.
Moitra, V; Panzer, O; Sladen, RN, 2009)		1.32
"Remifentanil is a manageable and effective opioid in the newborn undergoing mechanical ventilation, though randomized controlled trials and information about long-term outcomes are necessary."( Remifentanil analgosedation in preterm newborns during mechanical ventilation.
Cota, F; Fioretti, M; Giannantonio, C; Papacci, P; Sammartino, M; Valente, E, 2009)		3.24
"Remifentanil is a commonly used opioid in anesthesia with cardioprotective effect in ischemia-reperfused (I/R) heart. "( Remifentanil protects myocardium through activation of anti-apoptotic pathways of survival in ischemia-reperfused rat heart.
Cho, JE; Hong, SW; Kim, HS; Kim, SO; Kwak, YL; Shim, JK, 2010)		3.25
"Remifentanil is a powerful morphinic agonist often ordered for anaesthesia. "( [Pupillary dilatation monitoring to evaluate acute remifentanil tolerance in cardiac surgery].
Coquin, J; Janvier, G; Mazerolles, M; Pfeiff, R; Pouquet, O; Richebé, P; Tafer, N, 2009)		2.05
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short acting narcotic, and is excellent for relieving pain maintaining stable hemodynamics."( [Successful management with remifentanil of tracheal stent insertion keeping spontaneous breathing in a patient with severe respiratory insufficiency].
Koshimichi, T; Okutani, R; Tsunetoh, T, 2009)		1.37
"Remifentanil is a potent micro-opioid receptor agonist that produces intense analgesia. "( Intranasal self-administration of remifentanil as the foray into opioid abuse by an anesthesia resident.
Bryson, EO; Levine, AI, 2010)		2.08
"Remifentanil is a widely used opioid in cardiac anesthesia that possesses a cardioprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion."( Diabetes mellitus mitigates cardioprotective effects of remifentanil preconditioning in ischemia-reperfused rat heart in association with anti-apoptotic pathways of survival.
Cho, JE; Hwang, KC; Kim, HS; Kwak, YL; Lee, JH; Shim, YH, 2010)		1.33
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid featuring a unique pharmacokinetic profile allowing clinical versatility and improved control of its action."( Remifentanil, a different opioid: potential clinical applications and safety aspects.
Manolaraki, M; Paspatis, GA; Stroumpos, C, 2010)		2.52
"Remifentanil is a valuable opioid in the armamentarium of the clinician, providing great clinical flexibility and safety but vigilance is required to avoid pitfalls."( Remifentanil, a different opioid: potential clinical applications and safety aspects.
Manolaraki, M; Paspatis, GA; Stroumpos, C, 2010)		3.25
"Remifentanil is a relatively new ultrashort action synthetic opioid. "( Remifentanil in neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice.
Garra, R; Penido, MG; Pereira e Silva, Y; Sammartino, M, 2010)		3.25
"Remifentanil seems to be an effective and safely used opioid for neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice."( Remifentanil in neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice.
Garra, R; Penido, MG; Pereira e Silva, Y; Sammartino, M, 2010)		3.25
"Remifentanil is a synthetic short-acting opioid with a short half-life that is being used during anaesthesia of small children. "( Determination of remifentanil in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry utilizing micro extraction in packed syringe (MEPS) as sample preparation.
Abdel-Rehim, M; Andersson, M; Beck, O; Pohanka, A; Said, R, 2011)		2.15
"Remifentanil is a useful adjunct for ex utero fetal procedures."( Remifentanil for fetal immobilization and analgesia during the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia.
Allen, TK; Fink, RJ; Habib, AS, 2011)		2.53
"Remifentanil is a safe and effective medication for ED use."( Remifentanil use in emergency department patients: initial experience.
Cortese, T; Heisler, J; Jachowski, J; Sacchetti, A, 2012)		3.26
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting opioid with favorable pharmacokinetic properties that make it suitable as a labor analgesic. "( A comparison between remifentanil and meperidine for labor analgesia: a systematic review.
Leong, WL; Sia, AT; Sng, BL, 2011)		2.13
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort acting opioid analgesic used in emergency department (ED)procedural sedation, whereas buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) is an opioid agonist-antagonist combination used in the treatment of addiction-prone individuals."( Buprenorphine/naloxone inhibition of remifentanil procedural sedation.
Cortese, T; Gilmore, T; Saccheti, A, 2012)		1.37
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid with direct action on μ opioid receptors. "( Remifentanil/isoflurane anesthesia in five dogs with liver disease undergoing liver biopsy.
Anagnostou, TL; Kazakos, GM; Papazoglou, LG; Rallis, TS; Raptopoulos, D; Savvas, I, )		3.02
"Remifentanil is an effective and safe opioid to use for thoracic surgery even in infants."( [Anesthetic management with remifentanil during thoracic surgery in a pediatric patient--case report of a patient with congenital cyst adenoid malformation].
Iha, H; Kakinohana, M; Nakahara, I; Nishi, H; Sugahara, K; Tokeshi, S, 2011)		1.38
"Remifentanil is a potent short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonist which is rapidly metabolised in the mother and fetus and may be ideal for labour analgesia."( Remifentanil for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Broscheit, J; Hahn, N; Kranke, P; Muellenbach, RM; Rieger, L; Roewer, N; Schnabel, A, 2012)		3.26
"Remifentanil is a potent synthetic opioid with sedative effects. "( Using remifentanil in mechanically ventilated rats to provide continuous analgosedation.
Chankalal, R; Henzler, D; Ismaiel, NM; Zhou, J, 2012)		2.3
"Remifentanil is a promising option due to its unique pharmacokinetic properties, which seem to be valid in adults as well as in infants."( Remifentanil/midazolam versus fentanyl/midazolam for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated neonates and young infants: a randomized controlled trial.
Harnischmacher, U; Junghaenel, S; Oberthuer, A; Roth, B; Stützer, H; Welzing, L, 2012)		2.54
"Remifentanil is an ideal agent for analgosedation due to its easy titratability and organ-independent metabolism."( Analgosedation: a paradigm shift in intensive care unit sedation practice.
Armahizer, MJ; Dasta, JF; Devabhakthuni, S; Kane-Gill, SL, 2012)		1.1
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting opioid drug that has been shown to provide effective sedation for painful procedures in spontaneous breathing patients."( Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and remifentanil target-controlled infusion in ICU: a preliminary study.
Billard, V; Blot, F; Chalumeau-Lemoine, L; Laplanche, A; Raynard, B; Stoclin, A, 2013)		1.38
"Remifentanil is a potent ultra-short-acting opioid, which permits rapid emergence. "( Target-controlled infusion for remifentanil in vascular patients improves hemodynamics and decreases remifentanil requirement.
Coriat, P; De Castro, V; Godet, G; Mencia, G; Raux, M, 2003)		2.05
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid receptor agonist that was introduced in 1997 for analgesia during general anaesthesia. "( Remifentanil.
Mason, P, 2002)		3.2
"Remifentanil (GI87084) is a particularly interesting member of this group of opioids because its action is especially short in duration."( Genetic toxicology of remifentanil, an opiate analgesic.
Allen, JS; Campbell, JA; Cariello, NF; Ham, AL; Kutz, SA; Mitchell, AD; Thilagar, A; Xu, J, 2003)		1.35
"Remifentanil is a 4-anilidopiperidine mu-opioid analgesic which is rapidly metabolized by unspecific blood and tissue esterases. "( [Remifentanil. An update].
Kreuer, S; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W; Wrobel, M, 2003)		2.67
"Remifentanil is a potent ventilatory depressant. "( A model of the ventilatory depressant potency of remifentanil in the non-steady state.
Andresen, C; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Cohane, C; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, SL, 2003)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a suitable alternative to fentanyl in supratentorial craniotomy. "( Remifentanil with morphine transitional analgesia shortens neurological recovery compared to fentanyl for supratentorial craniotomy.
Chung, F; Gelb, AW; Manninen, PH; McTaggart-Cowan, RM; Ringaert, K; Salevsky, F; Wong, T, 2003)		3.2
"Remifentanil is a unique opioid allowing a rapidly titratable effect."( Effect of remifentanil infusion rate on stress response to the pre-bypass phase of paediatric cardiac surgery.
Cooper, R; Nolan, J; Rogers, CA; Weale, NK; Wolf, AR, 2004)		1.45
"Remifentanil is an effective analgesic for meeting the needs of patients with severe burns."( [General anesthesia by infusion of remifentanil for debridement and grafting of large burns in 3 pediatric patients].
López Navarro, AM; Matoses, S; Montero, R; Peiró, C; Silvestre, M; Tomás, J, 2004)		1.32
"Remifentanil is a new, ultra-short acting, selective mu-receptor agonist that is 20-30 times more potent than alfentanil."( Assessment of tracheal intubating conditions in children using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxant.
Al Qattan, AR; Ali, SS; Batra, YK; Kuriakose, D; Migahed, A; Qureshi, MI, 2004)		1.28
"Remifentanil is an esterase-metabolized ultra-short acting mu-agonist opioid with a rapid clearance. "( [Remifentanil analgesia for aspiration of follicles for oocyte retrieval].
Arndt, M; Kreienmeyer, J; Nöldge-Schomburg, GF; Vagts, DA, 2004)		2.68
"Remifentanil is a useful adjunct in general anesthesia for high-risk obstetric patients. "( Neonatal chest wall rigidity following the use of remifentanil for cesarean delivery in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis and thrombocytopenia.
Carvalho, B; Druzin, M; Evans, DA; Lyell, D; Mirikitani, EJ; Riley, ET, 2004)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a short acting, potent synthetic opioid that does not accumulate after infusion or repeated bolus doses. "( Remifentanil vs fentanyl/morphine for pain and stress control during pediatric cardiac surgery.
Arana, A; Bell, G; Dickson, U; Marshall, C; Morton, N; Robinson, D, 2004)		3.21
"Remifentanil is a new, potent ultra-short-acting phenylpiperidine opioid used in high doses for anesthesia."( Remifentanil preconditioning protects against ischemic injury in the intact rat heart.
Irwin, MG; Wong, TM; Zhang, Y, 2004)		2.49
"Remifentanil is a newer, ultra-short acting opioid that has been shown to provide effective sedation and cough suppression for fiberoptic bronchoscopy when combined with intermittent propofol boluses."( Use of a remifentanil-propofol mixture for pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy sedation.
Berkenbosch, JW; Graff, GR; Ner, Z; Stark, JM; Tobias, JD, 2004)		1.46
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that is frequently used in adults for surgical anesthesia or conscious sedation, but its use in children is much less common. "( [Sedation with remifentanil for tracheostomy in a pediatric patient].
Morgado, I; Pérez Bustamante, F; Torres, LM; Velázquez, A; Vidal, MA, 2004)		2.12
"Remifentanil is a short-acting drug that allows us to study the specific respiratory effects of potent opioid analgesics. "( Spontaneous ventilation with remifentanil in children.
Ansermino, JM; Brooks, P; Reichert, C; Rosen, D; Vandebeek, CA, 2005)		2.06
"Remifentanil testing is a new approch and is studied in a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study in 24 patients suffering from severe non-cancer pain."( Intravenous opioid testing in patients with chronic non-cancer pain.
Gustorff, B, 2005)		1.05
"Remifentanil is a short acting opioid frequently used to supplement general anesthesia for brief procedures. "( The comparative hemodynamic effects of methohexital and remifentanil in electroconvulsive therapy.
Cywinski, JB; Irefin, SA; Locala, JA; Malone, D; Naugle, R; Samuel, SW, 2005)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a pure agonist at the mu opioid receptor with relatively little binding at the kappa, sigma or delta receptors."( The safety of remifentanil by bolus injection.
Egan, TD; Richardson, SP, 2005)		1.41
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid that was developed in the early 1990s and introduced into clinical use in 1996. "( The use of ultra-short-acting opioids in paediatric anaesthesia: the role of remifentanil.
Cladis, FP; Davis, PJ, 2005)		2
"Remifentanil is an appropriate analgesic choice for patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) therapy, as it has both fast onset and offset times. "( Remifentanil as a single drug for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a comparison of infusion doses in terms of analgesic potency and side effects.
Banwarie, P; Dirckx, M; Galvin, EM; Klein, J; Medina, HJ; Ubben, JFH; Verbrugge, SJC; Zijlstra, FJ, 2005)		3.21
"Remifentanil is a new, ultra-short acting opioid, which may be applied in several branches of anaesthesia. "( [Remifentanil--ultra-short acting opioid and its possible applications in anesthesiology].
Dyaczyńska-Herman, A; Knapik, M; Knapik, P; Misiołek, H, 2005)		2.68
"Remifentanil is a relatively new opioid analgesic related to the fentanyl family of mu opioid receptor agonists and is used clinically for its unique property of having an ultra-short duration of action. "( Systemic and spinal administration of the mu opioid, remifentanil, produces antinociception in amphibians.
Mohan, S; Stevens, CW, 2006)		2.03
"Remifentanil is a better adjunct for attenuation of the response to laryngoscopy and intubation compared with lidocaine, whereas remifentanil-succinylcholine combination appears to be more beneficial in terms of hemodynamic stability in hypertensive patients."( Is there an ideal approach for rapid-sequence induction in hypertensive patients?
Alanoğlu, Z; Ateş, Y; Tüzüner, F; Yilmaz, AA, 2006)		1.78
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is an ultra-short acting m-opioid receptor agonist. "( Remifentanil vs fentanyl with a target controlled propofol infusion in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial lesions.
Ciritella, P; De Vivo, P; Del Gaudio, A; Lauta, E; Mastronardi, P; Perrotta, F; Puopolo, M, 2006)		3.22
"Remifentanil appears to be a reasonable alternative to fentanyl during elective surgery of supratentorial lesions."( Remifentanil vs fentanyl with a target controlled propofol infusion in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial lesions.
Ciritella, P; De Vivo, P; Del Gaudio, A; Lauta, E; Mastronardi, P; Perrotta, F; Puopolo, M, 2006)		3.22
"Remifentanil is an opioid with a unique pharmacokinetic profile. "( Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial.
Matthey, T; Muellejans, B; Schill, M; Scholpp, J, 2006)		2.04
"Remifentanil is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist and has some unique pharmacokinetic characteristics compared to other anilidopiperidine opioids (e.g. "( [Remifentanil].
Ishikawa, S; Makita, K, 2006)		2.69
"Remifentanil is a new opioid metabolized by non-specific esterases."( Comparison of remifentanil or fentanyl administration during isoflurane anesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery.
Dyaczyńska-Herman, A; Knapik, M; Knapik, P; Misiołek, H; Nadziakiewicz, P; Saucha, W; Walaszczyk, M, 2006)		1.42
"Remifentanil is a relatively new synthetic opioid, which is not licensed worldwide for neonates and infants. "( Experience with remifentanil in neonates and infants.
Roth, B; Welzing, L, 2006)		2.12
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid derivate with an agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors. "( [Remifentanil-based intraoperative anaesthesia and postoperative pain therapy. Is there an optimal treatment strategy?].
Schäfer, M; Zöllner, C, 2007)		2.69
"Remifentanil is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist and has some unique pharmacokinetic characteristics compared with fentanyl. "( [Remifentanil in general anesthesia].
Makita, K, 2007)		2.69
"Remifentanil is an effective agent in obtunding the stress response to tracheal intubation and surgery."( [Clinical usefulness of remifentanil].
Inomata, S, 2007)		1.37
"Remifentanil is a potent mu-agonist that retains all the pharmacodynamic characteristics of its class (regarding analgesia, respiratory depression, muscle rigidity, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, etc.) but with a unique pharmacokinetic profile that combines a short onset and the fastest offset, independent of the infusion duration."( Remifentanil and other opioids.
Billard, V; Servin, FS, 2008)		2.51
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid, increasingly used today in neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care. "( Remifentanil and the brain.
Fodale, V; Praticò, C; Santamaria, LB; Schifilliti, D, 2008)		3.23
"Remifentanil is a novel, short-acting mu-receptor opioid agonist currently in the late stages of development. "( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. A preliminary appraisal.
Egan, TD, 1995)		3.18
"Remifentanil is a new mu opioid analgesic of the synthetic phenylpiperidine class. "( Naloxone-induced and spontaneous reversal of depressed ventilatory responses to hypoxia during and after continuous infusion of remifentanil or alfentanil.
Amin, HM; Batenhorst, RL; Camporesi, EM; Esposito, BF; Fox, AW; Henson, LG; Sopchak, AM, 1995)		1.94
"Remifentanil is a new, esterase-metabolized opioid for anesthesia. "( Initial clinical experience with remifentanil, a new opioid metabolized by esterases.
Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Fragen, RJ; Jamerson, BD; Librojo, ES; Peng, AW; Randel, GI; Rosow, CE; Shaw, DL, 1995)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a new potent opioid analgesic that undergoes rapid esterase metabolism. "( Histamine concentrations and hemodynamic responses after remifentanil.
Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Szlam, F; Westmoreland, C, 1995)		1.98
"Remifentanil (GI87084B) is a new short-acting opioid with a unique ester structure. "( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers.
Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)		1.98
"Remifentanil is a new, short-acting opioid with promising clinical potential in anesthesiology."( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers.
Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)		1.98
"Remifentanil is a highly potent opioid with a rapid onset and a short duration of action due to its rapid hydrolysis by esterases in blood and tissues. "( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery.
Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Westmoreland, CL, 1993)		2.05
"Remifentanil (G187084) is a phenylaminopiperidine derivative of the fentanyl type with potent analgesic activity. "( Determination of remifentanil in human blood by liquid-liquid extraction and capillary GC-HRMS-SIM using a deuterated internal standard.
Amin, J; Arrendale, RF; Davis, IM; Grosse, CM; Jersey, J, 1994)		2.07
"Remifentanil (GI87084) is a phenylaminopiperidine derivative of the fentanyl type with a potent analgesic activity and ultra-short half-life. "( Determination of remifentanil in human and dog blood by HPLC with UV detection.
Lanzo, C; Sekut, A; Selinger, K, 1994)		2.07
"Remifentanil is a newly synthesized 4-anilido-piperidine with an ester side chain susceptible to esterase metabolism. "( Preliminary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an ultra-short-acting opioid: remifentanil (GI87084B).
Donn, KH; Glass, PS; Grosse, CM; Hardman, D; Hermann, D; Kamiyama, Y; Marton, G; Quill, TJ, 1993)		1.95
"Remifentanil is an esterase-metabolized opioid with a rapid clearance. "( Remifentanil versus alfentanil: comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adult male volunteers.
Barr, J; Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Minto, CF; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL, 1996)		3.18
"Remifentanil is an opioid that is rapidly inactivated by esterases in blood and tissues. "( Anesthetic potency of remifentanil in dogs.
Hug, CC; Michelsen, LG; Salmenperä, M; Szlam, F; VanderMeer, D, 1996)		2.05
"Remifentanil is a mu-opioid receptor agonist with a context sensitive half-time of 3 min and an elimination half-life < or = 10 min. "( A multicenter evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia with remifentanil and propofol for elective inpatient surgery.
Batenhorst, R; Bowdle, TA; Duncalf, D; Hogue, CW; Jamerson, B; Kirvassilis, G; McNeal, S; Miguel, R; O'Leary, C; Pitts, M; Streisand, J, 1996)		1.98
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is an ultra-short-acting esterase metabolized mu-opioid receptor agonist. "( Intracranial pressure and hemodynamic effects of remifentanil versus alfentanil in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy.
Hindman, BJ; Jamerson, BD; Kirchner, J; Roland, CL; Sawin, PD; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1996)		1.99
"Remifentanil is a mu opioid receptor agonist, structurally related to fentanyl, being developed for use in anesthesia. "( The pharmacokinetics and extra-hepatic clearance of remifentanil, a short acting opioid agonist, in male beagle dogs during constant rate infusions.
Chism, JP; Rickert, DE, 1996)		1.99
"Remifentanil is a new micro-specific opioid receptor agonist currently under investigation. "( Reduction of isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration by remifentanil.
Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Kapila, A; Lang, E; Sebel, PS; Shlugman, D, 1996)		1.98
"Remifentanil is a new selective mu opioid receptor agonist of higher potency than alfentanil, with pharmacological effects that essentially parallel those of alfentanil and other opioids in this class. "( Remifentanil.
Patel, SS; Spencer, CM, 1996)		3.18
"Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid under evaluation for use during surgical procedures which require opioid analgesia or anesthesia. "( Determination of remifentanil, an ultra-short-acting opioid anesthetic, in rat blood by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hamlett, L; Liang, Z; Selinger, K, 1996)		2.08
"Remifentanil is a new synthetic opioid with direct action on mu-opioid receptors."( The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil.
Hug, CC; Michelsen, LG, 1996)		1.32
"Remifentanil is a NCE which has been released in Germany a few months ago."( [New intravenous anesthetics. Remifentanil, S(+)-ketamine, eltanolone and target controlled infusion].
Albrecht, S; Hering, W; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 1996)		1.3
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is an ultra-short-acting, esterase-metabolized mu-opioid receptor agonist. "( Comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial space-occupying lesions.
Baker, KZ; Borel, CO; Fogarty-Mack, P; Guy, J; Hindman, BJ; Kirchner, J; Maktabi, M; McAllister, A; Ostapkovich, N; Roland, C; Sokoll, MD; Todd, MM; Warner, DS; Yancy, V; Young, WL, 1997)		2.1
"Remifentanil appears to be a reasonable alternative to fentanyl during elective supratentorial craniotomy."( Comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial space-occupying lesions.
Baker, KZ; Borel, CO; Fogarty-Mack, P; Guy, J; Hindman, BJ; Kirchner, J; Maktabi, M; McAllister, A; Ostapkovich, N; Roland, C; Sokoll, MD; Todd, MM; Warner, DS; Yancy, V; Young, WL, 1997)		2.1
"Remifentanil is a novel member in the family of the 4-anilidopiperidine opioid analgesics which also include the traditional agents fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil."( [Is remifentanil an ideal opioid for anesthesiologic management in the 21st century?].
Scholz, J; Steinfath, M, 1996)		1.57
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is a new opioid rapidly metabolized by blood and tissue esterases. "( Intact cerebral blood flow reactivity during remifentanil/nitrous oxide anesthesia.
Baker, KZ; Ostapkovich, N; Sisti, MB; Warner, DS; Young, WL, 1997)		2
"Remifentanil is an esterase-metabolized opioid developed for use in anesthesia. "( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil, its principle metabolite (GR90291) and alfentanil in dogs.
Cunningham, F; Hoffman, WE; Hoke, JF; James, MK; Muir, KT, 1997)		1.99
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is a new, ultrashort-acting opioid metabolized by nonspecific plasma and tissue esterases. "( A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery.
Coté, CJ; Davis, PJ; Henson, LG; Landsman, I; Lerman, J; McGowan, FX; Suresh, S, 1997)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a new potent mu-agonist with a unique pharmacokinetic profile due to a rapid metabolism by non-specific tissue esterases. "( Remifentanil: when and how to use it.
Servin, F, 1997)		3.18
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort acting mu opioid, well suited to total intravenous (i.v.) anaesthesia. "( Transition to post-operative epidural or patient-controlled intravenous analgesia following total intravenous anaesthesia with remifentanil and propofol for abdominal surgery.
Bowdle, TA; Cox, K; Kharasch, ED; Nichols, WW; Ready, LB, 1997)		1.95
"Remifentanil is an opioid analgesic for use in anesthesia. "( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in persons with renal failure compared with healthy volunteers.
Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Malthouse-Dufore, S; Martel, D; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE; Rubin, N; Shlugman, D, 1997)		2.01
"Remifentanil (Ultiva) is a novel, ultra-short-acting opioid which has recently been approved for use as an analgesic during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. "( Evaluating a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between remifentanil and esmolol in the rat.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)		1.98
"Remifentanil is a new opioid which has been safely administered to various patient groups and shows pharmacokinetic advantages in comparison to the already established opioids."( [Effect of remifentanil on respiratory burst of human neutrophilic granulocytes in vitro].
André, M; Heine, J; Jaeger, K; Kleine, HD; Leuwer, M; Piepenbrock, S; Scheinichen, D, 1997)		1.41
"Remifentanil is a new rapid-acting and ultra-short acting mu-opioid receptor agonist with few reports from use in children. "( Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil in paediatric patients: a comparison with a desflurane-nitrous oxide inhalation anaesthesia.
Eichner, A; Grundmann, U; Larsen, R; Uth, M; Wilhelm, W, 1998)		2
"Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid whose pharmacokinetics have been characterized in detail. "( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		3.19
"Remifentanil is a new opioid in the fentanyl family. "( [Remifentanyl. Indications in anesthesia].
Calderón, E; Torres, LM; Velázquez, A, 1999)		1.75
"Remifentanil is a new, short-acting, rapidly metabolized opioid. "( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)		2.02
"Remifentanil is a new opioid with properties similar to other mu-specific agonists. "( Determination of the potency of remifentanil compared with alfentanil using ventilatory depression as the measure of opioid effect.
Delong, E; Glass, PS; Goodman, D; Hermann, DJ; Iselin-Chaves, IA, 1999)		2.03
"Remifentanil is a new potent opioid with a very short duration of action irrespective of duration of infusion. "( Target-controlled remifentanil in combination with propofol for spontaneously breathing day-case patients.
Hyde, RA; Kenny, GN; Murdoch, JA, 1999)		2.08
"Remifentanil is an extremely rapid and short-acting opioid analgesic which is effective in controlling acute stress responses during surgery. "( The use of a remifentanil infusion for hemodynamic control during intracranial surgery.
Gesztesi, Z; Mootz, BL; White, PF, 1999)		2.12
"Remifentanil is a highly effective mu opioid agonist with predictable pharmacokinetics and a close concentration-effect relationship. "( Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil for elective non-cardiac surgery.
Bellomo, G; Gratarola, A; Mendola, C; Pelosi, G; Pissaia, C, 1999)		2
"Remifentanil is a selective mu-opioid agonist with a context-sensitive half-time of 3 to 5 minutes, independent of dose or administration duration. "( Safety and feasibility of continuous infusion of remifentanil in the neurosurgical intensive care unit.
Coplin, WM; Murry, KR; Rhoney, DH; Tipps, LB, 2000)		2
"Remifentanil is a mu-opioid agonist with an exceptionally short duration of action. "( Self-administration of remifentanil, an ultra-short acting opioid, under continuous and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement in rats.
Panlilio, LV; Schindler, CW, 2000)		2.06
"Remifentanil (R) is a novel short-acting mu-receptor opioid. "( [Remifentanil in anesthesia and intensive care].
Cafiero, T; De Cillis, P; Mastronardi, P, 2000)		2.66
"Remifentanil is a short-acting, esterase-metabolized opioid analgesic. "( Comparative abuse liability of intravenously administered remifentanil and fentanyl.
Baylon, GJ; Busto, UE; Kaplan, HL; Sellers, EM; Somer, G, 2000)		1.99
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is a new titratable opioid agonist with rapid onset and offset of action. "( Continuous remifentanil for pediatric neurosurgery patients.
Aneja, R; Dias, M; German, JW; Heard, C, 2000)		2.14
"Remifentanil appears to be a comparable opioid to fentanyl when supplementing isoflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy."( A comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
Brazier, P; Coles, JP; Doyle, PW; Gupta, AK; Leary, TM, 2001)		2.1
"Remifentanil is a synthetic opiate with evident advantages for various anesthetic techniques, enhancing quality of anesthesia. "( [General anesthesia with remifentanil in two cases of emergency cesarean section].
Fuster Puigdoménech, L; González Miranda, F; Mesa Del Castillo Payá, C; Reboso Morales, J; Sánchez, J; Santos Iglesias, L, 2001)		2.06
"Remifentanil is an opioid with a unique pharmacokinetic profile. "( Remifentanil.
Cohen, J; Royston, D, 2001)		3.2
"Remifentanil is a potent opioid with a short duration of action. "( The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Bailey, JM; Hoke, JF; Holford, NH; Hug, CC; Lu, W; Michelsen, LG, 2001)		2.06
"Remifentanil hydrochloride is an ultra-short-acting opioid that undergoes rapid metabolism by tissue and plasma esterases. "( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures.
Davis, PJ; Dear Gd, GL; Ginsberg, B; Henson, LG; Huffman, C; McGowan, FX; Muir, KT; Ross, AK; Stiller, RD, 2001)		2.08
"Remifentanil is a new, short-acting opioid that is similar pharmacodynamically to currently available opioids but differs in its pharmacokinetics. "( Remifentanil for use during conscious sedation in outpatient oral surgery.
Beck, FM; Ganzberg, S; Pape, RA, 2002)		3.2
"Remifentanil (Ultiva) is a recently introduced esterase-metabolized potent opioid (EMO) mu-receptor agonist with a rapid onset and offset of action for use as part of general anaesthesia in association with isoflurane or propofol or with midazolam (Dormicum) and in combination with mivacurium."( Suicide with remifentanil and midazolam: a case report.
Asselborn, G; Wennig, R; Yegles, M, 2002)		2.13

Effects

Remifentanil has a rapid onset and short duration of action, predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile, and unlike fentanyl, does not accumulate with repeated or prolonged administration. Remi has a place in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia.

Remifentanil has been suggested as the opioid of choice for labor analgesia, having the advantage of easy administration and predictable pharmacokinetics. It has a short half-lives: the values of alpha and beta decay are about 2 and 15 min, respectively. Remifenil also has a sparing effect on hypnotics and sedatives.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset and offset and a short context-sensitive half-life regardless of the duration of infusion, which may lead to reductions in weaning and extubation."( Could remifentanil reduce duration of mechanical ventilation in comparison with other opioids for mechanically ventilated patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Du, B; Wang, Y; Xi, X; Zhu, Y, 2017)		1.66
"Remifentanil has a significant effect on reducing the occurrence of delirium (P = 0.007)."( The influence of analgesic-based sedation protocols on delirium and outcomes in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled trial.
An, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J; Zhao, H, 2017)		1.18
"Remifentanil has an effect on the onset of rocuronium."( Optimal neuromuscular blocking effects of remifentanil during tracheal intubation under general anesthesia.
Chung, SW; Joo, JD; Kwon, SY, 2018)		1.47
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset and short duration of action, predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile, and unlike fentanyl, does not accumulate with repeated or prolonged administration. "( Remifentanil, fentanyl, or the combination in surgical procedures in the United States: predictors of use in patients with organ impairment or obesity.
Sclar, DA, 2015)		3.3
"Remifentanil has a unique pharmacokinetic profile, with a rapid onset and offset of action and a plasmatic metabolism. "( Remifentanil in critically ill cardiac patients.
Bignami, E; Guarracino, F; Landoni, G; Ruggeri, L; Scolletta, S; Zangrillo, A, )		3.02
"Remifentanil has a suitable pharmacological profile for labour analgesia. "( Efficacy and side effects of intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia used in a stepwise approach for labour: an observational study.
Halvorsen, A; Rosland, JH; Seiler, S; Tveit, TO, 2013)		2.1
"Remifentanil has a short duration of action and constant elimination, which allow administration of high doses, without prolonging recovery. "( Remifentanil vs. alfentanil infusion in non-paralysed patients: a randomized, double-blind study.
Engbaek, J; Larsen, B; Mortensen, CR; Petersen, JA; Riist, J; Rotbøll, P; Thorshauget, H; Troelsen, S; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2004)		3.21
"Remifentanil has a unique metabolic pathway that holds potential benefits for long-term sedation. "( [Remifentanil-midazolam compared to sufentanil-midazolam for ICU long-term sedation].
Ait Kaci, F; Baillard, C; Cohen, Y; Cupa, M; Fosse, JP; Hoang, P; Karoubi, P; Le Toumelin, P, 2005)		2.68
"Remifentanil has a place in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. "( Remifentanil in obstetrics.
Hill, D, 2008)		3.23
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset like alfentanil but shows a faster recovery of action after intrathecal infusion. "( Continuous intrathecal administration of shortlasting mu opioids remifentanil and alfentanil in the rat.
Buerkle, H; Yaksh, TL, 1996)		1.97
"Remifentanil also has a sparing effect on hypnotics and sedatives."( Remifentanil.
Patel, SS; Spencer, CM, 1996)		2.46
"Remifentanil, which has a clinical onset similar to that of alfentanil, has not been investigated for this indication."( Tracheal intubation in ambulatory surgery patients: using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants.
Stevens, JB; Wheatley, L, 1998)		1.27
"Remifentanil has a context-sensitive half-life of 3 to 4 min, and how this short half-life influences POV in those patients is unknown."( The effect of remifentanil or fentanyl on postoperative vomiting and pain in children undergoing strabismus surgery.
Ehlers, R; Eissler, BJ; Eltzschig, HK; Felbinger, TW; Guggenberger, H; Schroeder, TH; Vonthein, R, 2002)		1.4
"Remifentanil has been found to protect the heart against I/R injury."( Remifentanil protects heart from myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via miR-206-3p/TLR4/NF-κB signalling axis.
Chen, Y; Guan, Y; Qiu, X; Wang, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, D, 2022)		2.89
"Remifentanil (Rem) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity in several types of diseases."( Remifentanil inhibits the inflammatory response of BV2 microglia and protects PC12 cells from damage caused by microglia activation.
Cai, Q; Huang, Y; Liu, H; Ma, W; Wang, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Remifentanil has no significant effects on the concentration-response curves of rocuronium. "( Remifentanil does not inhibit sugammadex reversal after rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in the isolated hemidiaphragm of the rat: an ex vivo study.
Bae, HJ; Choi, HR; Choi, JM; Kim, HJ; Kim, YB; Yang, HS, 2019)		3.4
"Remifentanil has been implicated in acute opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia, resulting in increased postoperative pain and opioid consumption."( Association Between Intraoperative Remifentanil Dosage and Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Adolescent Idiopathic Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Brown, S; Dubé, R; Faraoni, D; Lo, C; Schwindt, S; Sharma, R; Steinberg, BE, 2021)		1.62
"Remifentanil has been shown to increase the bioavailability of nasally administered naloxone. "( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.
Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)		2.29
"Remifentanil has been associated with increased acute and potentially chronic postoperative pain. "( Randomized Controlled Trial on the Influence of Intraoperative Remifentanil versus Fentanyl on Acute and Chronic Pain after Cardiac Surgery.
Ahlers, SJGM; Daeter, EJ; Dahan, A; de Hoogd, S; Knibbe, CAJ; Tibboel, D; van de Garde, EMW; van Dongen, EPA, 2018)		2.16
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset and offset and a short context-sensitive half-life regardless of the duration of infusion, which may lead to reductions in weaning and extubation."( Could remifentanil reduce duration of mechanical ventilation in comparison with other opioids for mechanically ventilated patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Du, B; Wang, Y; Xi, X; Zhu, Y, 2017)		1.66
"Remifentanil has a significant effect on reducing the occurrence of delirium (P = 0.007)."( The influence of analgesic-based sedation protocols on delirium and outcomes in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled trial.
An, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J; Zhao, H, 2017)		1.18
"Remifentanil has an effect on the onset of rocuronium."( Optimal neuromuscular blocking effects of remifentanil during tracheal intubation under general anesthesia.
Chung, SW; Joo, JD; Kwon, SY, 2018)		1.47
"Remifentanil has favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties as an opioid for orotracheal intubation, but its dose for excellent intubation conditions when co-administered with propofol has not been established."( ED50 of remifentanil for providing excellent intubating conditions when co-administered with a single standard dose of propofol without the use of muscle relaxants in children: dose-finding clinical trial.
da Silva, HBG; de Araújo Ladeira, LC; Govêia, CS; Guimarães, GMN; Moura, TR; Ono, AH, 2018)		1.64
"Remifentanil infusion has been strongly linked to both tolerance and OIH in these patients; however, the impact of using an intraoperative fentanyl infusion has not been well studied."( Fentanyl versus remifentanil-based TIVA for pediatric scoliosis repair: does it matter?
Ahn, S; Gecelter, R; Kars, MS; Merwin, S; Poon, S; Rothman, A; Villacres Mori, B; Wendolowski, S, 2019)		1.58
"Remifentanil has been implicated in the causation of intraoperative bradyarrhythmias and asystole both in adults and in pediatric patients."( Effects of remifentanil on the cardiac conduction system. Our experience in the study of remifentanil electrophysiological properties.
Almendral Garrote, J; Anadon Baselga, MJ; Del Blanco Narciso, BB; Jimeno Fernandez, C; Zaballos Garcia, M, 2014)		1.51
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset and short duration of action, predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile, and unlike fentanyl, does not accumulate with repeated or prolonged administration. "( Remifentanil, fentanyl, or the combination in surgical procedures in the United States: predictors of use in patients with organ impairment or obesity.
Sclar, DA, 2015)		3.3
"Remifentanil has been suggested for its short duration of action to replace standard opioids for induction of general anaesthesia in caesarean section. "( Neonatal effect of remifentanil in general anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized trial.
Bakhouche, H; Blaha, J; Kubatova, J; Marusicova, P; Michalek, P; Noskova, P; Parizek, A; Slanar, O; Smisek, J; Ulrichova, J, 2015)		2.19
"Remifentanil has been suggested as the 'solo' drug during procedural sedation by target-controlled infusion, but it needs a controlled environment and skilled practitioners."( Adult procedural sedation: an update.
Lamperti, M, 2015)		1.14
"Remifentanil has been reported to provide protection for organs against I/R injury."( Remifentanil preconditioning protects the small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury via intestinal δ- and μ-opioid receptors.
Li, C; Li, YS; Liu, KX; Shen, JT; Wen, SH; Xia, ZQ; Yang, WJ; Yao, X, 2016)		2.6
"Remifentanil has been used for labor analgesia, as part of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery, as well as for various fetal procedures around the world."( Remifentanil for labor analgesia: a comprehensive review.
Baghirzada, L; Balki, M; Ohashi, Y; Sumikura, H, 2016)		2.6
"Remifentanil has been reported to cause post-anesthetic shivering (PAS). "( The effects of tramadol on postoperative shivering after sevoflurane and remifentanil anesthesia.
Hashimoto, M; Hashimoto, Y; Hoka, S; Nakagawa, T; Shirozu, K, 2017)		2.13
"Remifentanil and propofol have been proposed for intubation without muscle relaxant to avoid the adverse effects of muscle relaxants in children. "( Remifentanil and propofol for tracheal intubation without muscle relaxant in children: the effects of ketamine.
Begec, Z; Demirbilek, S; Erdil, F; Ersoy, MO; Ozturk, E, 2009)		3.24
"Remifentanil has been implicated as causing intraoperative bradyarrhythmias, but little information is available regarding its cardiac electrophysiological effects. "( Cardiac electrophysiological effects of remifentanil: study in a closed-chest porcine model.
Almendral, J; Anadón, MJ; Atienza, F; Jimeno, C; Navia, J; Patiño, D; Valdes, E; Zaballos, M, 2009)		2.06
"Remifentanil has been reported to maintain urine output as well as to blunt hormonal responses in CABG surgery."( [Effect of remifentanil on urine output during gynecological laparoscopic surgery].
Ito, H; Kanazawa, M; Tajiri, O; Tateda, T; Yago, Y, 2009)		1.46
"Remifentanil has been found to reduce blood pressure and heart rate when administered as an adjuvant during general anesthesia, with unknown effects on the duration of motor or electroencephalographic seizure activity during ECT."( Effects of remifentanil on convulsion duration and hemodynamic responses during electroconvulsive therapy: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Arasteh, MT; Maroufi, A; Nasseri, K; Shami, S, 2009)		1.46
"Remifentanil has strong analgesic fore tried to use remifentanil for anesthetic management of awake craniotomy (AC) and assessed its efficacy."( [Efficacy of remifentanil for anesthetic management of awake craniotomy].
Kawamae, K; Okada, M; Takata, K, 2010)		2.17
"Remifentanil has gained the confidence of anesthesiologists and has given a real opportunity to change the way anesthesia is given. "( Remifentanil in children.
Continolo, N; De Riso, M; Garra, R; Sammartino, M; Sbaraglia, F, 2010)		3.25
"Remifentanil has been available in Japan for 3 years. "( Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil-based general anesthesia: a survey of clinical economics under the Japanese health care system.
Ikeda, D; Kawahara, K; Nakada, T; Yokota, M, 2010)		2.07
"Remifentanil has a unique pharmacokinetic profile, with a rapid onset and offset of action and a plasmatic metabolism. "( Remifentanil in critically ill cardiac patients.
Bignami, E; Guarracino, F; Landoni, G; Ruggeri, L; Scolletta, S; Zangrillo, A, )		3.02
"Remifentanil pre-treatment has been reported to decrease the incidence of rocuronium injection-associated withdrawal movement. "( The analgesic effect of remifentanil on prevention of withdrawal response associated with the injection of rocuronium in children: no evidence for a peripheral action.
Ahn, JH; Jeon, Y; Lim, CH; Shin, HJ; Yoo, Y; Yoon, JR, )		1.88
"Remifentanil has been suggested as a suitable agent for conscious sedation during fibreoptic intubation. "( The optimal effect site concentration of remifentanil in combination with intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine for awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery.
Chang, CH; Kim, HS; Kwak, YL; Lee, JW; Shim, YH; Song, JW, 2012)		2.09
"Remifentanil has quicker wake-up time; however, sufentanil demonstrated an advantage in terms of better analgesia, more stable hemodynamics, and improved qualify of awakening."( Asleep-awake-asleep technique in children during strabismus surgery under sufentanil balanced anesthesia.
Jianjun, S; Lili, X; Zhiyong, H, 2012)		1.1
"Remifentanil has been suggested for the induction of general anaesthesia for caesarean section. "( Maternal and foetal effects of remifentanil for general anaesthesia in parturients undergoing caesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Devroe, S; Heesen, M; Hofmann, T; Klöhr, S; Rossaint, R; Straube, S; Van de Velde, M, 2013)		2.12
"Remifentanil has a suitable pharmacological profile for labour analgesia. "( Efficacy and side effects of intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia used in a stepwise approach for labour: an observational study.
Halvorsen, A; Rosland, JH; Seiler, S; Tveit, TO, 2013)		2.1
"Remifentanil has larger drug acquisition costs but does not increase the total hospital costs associated with cardiac surgery."( Remifentanil, fentanyl, and cardiac surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial of costs and outcomes.
Bain, D; Buckland, MR; Fletcher, H; Hunt, JO; Myles, PS; Silvers, A; Watts, J, 2002)		2.48
"Remifentanil occasionally has been associated with hypotension, the mechanism of which is unclear. "( Sympathetic and vascular consequences from remifentanil in humans.
Arain, SR; Ebert, TJ; Ficke, DJ; Kundu, A; Noseir, RK, 2003)		2.02
"Remifentanil has no direct effect on the contraction of myocardium. "( The in vitro effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on isolated human right atria and saphenous veins.
Basri Ulusoy, H; Duman, A; Durgut, K; Esra Atalik, K; öKesli, S; öZtin ögün, C; Saide Sahin, A, 2003)		2.07
"Remifentanil has unique pharmacokinetics that might allow faster recovery after neurosurgery. "( Remifentanil-propofol versus sufentanil-propofol anaesthesia for supratentorial craniotomy: a randomized trial.
Gerlach, K; Grasteit, A; Hüppe, M; Nowak, G; Saager, L; Schmitz, A; Schmucker, P; Uhlig, T, 2003)		3.2
"Remifentanil has unique properties, making it a potentially useful and predictable agent for infants with significant comorbidity."( Use of remifentanil in an infant with surgically repaired Shone's syndrome.
Kouptsova, E; Matsota, P; Papageorgiou-Brousta, M; Tsiotou, AG, 2004)		1.5
"Remifentanil has a short duration of action and constant elimination, which allow administration of high doses, without prolonging recovery. "( Remifentanil vs. alfentanil infusion in non-paralysed patients: a randomized, double-blind study.
Engbaek, J; Larsen, B; Mortensen, CR; Petersen, JA; Riist, J; Rotbøll, P; Thorshauget, H; Troelsen, S; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2004)		3.21
"Remifentanil has a unique metabolic pathway that holds potential benefits for long-term sedation. "( [Remifentanil-midazolam compared to sufentanil-midazolam for ICU long-term sedation].
Ait Kaci, F; Baillard, C; Cohen, Y; Cupa, M; Fosse, JP; Hoang, P; Karoubi, P; Le Toumelin, P, 2005)		2.68
"Remifentanil has been suggested as an ideal opioid for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in labour, but the safety profile has not been established. "( Maternal and neonatal side-effects of remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour.
Butwick, A; Nicholson, G; Pleming, A; Volikas, I; Wilkinson, C, 2005)		2.04
"Remifentanil has emerged as an appealing drug for airway management in anaesthetized or sedated children."( Recent developments in airway management of the paediatric patient.
Goldmann, K, 2006)		1.06
"Remifentanil has found a place in airway management in paediatric patients. "( Recent developments in airway management of the paediatric patient.
Goldmann, K, 2006)		1.78
"Remifentanil has important side effects and it is not easy to know what remifentanil concentrations should be used during different endpoints of anaesthesia. "( Practical aspects of the use of target controlled infusion with remifentanil in neurosurgical patients: predicted cerebral concentrations at intubation, incision and extubation.
Amorim, P; Antunes, L; Ferreira, DA; Lobo, F; Nunes, CS, 2006)		2.02
"Remifentanil has been suggested as the opioid of choice for labor analgesia, having the advantage of easy administration, predictable pharmacokinetics, and improved neonatal outcomes."( Options for systemic labor analgesia.
Evron, S; Ezri, T, 2007)		1.06
"Remifentanil has short half-lives: the values of alpha and beta decay are about 2 and 15 min, respectively. "( [Pharmacokinetic simulations of remifentanil].
Kazama, T; Masui, K, 2007)		2.07
"Remifentanil has been proposed as the most suitable systemic opioid for use in obstetrics. "( The use of remifentanil in obstetrics.
Hill, D, 2008)		2.18
"Remifentanil has a place in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. "( Remifentanil in obstetrics.
Hill, D, 2008)		3.23
"Remifentanil has a rapid onset like alfentanil but shows a faster recovery of action after intrathecal infusion. "( Continuous intrathecal administration of shortlasting mu opioids remifentanil and alfentanil in the rat.
Buerkle, H; Yaksh, TL, 1996)		1.97
"Remifentanil also has a sparing effect on hypnotics and sedatives."( Remifentanil.
Patel, SS; Spencer, CM, 1996)		2.46
"Remifentanil, which has a clinical onset similar to that of alfentanil, has not been investigated for this indication."( Tracheal intubation in ambulatory surgery patients: using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants.
Stevens, JB; Wheatley, L, 1998)		1.27
"Remifentanil has not been studied in obstetric patients. "( Intravenous remifentanil: placental transfer, maternal and neonatal effects.
Hughes, SC; Kan, RE; Kessin, C; Lobo, EP; Preston, PG; Rosen, MA, 1998)		2.12
"Remifentanil has a context-sensitive half-life of 3 to 4 min, and how this short half-life influences POV in those patients is unknown."( The effect of remifentanil or fentanyl on postoperative vomiting and pain in children undergoing strabismus surgery.
Ehlers, R; Eissler, BJ; Eltzschig, HK; Felbinger, TW; Guggenberger, H; Schroeder, TH; Vonthein, R, 2002)		1.4

Actions

Remifentanil is known to cause bradycardia and hypotension, as well as vasodilation at standard anesthetic concentrations. It may increase patients' safety by eliminating the risk of delayed respiratory depression, but its correct use requires major changes in our prescribing habits.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remifentanil can inhibit the hemodynamic responses caused by endotracheal intubation, but the effect-site concentration of it required to control intubation responses when combined with etomidate has not been demonstrated. "( The effect-site concentration of remifentanil blunting endotracheal intubation responses during anesthesia induction with etomidate: a dose-finding study.
Jiang, Z; Luo, T; Wang, X; Xiao, J, 2023)		2.63
"Remifentanil may allow for less volatile anesthetic use while maintaining adequate uterine relaxation."( Use of Remifentanil for Open in utero Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair Maintains Uterine Relaxation with Reduced Volatile Anesthetic Concentration.
Ferschl, MB; Marsh, BJ; Rollins, MD; Sinskey, J; Whitlock, EL, 2020)		1.73
"Remifentanil use might increase the proportion of time under light sedation in patients receiving MV compared with fentanyl administration."( Remifentanil provides an increased proportion of time under light sedation than fentanyl when combined with dexmedetomidine for mechanical ventilation.
Aoki, Y; Doi, M; Kawasaki, Y; Mimuro, S; Nakajima, Y; Niwa, T; Shiko, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Remifentanil suppressed increase in IL-6 mRNA levels in the mouse brain, and also inhibited the responses of plasma IL-6, corticosterone, and noradrenaline in an inflammatory state. "( Remifentanil suppresses increase in interleukin-6 mRNA in the brain by inhibiting cyclic AMP synthesis.
Andoh, T; Higuchi, H; Maeda, S; Miyawaki, T; Onishi, R; Tomoyasu, Y, 2018)		3.37
"Remifentanil suppressed increase in IL-6 mRNA levels in the brain in an inflammatory state, and this effect may be attributed to its direct action on neuronal cells through the inhibition of intracellular cAMP rather than corticosterone."( Remifentanil suppresses increase in interleukin-6 mRNA in the brain by inhibiting cyclic AMP synthesis.
Andoh, T; Higuchi, H; Maeda, S; Miyawaki, T; Onishi, R; Tomoyasu, Y, 2018)		3.37
"Remifentanil may increase risk for gastroesophageal reflux by decreasing the inspiratory EGJ augmentation. "( Effects of remifentanil on the esophagogastric junction and swallowing.
Ahlstrand, R; Magnuson, A; Savilampi, J; Wattwil, M, 2013)		2.22
"The remifentanil group had a lower SpO2 (P < 0.0001) and a higher sedation score (P < 0.0001) within 30 min after treatment."( Intravenous remifentanil versus epidural ropivacaine with sufentanil for labour analgesia: a retrospective study.
Lin, R; Liu, Z; Su, J; Tao, Y; Xu, Z; Yu, Y, 2014)		1.26
"Remifentanil could suppress inflammatory responses and inhibit iNOS expression in septic mice."( Protective effects of remifentanil on septic mice.
Chang, C; Jia, Z; Kai, C; Yanlin, W; Zongze, Z, 2010)		1.4
"Remifentanil may suppress the cardiovascular changes on the pneumoperitoneum in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)."( [Anesthetic management with remifentanil infusion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy].
Kikuchi, C; Shimizu, H; Watanabe, M, 2009)		1.37
"Remifentanil may inhibit both intraatrial conduction and sinus node automaticity, but it has no effect on conduction through the atrioventricular node. "( High-dose remifentanil suppresses sinoatrial conduction and sinus node automaticity in pediatric patients under propofol-based anesthesia.
Fujii, K; Hatano, Y; Iranami, H; Nakamura, Y, 2011)		2.21
"Remifentanil seems to cause acute torelance."( [Influence of remifentanil on postoperative pain with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia following total knee arthroplasty].
Morimoto, A; Omae, N; Satani, M; Tomita, A, 2011)		1.45
"Remifentanil did not enhance sevoflurane protection."( Choice of anesthetic combination determines Ca2+ leak after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the working rat heart: favorable versus adverse combinations.
Clanachan, AS; Lou, PH; Lucchinetti, E; Wang, L; Zaugg, M; Zhang, L, 2012)		1.1
"Remifentanil is known to cause bradycardia and hypotension, as well as the decreases of cardiac output (CO). "( Drug-administration sequence of target-controlled propofol and remifentanil influences the onset of rocuronium. A double-blind, randomized trial.
Do, SH; Hwang, JW; Jeon, YT; Na, HS; Oh, AY; Park, HP; Park, SH, 2012)		2.06
"Remifentanil can blunt cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation, but may cause circulatory collapse due to potent vasodilating effect."( [Appropriate dose of remifentanil to blunt tracheal intubation stress response in patients with severe aortic stenosis].
Fukuda, K; Ishii, H; Matsukawa, S, 2012)		1.42
"Remifentanil can cause transient instability in hemodynamic variables. "( Remifentanil produces vasorelaxation in isolated rat thoracic aorta strips.
Güler, T; Isik, G; Itegin, M; Ocal, I; Ozalevli, M; Unlügenç, H, 2003)		3.2
"Remifentanil and fentanyl produce "concentration-dependent" relaxation in human saphenous vein strips independent from the endothelium."( The in vitro effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on isolated human right atria and saphenous veins.
Basri Ulusoy, H; Duman, A; Durgut, K; Esra Atalik, K; öKesli, S; öZtin ögün, C; Saide Sahin, A, 2003)		1.35
"Remifentanil is known to cause bradycardia and hypotension. "( Haemodynamic effects of remifentanil in children with and without intravenous atropine. An echocardiographic study.
Bansard, JY; Chanavaz, C; Ecoffey, C; Robert, JC; Senhadji, L; Tirel, O; Wodey, E, 2005)		2.08
"Remifentanil did not cause variation in stroke volume (SV)."( Haemodynamic effects of remifentanil in children with and without intravenous atropine. An echocardiographic study.
Bansard, JY; Chanavaz, C; Ecoffey, C; Robert, JC; Senhadji, L; Tirel, O; Wodey, E, 2005)		1.36
"Remifentanil can cause bradycardia either by parasympathetic activation or by other negative chronotropic effects. "( Effect of remifentanil with and without atropine on heart rate variability and RR interval in children.
Bansard, JY; Carré, F; Chanavaz, C; Ecoffey, C; Senhadji, L; Tirel, O; Wodey, E, 2005)		2.17
"Remifentanil prevented increase in MAP and HR while alfentanil and fentanyl were ineffective in this purpose (p < 0.05). "( Analgesia for retrobulbar block--comparison of remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl.
Asadipour, E; Maghsoudi, B; Talebnejad, MR, 2007)		2.04
"Remifentanil is known to cause vasodilation at standard anesthetic concentrations. "( Remifentanil induces L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition in human mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells.
Hu, ZY; Liao, DQ; Lin, PT; Liu, J, 2008)		3.23
"Remifentanil may increase patients' safety by eliminating the risk of delayed respiratory depression, but its correct use requires major changes in our prescribing habits."( Remifentanil: when and how to use it.
Servin, F, 1997)		2.46
"Remifentanil obtunded the increase in IOP after succinylcholine and intubation, so it could be suitable for use in open globe injuries."( Effect of remifentanil compared with fentanyl on intraocular pressure after succinylcholine and tracheal intubation.
Chen, FG; Chew, P; Ng, HP; Wong, E; Yeong, SM, 2000)		1.43

Treatment

Remifentanil treatment significantly increased the expression of lncRNA NBR2 and TIMP3. There were no significant changes in peak phrenic nerve activity at T60 compared to baseline values. RemifENTanil pretreatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of injection pain compared with the control group.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remifentanil treatment significantly increased the expression of lncRNA NBR2 and TIMP3, and repressed miR-650 expression in HCC cells."( Remifentanil reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells via lncRNA NBR2/miR-650/TIMP3 axis.
Ke, J; Liang, W, 2022)		2.89
"In remifentanil treated rats, there were no significant changes in peak phrenic nerve activity at T60 compared to baseline values (decrease by 5.3±16.5%, p>0.05), i.e."( Remifentanil reversibly abolished phrenic long term facilitation in rats subjected to acute intermittent hypoxia.
Carev, M; Dogas, Z; Ivancev, B; Karanovic, N; Pavlinac Dodig, I; Pecotic, R; Valic, M, 2013)		2.35
"Remifentanil treatment brought about an increase in the proliferation of human keratinocytes damaged by hypoxia-reoxygenation and decreased the apoptotic cell death, enhancing autophagic activity."( Remifentanil protects human keratinocytes against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury through activation of autophagy.
Kim, CH; Kim, YD; Kim, YH; Kwon, JY; Park, BS; Yoon, JU; Yoon, JY, 2015)		2.58
"Remifentanil treatment also attenuated nuclear expression of NF-κB in immunohistochemical staining and mitigated pathologic changes in multiple organs."( The Effects of Remifentanil on Expression of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Septic Rats.
Choi, JW; Joo, JD; Jung, HS; Seo, KH; Yoo, H, 2017)		1.53
"Remifentanil pre-treatment has been reported to decrease the incidence of rocuronium injection-associated withdrawal movement. "( The analgesic effect of remifentanil on prevention of withdrawal response associated with the injection of rocuronium in children: no evidence for a peripheral action.
Ahn, JH; Jeon, Y; Lim, CH; Shin, HJ; Yoo, Y; Yoon, JR, )		1.88
"Remifentanil pretreatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of injection pain compared with the control group."( Reduction of microemulsion propofol-induced injection pain via target-controlled remifentanil infusion.
Chae, YJ; Cho, HB; Kim, SM; Min, SK; Park, SK; Won, YJ, 2011)		1.32
"Remifentanil treatment with anesthetic induction based on the Japanese package insert might have insufficient effects in obese patients."( Ideal body weight-based remifentanil infusion is potentially insufficient for anesthetic induction in mildly obese patients.
Hanada, S; Iwasaki, H; Kunisawa, T; Mitamura, S; Suzuki, A; Takahata, O, 2012)		1.41
"Remifentanil treatment increased the pleasantness for the neutral pictures."( Emotional perception modulated by an opioid and a cholecystokinin agonist.
Fransson, P; Gospic, K; Gunnarsson, T; Ingvar, M; Lindefors, N; Petrovic, P, 2008)		1.07
"In remifentanil-treated patients, continuation of the infusion at 0.1 microg kg(-1) min(-1) with titration increments of +/- 0.025 microg kg(-1) min(-1) was effective for the management of immediate postoperative pain prior to transfer to morphine analgesia."( Remifentanil and fentanyl during anaesthesia for major abdominal and gynaecological surgery. An open, comparative study of safety and efficacy.
Appelgren, L; Camu, F; Doenicke, A; Helmers, JH; Holgersen, O; Mann, C; Noronha, D; Sneyd, JR; Upadhyaya, BK, 2001)		2.27
"A remifentanil-treated anesthetic demonstrated earlier return to some functions than a fentanyl-treated technique. "( Does functional ability in the postoperative period differ between remifentanil- and fentanyl-based anesthesia?
Colopy, M; Fleisher, LA; Glass, PS; Hogue, S; Jamerson, BD; Roizen, MF; Tuman, KJ; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)		1.27
"Remifentanil-treated patients exhibited lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures (by 10-15 mmHg) and lower heart rates (by 10-15 bpm) intraoperatively compared to the fentanyl-treated patients. "( Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients.
Fleisher, LA; Hogue, S; Jamerson, B; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)		2.02
"Treatment with remifentanil reduced the expression of lactic acid, pyruvate, and epinephrine in the heart and kidney tissues and attenuated the expression of PDK4 messenger RNA and PDK4 protein in the myocardial tissue."( Remifentanil reduces multiple organ and energy metabolism disturbances in a rat sepsis model.
Chen, X; Liao, XY; Lin, JD; Wu, Y; Wu, ZZ; Yang, MX; Zhang, BL, 2022)		2.5
"Treatment with remifentanil increased the expression of spinal Hevin and the membrane trafficking of AMPA receptors."( Spinal hevin mediates membrane trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors in remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia in mice.
Cui, W; Li, Y; Liu, P; Song, C; Tao, Y; Wang, C; Wang, G; Wang, Z; Xie, K; Zhang, L, 2020)		1.12
"Pretreatment with remifentanil can decrease injection pain and stabilize hemodynamics during the induction period."( Effects of remifentanil with or without midazolam pretreatment on the 95% effective dose of propofol for loss of consciousness during induction: A randomized, clinical trial.
Han, DW; Kim, NY; Ko, SH; Koh, JC; Park, J; You, AH, 2017)		1.17
"Pretreatment with remifentanil markedly reduced intestinal IRI (P < 0.001): In the ileum, we observed a more than 8-fold decrease in injured villi (4% vs 34% in saline-pretreated animals). "( Remifentanil ameliorates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Berger, PJ; Cheng, W; Cho, SS; Irwin, MG; Nold, MF; Nold-Petry, CA; Rudloff, I, 2013)		2.17
"Treatment of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia (RIH) remains a clinical challenge because the mechanisms are not fully understood. "( N-acetyl-cysteine attenuates remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 in dorsal root ganglia.
Gu, X; Liu, Y; Ma, Z; Ni, Y; Sun, YE; Zhang, W, 2017)		1.12
"Pretreatment with remifentanil can attenuate liver injury both in vivo and in vitro. "( Remifentanil preconditioning reduces hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inducible nitric oxide synthase expression.
Cheung, CW; Irwin, MG; Liu, YT; Lv, H; Song, JG; Tao, KM; Wong, GT; Wu, FX; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF, 2011)		2.15
"Pretreatment with remifentanil 0.02 mg, % 2 lidocaine 40 mg, metoclopramide 10 mg, and ketamine 100 microg/kg yields propofol induced pain 38%, 76%, 76%, and 58% respectively. "( The effects of remifentanil, lidocaine, metoclopramide, or ketamine pretreatment on propofol injection pain.
Aktay, M; Ozlü, O; Polat, R, 2012)		1.07
"Pretreatment with remifentanil 1 microg/kg reduced myoclonus after etomidate induction without side effects such as sedation, apnea, nausea, or pruritus. "( Remifentanil pretreatment reduces myoclonus after etomidate.
Baris, S; Karakaya, D; Kelsaka, E; Sarihasan, B, 2006)		2.11
"Pre-treatment with remifentanil at 1, 5, 10, and 20 microg kg(-1) min(-1) significantly reduced the IS/AAR at 24 h with the maximum effect at 10 microg kg(-1) min(-1). "( Remifentanil preconditioning confers delayed cardioprotection in the rat.
Irwin, MG; Li, YH; Wong, GT; Wong, TM; Yu, CK, 2007)		2.11

Toxicity

Remifentanil for fast-track cardiac anesthesia provided safe and stable operating conditions. It facilitated earlier tracheal extubation. The incidence of adverse events was similar but greater.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"We report the safe use of remifentanil as part of the anaesthetic technique in a patient undergoing major head and neck surgery who was being treated for depressive illness with the non-specific monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) phenelzine."( Safe use of remifentanil in a patient treated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine.
Gillies, MA; James, KS; Ure, DS, 2000)		0.99
" In conclusion, Rf appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of acute pain in the very young child submitted to craniosynostosis repair."( Safety and efficacy of remifentanil in craniosynostosis repair in children less than 1 year old.
Chiaretti, A; Ciano, F; Di Rocco, C; Piastra, M; Pietrini, D; Polidori, G; Savioli, A; Velardi, F, 2000)		0.62
" Both remifentanil and fentanyl were well-tolerated, with reported adverse events typical of mu-opioid agonists."( Remifentanil and fentanyl during anaesthesia for major abdominal and gynaecological surgery. An open, comparative study of safety and efficacy.
Appelgren, L; Camu, F; Doenicke, A; Helmers, JH; Holgersen, O; Mann, C; Noronha, D; Sneyd, JR; Upadhyaya, BK, 2001)		2.23
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar but greater in the remifentanil group with respect to shivering (P<0."( Comparative efficacy and safety of remifentanil and fentanyl in 'fast track' coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind study.
Blake, D; Demeyere, R; Dybvik, T; Herregods, L; Kirnö, K; MacAdams, C; Moerman, A; Möllhoff, T; Shaikh, S, 2001)		0.82
"To compare the frequency of adverse effects of remifentanil and fentanyl in a large and diverse patient population."( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study.
Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)		0.9
", opioid-related) adverse effects were recorded."( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study.
Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)		0.64
" There were no significant differences between the two drugs with respect to other adverse events (i."( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study.
Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)		0.64
"In the doses used, both remifentanil and fentanyl have a similar frequency of adverse effects except for the higher frequency of hypotension associated with the use of remifentanil."( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study.
Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)		0.95
"Bolus injection could potentially be a safe and effective means of administering remifentanil in clinical situations requiring a brief period of intense analgesia."( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers.
Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)		1.99
" There were no statistically significant differences between the renal function groups in the incidence of adverse events, and no deaths were attributable to remifentanil use."( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment.
Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)		0.78
" Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil was very effective, well tolerated and had a similar adverse event and haemodynamic profile to those of hypnotic-based regimens when used in critically ill neuro-intensive care unit patients for up to 5 days."( Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308].
Karabinis, A; Kirkham, AJ; Komnos, A; Mandragos, K; Soukup, J; Speelberg, B; Stergiopoulos, S, 2004)		0.86
" This review will concentrate on the adverse effects of remifentanil given by bolus injection, either alone or in the context of a background infusion."( The safety of remifentanil by bolus injection.
Egan, TD; Richardson, SP, 2005)		0.94
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable in both groups."( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus sufentanil.
Conzen, P; Lison, S; Schill, M, 2007)		0.59
"Remifentanil for fast-track cardiac anesthesia provided safe and stable operating conditions and facilitated earlier tracheal extubation."( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus sufentanil.
Conzen, P; Lison, S; Schill, M, 2007)		2.03
"The Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia including the central elements of switching opiate therapy to remifentanil and switching patient recovery to a special post-anesthesia recovery and care unit, shortened therapy times, is safe and economically effective."( [Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia. Effective, safe and economical].
Ender, J; Fassl, J; Funkat, AK; Häntschel, D; Scholz, M; Sommer, M; Wittmann, M, 2009)		0.56
"Remifentanil is safe and highly effective for pain control during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage."( Safety and effectiveness of analgesia with remifentanil for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.
Bae, JI; Lee, HS; Park, AW; Park, NS; Won, JH, 2009)		2.06
" Although, the response to bronchoconstriction in dogs and rats was different from humans, the two species presented ventilatory changes that highlight the potential adverse effect of test articles."( Respiratory safety pharmacology: positive control drug responses in Sprague-Dawley rats, Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys.
Authier, S; Gauvin, D; Legaspi, M; Troncy, E, 2009)		0.35
"A synopsis of the unique pharmacokinetic properties of remifentanil and its action on major organ systems will provide insight on the safe and effective use of the drug in a variety of clinical settings."( Remifentanil, a different opioid: potential clinical applications and safety aspects.
Manolaraki, M; Paspatis, GA; Stroumpos, C, 2010)		2.05
"The authors aimed to test the hypothesis that xenon anesthesia limits adverse hypotensive effects of losartan during acute hemorrhage."( Xenon/remifentanil anesthesia protects against adverse effects of losartan on hemodynamic challenges induced by anesthesia and acute blood loss.
Boemke, W; Francis, RC; Klein, A; Philippi-Höhne, C; Pickerodt, PA; Reyle-Hahn, MS, 2010)		0.84
" Visual analogue scale (VAS), requirement of fentanyl and flurbiprofen, and the incidence of remifentanil-related adverse effects (respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, pruritus) were examined at 3 hourly intervals for 12 hours."( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].
Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)		0.93
" No adverse events including respiratory depression occurred throughout the study in both groups."( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].
Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)		0.71
"02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) can safely be used without any serious adverse events, while it may not be enough for postoperative analgesia."( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].
Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)		0.71
" Monitoring by means of the bispectral index (BIS) has shown its utility in reducing the use of drugs and their adverse events in general anesthesia, but evidence in prolonged sedation is insufficient."( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)		0.43
"A randomized cohort study of 90 patients with mediastinal lymph node involvement and/or lung or mediastinal lesions for whom EBUS was indicated, comparing the modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale clinical evaluation (n = 45) versus the BIS evaluation (n = 45) of sedation with propofol-remifentanil, was conducted in order to evaluate the clinical parameters, doses used, adverse events, and tolerance of the procedure."( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)		0.61
" Significantly fewer overall adverse events were recorded in the BIS group and included desaturation, hypotension, and bradypnea."( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)		0.43
"BIS monitoring of sedation in EBUS makes it possible to reduce the dosage of propofol, thereby shortening the waking time and reducing adverse events."( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)		0.43
" In a well-matched series of 540 patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery, remifentanil was found to be a safe anesthetic adjunct."( Safety of remifentanil in transsphenoidal surgery: A single-center analysis of 540 patients.
Aglio, LS; Burke, WT; Castlen, JP; Cote, DJ; King, CH; Laws, ER; Smith, TR; Zaidi, HA, 2017)		1.09
" Anesthesia onset time, total number of intraoperative children movements, hemodynamics (heart rate, arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate), total cumulative dose of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil, the amount of midazolam and lidocaine, time to first dose of rescue midazolam and lidocaine, postoperative recovery time, adverse events, bronchoscopist satisfaction score were recorded."( The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil in children undergoing flexible bronchoscopy: A retrospective dose-finding trial.
Jin, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, D, 2017)		0.9
" The infusion safety system is an important component of a robust automated anesthesia system, but further research is required to determine the optimal constraints for these safe conditions."( Design and Evaluation of a Closed-Loop Anesthesia System With Robust Control and Safety System.
Ansermino, JM; Brodie, S; Dumont, GA; Görges, M; Merchant, RN; Petersen, CL; Rollinson, A; van Heusden, K; West, N, 2018)		0.48
" The secondary outcomes were heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and adverse reactions."( Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil-Propofol Versus Remifentanil-Propofol as Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis.
Lu, S; Peng, G; Wang, JM; Xu, F, 2018)		0.73
" Moreover, there were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil-Propofol Versus Remifentanil-Propofol as Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis.
Lu, S; Peng, G; Wang, JM; Xu, F, 2018)		0.73
"We hypothesize that applying sufficient analgesia in combination with minimal sedation will act as an effective and safe antihypertensive strategy in ICH and that this treatment strategy could, therefore, be widely used as an ICH acute-phase therapy."( Safety and efficacy of applying sufficient analgesia combined with a minimal sedation program as an early antihypertensive treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, P; Chen, W; Dong, R; Li, F; Maegele, M; Xu, Y; Yang, H, 2018)		0.48
" Remifentanil is associated with hypoventilation and respiratory depression but the frequency of serious maternal and neonatal adverse events is unknown."( Serious adverse events attributed to remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia during labour in The Netherlands.
Beenakkers, ICM; Godfried, MB; Logtenberg, SLM; Mol, BW; Schellevis, FG; Verhoeven, CJ; Vink, ML, 2019)		1.7
"In a nationwide survey among obstetricians, anaesthetists and clinical midwives the frequency of serious adverse events was assessed."( Serious adverse events attributed to remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia during labour in The Netherlands.
Beenakkers, ICM; Godfried, MB; Logtenberg, SLM; Mol, BW; Schellevis, FG; Verhoeven, CJ; Vink, ML, 2019)		0.79
" After independent assessments, 17 cases of single maternal desaturation; 10 maternal cases of apnoea, bradycardia and/or cardiac arrest; and two neonatal cases of respiratory depression, over a period of more than 10 years of remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia use, were identified as a serious adverse event."( Serious adverse events attributed to remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia during labour in The Netherlands.
Beenakkers, ICM; Godfried, MB; Logtenberg, SLM; Mol, BW; Schellevis, FG; Verhoeven, CJ; Vink, ML, 2019)		0.97
"The risk of a potentially life-threatening serious adverse event attributed to remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia seems to be low."( Serious adverse events attributed to remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia during labour in The Netherlands.
Beenakkers, ICM; Godfried, MB; Logtenberg, SLM; Mol, BW; Schellevis, FG; Verhoeven, CJ; Vink, ML, 2019)		1.01
"The RemiPCA SAFE Network was established to set standards and monitor maternal and neonatal outcomes when using remifentanil for labour analgesia."( Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour: six-year audit of outcome data of the RemiPCA SAFE Network (2010-2015).
Dullenkopf, A; Girard, T; Huber, M; Jelting, Y; Keller, D; Kranke, P; Melber, AA, 2019)		2.17
"Data sets of the RemiPCA SAFE Network database from the initial six consecutive years (2010-2015) were retrospectively analysed."( Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour: six-year audit of outcome data of the RemiPCA SAFE Network (2010-2015).
Dullenkopf, A; Girard, T; Huber, M; Jelting, Y; Keller, D; Kranke, P; Melber, AA, 2019)		1.96
"The RemiPCA SAFE Network data show that remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia can be applied safely."( Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia in labour: six-year audit of outcome data of the RemiPCA SAFE Network (2010-2015).
Dullenkopf, A; Girard, T; Huber, M; Jelting, Y; Keller, D; Kranke, P; Melber, AA, 2019)		2.22
"Propofol-based sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for ESD procedures in the esophagus and stomach with low anesthesia-related complication rates and short hospital stay."( Propofol sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the esophagus and stomach.
Bruno, MJ; Hilkemeijer, T; Klimek, M; Koch, AD; Leliveld, L; van de Ven, S, 2019)		0.51
"Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is recommended in patients at risk of aspiration, but induced haemodynamic adverse events, including tachycardia."( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil in a rapid sequence induction in elderly patients: A three-arm parallel, double blind, randomised controlled trial.
Alonso, S; Basset, P; Bastide, S; Castanie, J; Chaumeron, A; Cuvillon, P; Fortier, LP; Lefrant, JY, 2020)		0.87
"PCA with remifentanil is safe for the mother, foetus and the newborn, with minimal side effects."( Side Effects of Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Remifentanil Compared with Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labour Analgesia - A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Aleksiovska-Papestiev, I; Ivanov, Е; Karadjova, D; Kartalov, A; Kjaev, I; Kocovski, G; Kuzmanovska, B; Shosholcheva, M; Sivevski, А; Spasova, R, 2019)		1.17
" Serious, related, unexpected adverse events requiring intervention had a low incidence and were largely due to predictable effects of the drugs being administered."( The safety profile and effectiveness of propofol-remifentanil mixtures for total intravenous anesthesia in children.
Bagshaw, O; Baxter, A; Brooks, P; Marriott, D; McCormack, J, 2020)		0.81
" The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups."( Safety and efficacy of an automated anesthesia delivery system for total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial versus manually controlled anesthesia.
Matsuki, Y; Nagata, O; Ogino, Y; Shigemi, K, 2022)		0.93
" Preparation, equipment familiarity, and safe delivery techniques are extremely important for the proper employment of this method."( Safe Practice of Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Target-Controlled Infusion in Taiwan: A Recommendation.
Chen, JY; Cheng, KI; Huang, YH; Lai, HC; Shen, CH; Wong, CS; Wu, ZF, 2021)		0.62
" The postoperative adverse reactions were similar between the 2 groups (P > ."( Efficacy and safety of sevoflurane vs propofol in combination with remifentanil for anesthesia maintenance during craniotomy: A meta-analysis.
Ying, M; Zhao, R; Zhou, Z, 2021)		0.86
" The discharge time, consumption of propofol and opioid, adverse events, diagnostic accuracy, and sensitivity and specificity for malignancy, were compared."( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition: a single center retrospective study.
Huang, CH; Huang, HH; Lin, PL; Lin, YJ; Wang, YC, 2022)		1.03
" The consumption of propofol, adverse events, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for malignancy in the alfentanil group were not significantly different from those in the remifentanil group."( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition: a single center retrospective study.
Huang, CH; Huang, HH; Lin, PL; Lin, YJ; Wang, YC, 2022)		1.22
" The incidence of hemodynamic and respiratory adverse events, arterial blood gas analysis, induction and recovery time, pain score, infusion rate of remifentanil, satisfaction of the surgeon and patient, additional sedatives were collected for analysis and comparison."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial.
Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)		1.14
" There was no difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events (6 [20."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial.
Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)		0.94
" The hemodynamic stability was comparable, the dexmedetomidine-remifentanil protocol had superior airway security due to fewer hypercapnia and respiratory adverse events."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial.
Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)		1.18
" The objective of this study was to assess the adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of small boluses of propofol combined with remifentanil, in comparison with remifentanil alone, and balanced with the quality of sedation and recovery."( Adding Low-Dose Propofol to Limit Anxiety during Target-Controlled Infusion of Remifentanil for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Respiratory Issues and Safety Recommendations.
Billard, V; Motamed, C; Servin, F, 2022)		1.15
" The secondary endpoints included hemodynamics, the duration of induction, the duration of insertion, tidal volume, plateau pressure and adverse events."( Feasibility and Safety of Remazolam versus Propofol When Inserting Laryngeal Masks Without Muscle Relaxants During Hysteroscopy.
Chen, R; Lu, J; Mei, S; Meng, QT; Tang, S; Wei, L; Xu, C, 2023)		0.91
"Remifentanil appears to be effective and safe in the short term in preterm and full-term neonates."( Fetal, Preterm, and Term Neonate Exposure to Remifentanil: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety.
Aubelle, MS; Chollat, C; Maroni, A, 2023)		2.61
"During ERCP, deep sedation and analgesia using the association of propofol and remifentanil and maintaining spontaneous breathing are safe and feasible, allowing for a safe and quick recovery from anaesthesia."( Feasibility and safety of deep sedation with propofol and remifentanil in spontaneous breathing during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: an observational prospective study.
Aversano, L; Biasucci, DG; Dauri, M; De Vico, P; Del Vecchio Blanco, G; Millarelli, FR; Monteleone, G; Paoluzi, OA; Polidoro, R; Troncone, E; Zingaro, A, 2023)		1.38

Pharmacokinetics

Remifentanil was well tolerated, and the offset of pharmacodynamic effects was not prolonged. No associated prolongation of mu-opioid effects was observed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Because of its unique metabolic pathway (among this group of drugs) and rapid clearance, remifentanil represents a new pharmacokinetic class of opioid."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. A preliminary appraisal.
Egan, TD, 1995)		1.96
" The aim of this study was to characterize in detail the pharmacokinetic profile of remifentanil in healthy male volunteers."( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers.
Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)		0.76
" The raw pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using three different parametric compartmental modeling methods (traditional two-stage, naive pooled data, and NONMEM)."( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers.
Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)		0.54
" The terminal half-life of remifentanil ranged from 10 to 21 min."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery.
Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Westmoreland, CL, 1993)		0.91
" During and after the infusion, arterial blood was obtained for pharmacokinetic analyses, and the ventilatory response to a hypercarbic challenge was assessed."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease.
Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Dienstag, JL; Hoke, JF; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE, 1996)		0.56
"There were no differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters for remifentanil or GR90291 between the two groups."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease.
Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Dienstag, JL; Hoke, JF; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE, 1996)		0.79
" The observed half-life was used to provide an estimate of in vivo blood metabolic clearance of the compound."( The pharmacokinetics and extra-hepatic clearance of remifentanil, a short acting opioid agonist, in male beagle dogs during constant rate infusions.
Chism, JP; Rickert, DE, 1996)		0.54
" The context-sensitive half-life remains very short (3 to 4 minutes), independent of the duration of infusion."( The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil.
Hug, CC; Michelsen, LG, 1996)		0.6
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using the software package NONMEM."( Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development.
Billard, V; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Hermann, DJ; Hoke, JF; Lemmens, HJ; Mandema, JW; Minto, CF; Moore, KH; Muir, KT; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, E, 1997)		0.53
"This study identified (1) an effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil; (2) an effect of lean body mass on the pharmacokinetic parameters; and (3) no influence of gender on any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameter."( Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development.
Billard, V; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Hermann, DJ; Hoke, JF; Lemmens, HJ; Mandema, JW; Minto, CF; Moore, KH; Muir, KT; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, E, 1997)		0.75
" In a companion article, the authors developed complex population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models that incorporated age and lean body mass (LBM) as significant covariates and characterized intersubject pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application.
Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)		0.56
"Based on the typical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, nomograms for bolus dose and infusion rates at each age and LBM were derived."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application.
Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)		0.56
" This remains true even when interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability are incorporated in the analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application.
Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)		0.56
" Remifentanil was rapidly eliminated, with a terminal half-life of 6 min, compared with 19 min for GR90291 and alfentanil."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil, its principle metabolite (GR90291) and alfentanil in dogs.
Cunningham, F; Hoffman, WE; Hoke, JF; James, MK; Muir, KT, 1997)		1.46
" The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil were fit using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in persons with renal failure compared with healthy volunteers.
Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Malthouse-Dufore, S; Martel, D; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE; Rubin, N; Shlugman, D, 1997)		0.87
" We performed pharmacokinetic simulations to estimate the effect site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil as the infusion rates were modulated to meet the dynamic sedation and analgesic needs of the operation."( Remifentanil and propofol combination for awake craniotomy: case report with pharmacokinetic simulations.
Egan, TD; Johnson, KB, 1998)		1.96
" A linked sigmoid Emax PK-PD model was used and the pharmacodynamic parameters were not statistically different."( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)		0.54
"At the doses tested, there is no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and esmolol in the rat."( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)		0.76
" Each subject's pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by fitting a two-compartment model to the concentration versus time curves."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		1.74
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters of a two-compartment model were not significantly different between the obese versus lean cohorts (unless normalized to TBW)."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		1.74
"The essential findings of the study are that remifentanil's pharmacokinetics are not appreciably different in obese versus lean subjects and that remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameters are therefore more closely related to LBM than to TBW."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		2
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo pharmacodynamics and the pharmacodynamic interactions of remifentanil and its major metabolite, GR90291, in a rat electroencephalographic model."( The comparative pharmacodynamics of remifentanil and its metabolite, GR90291, in a rat electroencephalographic model.
Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Gubbens-Stibbe, JM; Langemeijer, MW; Muir, KT, 1999)		0.79
" This difference may greatly affect the estimation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters."( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)		0.57
"To assess the effects of sampling site on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of remifentanil."( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)		0.79
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from venous and arterial data differed significantly."( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)		0.57
" When designing studies to measure the acute time course (ie, non-steady state) of concentration and effect, the potential effects of sampling site on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics must be carefully considered, particularly when the arteriovenous drug concentration difference is large."( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)		0.57
" Remifentanil's rapid onset-rapid offset pharmacokinetic profile enabled precise control of the level of opioid effect."( Remifentanil for conscious sedation and analgesia during awake fiberoptic tracheal intubation: a case report with pharmacokinetic simulations.
Egan, TD; Reusche, MD, 1999)		2.66
" Using published pharmacokinetic values for remifentanil and the method of collapsing hysteresis loops, the authors estimated the effect-site equilibration rate constant (k(eo)), the effect-site concentration producing 50% respiratory depression (EC50), and the shape parameter of the concentration-response curve (gamma)."( The pharmacodynamic effect of a remifentanil bolus on ventilatory control.
Babenco, HD; Conard, PF; Gross, JB, 2000)		0.85
" The influence of CO on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium in patients was evaluated using a recirculatory pharmacokinetic model."( Recirculatory pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients: the influence of cardiac output.
Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)		0.31
" For drugs with a fast onset of effect, a recirculatory model, which includes CO, can give a good description of the relation between concentration and effect, in contrast to a conventional compartmental pharmacokinetic model."( Recirculatory pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients: the influence of cardiac output.
Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a three-compartment model."( Influence of hemorrhagic shock on remifentanil: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis.
Egan, TD; Hamber, EA; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; Kohnstamm, KM; McJames, SW, 2001)		0.59
" Arterial blood samples were collected and analyzed by mass spectroscopy to determine remifentanil pharmacokinetic profiles."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures.
Davis, PJ; Dear Gd, GL; Ginsberg, B; Henson, LG; Huffman, C; McGowan, FX; Muir, KT; Ross, AK; Stiller, RD, 2001)		0.86
"A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model provided an adequate fit for individual patient data."( End-stage renal failure reduces central clearance and prolongs the elimination half life of remifentanil.
Dahaba, AA; List, WF; Oettl, K; Reibnegger, G; von Klobucar, F, 2002)		0.53
" The temporal profile of the effect site concentration of remifentanil, estimated from a pharmacokinetic model, was incorporated into a linear model of the fMRI data."( Combining fMRI with a pharmacokinetic model to determine which brain areas activated by painful stimulation are specifically modulated by remifentanil.
Bantick, S; Painter, D; Ploghaus, A; Rapeport, G; Rogers, R; Tracey, I; Williams, P; Wise, RG, 2002)		0.76
" Although they are commonly administered together for clinical anesthesia, their pharmacokinetic interaction has not been investigated so far."( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil.
Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)		0.54
" After having established the individual population models for both drugs and an exploratory analysis for hypothesis generation, pharmacokinetic interaction was identified by including an interaction term into the population model and comparing the value of the objective function in the presence and absence of the respective term."( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil.
Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)		0.54
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing.
Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)		0.82
"Within the studied concentration range, remifentanil and propofol showed an additive type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the electroencephalogram."( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing.
Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)		0.84
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization.
De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)		0.56
"To simulate the time course of drug effect, it is sometimes necessary to combine the pharmacodynamic parameters from an integrated pharmacodynamic-pharmacodynamic study (e."( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)		0.32
"The naive approach to combining separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies is to simply take the k(e0) from the pharmacodynamic study and apply it naively to the pharmacokinetic study of interest."( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)		0.32
"T(peak) is a useful pharmacodynamic parameter and can be used to link separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)		0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained by simultaneous modelling of remifentanil and RA data were statistically compared between the two groups."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil and its major metabolite, remifentanil acid, in ICU patients with renal impairment.
Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Fisher, G; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Pitsiu, M; Wilmer, A, 2004)		0.88
"Although RA accumulates in patients with moderate/severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic modelling predicts that RA concentrations during a 9 microg kg(-1) h(-1) remifentanil infusion for up to 15 days would not exceed those reported in the present study, for which no associated prolongation of mu-opioid effects was observed."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil and its major metabolite, remifentanil acid, in ICU patients with renal impairment.
Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Fisher, G; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Pitsiu, M; Wilmer, A, 2004)		0.84
"Although remifentanil's short-acting pharmacokinetic profile makes it well suited for procedures during which a brief period of intense analgesia is required, setting up an infusion pump for brief procedures is inconvenient."( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers.
Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)		2.18
" A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed using non-linear, mixed-effects modelling techniques based on arterial blood samples."( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers.
Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)		1.77
" The pharmacokinetic simulations illustrated the potential utility of bolus-dose remifentanil."( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers.
Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)		1.99
"This open label, multicentre study was conducted to assess the times to offset of the pharmacodynamic effects and the safety of remifentanil in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment requiring intensive care."( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment.
Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)		0.78
"Remifentanil was well tolerated, and the offset of pharmacodynamic effects was not prolonged either as a result of renal dysfunction or prolonged infusion up to 72 hours."( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment.
Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)		2.02
"The purpose of this investigation was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for probability of no response to shaking and shouting, probability of no response to laryngoscopy, Bispectral Index (BIS), and electroencephalographic approximate entropy (AE)."( Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencephalographic approximate entropy.
Andresen, C; Bouillon, TW; Bruhn, J; Cohane, C; Radulescu, L; Shafer, SL; Shafer, TJ, 2004)		0.79
" The pharmacodynamic synergy of opioids and hypnotics was investigated using a volunteer study paradigm."( A response surface analysis of propofol-remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction in volunteers.
Egan, TD; Kern, SE; White, JL; Xie, G, 2004)		0.59
" The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction of remifentanil and propofol when used in combination for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients."( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children.
Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)		0.79
" Propofol was administered via a target-controlled infusion system using the STANPUMP software based on a pediatric pharmacokinetic model."( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children.
Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)		0.56
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict ApEn overshoot and to evaluate the predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic model, and pharmacodynamic models of ANN with respect to data used."( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of remifentanil in healthy volunteers using artificial neural network analysis.
Bae, KS; Kang, SH; Kern, SE; Kim, DH; Kim, KM; Lee, H; Lee, SH; Linares, O; Noh, GJ; Poynton, MR, 2007)		0.58
" A total of 1077 measured remifentanil concentrations and ApEn data, and a total of 24 509 predicted concentrations and ApEn data were used in the pharmacodynamic model A and B of ANN, respectively."( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of remifentanil in healthy volunteers using artificial neural network analysis.
Bae, KS; Kang, SH; Kern, SE; Kim, DH; Kim, KM; Lee, H; Lee, SH; Linares, O; Noh, GJ; Poynton, MR, 2007)		0.88
" We describe an asleep-awake-asleep technique with propofol and remifentanil infusions, with pharmacokinetic simulation to predict the effect-site concentrations and to modulate the infusion rates of both drugs, and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring."( Propofol and remifentanil effect-site concentrations estimated by pharmacokinetic simulation and bispectral index monitoring during craniotomy with intraoperative awakening for brain tumor resection.
Beiras, A; Lobo, F, 2007)		0.95
" Css is strongly affected by weight and age with Minto's pharmacokinetic parameters of remifentanil."( [Pharmacokinetic simulations of remifentanil].
Kazama, T; Masui, K, 2007)		0.85
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children.
Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)		0.54
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis."( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children.
Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)		0.35
" We performed in vitro characterization of the device before developing a population pharmacokinetic model for sevoflurane administration with the AnaConDa, and retrospectively testing its performance (internal validation)."( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system.
Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)		0.35
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained and tested for covariate relationships."( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system.
Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)		0.35
"In vitro studies assessed the contribution of the device to the pharmacokinetic model."( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system.
Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)		0.35
" The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, the apparent volume of distribution at steady state, the clearance, and the terminal half-life (median [range]) were 1,596 (1,164 to 2,111) and 567 (278 to 641) mL/kg, 7,632 (2,284 to 76,039) and 1,651 (446 to 29,229) mL/kg, 766 (408 to 1,473) and 371 (197 to 472) mL/min/kg, and 17."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in conscious cats and cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
Brosnan, RJ; Pypendop, BH; Siao, KT; Stanley, SD, 2008)		0.67
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to construct the population pharmacokinetic model in Chinese adult patients and to characterize the factors that affect the parameters of remifentanil pharmacokinetics."( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method.
Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)		0.81
" Meanwhile, population modeling was performed using the NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect modeling) program with a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model."( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method.
Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)		0.62
" The population pharmacokinetic results indicated that total bilirubin, age, alkaline phosphatase activity and gender significantly affected the parameters of remifentanil."( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method.
Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)		0.82
" The population model was acceptable and would be helpful for clinicians to assess the remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameters based on patient's specific demographic characteristics."( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method.
Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)		0.84
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM)."( Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.
Bi, SS; Duan, LP; Lu, W; Yang, L; Zhai, SD; Zhang, LP; Zhang, XH, 2009)		0.64
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were not influenced by age, gender, operative phase, blood temperature, rehydration volume, or blood loss volume during sampling."( Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.
Bi, SS; Duan, LP; Lu, W; Yang, L; Zhai, SD; Zhang, LP; Zhang, XH, 2009)		0.64
"The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of propofol during propofol remifentanil and propofol - alfentanil anaesthesia, when monitored by SFx."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index.
Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)		0.78
" The remifentanil and alfentanil groups were compared in relation to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of propofol and a t-test was used for statistical analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index.
Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)		1.09
"In a previous article, we showed that the pharmacokinetic set of remifentanil used for target-controlled infusion (TCI) might be biased in obese patients because it incorporates flawed equations for the calculation of lean body mass (LBM), which is a covariate of several pharmacokinetic parameters in this set."( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass.
Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)		0.87
" The intervention included manually controlled continuous infusion of remifentanil during the surgery and analysis of arterial blood samples to determine the arterial remifentanil concentration, to be compared with concentrations predicted by either the unadjusted or the adjusted pharmacokinetic set."( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass.
Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)		0.87
" The performance (in terms of the MDPE and MDAPE) of the corrected pharmacokinetic set was better than that of the uncorrected one."( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass.
Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)		0.63
"This study compared the blood concentrations of remifentanil obtained in a previous clinical investigation with the predicted remifentanil concentrations produced by different pharmacokinetic models: a non-linear mixed effects model created by the software NONMEM; an artificial neural network (ANN) model; a support vector machine (SVM) model; and multi-method ensembles."( Machine learning methods applied to pharmacokinetic modelling of remifentanil in healthy volunteers: a multi-method comparison.
Boo, YK; Choi, BM; Hong, SO; Kang, SH; Kim, YM; Noh, GJ; Park, IS; Poynton, MR, )		0.62
"To describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil in suppressing somatic and hemodynamic responses to electrical tetanus stimuli (ETS) during induction of intravenous anesthesia with response surface method."( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli].
Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)		0.85
" The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was analyzed by response surface method."( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli].
Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)		0.86
"Response surface method characterized the pharmacodynamic interactions between propofol (0-9 mg/L) and remifentanil (0-10 μg/L) qualitatively and quantitatively."( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli].
Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)		0.83
"Response surface method can analyze the pharmacodynamic interactions qualitatively and quantitatively."( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli].
Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)		0.61
" The influence of continuous (body weight, age, blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygenation, serum protein, the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) and categorical (gender and the type of opioid) covariates on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was investigated."( Influence of demographic factors, basic blood test parameters and opioid type on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in ASA I-III patients.
Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kusza, K; Marciniak, R; Wiczling, P; Wolc, A; Zaba, C; Zaba, Z, 2011)		0.37
"To examine individual patient's demographic parameters and clinical variables related to return of consciousness (ROC) and the pharmacodynamic relationship between propofol effect-site concentration (C(e)) and ROC from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion.
Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)		0.79
" Pharmacodynamic modeling incorporating covariates was performed using NONMEM (Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling) VII software."( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion.
Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)		0.6
"Age significantly affects the relationship between propofol C(e) and ROC, and pharmacodynamic modeling including age could lead to better predictions of ROC during emergence from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion.
Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)		0.79
"Using Schnider's pharmacokinetic model, propofol pharmacodynamics were modelled during total intravenous anaesthesia."( Modelling propofol pharmacodynamics using BIS-guided anaesthesia.
León, A; Martín-Mateos, I; Méndez Pérez, JA; Reboso, JA, 2013)		0.39
"Allometric exponents in population pharmacokinetic analysis are regularly used but the issue of fixing or estimating an allometric exponent remains controversial."( A population pharmacokinetic model of remifentanil in pediatric patients using body-weight-dependent allometric exponents.
Mahmood, I; Staschen, CM, 2013)		0.66
" A population pharmacokinetic approach was taken to describe drug clearance by the following BDE equation: CL=CLpop(BW/14."( A population pharmacokinetic model of remifentanil in pediatric patients using body-weight-dependent allometric exponents.
Mahmood, I; Staschen, CM, 2013)		0.66
" During pseudo-steady-state anesthesia, the pharmacodynamic measures were obtained before and after a series of noxious and nonnoxious stimulations."( A response surface model approach for continuous measures of hypnotic and analgesic effect during sevoflurane-remifentanil interaction: quantifying the pharmacodynamic shift evoked by stimulation.
Eleveld, DJ; Hannivoort, LN; Heyse, B; Luginbühl, M; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Vereecke, HE, 2014)		0.61
"By combining pre- and poststimulation data, interaction models for BIS, SE, and RE demonstrate a consistent influence of "stimulation" on the pharmacodynamic relationship between sevoflurane and remifentanil."( A response surface model approach for continuous measures of hypnotic and analgesic effect during sevoflurane-remifentanil interaction: quantifying the pharmacodynamic shift evoked by stimulation.
Eleveld, DJ; Hannivoort, LN; Heyse, B; Luginbühl, M; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Vereecke, HE, 2014)		0.8
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between Pro and Rem, we developed and validated a method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of Pro and Rem."( Simultaneous determination of propofol and remifentanil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction analysis.
El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)		0.68
"Obesity is associated with important physiologic changes that can potentially affect the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of anesthetic drugs."( Performance of propofol target-controlled infusion models in the obese: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis.
Cortínez, LI; Crovari, F; De la Fuente, N; Eleveld, DJ; Ibacache, M; Oliveros, A; Sepulveda, P; Solari, S, 2014)		0.4
" We used brain microdialysis to shed light on this aspect of the pharmacokinetic and to correlate these findings with Minto's model."( No correlation between remifentanil blood, cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral extracellular fluid levels and TCI prediction: a pharmacokinetic study.
Del Gaudio, A; Mastronardi, P; Mincolelli, G; Piacevoli, Q; Tonti, MP; Wouters, G, 2015)		0.73
" The predictive performance of the Minto pharmacokinetic parameter set was evaluated by examining the performance error."( No correlation between remifentanil blood, cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral extracellular fluid levels and TCI prediction: a pharmacokinetic study.
Del Gaudio, A; Mastronardi, P; Mincolelli, G; Piacevoli, Q; Tonti, MP; Wouters, G, 2015)		0.73
" EEG is a potentially useful technique in drug development for measuring the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of a centrally acting compound and hence to assess the likelihood of success of a novel drug based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) principles."( Extracting drug mechanism and pharmacodynamic information from clinical electroencephalographic data using generalised semi-linear canonical correlation analysis.
Berry, E; Brain, P; Diukova, A; Hall, JE; Ivarsson, M; Jolly, A; Strimenopoulou, F; Wilson, FJ; Wise, RG, 2014)		0.4
"There have been no pharmacokinetic parameters and blood-brain equilibration rate constant (k e0) of propofol obtained in a single population of children, by which propofol can be administered using a target effect-site concentration controlled infusion."( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of propofol externally validated in children.
Byon, HJ; Choi, BM; Kim, HS; Lee, EK; Lee, HG; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ, 2015)		0.42
"Accompanied by significant improvements of modeling techniques and computational methods in medical sciences, the last thirty years saw the flourishing of pharmacokinetic models for applications in the pharmacometric field."( Innovations and Improvements in Pharmacokinetic Models Based on Physiology.
Abbiati, RA; Manca, D, 2017)		0.46
" Four major points are detailed: (i) the mathematical formulation of the model, which allows modulating its complexity as a function of the administration route and active principle; (ii) a dedicated parameter of the PBPK model quantifies the drugprotein binding, which affects the active principle distribution; (iii) the gall bladder compartment and the bile enterohepatic circulation process; (iv) the coupling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models to produce an overall understanding of the drug effects on mammalian body."( Innovations and Improvements in Pharmacokinetic Models Based on Physiology.
Abbiati, RA; Manca, D, 2017)		0.46
" The predictive performance of three published pharmacokinetic models was evaluated."( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous acetaminophen in Japanese patients undergoing elective surgery.
Hasegawa, M; Imaizumi, T; Iseki, Y; Mogami, M; Murakawa, M; Obara, S, 2017)		0.46
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models are used to predict and explore drug infusion schemes and their resulting concentration profiles for clinical application."( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)		0.77
"Remifentanil pharmacokinetic data were obtained from three previously published studies of adults and children, one of which also contained pharmacodynamic data from adults."( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)		2.21
" The final pharmacokinetic model uses age, weight, and sex as covariates."( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)		0.77
"The influence of obesity on the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of remifentanil is incompletely understood."( Disposition of Remifentanil in Obesity: A New Pharmacokinetic Model Incorporating the Influence of Body Mass.
Drover, DR; Egan, TD; Kim, TK; La Colla, L; Mertens, M; Minto, CF; Obara, S; Vuyk, J, 2017)		1.05
" The aims of this work are to propose and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable to predict both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil, and to take into account the inter-individual differences among the patients (such as height and body mass)."( A physiologically-based model to predict individual pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil.
Abbiati, RA; Cascone, S; Lamberti, G; Manca, D; Piazza, O, 2018)		0.9
"The use of conventional pharmacokinetic parameters sets 'models' derived from nonobese patients has proven inadequate to administer intravenous anesthetics in the obese population and is commonly associated with higher than anticipated plasma propofol concentrations when used with target (plasma or effect site) controlled infusion pumps."( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese.
Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)		0.48
" Newer pharmacokinetic models, determined from obese patient data, have been developed for propofol and remifentanil using allometric concepts and comprehensive size descriptors."( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese.
Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)		0.7
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of many drugs are altered as a consequence of the pathophysiological changes associated with critical illness."( Altered Pharmacokinetics in Prolonged Infusions of Sedatives and Analgesics Among Adult Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review.
Joynt, GM; Lee, A; Ling, L; Tse, AHW, 2018)		0.48
"A three-compartment joint parent-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model was developed using concentrations of remifentanil and its metabolite remifentanil acid from two trials."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling for Estimation of Remifentanil Metabolic-Ratio Using Non-steady-State Concentrations under Rapidly Adaptive Dosing.
Chen, C; Simeoni, M, 2018)		0.94
" Derivation of an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic propofol model, containing remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction information, enables propofol effect-site target-controlled infusion in children with a better prediction of its hypnotic effect when both drugs are combined."( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children.
Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)		0.92
"We designed this study to derive an integrated propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model in children and to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the electroencephalographic bispectral index effect."( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children.
Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)		0.89
" The Greco model was used to examine the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for BIS response RESULTS: Propofol pharmacokinetic data from a previous study in 53 children were pooled with current data and simultaneously analyzed."( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children.
Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)		0.91
"We have developed an integrated propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model that can describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for BIS response."( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children.
Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)		0.9
" A three-phase crossover trial was conducted to study the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and dexmedetomidine."( Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine on Depth of Sedation and Tolerance of Laryngoscopy.
Barends, CRM; Colin, PJ; Knotnerus, FH; Muskiet, ERR; Oostra, M; Reyntjens, KMEM; Struys, MMRF; van Bocxlaer, JFP; Weerink, MAS, 2019)		1.02
" This tutorial presents a step-by-step pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling workflow using MonolixSuite, including how to visualize the data, set up a population PK model, estimate parameters, and diagnose and improve the model incrementally."( Efficient Pharmacokinetic Modeling Workflow With the MonolixSuite: A Case Study of Remifentanil.
Ayral, G; Chauvin, J; Traynard, P; Twarogowska, M, 2020)		0.78
"The pooled bias and inaccuracy of the pharmacokinetic predictions are clinically acceptable."( External Validation of a Pharmacokinetic Model of Propofol for Target-Controlled Infusion in Children under Two Years Old.
Cho, JY; Jang, YE; Ji, SH; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2020)		0.56
" In this education article, we describe our approach to TIVA dosing in infants and toddlers (birth to 36 months) which combines the use of pharmacokinetic models with EEG multi-parameter analysis."( An approach to using pharmacokinetics and electroencephalography for propofol anesthesia for surgery in infants.
Kurth, CD; Vutskits, L; Xu, T; Yuan, I; Zhu, T, 2020)		0.56
"We analysed samples from three pharmacokinetic studies to determine the serum concentrations of naloxone-3-glucuronide (N3G), the main metabolite of naloxone, with or without exposure to remifentanil."( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.
Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)		1.04
" The dose-corrected Cmax of N3G after intranasal administration of naloxone under remifentanil exposure was significantly lower (4."( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.
Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)		1.07
" The interaction between propofol and remifentanil was explored using the principles of the general pharmacodynamic interaction (GPDI) model."( Pharmacodynamic mechanism-based interaction model for the haemodynamic effects of remifentanil and propofol in healthy volunteers.
Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Koomen, JV; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2023)		1.41
" The GPDI model provided a good framework for characterising the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol on haemodynamic properties."( Pharmacodynamic mechanism-based interaction model for the haemodynamic effects of remifentanil and propofol in healthy volunteers.
Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Koomen, JV; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2023)		1.35

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil is practical and safe. Anesthesia was maintained with either propofol or etomidate combined with Remifenil. We will enroll 354 subjects in mainland China.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Volatile anesthetics are commonly combined with opioids."( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids.
Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)		0.3
" For clinical use remifentanil must be combined with another anaesthetic agent."( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol].
Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)		1.54
"25 microgram/kg/min) was combined with either desflurane (0."( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol].
Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)		1.21
"Remifentanil in combination with either desflurane or propofol, used for general anaesthesia during gynaecological laparoscopy, will facilitate a smooth haemodynamic course as well as a rapid emergence thereafter."( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol].
Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)		2.65
"We describe the target-controlled administration of propofol and remifentanil, combined with monitoring of the bispectral index, during an awake craniotomy for removal of a left temporo-parietal tumour near the motor speech centre."( Target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil combined with bispectral index monitoring for awake craniotomy.
Bonhomme, V; Born, JD; Brichant, JF; Dewandre, PY; Hans, P; Maertens de Noordhoudt, A, 2000)		0.81
"Remifentanil anesthesia, combined with small-dose propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane, enables predictably fast and smooth early recovery after ear, nose, and throat surgery."( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery.
Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)		2.04
"The purpose of this cardiac fast-track study was to evaluate the use of remifentanil (R) combined with intrathecal (IT) morphine as an alternative to sufentanil (S) during desflurane anesthesia with respect to postoperative pain control."( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: use of remifentanil combined with intrathecal morphine as an alternative to sufentanil during desflurane anesthesia.
Bossard, R; Chi, L; Douning, LK; Latham, P; Morse, L; Shi, C; White, PF; Zarate, E, 2000)		0.81
"As part of a cardiac fast-tracking program involving desflurane anesthesia, the use of intrathecal morphine in combination with a remifentanil infusion provided improved postoperative pain control, compared with IV sufentanil alone."( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: use of remifentanil combined with intrathecal morphine as an alternative to sufentanil during desflurane anesthesia.
Bossard, R; Chi, L; Douning, LK; Latham, P; Morse, L; Shi, C; White, PF; Zarate, E, 2000)		0.78
"Both fentanyl and the newer opioid remifentanil, when each is combined with isoflurane and propofol, allowed for fast-track cardiac anesthesia."( A randomized double-blinded multicenter comparison of remifentanil versus fentanyl when combined with isoflurane/propofol for early extubation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Bowdle, TA; Bukenya, D; Cheng, D; Hillel, Z; Hogue, C; Howie, MB; Newman, MF; Pierce, ET, 2001)		0.84
" Propofol and remifentanil are known to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), but no information is available regarding the effects of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil on IOP."( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil.
Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)		0.89
"In patients undergoing cataract surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, anesthetic regimens with propofol as well as with sevoflurane, both combined with remifentanil, decrease IOP significantly."( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil.
Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)		0.72
"This study examined the intra-operative and postoperative characteristics of a remifentanil infusion alone, or intermittent fentanyl bolus admistration combined with a propofol infusion, for the anaesthetic management of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy."( A comparison of anaesthetic techniques for shock wave lithotripsy: the use of a remifentanil infusion alone compared to intermittent fentanyl boluses combined with a low dose propofol infusion.
Blanc, I; Brauer, P; Burmeister, MA; Graefen, M; Standl, TG; Wintruff, M, 2002)		0.77
" In this study we examined midazolam and clonidine for premedication in combination with target controlled infusion anaesthesia (TCI) in patients undergoing orthopaedic shoulder surgery and analysed the effects on the peri- and postoperative course."( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery].
Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)		0.32
"Premedication with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is as good as with benzodiazepines in combination with TCI."( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery].
Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)		0.32
"The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the effects of adding nitrous oxide on sevoflurane requirement for blunting sympathetic responses after surgical incision combined with two different target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil (1 and 3 ng mL(-1)) in female."( The effect of adding nitrous oxide on MAC of sevoflurane combined with two target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil in women.
Albertin, A; Bergonzi, PC; Casati, A; Lombardo, F; Moizo, E; Torri, G, 2005)		0.72
" In this clinical study we investigated the performance of propofol TCI in combination with remifentanil."( The performance of a target-controlled infusion of propofol in combination with remifentanil: a clinical investigation with two propofol formulations.
Brauer, U; Frenkel, C; Hoeft, A; Kiefer, N; Knüfermann, P; Scholz, M; Wietasch, JK; Zinserling, J, 2006)		0.78
"To evaluate the preemptive effects of diclofenac sodium, in combination with remifentanil and ketamine."( The preemptive use of diclofenac sodium in combination with ketamine and remifentanil does not enhance postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic gynecological procedures.
Aypar, U; Canbay, O; Celebi, N; Coskun, F; Karakas, O; Peker, L, 2006)		0.79
"This study compared the efficacy and safety profile of remifentanil and sufentanil in combination with propofol for anesthesia in adult patients undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery."( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)		0.83
"In these adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery, there was no significant difference in extubation time between those receiving remifentanil and sufentanil infusions adjusted based on hemodynamic parameters in combination with propofol administered by TCI."( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)		0.79
"This randomized prospective study with blinded postanesthesia care unit (PACU) observers compared the recovery profiles in morbidly obese patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane for maintenance of anesthesia in combination with a remifentanil target controlled infusion (TCI)."( Postoperative results after desflurane or sevoflurane combined with remifentanil in morbidly obese patients.
De Baerdemaeker, LE; Den Blauwen, NM; Herregods, LL; Jacobs, S; Mortier, EP; Pattyn, P; Struys, MM, 2006)		0.75
"50 morbidly obese patients scheduled for laparoscopic gastric banding were included to receive BIS-guided sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia with BIS-triggered inhalation boli in combination with remifentanil TCI."( Postoperative results after desflurane or sevoflurane combined with remifentanil in morbidly obese patients.
De Baerdemaeker, LE; Den Blauwen, NM; Herregods, LL; Jacobs, S; Mortier, EP; Pattyn, P; Struys, MM, 2006)		0.76
"To observe the impacts of doxapram on anesthetic efficacy and respiratory and circulatory functions during anesthesia with remifentanil given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion."( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion].
Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)		0.8
"Doxapram may attenuate respiratory and circulatory depression during anesthesia with remifentanil given by TCI combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion, and provide comparable anesthetic efficacy."( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion].
Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)		0.82
"To compare the effect of remifentanil combined with desflurane or isoflurane on the quality of the operative field and surgical conditions, blood loss, and recovery during tympanoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery."( Hypotensive anaesthesia with remifentanil combined with desflurane or isoflurane in tympanoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised, controlled trial.
Gursoy, S; Kaygusuz, K; Kol, IO; Mimaroglu, C; Yildirim, A, 2008)		0.94
"To compare the effects of fentanyl or remifentanil in combination with midazolam on hemodynamic parameters, pain, and satisfaction profile in cataract surgery."( Remifentanil versus fentanyl in combination with midazolam for retrobulbar block in cataract surgery.
Bahadir, M; Cok, OY; Ertan, A, 2008)		2.06
"To compare the hemodynamics and post-anesthetic recovery of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion (TCI) in neurosurgery."( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery].
Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)		1.48
"TIVA with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by TCI in neurosurgical operation can provided steadible hemodynamics."( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery].
Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)		1.67
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of either desflurane or propofol, both combined with remifentanil, in patients with MG undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy (VATET)."( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy.
Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)		0.82
" The time-to-awakening, post-operatory pH and base excess were significantly different in the two groups, with a decreasing mean arterial pressure in the group administered with desflurane."( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy.
Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)		0.6
" With 20 microgram/ml remifentanil in normal saline, postoperative PCA was administered with a background infusion at 2 ml/h following 2 ml as a loading dose and 1ml demand dose with a 3-minute lockout period."( Remifentanil combined with low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia of lower limb fracture: a double-blind, controlled study.
Deng, GF; Tian, B; Wang, S; Zhang, SG; Zheng, JP, 2009)		2.11
" Consequently, we studied intraoperative urinary output of two groups, patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration."( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration].
Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)		0.8
"We compared urinary output during general anesthesia, of 327 patients administered with remifentanil (Group R) and 314 patients without remifentanil administration (Group NR) retrospectively."( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration].
Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)		0.8
"We found a significance difference in urinary output during anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration."( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration].
Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)		0.79
" Compared with standard practice, targeting an Entropy or BIS value of 50 did not result in a reduction of propofol consumption during general anaesthesia combined with regional anaesthesia as performed by an experienced anaesthesiologist in orthopaedic patients."( The Entropy Module and Bispectral Index as guidance for propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in combination with regional anaesthesia compared with a standard clinical practice group.
Bruhn, J; Ellerkmann, RK; Hoeft, A; Riese, G; Soehle, M; Wirz, S; Zinserling, J, 2010)		0.6
" We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with DM who underwent laparotomy for uterine cancer under general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia."( [Successful management of a patient with myotonic dystrophy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentnil and rocuronium bromide, combined with epidural anesthesia].
Hirai, A; Nakanishi, T; Nishihama, M; Shimosaka, M; Uchikado, M; Uehara, A, 2010)		0.36
"Low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil regimen in patients undergoing tympanoplasty surgery resulted in a faster early recovery and decreased sevoflurane consumption."( Evaluation of recovery and anesthetic gas consumption using remifentanil combined with low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia in tympanoplasty.
Demircioglu, Rİ; Gozdemir, M; Kınacı, S; Kurtaran, H; Muslu, B; Sert, H; Usta, B, 2011)		0.87
"We gave general anesthesia to a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease (CCD)."( [Anesthetic management for a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease].
Ishikawa, K; Nagata, H; Ookawa, H; Suzuki, T; Tamura, Y; Yamada, N, 2011)		0.37
"To observe the effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility in vitro and to investigate its possible mechanism."( [Effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility].
Hu, YP; Li, Q; Wang, XH; Wang, YJ; Wang, ZP; Xu, B, 2011)		1.05
" Anesthesia was maintained with either propofol or etomidate combined with remifentanil."( Comparison of the effects of etomidate and propofol combined with remifentanil and guided by comparable BIS on transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials during spinal surgery.
Cheng, H; Han, RQ; Liu, HY; Qiao, H; Wang, MR; Zeng, HY, 2012)		0.85
"46) ng·mL-1 when used in combination with midazolam and topical lidocaine."( The optimal effect site concentration of remifentanil in combination with intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine for awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery.
Chang, CH; Kim, HS; Kwak, YL; Lee, JW; Shim, YH; Song, JW, 2012)		0.64
"We aimed to observe the emergence characteristics of children tracheally extubated in deep anesthesia with sevoflurane or sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil."( Tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized pediatric patients: a comparison of sevoflurane and sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil.
Hu, C; Li, W; Shen, X, 2012)		0.78
"Low-dose remifentanil in combination with sevoflurane provided rapid recovery and was safe for deep tracheal extubation in deep anesthesia in pediatric patients."( Tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized pediatric patients: a comparison of sevoflurane and sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil.
Hu, C; Li, W; Shen, X, 2012)		1
" We designed this study to investigate whether epidural anaesthesia with a goal-directed approach, when combined with general anaesthesia, improved haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery."( Epidural anaesthesia with goal-directed administration of ropivacaine improves haemodynamic stability when combined with general anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
Xiao, WP; Yun, X; Zhou, QH, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety, recovery time, and side effects of general anesthesia with different doses of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil."( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia.
Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)		0.83
"Continuous infusion of etomidate emulsion at 10 μg · kg(-1) · minute(-1) combined with remifentanil during anesthesia has the advantages of hemodynamic stability, quick wake-up, and few adverse reactions."( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia.
Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)		0.86
" remifentanil in combination with an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized adults after otologic surgery are investigated."( Sevoflurane in combination with remifentanil for tracheal extubation after otologic surgery.
Hu, C; Shen, X; Ye, M; Yu, H, 2014)		1.6
"Sevoflurane combined with remifentanil provided rapid recovery and appeared to be safe for deep-anesthesia tracheal extubation in adult patients after otologic surgery."( Sevoflurane in combination with remifentanil for tracheal extubation after otologic surgery.
Hu, C; Shen, X; Ye, M; Yu, H, 2014)		0.99
"To explore the clinical anesthesia value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic bilateral thyroidectomy patients."( [The anesthesiologic value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic thyroidectomy patients: a clinical study].
Li, YL; Wang, MX; Wu, XY; Yan, YN, 2014)		0.4
"To explore the feasibility and safety of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty."( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty].
Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)		0.9
" Local anesthesia by lidocaine (1%) combined with midazolam (0."( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty].
Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)		0.67
"Dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil is practical and safe."( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty].
Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)		0.95
" Each dog went through all three anaesthetic protocols, which were propofol alone (group P) and propofol combined with dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg/h, group PD) or remifentanil (18 µg/kg/h, group PR)."( [Evaluation of heart rate variability for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in dogs. Investigations based on total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine or remifentanil].
Bergfeld, C; Beyerbach, M; Kästner, SB; Voigt, AM, 2015)		0.8
"We compared the effect of propofol and sevoflurane combined with remifentanil under comparable bispectral index (BIS) levels on transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (TceMEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) during brainstem surgery."( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery.
Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)		0.89
"Both sevoflurane and propofol at low dosages combined with remifentanil under comparable BIS values and partial muscle relaxation can be used when monitoring of TceMEPs and SSEPs is required for brainstem surgery."( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery.
Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)		0.9
"To evaluate the effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane."( Clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
Aucoin, M; Burns, PM; Monteiro, BP; Moreau, M; Simon, BT; Steagall, PV, 2015)		0.92
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion (CRI) of remifentanil."( Hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion of remifentanil in dogs.
Aguiar, AJ; Beier, SL; Massone, F; Mattoso, CR; Vianna, PT, 2015)		0.82
"The study showed that intraoperative glucose infusion suppressed lipolysis and proteolysis in patients anesthetized with remifentanil in combination with sevoflurane during surgery of >6 hours in length."( Effect of Intraoperative Glucose Infusion on Catabolism of Adipose Tissue and Muscle Protein in Patients Anesthetized With Remifentanil in Combination With Sevoflurane During Major Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial.
Hayashi, H; Ichinose, H; Kamada, Y; Sawada, A; Sumita, S; Yamakage, M, 2016)		0.85
"This study aims to describe the administration of propofol in combination with remifentanil for the induction of general anesthesia during cesarean section (CS)."( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals.
He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)		0.97
"It is safe to administer propofol in combination with remifentanil by continuous infusion after the bolus dose for the induction of anesthesia during cesarean section."( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals.
He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)		0.99
"To compare the effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on the clinical efficacy and stress response of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIHS) in cesarean section."( Effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on clinical efficacy and stress response in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Guan, Y; Ren, LQ; Sun, XX, 2018)		0.97
"The clinical efficacy of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil anesthesia is better than that of propofol combined with remifentanil, and it can effectively reduce the stress of pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension treated with cesarean section."( Effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on clinical efficacy and stress response in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Guan, Y; Ren, LQ; Sun, XX, 2018)		0.99
" Remifentanil relieves pain and, when combined with dexmedetomidine's antisympathetic action, can restore elevated BP to normal levels."( Safety and efficacy of applying sufficient analgesia combined with a minimal sedation program as an early antihypertensive treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, P; Chen, W; Dong, R; Li, F; Maegele, M; Xu, Y; Yang, H, 2018)		1.39
" We will enroll 354 subjects in mainland China, and all subjects will be randomized into experimental and control groups in which they will be given remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine or antihypertensive drugs (urapidil, nicardipine, and labetalol)."( Safety and efficacy of applying sufficient analgesia combined with a minimal sedation program as an early antihypertensive treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, P; Chen, W; Dong, R; Li, F; Maegele, M; Xu, Y; Yang, H, 2018)		0.68
"We hypothesize that applying sufficient analgesia in combination with minimal sedation will act as an effective and safe antihypertensive strategy in ICH and that this treatment strategy could, therefore, be widely used as an ICH acute-phase therapy."( Safety and efficacy of applying sufficient analgesia combined with a minimal sedation program as an early antihypertensive treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, P; Chen, W; Dong, R; Li, F; Maegele, M; Xu, Y; Yang, H, 2018)		0.48
" Statistically significant differences were observed for remifentanil in comparison to fentanyl when combined with propofol: Propofol dose (in mg) -76."( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)		1.07
"To conclude, we found that remifentanil has a statistically significant anesthetic profile than fentanyl when combined with propofol."( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)		1.12
" Sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil are widely used general anesthetic regimens for craniotomy, with neither regimen shown to be superior to the other in terms of neuroprotective efficacy and anesthesia quality."( Sevoflurane versus PRopofol combined with Remifentanil anesthesia Impact on postoperative Neurologic function in supratentorial Gliomas (SPRING): protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Bebawy, JF; Dong, J; Han, R; Li, J; Li, Y; Lin, N; Liu, X; Nie, L; Peng, Y; Xing, Y; Zeng, M; Zhang, M, 2020)		1.09
"To investigate the safety and efficacy of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine in fast-track cardiac anesthesia (FTCA) for transthoracic device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in pediatric patients."( Analysis of Remifentanil-Based Fast-Track Anesthesia Combined with Dexmedetomidine for Transthoracic Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect in Pediatric Patients.
Cao, H; Chen, Q; Lei, YQ; Liu, JF; Wang, J; Wang, ZC; Yu, LS, 2021)		1.26
"Remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine in FTCA for transthoracic device closure of ASD in pediatric patients is safe and effective, is worthy of clinical promotion, and can benefit more children."( Analysis of Remifentanil-Based Fast-Track Anesthesia Combined with Dexmedetomidine for Transthoracic Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect in Pediatric Patients.
Cao, H; Chen, Q; Lei, YQ; Liu, JF; Wang, J; Wang, ZC; Yu, LS, 2021)		2.44
"To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of remifentanil-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia (FTCA) combined with the postoperative serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) for transthoracic device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in pediatric patients."( Remifentanil-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia combined with the postoperative serratus anterior plane block for transthoracic device closure of atrial septal defect in pediatric patients.
Chen, Q; Lei, YQ; Liu, JF; Wang, J; Wang, ZC; Yu, LS, 2021)		2.33
"Remifentanil-based FTCA combined with the postoperative SAPB for transthoracic device closure of ASD in pediatric patients could effectively reduce postoperative pain of the children."( Remifentanil-based fast-track cardiac anesthesia combined with the postoperative serratus anterior plane block for transthoracic device closure of atrial septal defect in pediatric patients.
Chen, Q; Lei, YQ; Liu, JF; Wang, J; Wang, ZC; Yu, LS, 2021)		3.51
" The objective was to determine whether administering remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia would decrease the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression without affecting cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients."( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)		1.32
"To observe the effect of Ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative sedation in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair."( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair.
Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)		0.72
"100 male patients aged 60 to 80 years old, a line to elective laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, were randomly divided into four groups: control group (Group A) and dezocine group (Group B), ketorolac tromethamine group (Group C), ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine group (Group D)."( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair.
Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)		0.72
" The objective was to observe the effect of etomidate combined with dexmedetomidine on adrenocortical function in elderly patients."( Effects of etomidate combined with dexmedetomidine on adrenocortical function in elderly patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Gao, L; Li, J; Wang, F; Wang, N; Yang, Z; Zeng, S, 2022)		0.72
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of propofol anesthesia combined with remifentanil on inflammation, stress response, and immune function in children undergoing tonsil and adenoid surgery."( Effects of Propofol anesthesia combined with remifentanil on inflammation, stress response and immune function in children undergoing tonsil and adenoid surgery.
Huang, S; Qin, B; Wang, Z; Wu, X; Yang, X; Zhu, X, 2022)		1.2
"In order to investigate the effect of remifentanil combined with propofol on awakening of craniotomy for tumor, a retrospective analysis is conducted."( The Efficacy of Remifentanil Combined with Propofol in Craniotomy for Tumor Was Evaluated by Wake Quality, Hemodynamics, and Adverse Reactions.
Chen, J; Han, Y; Zhou, Q, 2022)		1.34
"Propofol combined with remifentanil is the most common anesthesia method in laparoscopic hysteromyomectomy."( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy.
Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)		1.03
"To determine the effect of parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine on analgesia and postoperative pain of patients undergoing hysteromyomectomy."( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy.
Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Among them, 35 patients treated with parecoxib sodium were assigned to the control group, while the rest 37 patients treated with parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine were assigned to the research group."( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy.
Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine can effectively control the postoperative pain of patients undergoing hysteromyomectomy, reduce the incidence of agitation, and effectively control serum cortisol and melatonin in them."( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy.
Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
"To observe the effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with remifentanil in sedation and analgesia during general anesthesia emergence and reducing general anesthesia complications."( Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine Combined With Remifentanil on Reducing Complications During the General Anesthesia Emergence.
Cao, H; Chang, J; Ran, R; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.41
" Routine general anesthesia combined with endotracheal intubation was given for general anesthesia, and different treatments were administered when the skin was sutured."( Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine Combined With Remifentanil on Reducing Complications During the General Anesthesia Emergence.
Cao, H; Chang, J; Ran, R; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.17
"Ketorolac tromethamine combined with remifentanil can effectively relieve pain and sedation during general anesthesia recovery and reduce the incidence of complications related to general anesthesia recovery."( Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine Combined With Remifentanil on Reducing Complications During the General Anesthesia Emergence.
Cao, H; Chang, J; Ran, R; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.44
" This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effects and safety of CSA using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine during peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion."( Conscious sedation anesthesia using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation.
Ding, J; Fang, X; Liu, K; Ren, X; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Yao, L, 2023)		1.38
"07 μg/kg/min) combined with dexmedetomidine achieved satisfactory anesthetic effects with fewer adverse drug reactions during PD catheter implantation, indicating its potential for use in patients undergoing PD catheter placement."( Conscious sedation anesthesia using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation.
Ding, J; Fang, X; Liu, K; Ren, X; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Yao, L, 2023)		1.16

Bioavailability

Remifentanil increases the bioavailability of naloxone after nasal administration by reducing the pre-systemic metabolism of the swallowed part of the nasal dose.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A postoperative decrease in the gastric emptying (GE) rate may delay the early start of oral feeding and alter the bioavailability of orally administered drugs."( The effect of anesthetic technique on early postoperative gastric emptying: comparison of propofol-remifentanil and opioid-free sevoflurane anesthesia.
Lövqvist, A; Thörn, SE; Walldén, J; Wattwil, L; Wattwil, M, 2006)		0.55
" These data indicate that the effects of SB on opioid seeking behavior persist beyond the bioavailability of the compound."( Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil.
Aston-Jones, G; James, MH; Mohammadkhani, A; Pantazis, CB, 2020)		0.77
" At the same time, using nanoemulsion as a carrier in a drug delivery system can improve the solubility and loading capacity of poorly soluble drugs, and increase the absorption rate and bioavailability of fat-soluble drugs in the body."( Effect of Compound Propofol Nanoemulsion on Immune Function in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer.
Wang, Z; Zhou, S, 2021)		0.62
"Remifentanil has been shown to increase the bioavailability of nasally administered naloxone."( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.
Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)		2.29
"Remifentanil increases the bioavailability of naloxone after nasal administration by reducing the pre-systemic metabolism of the swallowed part of the nasal dose."( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers.
Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)		2.29

Dosage Studied

Remifentanil PCA with the chosen dosage regimen after abdominal surgery produces postoperative analgesia and has cardiovascular side-effects similar to those achieved with i.v. i. Remifent anil can reduce the dosage of narcotics, shorten the time of palinestest.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" This suggests that remifentanil may not need to be dosed according to body weight in adult patients."( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery.
Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Westmoreland, CL, 1993)		0.93
" Defining this interaction provides a basis for more rational dosing schemes when such combinations are used for anesthesia and allows the anesthetic potency of remifentanil relative to other opioids to be determined."( Reduction of isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration by remifentanil.
Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Kapila, A; Lang, E; Sebel, PS; Shlugman, D, 1996)		0.73
" In the present article, the authors determined whether remifentanil dosing should be adjusted according to age and LBM, or whether these covariate effects were overshadowed by the interindividual variability present in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application.
Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)		0.81
"Based on the EEG model, age and LBM are significant demographic factors that must be considered when determining a dosage regimen for remifentanil."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application.
Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)		0.77
" Rapid biotransformation to minimally active metabolites results in short and predictable duration of action with no accumulation of effect on repeated dosing or with continuous infusion."( [Is remifentanil an ideal opioid for anesthesiologic management in the 21st century?].
Scholz, J; Steinfath, M, 1996)		0.85
" During general anaesthesia, any dosage of remifentanil may be used without undue lengthening of emergence times."( Remifentanil: when and how to use it.
Servin, F, 1997)		2
" Through an understanding of the pharmacodynamic interaction of volatile anesthetics with opioids and the pharmacokinetic processes responsible for the recovery from drug effect, optimal dosing schemes can thus be developed."( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids.
Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)		0.3
" Two groups of rats were dosed with remifentanil [25 micrograms/kg/min (n = 8)] and remifentanil plus esmolol [25 and 200 mg/kg/min (n = 7)] for 20 min."( Evaluating a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between remifentanil and esmolol in the rat.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)		0.82
" Each rat was dosed with REMI (15 micrograms/kg/min), and REMI & ES (15 micrograms/kg/min and 600 micrograms/kg/min) for 21 minutes in a random crossover design."( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat.
Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)		0.54
" It is tempting to speculate that these characteristics will make remifentanil an easy drug to titrate, and that clinicians will not need to consider patient covariates such as advanced age when choosing a dosing regimen."( The role of newer opioids in geriatric anesthesia.
Shafer, SL, 1998)		0.54
" The simulations illustrated that remifentanil pharmacokinetics are not grossly different in obese versus lean subjects and that TBW based dosing in obese patients can result in excessively high remifentanil concentrations."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		2.02
" Clinically this means that remifentanil dosing regimens should be based on ideal body weight (or LBM) and not TBW."( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients.
Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)		2.04
"To estimate the optimum dosing regimen and delivery system for remifentanil, a new opioid, using computer simulations based on information from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models available for fentanyl, alfentanil and remifentanil, as well as from clinical trials of fentanyl and alfentanil."( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl].
Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)		0.81
" Dosing guidelines for remifentanil, fentanyl and alfentanil were estimated for three methods of administration (bolus, bolus + variable continuous infusion or constant continuous infusion)."( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl].
Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)		0.88
" The results are fairly consistent with clinical evidence, demonstrating the power of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for rationally establishing opioid dosing guidelines."( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl].
Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)		0.57
" Nonetheless, our data show that the postoperative requirement for these rapidly acting drugs is qualitatively similar to that for other opioids in that dosage escalation does not occur."( Lack of rapid development of opioid tolerance during alfentanil and remifentanil infusions for postoperative pain.
Checketts, MR; Kenny, GN; Schraag, S, 1999)		0.54
" Dosage requirements, vital functions, oxygen saturation (as achieved by pulse oximetry, psO(2)), adverse drug effects and the level of sedation (LOS 1-5; 1 = asleep/unarousable, 4 = calm/awake) were recorded."( [Remifentanil for oocyte retrieval: A new single-agent monitored anaesthesia care technique].
Biedler, A; Fleser, R; Grüness, V; Hammadeh, ME; Wilhelm, W, 1999)		1.21
" In this dose-response study, we evaluated the efficacy of a remifentanil infusion in maintaining hemodynamic stability during intracranial surgery under desflurane anesthesia."( The use of a remifentanil infusion for hemodynamic control during intracranial surgery.
Gesztesi, Z; Mootz, BL; White, PF, 1999)		0.91
" There was no dose-response relation for Vf (10."( Rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF during sevoflurane or remifentanil in rabbits.
Artru, AA; Momota, T, 2000)		0.53
" In the REM groups, the dosage of PRO (75 microg."( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery.
Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)		0.59
" The pharmacokinetic profile of R is organ-independent and the dosing regimen must be regulated in elderly patients by reducing the bolus and infusion doses, and in obese subjects by calculating the intravenous dosages as a function of age and lean body mass."( [Remifentanil in anesthesia and intensive care].
Cafiero, T; De Cillis, P; Mastronardi, P, 2000)		1.22
" However, the incidence of intraoperative adverse events and other postoperative sequelae, recovery times, pain and nausea visual analog scale scores, opioid analgesic dosage requirements in the postanesthetic care unit, and satisfaction survey responses were similar between groups."( A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil versus fentanyl as an adjuvant to general anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic surgery.
Beers, RA; Calimlim, JR; Camporesi, EM; Esposito, BF; Uddoh, E, 2000)		0.57
" The MOR internalization is dose-dependent, with a similar dose-response to that observed for opioid-induced increases in potassium conductance."( Postsynaptic signaling via the [mu]-opioid receptor: responses of dorsal horn neurons to exogenous opioids and noxious stimulation.
Abbadie, C; Basbaum, AI; Marek, K; Trafton, JA, 2000)		0.31
"25 microgram/kg/min, or sufentanil (S-group) 1 microgram/kg before surgery with dosage adjustments according to haemodynamic parameters."( [Endocrine stress parameters during TIVA with remifentanil or sufentanil].
Bastian, C; Brockmann, C; Raasch, W, 2000)		0.57
" The dose-response relationship and the effective dose for at least 50% of the subjects (ED(50)) were determined."( The effect of remifentanil on the heat pain threshold in volunteers.
Brannath, W; Felleiter, P; Gustorff, B; Hoerauf, KH; Kress, HG; Nahlik, G; Spacek, A, 2001)		0.67
" Notably, the interaction isobole of the (clinically readily available) infusion rates provides a useful dosing recommendation for the coadministration of propofol and remifentanil during maintenance of anesthesia."( Propofol and remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction during orthopedic surgical procedures as measured by effects on bispectral index.
Bouillon, T; Cuhls, M; Hoeft, A; Könen-Bergmann, M; Röpcke, H, 2001)		0.87
" Recovery profile was assessed by recording time spent in the postanesthesia care unit and step-down recovery unit, number and timing of adverse events, timing and dosage of rescue medications, and time to eligibility for discharge (to home or to hospital room)."( Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients.
Fleisher, LA; Hogue, S; Jamerson, B; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)		0.58
" Dosage was titrated against clinical response to perioperative stimulation and the infusion was terminated at the end of the operation."( Effect of age on recovery from remifentanil anaesthesia.
Hung, CT; Lai, A, 2001)		0.6
" However, considering the selected dosing regimen, recovery times were significantly shorter for children after TIVA."( [Propofol-remifentanil versus sevoflurane-remifentanil for anesthesia for pediatric procedures in infants, children and adolescents].
Albrecht, S; Carbon, R; Fechner, J; Fritsch, B; Rösch, W; Schmidt, J; Schmitz, B, 2001)		0.71
" If mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased >80 mm Hg during maximal dosage of isoflurane or remifentanil, labetalol was administered."( Remifentanil provides hemodynamic stability and faster awakening time in transsphenoidal surgery.
Cozzi, S; Gemma, M; Losa, M; Mortini, P; Narcisi, S; Soldarini, A; Tommasino, C, 2002)		1.98
"The objective of this study was to determine a dosing regimen for remifentanil-sevoflurane anaesthesia that achieves an optimal balance between quality of anaesthesia and time to recovery."( Remifentanil-sevoflurane anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: comparison of three dose regimens.
Bencini, AF; Ephraim, EP; Frietman, RC; Houweling, PL; Mulder, PG; van Delden, PG; van Niekerk, J; van Stolk, MA; Verheijen, R; Wajer, OJ, 2002)		1.99
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."( Remifentanil sedation compared with propofol during regional anaesthesia.
Aitkenhead, A; Hanson, AL; Lauwers, MH; Martisson, S; Marty, J; Merle, JC; Raeder, JC; Reite, K; Servin, FS; Wattwil, M; Wostyn, L, 2002)		2.05
"As a result of the higher incidence of adverse respiratory effects with remifentanil and similar sedative effects, propofol is preferable for sedation during cervical plexus block in elderly patients with comorbid disease at the dosage used."( Remifentanil or propofol for sedation during carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block.
Deusch, E; Fitzgerald, RD; Jellinek, H; Krenn, H; Oczenski, W, 2002)		1.99
" It seems that remifentanil dosage does not need to be changed in patients with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency."( In vitro remifentanil metabolism: the effects of whole blood constituents and plasma butyrylcholinesterase.
Davis, PJ; Egan, TD; McGowan, FX; Muir, KT; Stiller, RL; Wilson, AS, 2002)		1.08
" A pre-defined dosing algorithm permitted initial titration of the opioids to predetermine the optimal level of sedation and pain score."( Remifentanil vs morphine for patients in intensive care unit who need short-term mechanical ventilation.
Chinachoti, T; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Werawatganon, T, 2002)		1.76
"The anesthetic management of a 58 year-old-male suffering from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with a previous experience of altered dose-response relationship to muscle relaxants is reported."( [Tracheal intubation in a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants].
Burrelli, R; Cafiero, T; Gargiulo, G; Mastronardi, P, 2002)		0.55
"To identify the remifentanil dosing regimen providing safe and optimal anesthetic conditions during coronary artery bypass graft surgery and to evaluate postoperative recovery characteristics."( Comparison of three remifentanil dose-finding regimens for coronary artery surgery.
Howie, MB; Hug, CC; Jopling, MW; Michelsen, LG; Porembka, DT; Shaikh, S; Warren, SM, 2003)		0.99
"Within subjects, latencies were most consistent from infusion to infusion at unit doses on the descending limb of the dose-response curve."( Variability of drug self-administration in rats.
Katz, JL; Panlilio, LV; Pickens, RW; Schindler, CW, 2003)		0.32
" It is currently debated if the steep ascending part of the biphasic dose-response curve typically obtained in multiple-dosing lever-press-based operant conditioning procedures represents a satiety-driven, all-or-none response or if the response is gradual and tightly adjusted to the various doses of the reinforcer."( Opioids, cocaine, and food change runtime distribution in a rat runway procedure.
Saria, A; Sturm, K; Wakonigg, G; Zernig, G, 2003)		0.32
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing.
Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)		0.82
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization.
De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)		0.56
" This includes the anaesthesia induction sequence, the choice and dosage of anaesthetics when used as adjuncts to remifentanil, and even more, the proper planning of postoperative pain management."( [Remifentanil. An update].
Kreuer, S; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W; Wrobel, M, 2003)		1.44
" In this study, our aim was to determine an appropriate dosage regimen of remifentanil for awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intubation."( Awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intubation: patient comfort, intubating conditions, and hemodynamic stability during conscious sedation with remifentanil.
Andel, D; Gonano, C; Holzer, A; Illievich, UM; Machata, AM; Spiss, CK; Zimpfer, M, 2003)		0.75
"Increased dosage was necessary only for 10 min during the procedure."( Efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil in preterm infants undergoing laser therapy in retinopathy of prematurity: clinical experience.
Bocci, MG; Conti, G; Ferro, G; Lepore, D; Mercurio, G; Molle, F; Papacci, P; Sammartino, M, 2003)		0.56
"2% in oxygen and nitrous oxide and the opioid dosing was titrated to autonomic responses."( Remifentanil infusion for cleft palate surgery in young infants.
Dagher, C; Desjeux, L; Gall, O; Murat, I; Roulleau, P, 2003)		1.76
"The dose-response curve for the effect of volatile anesthetics on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is well described, but for propofol, the large dose segment of the curve is undefined."( Propofol suppresses the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in rats.
Cronin, AJ; DiVittore, NA; Kreiser, S; Li, BH; Li, DP; Logginidou, HG; Lohmann, JS; Schuler, HG, 2003)		0.32
" Increased remifentanil dosage was associated with reduced plasma cortisol during surgery (P<0."( Effect of remifentanil infusion rate on stress response to the pre-bypass phase of paediatric cardiac surgery.
Cooper, R; Nolan, J; Rogers, CA; Weale, NK; Wolf, AR, 2004)		1.12
" Fentanyl was similar, probably because the dosing algorithm demanded frequent monitoring and adjustment, thereby preventing over-sedation."( Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial [ISRCTN43755713].
Bonome, C; Cross, MH; Kirkham, AJ; López, A; Morrison, L; Muellejans, B, 2004)		1.77
" The Narcotrend monitor can make a significant contribution to the improvement of the quality of anaesthesia by adjusting the dosage of hypnotics to individual patient needs."( The Narcotrend Index: classification algorithm, correlation with propofol effect-site concentrations, and comparison with spectral parameters.
Beger, FA; Grouven, U; Schultz, A; Schultz, B, 2004)		0.32
" Fentanyl and sufentanil require higher hypnotic dosage (halogenated agents, propofol) and remifentanil is accompanied by greater volumes of fluid infusion."( [Opioid anesthetics (sufentanil and remifentanil) in neuro-anaesthesia].
Garnier, F; Viviand, X, 2004)		0.82
" Dosage requirements, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation (pulse oxymetry, SaO2) and the level of analgesia were recorded every 3 minutes."( [Remifentanil analgesia for aspiration of follicles for oocyte retrieval].
Arndt, M; Kreienmeyer, J; Nöldge-Schomburg, GF; Vagts, DA, 2004)		1.23
" The dose-response of BIS values and desflurane concentrations was not uniform: two patients showed increasing BIS values with increasing desflurane concentrations, while in three patients BIS values remained unchanged."( Comparison of BIS and AAI as measures of anaesthetic drug effect during desflurane-remifentanil anaesthesia.
Bauer, C; Bruhn, J; Kreuer, S; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 2004)		0.55
" In conclusion, the duration of action of cisatracurium was prolonged in morbidly obese patients when dosed according to RBW compared with a control group of normal weight patients."( The effects of cisatracurium on morbidly obese women.
Gullo, A; Leykin, Y; Lomangino, G; Lucca, M; Marzano, B; Pellis, T, 2004)		0.32
" The dosage of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane, obtained with a value of bispectral index (BIS) 40, was kept unchanged throughout the course, and remifentanil was titrated to maintain controlled hypotension: systolic arterial blood pressure 70 to 90 mmHg and mean arterial blood pressure 50 to 65 mmHg."( Hypotensive anesthesia and recovery of cognitive function in long-term craniofacial surgery.
Caverni, V; Favaro, R; Pinto, G; Rosa, G; Tordiglione, P, 2005)		0.53
" After the dose-response curve was obtained, the author measured the inotropic response to 1 micromol/L of isoproterenol in the presence of the cumulative dose of remifentanil."( Effects of remifentanil on the contractility of failing human heart muscle.
Moravec, CS; Ogletree, ML; Sprung, J, 2005)		0.91
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."( Remifentanil versus propofol sedation for peribulbar anesthesia.
Aypar, U; Dal, D; Demirtaş, M; Irkeç, M; Sahin, A, 2005)		2.06
"Short-acting agents for neuromuscular block (NMB) require frequent dosing adjustments for individual patient's needs."( Model-based control of neuromuscular block using mivacurium: design and clinical verification.
Leibundgut, D; Pfister, CA; Schumacher, PM; Stadler, KS; Wirz, R; Zbinden, AM, 2006)		0.33
" Total codeine dosage was also similar, except at 4 h postoperatively when it was higher in the block group."( A comparison between scalp nerve block and morphine for transitional analgesia after remifentanil-based anesthesia in neurosurgery.
Ayoub, C; Boudreault, D; Chouinard, P; Girard, F; Moumdjian, R; Ruel, M, 2006)		0.56
"We assessed the minimal remifentanil dosage required for tracheal tube tolerance in awake and spontaneously breathing patients after major abdominal surgery."( Remifentanil for tracheal tube tolerance: a case control study.
Fässler, K; Gonano, C; Gustorff, B; Illievich, UM; Machata, AM; Spiss, CK, 2007)		2.09
"Although pain and satisfaction scores were similar in both groups, the regimen used in Group A was associated with fewer side effects compared to the Group B dosing regimen."( Remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia for labour: optimizing drug delivery regimens.
Balki, M; Bernstein, P; Carvalho, JC; Dhumne, S; Kasodekar, S, 2007)		1.78
" However, fentanyl concentration decreases quite rapidly and patients may need repeated dosing until analgesia is attained."( [Postoperative analgesia after remifentanil].
Kiyama, S, 2007)		0.63
" After extinction of responding with saline self-administration, dose-response studies showed that cocaine reliably and dose dependently maintained responding greater than saline in all wild-type mice but in none of the D1 receptor knock-out mice."( Lack of self-administration of cocaine in dopamine D1 receptor knock-out mice.
Berkowitz, JS; Caine, SB; Gabriel, KI; Gold, LH; Koob, GF; Thomsen, M; Tonegawa, S; Xu, M; Zhang, J, 2007)		0.34
"7s during this dosing protocol."( Antinociceptive effects of high-dose remifentanil in male methadone-maintained patients.
Bochner, F; Hay, JL; Somogyi, AA; White, JM, 2008)		0.62
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children.
Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)		0.54
" Additionally, it was investigated whether the effect of a fixed dosage of propofol on the attained depth of hypnosis during induction of anaesthesia is different in male and female patients."( Comparison of Narcotrend Index, Bispectral Index, spectral and entropy parameters during induction of propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia.
Grouven, U; Kneif, T; Schultz, A; Schultz, B; Siedenberg, M, 2008)		0.56
"In children, as in adults, BIS values were highly correlated with the corresponding Ct or Cm of propofol following classical E(max) dose-response curves."( The relationship between bispectral index and propofol during target-controlled infusion anesthesia: a comparative study between children and young adults.
Constant, I; De-Smet, T; Girault, L; Louvet, N; Murat, I; Piat, V; Rigouzzo, A; Seeman, R; Servin, F, 2008)		0.35
" It has been reported that remifentanil is suitable because of its wide dosage window with respect to recording MEP."( [Anesthetic management of a case of craniotomy using TCI of remifentanil with intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potential].
Ito, T; Iwasaki, H; Kunisawa, T; Nagashima, M; Omachi, H; Ozaki, Y; Suzuki, A; Takahata, O, 2008)		0.89
" The increased responding observed in the MW group compared with the control and MD groups resulted in an upward shift in the remifentanil dose-response curve, an effect that was expressed only after repeated exposure to the contingency, demonstrating that morphine withdrawal ultimately enhances the reinforcing effects of remifentanil."( Morphine deprivation increases self-administration of the fast- and short-acting mu-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil in the rat.
Cooper, ZD; Shi, YG; Truong, YN; Woods, JH, 2008)		0.76
" The dosage of the narcotic, changes of both blood pressure and heart rate during operation, before and after extubation and the pain degree, etc."( [Observation on therapeutic effect of compound anesthesia of transcutaneous electrical point stimulation and Remifentanil].
Hong, H; Ou, JY; Wang, WL; You, YY, 2008)		0.56
"(1) The dosage of Isoflurane, (0."( [Observation on therapeutic effect of compound anesthesia of transcutaneous electrical point stimulation and Remifentanil].
Hong, H; Ou, JY; Wang, WL; You, YY, 2008)		0.56
"Compound anesthesia of transcutaneous electrical point stimulation and Remifentanil can reduce the dosage of narcotics, shorten the time of palinesthesia and effectively prevent and treat acute pain after Remifentanil anesthesia."( [Observation on therapeutic effect of compound anesthesia of transcutaneous electrical point stimulation and Remifentanil].
Hong, H; Ou, JY; Wang, WL; You, YY, 2008)		0.79
" Despite its utility, adverse effects may occur with high or prolonged propofol dosing regimens including delayed awakening."( Effects of dexmedetomidine on propofol and remifentanil infusion rates during total intravenous anesthesia for spine surgery in adolescents.
Anderson, J; Hoernschemeyer, DG; Ngwenyama, NE; Tobias, JD, 2008)		0.61
" Further studies should address the optimization of dosing and lock out setting."( Remifentanil vs. meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia during colonoscopy: a randomized double-blind trial.
Agostoni, M; Alberto, TP; Antonio, F; Facciorusso, A; Fanti, L; Gambino, G; Gemma, M; Giorgio, T; Giulia, G; Guslandi, M; Marco, G; Mario, G; Massimo, A; Testoni, PA; Torri, G, 2009)		1.8
"This study in swine assessed BIS stability in response to decreases and increases in cardiac output under two propofol/remifentanil dosage combinations, both producing the same depth of surgical anaesthesia."( BIS response to tamponade and dobutamine in swine varies with hypnotic/opiate ratio.
Beydon, L; Cailleux, A; Chazot, T; Desfontis, JC; Dussaussoy, C; Ferec, S; Fischler, M; Ganster, F; Gautier, F; Gogny, M; Liu, N; Petres, J, )		0.34
"There is preliminary evidence that concurrent administration of some antidepressant medications may be useful in the highly treatment resistant patient, though due attention should be given to potential risks in combining these with ECT; reduction of the treatment frequency to twice a week; hyperventilation prior to each treatment; and the use of remifentanil to minimise the dosage of induction anaesthetics with anticonvulsant properties, may be useful strategies to enhance seizure production in cases where a high or rapidly rising seizure threshold is a major impediment to ECT treatment."( The difficult-to-treat electroconvulsive therapy patient - Strategies for augmenting outcomes.
Kaill, A; Loo, CK; Paton, P; Simpson, B, 2010)		0.53
"Pharmacokinetic studies in obese patients suggest that dosing of rocuronium should be based on ideal body weight (IBW)."( Should dosing of rocuronium in obese patients be based on ideal or corrected body weight?
Claudius, C; Jenstrup, MT; Lund, J; Meyhoff, CS; Rasmussen, LS; Sørensen, AM; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2009)		0.35
"In obese patients undergoing gastric banding or gastric bypass, rocuronium dosed according to IBW provided a shorter duration of action without a significantly prolonged onset time or compromised conditions for tracheal intubation."( Should dosing of rocuronium in obese patients be based on ideal or corrected body weight?
Claudius, C; Jenstrup, MT; Lund, J; Meyhoff, CS; Rasmussen, LS; Sørensen, AM; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2009)		0.35
" Patient's reaction score at laryngoscopy and an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) were used to determine whether the remifentanil dosage regimen was accepted."( Median effective dose of remifentanil for awake laryngoscopy and intubation.
Liao, X; Liu, Y; Luo, MP; Xu, YC; Xue, FS; Yang, QY; Zhang, YM, 2009)		0.86
" The same sequence of experiments was repeated in the isolated heart model using the maximal protective dose of remifentanil from the dose-response studies."( Remifentanil post-conditioning attenuates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via kappa or delta opioid receptor activation.
Irwin, MG; Jiang, LL; Li, R; Wong, GT, 2010)		2.01
"The time and the dosage of etomidate necessary to loss consciousness were greater in group F ((70."( Peri-intubation hemodynamic changes during low dose fentanyl, remifentanil and sufentanil combined with etomidate for anesthetic induction.
Sun, L; Zhang, GH, 2009)		0.59
" Intravenous atropine could prevent a fall in HR, but not a fall in BP, during induction of intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil of our dosing regimen."( Can intravenous atropine prevent bradycardia and hypotension during induction of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil?
Ariyama, J; Hayashida, M; Kitamura, A; Maruyama, K; Nakagawa, H; Nishikawa, Y, 2010)		0.77
" Further trials are required to evaluate ideal dosing regimens and combinations of agents for use with remifentanil in neonates."( Remifentanil for endotracheal intubation in neonates: a randomised controlled trial.
AlFaleh, K; Choong, K; Doucette, J; Gray, S; Paes, B; Rich, B; Verhey, L, 2010)		2.02
" We reviewed our experience to determine the dose-response relationship and apparent perioperative safety profile of adenosine in intracranial aneurysm patients."( Adenosine-induced flow arrest to facilitate intracranial aneurysm clip ligation: dose-response data and safety profile.
Avram, MJ; Batjer, HH; Bebawy, JF; Bendok, BR; Gupta, DK; Hemmer, LB; Koht, A; Zeeni, C, 2010)		0.36
"The aim of the present study was to determine the dosage of remifentanil that must be added to thiopental 5 mg kg(-1) to provide excellent intubating conditions in 95% of patients."( What is the optimal remifentanil dosage for providing excellent intubating conditions when coadministered with thiopental? A prospective randomized dose-response study.
Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Bouvet, L; Chassard, D; Rousson, D; Stoian, A, 2010)		0.93
"The dosage of remifentanil providing excellent intubating conditions in 95% of patients when coadministered with thiopental 5 mg kg(-1) in healthy premedicated female patients undergoing elective surgery was more than 7 microg kg(-1)."( What is the optimal remifentanil dosage for providing excellent intubating conditions when coadministered with thiopental? A prospective randomized dose-response study.
Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Bouvet, L; Chassard, D; Rousson, D; Stoian, A, 2010)		1.04
" Dependence was established using a noncontingent morphine dosing procedure that has been previously verified to maintain dependence while allowing for daily behavioral observation during a withdrawn state."( Reinforcer-dependent enhancement of operant responding in opioid-withdrawn rats.
Cooper, ZD; Shi, YG; Woods, JH, 2010)		0.36
"Morphine withdrawal enhanced remifentanil self-administration, resulting in an upward and rightward shift of the descending limb of the dose-response curve, and increased operant responding for both food reinforcers."( Reinforcer-dependent enhancement of operant responding in opioid-withdrawn rats.
Cooper, ZD; Shi, YG; Woods, JH, 2010)		0.65
" The time to loss of consciousness (LOC), intubation time, intubation score, anesthetic dosage and adverse effects were recorded."( [Comparison of sevoflurane and propofol in combined anesthesia induction with remifentanil for tracheal intubation with fiberoptic bronchoscope].
Cao, LH; Huang, W; Lin, WQ; Tan, HY; Zeng, WA; Zhong, ZJ, 2010)		0.59
" This case series aimed to examine whether the aggressive dosing of remifentanil, exerting both depressor and bradycardic actions with short durations, is applicable for hemodynamic control during pheochromocytoma resection."( [Successful anesthetic management of three patients receiving pheochromocytoma resection using extremely high-dose remifentanil infusion].
Masuda, R; Serada, K; Shimoyama, Y; Suzuki, T, 2010)		0.81
" The mean pain and pain relief scores were similar during the two different dosing regimens."( Timing of intravenous patient-controlled remifentanil bolus during early labour.
Akural, EI; Alahuhta, S; Ohtonen, P; Ranta, P; Raudaskoski, T; Tekay, A; Volmanen, PV, 2011)		0.64
"0 mg of remifentanil during a 50-minute surgical procedure as a result of a dosage miscalculation."( Delayed awakening following inadvertent high-dose remifentanil infusion in a 13 year old patient.
Barak, M; Danino, J; Greenberg, Z, 2011)		1.06
" Broad variability in study design, selection and dosing of anesthetics, electrode placement, and limited examination of potentially relevant variables such as age, sex, concomitant medications; and stimulus parameters attenuate the certainty of these results."( Remifentanil: a review of its use in electroconvulsive therapy.
Chen, ST, 2011)		1.81
" There were no significant differences between the extrapleural and epidural block groups with regard to VAS at rest and during movement assessed at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery, dosage of intravenous morphine (extrapleural: 12."( Comparison of the analgesic effects of continuous extrapleural block and continuous epidural block after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Endo, S; Endo, T; Hotta, K; Inoue, S; Sata, N; Seo, N; Taira, K; Takeuchi, M, 2011)		0.37
" If an increase in thermal threshold was found, naltrexone administration was repeated at decreasing intervals in the next experiment (all cats were not used for all dosing intervals)."( Use of naltrexone to antagonize high doses of remifentanil in cats: a dose-finding study.
Brosnan, RJ; Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH, 2011)		0.63
"A dose-response curve of the repinotan effects on spontaneous minute ventilation during continuous remifentanil infusion in anesthetized rats was established to identify moderate doses: (1) tail-flick reflex latencies to assess nociception were recorded until 60 min after cessation of a continuous remifentanil infusion with or without a concomitant moderate repinotan dose (10 μg/kg), and (2) remifentanil boluses (2."( Selective 5-HT(1A)-R-agonist repinotan prevents remifentanil-induced ventilatory depression and prolongs antinociception.
Boettcher, MF; Guenther, U; Hoeft, A; Huse, D; Putensen, C; Theuerkauf, NU; Wensing, G, 2012)		0.85
"Using models of respiratory compromise, loss of response to esophageal instrumentation, and loss of responsiveness, the authors explored through simulation published dosing schemes for endoscopy using propofol alone and in combination with selected opioids."( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery.
Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)		0.38
"Four published dosing regimens of propofol alone or in combination with opioids were used to predict the probability of loss of response to esophageal instrumentation for a 10-min procedure and the probability of respiratory compromise and return of responsiveness once the procedure had ended."( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery.
Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)		0.38
"Application of Narcotrend monitor in monitoring the depth of anesthesia in severely burned patients during perioperative period with TCI of remifentanil hydrochloride and propofol is beneficial to reducing dosage of narcotics and shortening duration of recovery from anesthesia, and it can accurately predict the level of consciousness of patients at the time of withdrawal of anesthesia."( [Application of Narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor during escharectomy and skin transplantation in burn patients with target-controlled infusion of remifentanil hydrochloride and propofol].
Guo, ZG; Hao, JH; Lü, XL; Su, XJ; Wang, XY, 2012)		0.78
"To improve the analgesic efficiency and to simplify the administration of remifentanil for systemic analgesia in labour, we contrived a modified delivery regimen with a specific infusion profile and variable dosing and conducted a single-blind randomised crossover study to compare it with the previous 'classical' regimen."( Modified patient-controlled remifentanil bolus delivery regimen for labour pain*.
Ban, B; Jost, A; Kamenik, M, 2013)		0.91
"Adjusting the remifentanil dosage according to the SPI in outpatient anaesthesia reduced the consumption of both remifentanil and propofol and resulted in faster recovery."( Surgical pleth index-guided remifentanil administration reduces remifentanil and propofol consumption and shortens recovery times in outpatient anaesthesia.
Bauer, M; Bergmann, I; Crozier, TA; Göhner, A; Hesjedal, B; Hinz, JM; Popov, AF; Wiese, CH, 2013)		1.04
" Remifentanil gives rapid effect, shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation, reduces the dosage of propofol, and has no severe adverse effect."( [Remifentanil for analgesia and sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care unit].
Liu, KB; Ma, Y; Wang, DH; Xia, R, 2013)		2.21
" Furthermore there are other factors such as succinylcholines use when fast intubation is needed, the wrong myorelaxant and dosage choice."( [Modern approach to the neuromuscular blocking agents use in pediatric patients].
Agavelyan, EG; Stepanenko, SM, )		0.13
" Nonlinear regression analysis was used to describe the dose-response relationships for the aepEX, the BIS, and propofol plasma concentrations (Cp)."( Evaluation of the aepEX™ monitor of hypnotic depth in pediatric patients receiving propofol-remifentanil anesthesia.
Cheung, YM; Hoeks, SE; Scoones, GP; Stolker, RJ; Weber, F, 2013)		0.61
" There are often patients who desire extensive liposuction on approximately 30% of total body surface area, which means the lidocaine total dose might be over the dosing recommendation."( Safe extensive tumescent liposuction with segmental infiltration of lower concentration lidocaine under monitored anesthesia care.
Cao, WG; Jiang, ZH; Li, SL; Liu, LN; Wang, G, 2015)		0.42
" In literature, there is no research investigating the effect of lidocaine infusion on remifentanil and anesthetic dosage used in hypotensive anesthesia."( Impact of perioperative lidocaine infusion and bis monitorization on remifentanil dosage in hypotensive anesthesia.
Aypar, U; Erden, A; Uzun, S; Yuce, Y, 2014)		0.86
"kg(-1) bolus dosage given in 10 minutes."( Impact of perioperative lidocaine infusion and bis monitorization on remifentanil dosage in hypotensive anesthesia.
Aypar, U; Erden, A; Uzun, S; Yuce, Y, 2014)		0.64
" The propofol dosage required for anesthetic maintenance was 29% (with a 95% confidence interval, 18-40) lower in patients given dexmedetomidine (2."( Dexmedetomidine reduces propofol and remifentanil requirements during bispectral index-guided closed-loop anesthesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Augé, M; Bonnet, F; Chazot, T; Dardelle, D; Fischler, M; Laloë, PA; Le Guen, M; Liu, N; Sessler, DI; Tounou, F; Tuil, O, 2014)		0.68
" The best dosage of this drug for postoperative analgesia remains to be elucidated."( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].
Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)		0.71
" It also reduce the dosage of anesthetics and improve the safety of anesthesia."( [The anesthesiologic value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic thyroidectomy patients: a clinical study].
Li, YL; Wang, MX; Wu, XY; Yan, YN, 2014)		0.4
" The dosage for anesthesia maintenance, recovery time of awareness, extubation time, incidences of nausea, vomiting and chill and irritation of urethral catheters were observed and recorded."( [Effects of assisted-electroacupuncture on recovery of fast tracking anesthesia in mPCNL].
Chen, YH; Lin, CQ; Luo, FR; Ou, JY; Xie, LC; Yan, J; Yang, YB; Zhang, CZ; Zhang, SL; Zhong, SQ, 2014)		0.4
"The assisted-electroacupuncture anesthesia could reduce the dosage of remifentanil and sevoflurane in mPCNL fast tracking anesthesia in urinary surgery, reduce the incidences of nausea, vomiting, chill and irritation of urethral catheters during recovery stage, and prompt recovery of mPCNL patients."( [Effects of assisted-electroacupuncture on recovery of fast tracking anesthesia in mPCNL].
Chen, YH; Lin, CQ; Luo, FR; Ou, JY; Xie, LC; Yan, J; Yang, YB; Zhang, CZ; Zhang, SL; Zhong, SQ, 2014)		0.64
"3-10 µg/kg/infusion) generated a biphasic dose-response curve, characteristic of drugs with reinforcing properties."( Effects of the NOP agonist SCH221510 on producing and attenuating reinforcing effects as measured by drug self-administration in rats.
Ko, MC; Lagorio, CH; Sukhtankar, DD, 2014)		0.4
"The amount of propofol-remifentanil administered by the controller is consistent with current knowledge, propofol is best dosed using TBW whereas remifentanil is best dosed using IBW."( Feasibility of closed-loop co-administration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the bispectral index in obese patients: a prospective cohort comparison.
Assenzo, V; Chazot, T; Cocard, V; Fischler, M; Journois, D; Le Guen, M; Liu, N; Lory, C; Sessler, DI, 2015)		0.97
"To explore the neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in morbidly obese patients when dosed according to real body weight under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol."( [Neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in obese patients].
Geng, Z; Wu, X, 2014)		0.4
"When dosed according to real body weight, onset time of cisatracurium is shorter while clinical duration and recovery index are prolonged in morbidly obese patients compared with normal weight counterparts."( [Neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in obese patients].
Geng, Z; Wu, X, 2014)		0.4
" No significant differences in Remifentanil dosing were observed in the four groups."( Navigator® and SmartPilot® View are helpful in guiding anesthesia and reducing anesthetic drug dosing.
Cirillo, V; De Robertis, E; Desantis, O; Iacono, C; Piazza, O; Romano, GM; Servillo, G; Tufano, R; Zito Marinosci, G, 2015)		0.7
" The visual analog scale (VAS) score, PCA dosage administered, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were recorded at the time of discharge from the PACU (T1) and at 2 (T2), 8 (T3), 24 (T4), and 48 hours (T5) after surgery."( Dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil in postoperative pain control after spinal surgery: a randomized controlled study.
Hwang, W; Joo, J; Lee, J; Park, J, 2015)		0.73
" We reviewed articles analyzing AOT and/or OIH by remifentanil and focused on the following issues: (1) evidence of remifentanil inducing AOT and/or OIH and (2) importance of AOT and/or OIH in considering the reduction of remifentanil dosage or adopting preventive modulations."( Remifentanil-acute opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a systematic review.
Bergese, SD; Kim, SH; Soghomonyan, S; Stoicea, N, )		1.83
" Diminished dosing may also offer stable hemodynamics, even during sternotomy and sternal retraction."( The effect of two different doses of remifentanil on postoperative pain and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial.
Florkiewicz, P; Lahtinen, P; Musialowicz, T; Pitkänen, O, 2015)		0.69
"Total remifentanil dosing was 64 μg/kg in the higher and 22 μg/kg in the lower dosing group during the 3-h cardiac operations."( The effect of two different doses of remifentanil on postoperative pain and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial.
Florkiewicz, P; Lahtinen, P; Musialowicz, T; Pitkänen, O, 2015)		1.17
" In the systematic review, we describe possible modes of application, dosage and side-effects for mother, fetus/ newborn."( The analgesic efficacy of remifentanil for labour. Systematic review of the recent literature.
Harazim, H; Huser, M; Janku, P; Jarkovsky, J; Kosinova, M; Littnerova, S; Stourac, P, 2016)		0.73
"Medline and Embase databases were searched for randomized studies, evaluating the intraoperative use of remifentanil (>2 h) versus another analgesic or a different dosage of remifentanil, and reporting acute postoperative pain parameters such as postoperative pain scores, hyperalgesia, acute opioid tolerance, or analgesics requirements."( Is Intraoperative Remifentanil Associated With Acute or Chronic Postoperative Pain After Prolonged Surgery? An Update of the Literature.
Ahlers, SJ; Dahan, A; de Hoogd, S; Hamilton-Ter Brake, TA; Knibbe, CA; Tibboel, D; van de Garde, EM; van Dongen, EP, 2016)		0.98
" The model may be useful for identifying optimal dosing schedules for these drugs in a combination that provides adequate sedation but avoids respiratory depression."( Modeling Respiratory Depression Induced by Remifentanil and Propofol during Sedation and Analgesia Using a Continuous Noninvasive Measurement of pCO2.
Borrat, X; Castells, A; Castellví-Bel, S; Gambús, PL; Hannam, JA; Jensen, EW; Muñoz, J; Pedroso, A; Trocóniz, IF; Valencia, JF, 2016)		0.7
"Compared with the C group, mean remifentanil dosage was significantly higher in the T group (3."( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial.
Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)		0.95
"IoC1-targeted propofol dosing does not seem to be significantly different to hemodynamic-based monitoring, whereas IoC2 monitoring can increase remifentanil dosage during modified radical mastectomy, but the anesthetic process is more controllable and total adverse events are reduced, which improves the controllability of anesthesia."( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial.
Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)		0.87
"IoC1-targeted propofol dosing does not seem to be significantly different to hemodynamic-based monitoring, whereas IoC2 monitoring can increase remifentanil dosage during modified radical mastectomy, but the anesthetic process is more controllable and total adverse events are reduced, which improves the controllability of anesthesia."( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial.
Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)		0.87
"Studies have reported that co-adjuvant remifentanil can enhance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure quality, putatively by allowing a reduction in the dosage of the main anaesthetic agents, as the latter have anticonvulsant properties."( Does remifentanil improve ECT seizure quality?
Bassa, A; Gálvez, V; Hadzi-Pavlovic, D; Loo, CK; MacPherson, R; Marroquin-Harris, M; Tor, PC, 2016)		1.22
"The dosage of remifentanil used in observation group was (98."( [The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients].
An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)		1.05
" Propofol group (n = 25): propofol-remifentanil regimenand the dosage was adjusted to maintain the bispectral index (BIS) between 40 and 50."( Effects of Dexmedetomidine on motor- and somatosensory-evoked potentials in patients with thoracic spinal cord tumor: a randomized controlled trial.
Gelb, AW; Guo, L; Han, R; Li, Y; Meng, L; Peng, Y; Qiao, H, 2016)		0.71
"BIS monitoring of sedation in EBUS makes it possible to reduce the dosage of propofol, thereby shortening the waking time and reducing adverse events."( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)		0.43
" There is no consensus regarding the optimal administration, dosing strategy, or requirements for maternal monitoring, which may pose a patient safety issue."( A Survey of Intravenous Remifentanil Use for Labor Analgesia at Academic Medical Centers in the United States.
Aaronson, J; Abramovitz, S; Landau, R; Smiley, R; Tangel, V, 2017)		0.76
"In addition, the data were also gathered on the dosage of ephedrine and atropine were used, as well as the intraoperative awareness in the patients who were followed up on the first day after the operation."( [Impact of dexmedetomidine-sevoflurane anesthesia on intraoperative wake-up test in children patients undergoing scoliosis surgery].
An, HX; Quan, LX; Wang, DX, 2016)		0.43
" There was extensive variation in remifentanil dosing (0."( Remifentanil for procedural sedation: a systematic review of the literature.
Kisilewicz, M; Rosenberg, H; Vaillancourt, C, 2017)		2.18
" Physicians should exert caution when using remifentanil in the absence of published standardised dosing protocols in light of frequently reported paediatric respiratory depression."( Remifentanil for procedural sedation: a systematic review of the literature.
Kisilewicz, M; Rosenberg, H; Vaillancourt, C, 2017)		2.16
" The fetal-to-maternal (F/M) ratio of remifentanil concentration at various dosing regimens is useful to manage remifentanil effects."( Influence of maternal remifentanil concentration on fetal-to-maternal ratio in pregnant ewes.
Fukumori, R; Masui, K; Nagao, Y; Sago, H; Sarentonglaga, B; Sato, M; Sumikura, H; Yamaguchi, M, 2017)		1.04
" In a number of patients we examined the effect of repeated injections in order to estimate the dose-response curve."( Pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Induced intracranial spike activity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Brennum, J; Derm, L; Hogenhaven, H; Jespersen, B; Kjaer, TW; Lee, AP; Madsen, FF; Moltke, FB, 2017)		0.78
"A new model estimated from a large, diverse data set provides the PK foundation for remifentanil dosing calculations in adult obese and elderly patients."( Disposition of Remifentanil in Obesity: A New Pharmacokinetic Model Incorporating the Influence of Body Mass.
Drover, DR; Egan, TD; Kim, TK; La Colla, L; Mertens, M; Minto, CF; Obara, S; Vuyk, J, 2017)		1.03
" Acquisition of self-administration and responding during increasing fixed ratio requirements were assessed, and a dose-response curve was generated."( Effects of environmental enrichment on self-administration of the short-acting opioid remifentanil in male rats.
Bardo, MT; Beckmann, JS; Chow, JJ; Hofford, RS, 2017)		0.68
" However, a high dosage is related to hemodynamic abnormalities such as hypotension and bradycardia."( Effects of remifentanil with or without midazolam pretreatment on the 95% effective dose of propofol for loss of consciousness during induction: A randomized, clinical trial.
Han, DW; Kim, NY; Ko, SH; Koh, JC; Park, J; You, AH, 2017)		0.84
" However, the dosage of remifentanil used in endoscopy is unclear."( Effects of small-dose remifentanil combined with index of consciousness monitoring on gastroscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial.
He, R; Li, F; Li, Z; Liu, M; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, D, 2018)		1.1
"With the increasing dosage of remifentanil, the propofol dosage and patients' awakening time decreased significantly, the morbidity of hypertension and body movements also declined, but the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxemia rose."( Effects of small-dose remifentanil combined with index of consciousness monitoring on gastroscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial.
He, R; Li, F; Li, Z; Liu, M; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, D, 2018)		1.08
" The difference in opioid requirements between the REMI and MET group was related to intraoperative dosing (0."( Analgesic effects of methadone and magnesium following posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.
Barry, N; Beebe, AC; Bhalla, T; Gill, L; Klamar, J; Martin, DP; Rice, J; Samora, WP; Thung, A; Tobias, JD; Tumin, D; Veneziano, G, 2018)		0.48
"With the dosing regimens in the current study, the only benefit noted with methadone was a decrease in perioperative opioid requirements."( Analgesic effects of methadone and magnesium following posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.
Barry, N; Beebe, AC; Bhalla, T; Gill, L; Klamar, J; Martin, DP; Rice, J; Samora, WP; Thung, A; Tobias, JD; Tumin, D; Veneziano, G, 2018)		0.48
" Acute opioid tolerance would be developed by higher concentration of remifentanil than dosage of common anesthetic practice."( High-dose intraoperative remifentanil infusion increases early postoperative analgesic consumption: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study.
Jeong, W; Kim, D; Kim, MJ; Ko, S; Lim, HS, 2018)		1.02
"05), mean propofol dosage (8."( Effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the depth of total intravenous anesthesia in patients with breast cancer undergoing unilateral modified radical mastectomy: A prospective observational study.
Fu, G; Wang, X; Wu, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2018)		0.48
" Sevoflurane concentration and dosage were significantly lower in the DEX group than in the REMI group."( Comparison of dexmedetomidine vs. remifentanil combined with sevoflurane during radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, HX; He, Y; Hei, Z; Jian, C; Li, X; Pan, J; Zhou, S, 2019)		0.79
" Perioperative stress was assessed through the dosage of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL)."( Effect of different doses of remifentanil on stress response during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Canistro, G; Congedo, E; De Cosmo, G; Di Nardo, F; Levantesi, L; Nicosia, L; Oggiano, M; Sessa, F; Sicuranza, R, )		0.42
" With utility of these PK/PD models we created an algorithm to optimize the intraoperative dosing regimen."( Optimizing intraoperative administration of propofol, remifentanil, and fentanyl through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations to increase the postoperative duration of analgesia.
Johnson, K; Syroid, N; Tams, C; Vasilopoulos, T, 2019)		0.76
" Anesthesiologists should consider the dosage and timing of intravenous ketamine administration during MEP monitoring."( A Bolus Dose of Ketamine Reduces the Amplitude of the Transcranial Electrical Motor-evoked Potential: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study.
Baba, H; Deguchi, H; Furutani, K; Kamiya, Y; Matsuhashi, M; Mitsuma, Y, 2021)		0.62
" The goal was to compare the effects of two remifentanil dosing regimens on oxidative stress level, in correlation with its hemodynamic and neonatal effects."( [The effects of remifentanil used during cesarean section on oxidative stress markers in correlation with maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome: a randomized controlled trial].
Kocic, G; Kutlesic, MS; Kutlesic, RM, )		0.74
"The remifentanil dosing regimen applied in group A significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation and maternal hemodynamic response during entire I-D period, without compromising neonatal outcome."( [The effects of remifentanil used during cesarean section on oxidative stress markers in correlation with maternal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome: a randomized controlled trial].
Kocic, G; Kutlesic, MS; Kutlesic, RM, )		1.04
"We identified remifentanil TCI target concentrations that resulted in drug administration similar to product label dosing recommendations."( Target-controlled-infusion models for remifentanil dosing consistent with approved recommendations.
Absalom, AR; Colin, P; Eleveld, DJ; Struys, MMRF, 2020)		1.19
"Use of opioid with supplemental remifentanil was associated with lower volatile anesthetic dosing and decreased vasopressor use; fetal outcomes were not different."( Use of Remifentanil for Open in utero Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair Maintains Uterine Relaxation with Reduced Volatile Anesthetic Concentration.
Ferschl, MB; Marsh, BJ; Rollins, MD; Sinskey, J; Whitlock, EL, 2020)		1.3
" This asynchrony can lead to conflicting information, making effective drug dosing challenging."( Influence of an "Electroencephalogram-Based" Monitor Choice on the Delay Between the Predicted Propofol Effect-Site Concentration and the Measured Drug Effect.
Agustí, M; Colin, PJ; Ferreiro, T; Gambus, PL; Jensen, EW; Sahinovic, MM; Struys, MMRF; van den Berg, JP, 2020)		0.56
" In this education article, we describe our approach to TIVA dosing in infants and toddlers (birth to 36 months) which combines the use of pharmacokinetic models with EEG multi-parameter analysis."( An approach to using pharmacokinetics and electroencephalography for propofol anesthesia for surgery in infants.
Kurth, CD; Vutskits, L; Xu, T; Yuan, I; Zhu, T, 2020)		0.56
" Remifentanil delivery is inflexible and dosing cannot be adjusted to the clinical need and responses of individual patients."( De-mystifying the "Mixifusor".
Absalom, AR; Rigby-Jones, AE; Robert Sneyd, J; Rushton, AR, 2020)		1.47
" Use of nociception monitoring devices for guiding intra-operative opioid dosing needs further validation."( Nociception level-guided opioid administration in radical retropubic prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial.
Beyer, B; Brinkmann, C; Fischer, M; Funcke, S; Nitzschke, R; Pinnschmidt, HO; Wesseler, S, 2021)		0.62
" Objective measurement of pain is required for adequate dosing of remifentanil."( Comparison of remifentanil consumption in pupillometry-guided versus conventional administration in children: a randomized controlled trial.
Choi, SN; Jang, YE; Ji, SH; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2021)		1.22
" Further study is required to confirm the finding that mean propofol dosing was higher in the ketamine group, and to investigate the implication that this dose of ketamine may have affected the WAVCNS."( The Effect of Low-Dose Intraoperative Ketamine on Closed-Loop-Controlled General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial.
Ansermino, JM; Cooke, E; Dumont, GA; Görges, M; Merchant, RN; Napoleone, G; van Heusden, K; West, N, 2021)		0.62
" This is different from optimal dosing identified for other indications and dosing of remifentanil should be specific to the clinical context in which it is used."( Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia.
Arnold, P; Cowen, R; Davis, A; Hampson, LV; Jaki, T; Kaleem, M; Sanaulla, S; Tan, J; Wadsworth, I; Williams, A, 2021)		1.12
" We included any duration of drug treatment and any dosage given continuously or as bolus; we excluded studies that gave opioids to ventilated infants for procedures."( Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation.
Bellù, R; Bruschettini, M; de Waal, KA; Nava, C; Romantsik, O; Zanini, R, 2021)		0.62
" Total dosage of propofol and remifentanil, intensity, latency and amplitude of motor-evoked potentials following transcranial electrical stimulation (tcMEPs) as well as somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) were recorded at baseline, 15, 30, 45 minutes, and at the end of surgery."( Effect of dexmedetomidine on evoked-potential monitoring in patients undergoing brain stem and supratentorial cranial surgery.
Fernández-Candil, J; Fort, B; León, A; Lin, Y; Moltó, L; Pacreu, S; Vilà, E, 2021)		0.91
" Secondary endpoints included the total dosage of anesthetics and total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustments."( Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care: A randomized controlled study.
Chan, SM; Huang, RC; Huang, YH; Lai, HC; Lin, BF; Tsai, YT; Wu, KL; Wu, ZF, 2021)		0.88
"Dexmedetomidine administration has no influence on postoperative cognitive dysfunction but could reduce both the dosage of remifentanil and propofol needed during ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy and the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression in elderly patients."( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)		1.28
" The dosage of anesthetic drugs, operation time, extubation time, and operation time of the two groups were statistically analyzed."( Application of Intelligent Detection of Neural Signal in Depth Evaluation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Anesthesia.
Cao, X; Che, X; Li, X; Xu, M; Zhang, X, 2022)		0.72
"The aim of this study was to find the optimum dosage of dexmedetomidine in Spinal Orthopedic Scoliosis Correction Surgery when used in combination with propofol and remifentanil in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III patients with severe scoliosis undergoing intraoperative wake-up test."( Dexmedetomidine dosage in critically ill patients undergoing intraoperative wake-up test: A randomized controlled trial.
Chen, T; Fu, Q; Jia, H; Liu, B; Mudabbar, MS; Yang, T, 2022)		0.92
" Operation time, awakening time (time from drug withdrawal to consciousness recovery), the dosage of propofol, sufentanil, remifentanil, and intraoperative vasoactive drug dosage were recorded to compare."( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair.
Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)		0.93
" The primary outcome was the dosage of fentanyl-nefopam IV-PCA infused over 24 h postoperatively."( Effect of remifentanil on post-operative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty after interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial.
Bae, H; Kim, JT; Kim, Y; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Sakura, S; Yoo, S, 2022)		1.12
"The dosage of fentanyl-nefopam IV-PCA was significantly less in C group than R group for postoperative 24 h."( Effect of remifentanil on post-operative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty after interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial.
Bae, H; Kim, JT; Kim, Y; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Sakura, S; Yoo, S, 2022)		1.12
" The intraoperative dosage of propofol and remifentanil, operation duration, postoperative PACU stay time, intraoperative consciousness occurrence, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative pulmonary inflammatory events were recorded."( Effects of different depth of anesthesia on perioperative inflammatory reaction and hospital outcomes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.
Chen, ZH; Huang, LC; Jiang, ZM; Lao, WL; Lv, AQ; Song, QL; Zhou, QF, 2022)		0.98
" The intraoperative dosage of propofol in group H was lower than that in group L (P < 0."( Effects of different depth of anesthesia on perioperative inflammatory reaction and hospital outcomes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.
Chen, ZH; Huang, LC; Jiang, ZM; Lao, WL; Lv, AQ; Song, QL; Zhou, QF, 2022)		0.72
"The clinical parameters, 5-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and intraoperative dosage of opioids were compared between the two groups to assess the impact of TPVB on prognosis of the patients."( [Thoracic paravertebral block improves the prognosis of patients undergoing lung cancer surgery].
Chen, D; He, W; Li, Q; Mai, D; Rao, Y; Xing, W; Zeng, W, 2022)		0.72
"To explore the effect of continuous low-dose infusion of esmolamine on intraoperative dosage of opioids and awakening quality in general anesthesia in pediatric surgeries."( [Application of low-dose esmolamine in general anesthesia in pediatric surgeries].
Chen, Q; Li, Z; Liao, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Continuous infusion of low-dose esmolamine during pediatric surgery can effectively lower intraoperative dosage of opioids and reduce pain during recovery without affecting the quality of awakening."( [Application of low-dose esmolamine in general anesthesia in pediatric surgeries].
Chen, Q; Li, Z; Liao, Y, 2022)		0.72
" To eliminate the influence of dosing on volatile propofol concentration, exhalation rate was normalized to plasma concentration."( Quantification of exhaled propofol is not feasible during single-lung ventilation using double-lumen tubes: A multicenter prospective observational trial.
Feldmann, C; Freitag, D; Hüppe, T; Kirschbaum, A; Koch, T; Kreuer, S; Langer, F; Maurer, F; Seidel, M; Teucke, T; Volk, T; Wulf, H, 2023)		0.91
" The remifentanil dosage in group DH was significantly lower than in group C (P = 0."( Effects of dexmedetomidine on evoked potentials in spinal surgery under combined intravenous inhalation anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial.
Jiang, X; Liu, L; Liu, S; Tang, X, 2023)		1.42
" Such dosing regimen provides optimal conditions for reducing hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and EI."( Effect of different doses of remifentanil on the cardiovascular response after endotracheal intubation: a randomized double-blind study.
Galambos, IF; Krtinic, D; Pap, D; Preveden, M; Radovanovic, D; Stanisavljevic, S; Vickovic, S; Videnovic, J; Videnovic, N; Zdravkovic, R, 2023)		1.2
"For the general anesthesia under preserving spontaneous breathing in thoracoscopic surgery, TEAS at Neiguan (PC 6) relieves stress response, reduces opioids dosage and promotes postoperative recovery."( [Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation at Neiguan (PC 6) on general anesthesia under preserving spontaneous breathing in thoracoscopic lobectomy].
Cai, YC; Ding, Y; Gao, SL; Lin, YL; Shi, JD; Su, SY; Wei, YT; Zhuo, JY, 2023)		0.91
" The qCON group will adjust intraoperative propofol and remifentanil dosage according to qCON and qNOX values, while the BIS group will adjust according to BIS values and haemodynamic fluctuations."( Effects of qCON and qNOX-guided general anaesthesia management on patient opioid use and prognosis: a study protocol.
Fang, C; Kang, J; Li, Y; Niu, K; Wang, G; Yu, Y; Yuan, Y; Zheng, Y, 2023)		1.16
" At the same time, the application of ketorolac tromethamine can reduce the dosage of remifentanil and inhibit the occurrence of adverse reactions when used alone."( Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine Combined With Remifentanil on Reducing Complications During the General Anesthesia Emergence.
Cao, H; Chang, J; Ran, R; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.39
" The dosage of propofol and remifentanil in the Dex group was lower than those in the conventional group (P<0."( Application of Dexmedetomidine in Surgical Anesthesia for Gastric Cancer and Its Effects on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP.
Fan, J; He, W; Jiang, X; Tian, X; Zheng, W, 2023)		1.2
" In Group P, remifentanil dosage during general anesthesia was determined according to pupil dilation reflex; in Group C, it was adjusted according to hemodynamic changes."( Pupillary monitoring decreases remifentanil consumption during laparoscopic uterine surgery and improves postoperative recovery.
Chen, C; Li, H; Li, N; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Yan, S; Yang, Y; Yu, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, Z, 2023)		1.57
" Pharmacokinetic simulation or target-controlled infusion (TCI) using models that have been adapted to patients with obesity are necessary to select appropriate dosing regimens."( How obesity affects the disposition of intravenous anesthetics.
Inoue, S; Obara, S; Yoshida, K, 2023)		0.91
" The dosage of propofol in the PR group was significantly higher than that in the PK group (144 ± 38 mg vs."( Comparison of remifentanil and esketamine in combination with propofol for patient sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Chen, W; Jia, Y; Nie, J; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)		1.27
"Compared with remifentanil, the combination of esketamine with propofol in fiberoptic bronchoscopy leaded to more stable intraoperative hemodynamics, lower dosage of propofol, lower transient hypoxia rate, fewer incidence of adverse events, and greater bronchoscopists satisfaction."( Comparison of remifentanil and esketamine in combination with propofol for patient sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Chen, W; Jia, Y; Nie, J; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)		1.63
" The intraoperative remifentanil dosage was significantly greater in groups M and C than in group B (P<0."( Comparison of intrathecal low-dose bupivacaine and morphine with intravenous patient control analgesia for postoperative analgesia for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Guo, M; Liu, F; Tang, S; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Zhang, J, 2023)		1.23
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
mu-opioid receptor agonistA compound that exhibits agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor.
opioid analgesicA narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.
intravenous anaestheticnull
sedativeA central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
anilideAny aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.
piperidinecarboxylate ester
monocarboxylic acid amideA carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
alpha-amino acid esterThe amino acid ester derivative obtained the formal condensation of an alpha-amino acid with an alcohol.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Remifentanil Action Pathway3111

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00060.00010.887410.0000AID1576134
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00202.123310.0000AID1576132
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (37)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID73902Inhibition of electrically evoked contraction in guinea pig ileum determined in vitro1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of ultrashort- to long-acting opioid analgetics.
AID23629Plasma half-life of drug (human metabolism)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of ultrashort- to long-acting opioid analgetics.
AID320427Activity at mu opioid receptor in guinea pig ileum2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
The influence of esters and carboxylic acids as the N-substituent of opioids. Part 1: Benzomorphans.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1576133Displacement of [3H]pentazocine from LAL/HA/BR guinea pig brain sigma1 receptor at 10 uM incubated for 90 mins by liquid scintillation counting method relative to control2019MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 10, Issue:7
Affinity of fentanyl and its derivatives for the σ
AID1576132Displacement of [3H]pentazocine from LAL/HA/BR guinea pig brain sigma1 receptor incubated for 90 mins by liquid scintillation counting method2019MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 10, Issue:7
Affinity of fentanyl and its derivatives for the σ
AID177922Analgesic effect calculated using in vivo rat tail withdrawal assay.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of ultrashort- to long-acting opioid analgetics.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID174621Duration of analgesic effect calculated using in vivo rat tail withdrawal assay.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of ultrashort- to long-acting opioid analgetics.
AID1576134Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from rat brain mu opioid receptor incubated for 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2019MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 10, Issue:7
Affinity of fentanyl and its derivatives for the σ
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (3,664)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's221 (6.03)18.2507
2000's1384 (37.77)29.6817
2010's1553 (42.39)24.3611
2020's506 (13.81)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.38

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index77.38 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.61 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.04 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index139.37 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (77.38)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,644 (42.92%)5.53%
Reviews224 (5.85%)6.00%
Case Studies449 (11.72%)4.05%
Observational79 (2.06%)0.25%
Other1,434 (37.44%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (479)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Comparison of Lidocaine and Remifentanil for the Effect on Responses to the Endotracheal Tube During Emergence From General Anesthesia [NCT01082458]67 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Changes in a Composite Variability Index (CVI) and Bispectral Index (BIS) in Response to Standardized Pain Stimuli During Propofol Remifentanil Infusion [NCT01053611]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Choice in Opioid Use Disorder [NCT03958474]Early Phase 131 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-16Recruiting
Effect of Dexmedetomidine vs 0.9% Sodium Chloride on Nol-Index Guided Remifentanil Analgesia: a Double-blinded Bicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03912740]58 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-11Completed
[NCT01152476]42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Comparison of Sedation and General Anesthesia With Laryngeal Mask in Therapeutic Bronchoscopy [NCT03983915]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-17Not yet recruiting
Criteria Based Discharge in Ambulatory Surgery in Children Undergoing Opioid Versus Opioid Free Anesthesia [NCT03979469]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Completed
The Effect of Intranasal Fentanyl Versus Remifentanil Infusion on Propofol Requirements During Elective Therapeutic ERCP, as Well on the Recovery, Pain, and Early Cognitive Function: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT01304342]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Changes in the Composite Variability Index in Response to Different Remifentanil Concentrations and Standardized Painful Stimuli. [NCT01234194]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers Exposed to Acute Pain Before and After Administration of Remifentanil [NCT01375348]Phase 323 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Comparison of Sufentanil, Fentanyl and Remifentanil in Combination With Midazolam During Bronchoscopy Under Conscious Sedation: A Randomized Double-blind Prospective Study [NCT03901716]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-15Completed
Effect of Rematazolam Besylate, Propofol, and Sevoflurane Perioperative Sedation on Incidence of Emergence Agitation and Hemodynamics in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery [NCT05624424]Phase 41,317 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-15Not yet recruiting
Median Effective Dose of Remifentanil for the Prevention of Pain Caused by the Injection of Rocuronium [NCT05217238]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-18Recruiting
Nitrous Oxide - Sevoflurane-Remifentanil Interaction: Multiple Response Surfaces, Validation of Calibration Stimuli, Validation of the Intraoperative Isobole Concept and Investigating Remifentanil Induced Opioid Tolerance. [NCT01103193]Phase 44 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Need of change to the protocol. As the Principal Investigator has left the University Hospital Ghent end 2010, the change of protocol was never submitted.)
Effect of Opioids in Neuropathic Pain in Postherpetic Patients [NCT01102101]Phase 330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Not yet recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol-Remifentanil Conscious Sedation for Outpatient Colonoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Trial. [NCT03925779]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-15Completed
Impact of the Automated Administration of Intravenous Anesthesia Compared to Inhalatory Anesthesia on the Speed of Emergence and the Occurrence of Postoperative Delirium [NCT03705728]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-30Recruiting
Influence of Anesthetic Technique on Acute and Chronic Neuropathic Pain [NCT02527083]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Sedation With Dexmedetomidine Versus Remifentanil in Urogynecological Surgery Under Spinal Anaesthesia : Impact on Block Characteristics, on Acute and Chronic Postoperative Pain [NCT03883347]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-20Recruiting
Can Opioid Induced Effects on Esophageal Motility and Lower Esophageal Sphincter be Counteracted by a Dopamine Receptor Antagonist? [NCT01191645]Phase 414 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Remifentanil Minimum Effective Dose for Children Intubation Without Neuromuscular Blockade [NCT02454868]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
[NCT01569048]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on the Remifentanil Concentration for Preventing Cough During Emergence After Propofol Anesthesia [NCT03622502]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-16Completed
Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Preventing Cough During Emergence in Elderly Patients [NCT02334046]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Comparative Study of Influence of Surgical Pleth Index Guided Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) or Volatile Anaesthesia Using Sevoflurane or Desflurane on the Intraoperative Blood Loss During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT03417180]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-01Recruiting
The Effect of Opioid-free Anesthesia Using Dexmedetomidine-lidocaine on Acute Postoperative Pain in Gynecological Laparoscopy [NCT04906889]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-01Withdrawn(stopped due to financial protocol)
Pain Response to Cannabidiol in Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia, Acute Nociceptive Pain and Allodynia By Using a Model Mimicking Acute Pain in Healthy Adults [NCT04059978]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-26Completed
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Conscious Sedation to Retrobulbar Block Anesthetics During Trans-scleral Diode Laser [NCT03646500]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Use of a Remifentanil-propofol Mixture in Patients With Breast Cancer Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery: a Prospective Pilot Study [NCT03817359]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-03Completed
Comparison Between Dexmedetomidine and Propofol for Sedation When Combined With Midazolam and Remifentanil During Awake Endotracheal Intubation: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study [NCT04753515]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-05Completed
A Comparison of the Effects of Ketamine and Remifentanil on Serum Cystatin-c Levels in CABG Surgery [NCT02113150]Phase 437 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Nicardipine and Remifentanil on Surgical Visual Field and Hemodynamic Parameters in Tympanomastoidectomy Cases [NCT06130527]64 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
[NCT02049320]38 participants (Actual)Observational2013-07-31Completed
Rocuronium Dose Finding Study After Single-shot or Steady-state Propofol [NCT02054468]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Alfentanil vs Remifentanil in Patient-controlled Sedation During ERCP.A Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT01350037]Phase 481 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
[NCT01351285]78 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Total Intravenous Anesthesia: TCI Versus MCI, Unresolved Question [NCT02077478]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
[NCT02089178]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Terminated(stopped due to The study costed more than expected, so the investigators decided to end it.)
Propofol-remifentanil Versus Dexmedetomidine in Awake Craniotomy: an Intraoperative Neurophysiological Evaluation [NCT05103735]170 participants (Actual)Observational2021-09-15Completed
Usefulness of Pupillary Reflex on Remifentanil and Morphine Consumption During Laparoscopic Surgery. A Bicentric, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. [NCT02116868]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
The Effect of a Narcotic Free Total Intravenous Anesthesia on the Outcome and Patient Safety During Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03643796]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-15Completed
Cognitive Functions After TIVA With Dexmedetomidine [NCT02631135]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Comparison of Dexmedetomidin and Remifentanil for the Effect on Airway Reflex and Hemodynamic Response During Emergence in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy [NCT01365923]Phase 474 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Opioid Free vs Opioid Based Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Clinical, Randomised Study [NCT04260659]Phase 459 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-04Completed
[NCT02147678]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Not yet recruiting
Safety Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine Monitored Anesthesia Care for Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration [NCT01381627]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Recruiting
Fast-track in Cardiac Surgery. Remifentanyl & Sufentanil Anaesthesia for CABG+/-AVR Evaluated by Recovery, Cognitive Dysfunction, Haemodynamics (PAC/TTE) and Cardiac Biochemical Markers (CKMB, TNT, Pro-BNP) [NCT02053818]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
[NCT01175746]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Does Precise Delivery of Remifentanil Decrease Coughing at Emergence From Anesthesia [NCT03783676]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-02-15Not yet recruiting
Patient-controlled Sedation vs Propofol Infusion for ERCP:a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01079312]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Single-dose Intraoperative Methadone for Early Ambulation and Sustained Pain Control in Spinal Fusion Surgery Patients [NCT02989597]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-29Terminated(stopped due to Due to personnel loss and logistical issues the study was unable to be completed as planned.)
Comparison of Inhalational Anesthesia With Intravenous Tranexamic Acid and Total Intravenous Anesthesia on Surgical Field Quality in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT05639686]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Recruiting
Effect of Ultra-low Dose Naloxone on Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia [NCT03066739]Phase 2105 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-25Recruiting
Assessment of Remifentanil for Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation in Full Stomach Patient Compared to Muscle Relaxant. A Non-inferiority Simple Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03960801]Phase 31,150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-09Completed
Evaluation of a Novel Closed-loop Propofol and Remifentanil System Guided by Bispectral Index Compared to a TCI Open-loop System: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02492282]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Preventing Propofol Injection Pain in Elderly Patients: A Comparison With Adult Patients [NCT03330782]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-16Completed
Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Remimazolam vs Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on Incidence of Emergence Agitation and Complications in Children Undergoing Ophthalmic Surgery [NCT05527314]110 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-23Completed
Adjunctive Esketamine for Analgesia in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Septic Shock Patients [NCT05839366]Phase 3124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-31Recruiting
Effects of Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Hypertensive Patients-A Single Center,Randomized, Double-blinded,Controlled Study [NCT02224443]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-09-30Not yet recruiting
Pupillary Diameter Variations in Response to Tetanic Stimulations of Incremental Intensities in Patients Under Propofol-remifentanil TCI [NCT04465773]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Investigation of the Clinical Use of Different Analgesia-Monitors for Tracing Unconscious Pain Sensations During General Anesthesia [NCT02429960]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Optimal Remifentanil Site-effect Concentration for Preventing Severe Cough and Hyperdynamic Response During Tracheal Extubation After Sevoflurane vs. Desflurane. A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03132519]Phase 4364 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
The Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine With Continuous Infusion of Remifentanil for Attenuating Double Lumen Tube Induced Cough During Emergence [NCT04455711]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-01Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Versus Midazolam and Remifentanil for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Ablation Procedures for Treatment of a Tachyarrhythmia [NCT03451227]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit eligible participants)
Effects of Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam on Microcirculation in Septic Shock Patients: a Muscle Microdialysis Study [NCT03434691]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-02-08Recruiting
Efficacy of Fluoroscopy-guided Epidural Anesthesia for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Treated by Percutaneous Vertebroplasty [NCT03621527]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-03Recruiting
Comparative Study of Influence of Different Techniques of Remifentanil Titration During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) [NCT03389763]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-01Completed
Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine (PIRAD) [NCT03143972]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-28Completed
Investigation of the Effect of Opioid Titration Guided by Analgesia Indices During Total Intravenous Anesthesia [NCT03380949]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-08Completed
Walking the Isobole of Drug Interaction: Comparison of Hemodynamic Effects, Cerebral and Tissue Oxygenation for 4 Equipotent Combinations of Propofol and Remifentanil [NCT02067936]87 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
REMIFENTANIL AND LOCAL ANESTHESIA COMPARED WITH LOCAL ANESTHESIA FOR THE INSERTION OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS IN AWAKE PATIENTS [NCT02206022]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Comparison of Intravenous Anesthetics and Volatile Anesthetics on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction of Patients Undergoing Endovascular Repair of Aortic Aneurysm and Endovascular Treatment of Arteriosclerosis Obliterans of Lower Extremities. [NCT02107170]Phase 468 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Dexmedetomidine Combined With the Closed Loop of Target Controlled Infusion of Propofol for Anesthesia With Intraoperative Wake Up-single Center,Random,Controlled Trial [NCT02143362]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-06-30Not yet recruiting
Validation of the Interaction Model of the Anesthetic Potency of Sevoflurane, Propofol and Remifentanil [NCT02457442]Phase 4172 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
[NCT02078583]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Not yet recruiting
Comparative Study of Influence of Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) and Volatile Anaesthesia Using Sevoflurane or Desflurane on the Intraoperative Blood Loss During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT03417206]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-01Not yet recruiting
The Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Target Controlled Infusion of Propofol or Etomidate at General Anesthesia in Geriatric Patients --A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02111265]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine to Cognition of Geriatrics in Prolonged Surgery,A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT02123355]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-08-31Not yet recruiting
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Lidocaine and Remifentanil Perioperatively in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study [NCT02291094]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Effect of Different Doses of Remifentanil on Stress Response During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT03378674]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
"Study Protocol OFA: Opioid-Free Anesthesia." [NCT03124082]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-04Recruiting
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Remifentanil Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Versus Intramuscular Pethidine for Pain Relief in Labour [NCT02179294]Phase 4401 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
A Randomised Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effect of Remifentanil vs Fentanyl During Cardiac Surgery on the Incidence of Chronic Thoracic Pain [NCT02031016]Phase 4126 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Functional Brain Imaging to Understand the Mechanisms of Pain Relief in Knee Osteoarthritis [NCT02208778]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Effects of Remifentanil Based Sedation on Patient-ventilator Interaction, in Patients Undergoing Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) [NCT02264626]15 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Recruiting
Interventional Bronchoscopy Under Noninvasive Ventilation for Central Airway Stenosis [NCT02289586]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Recruiting
Opioid Free Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery: A Prospective, Double-blinded, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03507634]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-11Completed
Comparison of Sufentanil and Remifentanil Infusion During General Anaesthesia for Removal of Wisdom Teeth in Ambulatory Surgery [NCT01139671]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on the Bispectral Index in Women Undergoing Caesarean Delivery Under General Anaesthesia [NCT03508102]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Analgesia-Nociception Index Guided Intraoperative Remifentanil Administration Versus Standard Practice : Evaluation of Perioperative Opioid Use [NCT03498820]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-19Completed
"Volatile Anesthetic Protection Of Renal Transplants: VAPOR-1-trail" [NCT01248871]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Comparison Between Sufentanil and Remifentanil as General Anesthetic Adjuvant [NCT03868111]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-04Completed
One-year Mortality According to the Method of Total Intravenous Anesthesia. A Prospective, Randomized and Multicenter Study [NCT01198639]2,044 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-13Completed
Pain Assessment During General Anesthesia : DOLANS (DOULeur ANeSthesie) Study [NCT01303471]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
[NCT02528825]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Effects of Propofol Titration at Different Speeds on Hemodynamics and Stress During General Anesthesia Induction [NCT04595591]276 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-23Completed
Effect of Daytime Variation on Postoperative Hyperalgesia Induced by Opioids [NCT05234697]60 participants (Actual)Observational2022-01-12Completed
Comparative Study Between Psoas Compartment Block (PCB) Versus Local Anesthesia With Remifentanil Infusion for Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (EVAR): A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03443518]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-06Completed
The Comparison of Remimazolam With Propofol in Core Body Temperature in Patients Undergoing Robotic-assisted (RARP) and Laparoscopic (LRP) Radical Prostatectomy [NCT05215834]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-01Completed
Impact of the Administration of Intravenous or Paravertebral Lidocaine in Continuous Perfusion During the Intraoperative Period of Lung Resection Surgery on the Appearance of Postoperative Complications [NCT03905837]Phase 4156 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-28Completed
[NCT01147757]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-06-30Recruiting
Fast-track Laparoscopic Surgery. The Effect of Anesthetic Technique [NCT01275911]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Determination of the ED50 and ED95 of Remifentanil to Perform Tracheal Intubation Without Significant NOL Index Variation [NCT03744949]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-14Completed
The Impact of Two Different Intraoperative Analgesia Techniques on Post-operative Outcome After Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery [NCT01201499]140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-11-30Not yet recruiting
Investigation of the Strategy of Preventing Post-operative Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia by Remifentanil Infusion [NCT03812003]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-11Recruiting
Postoperative Sedation After Cardiac Surgery: Pilot Study [NCT02488486]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Intermediate analysis)
The Effects of Remifentanil and Remifentanil-Alfentanil Administration on Emergence Agitation After Brief Ophthalmic Surgery in Children [NCT02486926]102 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Monitored Anesthesia Care Using Remifentanil and Ketofol Results in a Superior Quality of Recovery Compared With Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Ambulatory Breast Augmentation [NCT03764267]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-01Completed
Gradual Withdrawal of Remifentanil Infusion Reduced Postoperative Pain and Opioid Requirement During Breast Surgery [NCT03756233]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-26Completed
Predictors of Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression (OIRD) [NCT02473354]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
the Effect of Opioid-free General Anesthesia on the Recovery Quality After Gynecological Laparoscopy [NCT04409964]78 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-01Completed
Standardised Drug Provocation Testing in Perioperative Hypersensitivity [NCT06065137]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Blunting Hemodynamic Responses to Ordinary Tracheal and Double-lumen Endobronchial Intubation During Propofol-remifentanil Total Intravenous Anesthesia [NCT02001285]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Recruiting
A Comparison of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine for Craniotomy Perioperative Hemodynamics and Postoperative Pain [NCT01269918]142 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Post Marketing Surveillance to Monitor the Safety of ULTIVA (Remifentanil) Adminstered in Korean Subjects According to the Prescribing Information [NCT01299584]775 participants (Actual)Observational2005-09-30Completed
Evaluation of Fentalogs and Their Metabolites in Hair of Patients in a Monitored Clinical Context by Means of Hair Analysis [NCT05740657]225 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-12-06Recruiting
Effect of Remifentanil Infusion Alone During the Closure Period for Early Emergence and Hemodynamic Stability in Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Craniotomy [NCT02593942]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Local Anaesthesia and Remifentanil Sedation Versus Total Intravenous Anaesthesia for Hysteroscopic Surgery in an Ambulatory Surgery Department. A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT00763789]96 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-08-31Recruiting
Modulation of Remifentanil-induced Analgesia and Postinfusion Hyperalgesia by Parecoxib or Ketorolac in Humans [NCT00785863]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
The Effect of Remifentanil on Established Sunburn-induced Hyperalgesia in Human Volunteers [NCT00811837]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-01-31Recruiting
Antitussive Effect of Single-dose Dexmedetomidine With Low-dose Remifentanil Infusion During Emergence in Adults After Thyroidectomy: Comparison With High-dose Remifentanil Infusion Alone [NCT02208505]Phase 4168 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
The Influence of Propofol and Sevoflurane on Hemostasis During Ophthalmic Surgery: Rotational Thromboelastographic Study. [NCT02151305]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
The Comparison of Changes of QTc, Tp-e Interval, and Tp-e/QT Ratio, Tp-e/QTc Ratio on the ECG During Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Under Sevoflurane, Desflurane and Total Intravenous Anesthesia -Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03539003]69 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-31Completed
Remifentanil Pharmacodynamics During Conscious Sedation From the Algometry Perspective. An Essential Standpoint to be Considered in Opioids Time-course Modelling Validation [NCT05115578]100 participants (Actual)Observational2017-03-01Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Effectiveness of Midazolam Premedication as an Anxiolytic, Analgesic, Sedative, and Hemodynamic Stabilizer [NCT03325335]128 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-19Completed
General Anesthesia Versus Sedation During Intra-arterial Treatment for Stroke [NCT02822144]Phase 3351 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-29Completed
Pharmacodynamic Differences Between Branded and Unbranded Remifentanil Molecules Available in Colombia for Tracheal Intubation of Adult Patients, 2012-2013 [NCT02048293]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Evaluation of the Impact of Adding Remifentanil to Propofol on the Conditions of the Diagnostic Panendoscopy of the Upper Airway Under General Anesthesia With Tubeless Spontaneous Ventilation. [NCT02093143]Phase 3256 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
The Effect of Deksmedetomidin and Remifentanil Infusion on Extubation Agitation and Recovery Conditions on Nasal Septoplasty Operation [NCT02104297]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-30Not yet recruiting
A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized Controlled Study of Neuromuscular Blocking Effect and Safety of Mivacurium Chloride in Pediatric Patients [NCT02117401]Phase 41,152 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Case Series of Vital Signs-controlled, Patient Assisted Intravenous Analgesia (VPIA) Using Remifentanil for Labour and Delivery [NCT02122705]29 participants (Actual)Observational2012-05-31Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on Postoperative Vomiting in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery During Sevoflurane Anesthesia [NCT02455401]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction During One-lung Ventilation in Elder Patients -a Single-center, Randomized ,Double-blinded and Controlled Trial [NCT02134093]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Not yet recruiting
Effect of Paravertebral Muscle Fat Infiltration on Rocuronium Use in Lumbar Surgery [NCT05619848]Early Phase 187 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-25Completed
A Randomized Single-blind Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam in Painless Bronchoscopy [NCT04919174]Phase 4364 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-23Recruiting
Efficacy and Satisfaction With Remifentanil Analgesia in Parturients During the Childbirth: Retrospective Observational Study [NCT02447757]66 participants (Actual)Observational2010-01-31Completed
Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Hernia Repair [NCT03041948]88 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-09-01Recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study to Evaluate the Use of Remifentanil as a Sole Agent or in Combination With Midazolam Versus Fentanyl/Midazolam During Sedation for Colonoscopy [NCT03037892]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-01Completed
The Effect of Remifentanil Infusion During Emergence on the Incidence of Emergence Delirium After Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery [NCT02108795]86 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-30Recruiting
Comparison of Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Esmketamine and Remifentanil Combined With Propofol Respectively in Septic Shock Patients With Invasive Mechanical Ventilation [NCT05551910]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Not yet recruiting
Comparisons of Postoperative BIS Profile and Extubation Time After Valvular Heart Surgery: Remifentanil-based Propofol-supplemented Versus Sevoflurane-sufentanil Balanced Anesthesia Regimen [NCT02400879]38 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Can Nociception Level-guided Remifentanil Dosing Reduce Postoperative Pain in Children During General Anesthesia: A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05725382]264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-01Recruiting
Perioperative Cardiovascular Protection Conservative Effects of Esketamine Versus µ-opioid Receptor Agonists in Total Intravenous General Anesthesia: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT04553536]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-02Recruiting
Assessment of the Analgesic Efficacy and Tolerability of the Perioperative Association of the Ketamine With Opiates After Posterior Vertebral Fusion Surgery in Children With Idiopathic Scoliosis [NCT02571491]Phase 248 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Combined With Oxycodone for Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Liver Cancer: a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT06003218]88 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-16Recruiting
Performance of the Minto Model in Effect Site Mode for Target Controlled Infusion of Remifentanil During Cardiopulmonary Bypass [NCT02566733]Phase 456 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Target Controlled Infusion Using Propofol and Remifentanil for Moderate Sedation in Dentistry [NCT03995134]101 participants (Actual)Observational2019-08-03Completed
Target-Controlled Infusion of Propofol and Remifentanil During General Anaesthesia Guided by the Index Bispectral: Comparison in Pediatric Patients Between Manual Perfusion and Automated Perfusion [NCT00778505]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Terminated(stopped due to difficulty in recruiting)
Comparison of the Efficacy Intravenous Remifentanil PCA and Epidural PCEA for Labor Analgesia [NCT00801047]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Efficacy of a Bolus Dose of Remifentanil Compared to a Bolus Dose of Intravenous lidocaïne on the Incidence of Coughing During Emergence of Anesthesia. [NCT01026129]93 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Effect of Anesthesia on Quality of Recovery in Patients Undergoing Correctional Tibial Osteotomy - A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02826902]76 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-27Completed
Detection of Nociceptive Stimulation and Anesthesia State by Equivalent Minimum Alveolar Concentration (eMAC) During Anesthesia With Varying Propofol and Remifentanil Concentrations [NCT05789992]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-04-03Completed
Remifentanil Tapering and Post-adenotonsillectomy Pain in Children: a Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Study [NCT03994146]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-16Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment rate was not compatible with study completion)
Recovery Profiles of Remifentanil-based vs. Sevoflurane-sufentanil Combined Regimen for Cardiac Surgery [NCT02712528]Phase 443 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Effect of Two Plasma Concentrations of Remifentanil Through Target Controlled Anesthesia on Frequency and Intensity of Coughing During Extubation: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02711904]Phase 4110 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Effects of Different Doses of Remifentanil on Hemodynamic Response to Anesthesia Induction in Elderly Patients [NCT02763098]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Assessing the Cortical Response to Noxious and Auditory Stimuli Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Subjects Under General Anesthesia [NCT02703090]54 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Recruiting
Respiratory Impact of Short Life Agents Used in Balanced Anesthesia on Patients Suffering or Suspected of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Syndrome [NCT02717780]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
The Comparability of Bispectral Index and Neurosense During Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced Anesthesia [NCT00910416]40 participants (Actual)Observational2009-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Differences between BIS and Neurosense are important. This study can be terminated.)
A Prospective Study Comparing Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil vs. Propofol and Dexmedetomidine in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation [NCT06096181]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Inonu University Faculty of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation [NCT02819375]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
The Effect of Remifentanil on Rebound Pain in Patients Receiving General Anesthesia for Shoulder Arthroplasty After Brachial Plexus Block for Postoperative Pain Control [NCT04236323]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-14Completed
Bispectral Index Under Propofol Anesthesia in Children : a Comparative Randomised Study Between TIVA and TCI [NCT02637726]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Comparing Analgesic Requirements in Patients Receiving Nuss Operation Using Remifentanil or Dexmedetomidine as Anesthetic Adjuvants [NCT04073758]62 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-02Enrolling by invitation
Remifentanil Requirement for Acceptable Intubating Condition With Two Dose Ketamine Without Neuromuscular Blocking Agent in Children [NCT02655380]Phase 451 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-19Completed
Preoperative Controlled-Release Oxycodone or Intraoperative Morphine As Transition Opioid After Intravenous Anesthesia For Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery: a Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial. [NCT00681174]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Failure to enroll sufficient patients by expected deadline.)
Remifentanil Intravenous Patient-controlled Labor Analgesia for Nulliparous Women [NCT00710086]Phase 41,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine During Opioid Free Anesthesia on Postoperative Recovery After Gastrectomy : A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04529135]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-26Completed
Comparison of Patients' Satisfaction Between Dexmedetomidine and Remimazolam Anesthesia in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Catheter Ablation [NCT05864404]142 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-24Recruiting
The Effect of High-dose Remifentanil on Established Sunburn-induced Hyperalgesia in Human Volunteers (HighDose RemiSun) [NCT01015482]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-11-30Recruiting
NO PAIN: New Options for Preoperative Anesthesia in Intrauterine Needling [NCT01013558]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Does the Choice of Administration Sequence of Propofol and Remifentanil Affect the ED50 and ED95 of Rocuronium for Rapid Sequence Induction of Anesthesia? [NCT02709473]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Experimental Medicine Study to Validate Pharmacodynamic Pain Assessments in Healthy Volunteers in a Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, 2 Way Cross-over Design With an Opioid Analgesic (Remifentanil) [NCT02602002]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
The Effect of Transcutaneous Electric Acupoint Stimulation on the Quality of Early Recovery in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: a Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02619578]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Remifentanil vs Fentanyl During Day Case Dental Surgery in Persons With Special Needs: a Comparative Study of Their Effect on Stress Response and Postoperative Pain [NCT02619032]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
[NCT01025245]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced Anesthesia on Postoperative Lung Function [NCT00706277]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Requirement of Analgesics After Two Remifentanil Dosing Regimen in Cardiac Surgery. [NCT00757198]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Median Effective Dose of Remifentanil for the Prevention of Myoclonus Induced by Etomidate Injection [NCT05754762]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Open Label, Multicentre Study to Compare the Pharmaco-economic Implications of an Analgesia Based Regimen With Remifentanil and a Conventional Sedation Based Regimen Using Propofol in Medical and Post-surgical ICU Subjects Requiring Mechanic [NCT00436345]Phase 339 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Terminated(stopped due to recruitment issues)
The Influence of Depth of Anesthesia on Pupillary Reactivity to a Standardized Stimulus Under Steady-state Remifentanil Analgesia [NCT02595476]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Propofol-Ketamine vs Remifentanyl-Ketamine for Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy [NCT02602743]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Anesthesiological Strategies in Elective Craniotomy: Randomized, Equivalence, Open Trial [NCT00741351]Phase 3411 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Pupillometry Guided Versus Standard Practice Remifentanil Administration and Total Opioid Consumption [NCT02576600]65 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Comparison of Erector Spina and Quadratus Lumborum in Open Nephrectomy [NCT05810571]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Active, not recruiting
Short-term Sedation With Remimazolam Besylate Versus Propofol in Patients Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Units: a Multi-center Randomized Non-inferior Trial [NCT05782894]Phase 3164 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
Effects of Sufentanil on the Intraoperative Hemodynamic Parameters in Patients Undergoing Extracranial-intracranial Bypass Surgery: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06091904]92 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-24Recruiting
The Effect of Ultra-low-dose Naloxone on Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia - A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT02856087]92 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Perioperative Multimodal General Anesthesia Focusing on Specific CNS Targets in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgeries [NCT04016740]Early Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-20Completed
Interest of Virtual Reality Distraction in the Management of Patients Benefiting From Oocyte Retrieval [NCT05244538]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-02-01Completed
Efficacy Of IV Morphine vs Remifentanil-Intrathecal Morphine Analgesia During Hepatic Resection Surgery [NCT00553553]45 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Recruiting
The Effect of High-dose Remifentanil on Established Capsaicin-induced Hyperalgesia in Human Volunteers [NCT00886106]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Recruiting
Impact of Night-time Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Infusion on Sleep Quality of Patients With Mechanical Ventilation in ICU: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05718024]Phase 4174 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Influence of Intraoperative Analgesia (Sufentanil Administered According to the Usual Criteria or Remifentanil Administered by a Closed-loop System Using Bispectral Index as the Controller) on the Postoperative Morphine Consumption [NCT00772616]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Evaluation of the Impact of Combined Intraoperative Monitoring of Depth of Analgesia, Depth of Anesthesia and Continuous Hemodynamic Data on the Patients Recovery After Cytoreduction Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy [NCT04104334]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-08Terminated(stopped due to Change in surgical practice and chemotherapy treatment by the surgery team)
Opioid Free Anaesthesia vs Opioid Based Anesthesia in Cleft Lip, Palate ,Alveolus Surgery. [NCT04081909]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-04Not yet recruiting
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Recovery Profiles of Elderly Patients [NCT01851005]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Atropine on Haemodynamics and Tissue Oxygenation in Anaesthesia With Propofol and Sufentanil Versus Propofol and Remifentanil [NCT01871935]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Recruiting
[NCT01880931]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Effect of Different Anesthetic Techniques for Isolated Systolic Hypertensive Patients of Abdominal Surgery on Postoperative Hospital Stay and morbidity---a Prospective, Randomized Study [NCT01884298]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Use of Ultiva ® Associated With Xylocaine ® in the Procedures of Feticide: A Phase III Randomized Trial [NCT02597699]Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-18Completed
Vagotonic Effect of Remifentanil in Reference to Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Predominance of Autonomic Nervous System. [NCT01714388]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Smooth Removal of the LMA From Propofol Anesthesia [NCT01931683]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
The Effect of Remimazolam on Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia [NCT05866315]108 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-05-19Completed
Comparison of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter According to Position During Laparoscopy [NCT01937104]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
[NCT01972230]128 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Evaluation of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine in Patients With Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Intolerance After Cardiac Surgery: a Multicenter, Prospective, Single-blind, Randomized Controlled Study [NCT04734418]178 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-08Recruiting
Comparison of the Effects of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine Administered Under General Anesthesia in Rhinoplasty [NCT05572723]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-01Completed
The Effect of Remifentanil on Established Capsaicin-Induced Hyperalgesia in Human Volunteers [NCT00789386]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-11-30Recruiting
The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics Profiles of Remifentanil in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. [NCT03958396]Early Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-01Completed
Study of Respiratory Depression During Analgosedation Technique Combining Remifentanyl and Ketamine in TCI for Oocyte Retrieval [NCT03458143]20 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-02-12Recruiting
The Effects of Sufentanil-remimazolam vs. Remifentanil-remimazolam Total Intravenous Anesthesia on Postoperative Pain in Laparoscopic-assisted Gastrectomy - A Randomized, Controlled Study- [NCT05785234]66 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-30Recruiting
Opioid Sensitivity in Adults With Treated and Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT02898792]Early Phase 177 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-16Completed
Remifentanil and Atropine for Intubation in Neonates; a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00815048]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Influence of Anesthetics on Sedation and Antinociception: an Analysis of Auditory Evoked, Visceral Evoked and Heat Evoked Potentials [NCT00534586]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Centre-Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-Over Study to Compare the Pharmaco-Economic Consequences of an Ultiva (Remifentanil Hydrochloride) Based Regimen With Conventional Sedative Based Regimens in ICU Subjects Requiring Short-Term Mechanical Ventilation W [NCT00158873]Phase 4224 participants Interventional2004-09-30Completed
The Effect of Rocuronium on the Response of CVI to Laryngoscopy [NCT00926718]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Recruiting
The Effect and Safety of Different Sedation Strategies for Diagnostic Bronchoscopy [NCT03983889]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-17Not yet recruiting
Use of Bispectral Index (BIS) Monitoring of Anaesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanyl in Pediatric Patients in Ear Nose and Throat Surgery: Are There Clinical Advantages? [NCT01043952]157 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment.)
Remifentanil Versus Placebo for Pain Treatment External Cephalic Versions. Randomized, Controlled and Masked [NCT01048398]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil in a Rapid Sequence Induction for Fragile Subjects [NCT01259648]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-09Completed
The Dose Effects of Remifentanil Boluses on the Hemodynamic Response to Skull Pin Insertion. [NCT01056224]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
Phase 4: The Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil on Postoperative Hemodynamics and Pain/Opioids in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy [NCT00335972]Phase 4142 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Closed due to lack of enrollment)
The Effect Site Concentration of Remifentanil for Conscious Sedation During Awake Nasotracheal Fiberoptic Intubation [NCT01052324]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
[NCT02202239]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-09-30Not yet recruiting
Assessment of Changes of Hematological Parameters and Need for Blood Transfusion in Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery [NCT02364765]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Esmolol Pretreatment on Pain During Injection of Propofol [NCT01885364]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Comparison of Intubation Conditions After Induction With Propofol Associated With a Dose of Remifentanil or Sufentanil in Surgical Tooth Extraction. [NCT01910285]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Measurement of Nociceptive Index During General Anesthesia in ASA 1-3 Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery Using the Nociception Level (NoL) Index [NCT01912118]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
the Effective Bolus Dose of Remifentanil for Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Insertion in Pediatric Patients [NCT01919203]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Single-blind Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery, Including Follow-up Sedation in the PACU/ICU [NCT01937767]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Remifentanil-based Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy: Comparison of Propofol and Ketamine As Adjuvant [NCT01947114]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Comparison of Two Dosage of Remifentanil Infusion Combined With Propofol-based Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty [NCT05876039]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-31Not yet recruiting
ED 50 of Propofol for Supreme LMA Insertion With and Without Remifentanil. A Randomized Trial [NCT01974648]Phase 459 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Comparison of Normotensive Anesthesia Using a Combination of Metoprolol and Tramadol With Controlled Hypotension Using Remifentanil in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT02484859]Phase 488 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of JNJ-268229 in Pediatric Subjects General Anesthetised [NCT01998165]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
[NCT01998217]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Prothrombotic Factors , Angiogenic Growth Factor and Different Anaesthetic Techniques in Cancer Patients Undergoing Prostatectomy [NCT01998685]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
The Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Remifentanil and Nitroprusside for Controlled Hypotension [NCT02001298]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Remifentanil Plus Ketamine Versus Midazolam Plus Fentanyl for Dynamic Flexible Bronchoscopy: Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial [NCT03613792]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Change in procedure means limited value for study question)
A Comparison of Propofol-remifentanil Versus Sevoflurane-remifentanil: the Effect on Acute Postoperative Pain After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty [NCT04333992]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Completed
Adaptation to Neonatal Life After an Anesthetic Protocol Using Remifentanil for General Anesthesia for Caesarean Section in a Context of Prematurity - REAGI Protocol [NCT02029898]Phase 1/Phase 253 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Active, not recruiting
Time to Post-Anesthesia Neurological Evaluation and Hemodynamic Stability in Carotid Endarterectomy Comparing Three General Anesthetic Techniques Targeted to a Preset Bispectral Index Value: a Pilot Study [NCT03996148]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-29Completed
Remifentanil and Propofol Versus Fentanyl and Midazolam for Sedation During Therapeutic Hypothermia. A Randomised, Controlled Trial [NCT00667043]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Remifentanil for c-Section With General Anesthesia in Severe Preeclamptic Patients [NCT00567957]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-02-29Not yet recruiting
[NCT00588926]20 participants (Actual)InterventionalActive, not recruiting
[NCT02212340]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Neurodevelopmental Outcome After Standard Dose Sevoflurane Versus Low-dose Sevoflurane/Dexmedetomidine/Remifentanil Anaesthesia in Young Children- The TREX Trial [NCT03089905]Phase 3450 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-10Active, not recruiting
Efficacy of Rescue Surfactant Delivery Via Endotracheal Intubation (INSURE Technique) Versus Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) for Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in Preterm Neonates [NCT02164734]Phase 493 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Slow to impossible recruitment during COVID-19 pandemic)
Single-centre, Randomised, Prospective, Open-label, Three-period, Phase 1 Clinical Trial for Assessment of the Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Remimazolam and Remifentanil [NCT04670471]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-13Completed
A Randomized Study of Whether General or Regional Anesthesia for Patients Undergoing Elective Total Knee Arthroplasty Could Effect Length of Hospital Stay [NCT01604382]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Inonu University, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Malatya [NCT02271555]Phase 458 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Remifentanil-dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-fentanyl Sedation Protocols for Pregnant Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Procedures [NCT05654064]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Deferred by IRB.)
Incidence of Postthoracotomy Pain Following General Anesthesia: A Comparison Between TIVA and Inhalation Anesthesia [NCT00935571]400 participants (Anticipated)Observational2007-10-31Active, not recruiting
Patient-controlled Intravenous Analgesia With Remifentanil Infusion for Labour: is Demand Bolus Required for Optimal Analgesia [NCT01563939]2 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Difficult recruitment.)
Clonidine-Remifentanil. Effect of the Combination on Acute Pain and Respiration in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00730054]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Impact of Remifentanil Administration on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients With Upper Respiratory Anesthetized With Propofol [NCT00611195]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
the Research of Analgesia and Sedation Effect of Remifentanil on ICU Short Operation [NCT02635802]Phase 41,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-12-31Not yet recruiting
Comparative Study of the Use of Remifentanil Versus Morphine for Sedation and Analgesia of Premature Neonates During Mechanical Ventilation in the Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) [NCT00391105]Phase 40 participants Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Assessment of the Nociception During Lumbar Surgery [NCT01015651]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Novel Vital-sign Patient-assisted Intravenous Analgesia With Remifentanil for Labour Pain to Reduce Maternal Desaturation and Improve Analgesic Titration: a Prospective Cohort Study [NCT02733835]Phase 425 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Recruiting
[NCT02700217]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-16Completed
A Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating Pupillometry Guided Remifentanil Administration in Pediatric Anesthesia [NCT02683837]56 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-04-30Suspended
Remifentanil Versus Fentanyl During Laparoscopic Hysterectomy- a Randomized Control Trial [NCT04178785]76 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-22Recruiting
Effects of Remifentanil on Breathing Pattern, Respiratory Effort and Gas Exchange in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. [NCT00665119]Phase 414 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
The Effects of Anesthetic Techniques and Palonosetron Administration on the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in the Women Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy [NCT02809378]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
Effects of Remifentanil on Diastolic and Systolic Function in Patients With Diastolic Dysfunction [NCT04117009]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-01Recruiting
The Effect of Remifentanil and Midazolam on Propofol for Loss of Consciousness During Induction of Anesthesia [NCT02536690]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Interest of the Gradient of Nociceptive Indexes After a Tetanus (100 Hz, 60 Milliamperes, 30 Seconds) at a Fixed Remifentanil Effect Site Concentration to Adjust Remifentanil Before Tracheal Intubation and Skin Incision [NCT02884310]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
A Single-blinded Multicenter Randomized Study Comparing Intubating Conditions After Either Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg or Remifentanil 2 µg/kg in Elderly Patients [NCT04287426]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-11Completed
The Effect of Remifentanil and Midazolam on Propofol for Loss of Consciousness During Induction of Anesthesia in Elderly Patients [NCT02818387]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Recruiting
Intravenous Opioid-sparing Effect of Thoracic Epidural Administration of Chirocaine (5 mg/ml) During Thoracotomy [NCT00627081]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Pupillary Unrest in Ambient Light, and Relationship to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Volunteers [NCT04301895]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-30Completed
Remifentanil-dexmedetomidine Anesthesia as an Alternative Anesthetic for Elective Pediatric Surgery: a Pilot Study. [NCT02799589]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty in recruitment)
The Use of Midazolam and Remifentanil During Arteriovenous Fistula Placement Procedure and Monitored Anesthesia Care [NCT04226443]99 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-28Completed
Deep Sedation in Spontaneously Breathing Patients Combined With Local Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia in Gynecological Patients at Same Day Surgical at Hospitalsenheden Horsens [NCT01412632]Phase 4153 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Neuronale Mechanismen Der Sensorischen Reizverarbeitung in Der Narkose [NCT00434382]768 participants Interventional2002-10-31Active, not recruiting
Pregabalin Has Additive Analgesic and Ventilatory Depressive Effects in Combination With Remifentanil [NCT01419405]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Effect of Ketamine+Propofol vs Remifentanyl+Propofol on Laryngeal Mask Insertion Conditions [NCT02583217]50 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2015-04-30Completed
Effects Of Propofol-Dexmedetomıdıne And Propofol- Remıfentanıl On Recovery And Hemodynamıcs In Hysteroscopıc Operations, That One Of The Ambulatory Anesthesıa Practices: A Randomızed Controlled Study [NCT05674201]2 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2021-06-17Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Fospropofol Disodium Versus Propofol for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients [NCT05491278]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-10Completed
Randomized and Single Blind Study Comparing Remifentanil Sedation Versus Propofol for Performing Bronchial Fibroscopies Under Intravenous Anesthesia [NCT01872754]Phase 471 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Sedation Versus General Anesthesia for Endovascular Therapy in Acute Stroke - Impact on Neurological Outcome [NCT01872884]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-14Completed
Experimental Pain Processing and Autonomic Function in Subjects Suffering From Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT00672737]56 participants (Actual)Observational2008-02-29Completed
Treatment of Spontaneous Hyperventilation in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: The Efficiency and Safety of Remifentanil Infusion and Its Impact on Cerebral Blood Flow [NCT04974060]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Bolus Doses of Remifentanil on the Incidence of Coughing During Emergence of Anesthesia. [NCT01489072]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
The EC90 of Remifentanil Blunting Hemodynamic Changes to Head Fixation in the Patients Undergoing Neurosurgery [NCT01489137]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
[NCT01491009]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Investigation to Determine the Optimum Dose of Remifentanil for Tracheal Intubation in Children Using the Up/Down Method [NCT00474071]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on Cough During Emergence From General Anesthesia : Randomized Trial to Comparison Between Sevoflurane Anesthesia and Propofol Anesthesia [NCT01240109]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
The Effects of Maintenance a Remifentanil Infusion on the Hemodynamic Variables and Recovery Quality [NCT01303627]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil for Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care: Multicenter, Random, Double-blind, Parallel, Positive Control Clinical Trials [NCT05641909]Phase 3138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-01Recruiting
Sevoflurane-Remifentanil Interaction: Multiple Response Surfaces, Validation of Calibration Stimuli, Validation of the Intraoperative Isobole Concept and Investigating Remifentanil Induced Opioid Tolerance [NCT00522587]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
[NCT02929095]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-01Completed
Comparison of Desflurane Balanced Anesthesia Versus TIVA-TCI (Total IntraVenous Anesthesia-Target Controlled Infusion) in Patients Undergoing Ophthalmic Ambulatory Surgery: A Single Center, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT02922660]209 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Effects of an Opioid Sparing Care Pathway for Patients Undergoing Obesity Surgery [NCT03756961]220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-01Recruiting
Dual-loop Target Controlled Infusion for Coadministration of Propofol and Remifentanil Guided by Narcotrend Index in Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion With Internal Fixation [NCT02890186]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-04-30Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil in Preterm Infants Who Require Ventilator Support [NCT01713127]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Terminated(stopped due to declined enrollment)
Automatic Remifentanil Administration Guided by the Analgesia Nociception Index During Propofol Anesthesia [NCT03556696]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-27Completed
To Explore the Optimal Dose of Remifentanil for Skull Pin Fixation in Intracranial Surgery. [NCT05125328]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-19Recruiting
Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Anesthesia With Volatile Agents on Inflammatory Markers Following Elective Craniotomy for Primary Brain Tumor [NCT00555984]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to PI decision to terminate. No usable data collected)
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Remifentanil in Preterm Infant [NCT01477892]Phase 1/Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Opioid-free Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol, Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine Infusions for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy; Comparison With Propofol, Remifentanil Infusions [NCT01833819]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
The Effect and Safety of Different Sedation Strategies for Diagnostic Bronchoscopy [NCT03406533]28 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Terminated(stopped due to The sample size should be re-calculated based on the first 28 cases.)
Remifentanil Versus Dexmedetomidine for Post-Cardiac Surgery Patients With Noninvasive Ventilation Intolerance: A Prospective, Observational,Cohort Study [NCT03395886]90 participants (Actual)Observational2018-01-01Completed
Randomized Double Blind Study Comparing Patient Controlled Analgesia With Tramadol vs. Remifentanyl for Women Undergoing 2nd Trimester Abortions [NCT00361686]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Optimal Effect Site Remifentanil Concentration for Smooth Extubation After Thyroid Surgery [NCT03218124]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Controlled Hypotension on Cerebral Oxygen Saturation in Patients Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: a Prospective Randomized Single Blind Clinical Trial [NCT02967029]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-01Completed
Sedative Effect and Safety of Remiazolam Combined With Low-dose Esketamine in Painless Bidirectional Endoscopy in Children [NCT05686863]106 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-18Completed
Recovery Parameters and Nociception Levels in Opioid-free Versus Opioid Based Anesthesia for Thyroidectomy [NCT05243940]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-07Recruiting
The Effect of Two Different Anesthetic Methods on Gastrointestinal Motility in Patients Scheduled for Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Prospective, Randomized, Single Blinded Clinical Trial [NCT05951686]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-15Recruiting
Quality of Recovery After Electroencephalogram and Nociception Level-guided Versus Standard Anesthesia Care in Female Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05936671]126 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-13Recruiting
Effect of Remifentanil on Electroencephalographic BAR Index During Propofol Anaesthesia [NCT00455026]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Bispectral Index as an Analgesia Monitoring in Severely Ill Patient: Effect of Remifentanyl [NCT00162591]40 participants Interventional2004-10-31Recruiting
Co-administration of Propofol and Remifentanil for Lumbar Puncture in Children: Evaluation of Two Dose Combinations [NCT00405522]Phase 334 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Electroencephalogram Based Real-Time Sedation Level Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence [NCT05757622]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-03-01Not yet recruiting
[NCT03010098]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Not yet recruiting
Effects of Anesthesia Drugs on Neuronal Activity in the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus During Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Implantation Surgery [NCT03283150]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Terminated(stopped due to Due to a decrease in scheduled study-eligible patients, we terminated the study prematurely)
Pain Relief and Progress of Labour With Remifentanil Patient-controlled Analgesia Versus Combined Spinal-epidural Analgesia in Multiparous Women: a Prospective Observational Study [NCT02963337]162 participants (Actual)Observational2017-01-01Completed
Target-controlled Infusion of Remifentanil for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion During Sevoflurane Induction in Adults [NCT01456299]102 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
The Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil Infusion in Geriatric Patients Undergoing Outpatient Cataract Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Study [NCT04935541]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair [NCT03041935]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-01Completed
The Effect Site Concentration of Remifentanil Blunting Hemodynamic Responses to Tracheal Intubation: Single Versus Double Lumen Tube [NCT01542099]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol-Remifentanil Conscious Sedation for Awake Craniotomy for Tumor Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01545297]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Pharmacogenetics of Remifentanil in Patients With Hypertension Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under General Anesthesia [NCT01550640]149 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Research Center for Neuro-Oncology Interaction , Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences [NCT05468671]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-04Completed
COMPARISON OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND REMIFENTANIL FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN TRANSPHENOIDAL Pituitary SURGERY [NCT05772832]84 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2021-11-17Completed
Synchronous Effect of Anesthetics on fMRI, EEG and Clinical Responses. Development of a More Precise System for Monitoring Anesthetic Effect. [NCT03928366]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-13Completed
Magnesium Sulfate in Substitution to Remifentanil. Intra-operative Analgesia Assessed by the Surgical Stress Index. Randomized and Blind Clinical Trial [NCT04005599]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-03Completed
The Comparison of Two Different Techniques of Remifentanil Consumption During Implantable Vascular Access Device Procedures [NCT04749069]107 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-01Completed
Randomized Controlled Doubleblind Pilot Study Comparing Analgosedation Concepts During Placement of Regional Anaesthesia With Either Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Clonidine, EMLA-Patch or Placebo in Regard of Pain Reduction. [NCT04026074]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-26Completed
Prospective, Randomized Comparative Study of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Sedation in Orthopedic Surgery Under Regional Anesthesia [NCT04149626]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-29Recruiting
The Effects of Dexmedetomidine/Remifentanil and Midazolam/Remifentanil on Auditory-evoked Potentials and Electroencephalogram at Light-to-moderate Sedation Levels in Healthy Subjects [NCT00641563]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Propofol Versus Sevoflurane as Sole Anesthetic Agent in Gastric By-Pass Surgery for Morbid Obesity: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01279499]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Recruiting
Postoperative Drip-infusion of Remifentanil for Preventing Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia- a Retrospective Observative Study [NCT04387097]559 participants (Actual)Observational2018-05-01Completed
Detection of Consciousness by EEG and Auditory Evoked Potentials [NCT01720615]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
General Versus Intrathecal Anaesthesia for Patients Undergoing Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty [NCT01733472]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
The Effects of Remifentanil and Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery [NCT03807011]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-07Completed
The Effect of Different Sedation Regimes Administered by Anesthesiologists or Endoscopists on Cognitive Functions in Lower Gastrointestinal System Endoscopy [NCT02486328]Phase 4103 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Quality Assessment of Orotracheal Intubation Without Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Obese Patients With Two Doses of Remifentanil: a Pilot Study [NCT05026125]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-13Completed
Patient Controlled Remifentanil Analgesia vs. Epidural Analgesia for Normal Labour. A Prospective Randomised Study [NCT04541719]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-01Withdrawn(stopped due to no participants enrolled)
The Effects of Remifentanil, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane and Desflurane on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Humans [NCT00244517]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Part II was not performed as we could not include enough patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria.)
Effects of Dexmetomidine and Remifentanil Used for Controlled Hypotension in Septorhinoplasty Surgery on Cardiac Electrophysiology: Prospective Randomized Study [NCT06138574]72 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Sedation/Analgesia: Midazolam/Morphine Vs Propofol/Remifentanil [NCT00326352]40 participants Interventional2003-07-31Terminated
Prospective Randomized, Double-blinded Clinical Trial on Remifentanyl for Analgesia and Sedation of Ventilated Neonates and Infants [NCT00419601]Phase 324 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
[NCT00326859]Phase 440 participants Interventional2005-08-31Terminated
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Are Similar When Propofol or Sevoflurane Are Used as Adjuvant to Remifentanil During Anaesthesia for Gynaecological Surgery [NCT00452855]160 participants Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Echocardiographic Study of the Haemodynamic Effects of Remifentanil With and Without Glycopyrrolate in Healthy Children [NCT00315536]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison Of Dexmedetomidine And Remifentanil For Sedation During Awake Fiberoptic Intubations [NCT00349245]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Does Opioid Induced Swallowing Difficulty Lead to Elevated Risk for Pulmonary Aspiration? [NCT01495377]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Multicenter, Parallel-group Study to Compare the Efficacy, Safety and Resource Utilization of a Remifentanil/Propofol Analgesia/Sedation Regimen Versus a Sufentanil/Propofol Analgesia/Sedation Regimen in Mechanically Ventilated I [NCT00421720]Phase 4164 participants Interventional2007-01-31Terminated
COADMINISTRATION OF INTRAVENOUS REMIFENTANIL AND MORPHINE FOR POSTTHORACOTOMY PAIN; COMPARISON WITH IV MORPHINE ALONE [NCT01830296]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on Postoperative Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery [NCT01627873]Phase 4622 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
A Comparison of the Perioperative Hemodynamic Effects of Remifentanil and Esmolol: a Double Blind Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01628562]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
[NCT01634594]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
[NCT01652586]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Opioid Effects on Swallowing Comparing Younger and Elderly Volunteers [NCT01924234]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
"Hemodynamic Stability During Induction of General Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study Comparing Medium and Low Remifentanil Doses." [NCT03861377]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-09Completed
Can Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia be Prevented by Gradual Dose Reduction vs. Abrupt Withdrawal of Remifentanil? [NCT01702389]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Dexmedetomidine vs. Remifentanil for Patient and Surgeon Satisfaction in Cataract Surgery Under Controlled Sedation [NCT03401606]Phase 498 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-01Terminated(stopped due to a respiratory depression in remifentanyl group)
[NCT01732666]25 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
[NCT01735019]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Open Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil Versus Nitrous Oxide in External Cephalic Version at Term in Singleton Pregnancy in Breech Presentation [NCT01735669]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Remifentanil Versus Propofol With Target Controlled Infusion Effect Site for the Sedation of Patients During Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01746641]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Occurrence of severe respiratory depression in the remifentanil group.)
A Randomized Comparison of Esmolol and Remifentanil on Intraoperative Bleeding and Surgical Field Conditionsin Nasal Surgery [NCT01752959]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Recruiting
Sevoflurane Alone and Propofol With or Without Remifentanil in Electroconvulsive Therapy [NCT01759589]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Comparison of Different Doses of Remifentanil on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy: a Prospective, Double-blinded Randomized Control Trial [NCT01761149]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-12-31Recruiting
Validation of Medasense Non-invasive Nociception Monitor During Surgery and Postoperative Recovery. [NCT01762332]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil on the Maternal Responses to Tracheal Intubation in Severe Pre-eclamptic Patients During Caesarean Delivery [NCT01766089]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Slow Stepwise Propofol TCI Induction for Titration Anesthesia Maintenance [NCT02999126]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-08-31Recruiting
Comparative Study Between Inhalational Anaesthesia and Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) With Dexmedetomidine for Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy [NCT03029715]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
[NCT01924871]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Effects of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Stress Response in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery During Perioperative Anesthesia and Its Correlation With Serum Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) [NCT05899127]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-22Recruiting
Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Smooth Induction With Desflurane [NCT02379715]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Inhalation Anesthesia on Lymphocytes in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Resection and the Mechanism Involved: a Single-center, Randomized, Prospective Study [NCT03193710]260 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-09-01Recruiting
Remifentanil and Hyperalgesia: Gradual Withdrawal Versus Immediate Discontinuation [NCT03110653]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-15Completed
The Effect of a Regimen of Opioid Sparing Anesthesia on Postoperative Recovery [NCT05717361]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Recruiting
Does the Use of a Videolaryngoscope Modifies Anesthetic Induction ? [NCT02245789]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Low-dose Nalmefene on Preventing Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Surgery [NCT03096730]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-06Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a New Formulation of Nasal Naloxone for Prehospital Use [NCT02307721]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Alkalinized Lidocaine in the Endotracheal Tube Cuff Compared to a Bolus Dose of Intravenous Remifentanil on the Incidence of Coughing During Emergence of Anesthesia [NCT01451840]85 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Two Different Dosages of Remifentanil Administered by PCSA (Patient Controlled Sedation and Analgesia) and Meperidine During Colonoscopy: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial [NCT01229527]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
[NCT01895348]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Analysis of Change of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Using Ultrasonography in Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy [NCT03152981]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-03Completed
Closed-loop Anaesthesia for Liver Transplantation: a Pilot Study [NCT03357900]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-18Completed
[NCT01920113]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Remifentanil-propofol Admixture Using Single-infusion Technique [NCT04394897]96 participants (Actual)Observational2013-03-12Completed
GASTROKE- the Effect of General Anesthesia Versus Sedation for Patients With Acute Ischemic STROKE Undergoing Endovascular Treatment on Three Month Morbidity and Mortality: a Feasibility Study. [NCT03247998]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Analgesic Drugs on Respiratory Center [NCT04372342]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-01Recruiting
Regional Anesthesia for Breast Cancer Surgery, Effects on Postoperative Wellbeing and Disease Recurrence. [NCT03117894]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-23Completed
Effect of Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Postoperative Outcome and Smooth Emergence After Thyroidectomy [NCT02412150]139 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
The Minimum Effective Dose of Remifentanil When Co-administered With Propofol for Lumbar Puncture in Children: A Dose-finding Study [NCT00213239]Phase 1/Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Comparison of Skin Sympathetic Nerve Activity According to Different Anesthetics During Transurethral Procedures [NCT03763305]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Devices for measuring SKNA are need to be re-constructed, which takes considerable time.)
Opioid-Free Anesthesia in Cardiac Surgery [NCT04940689]Phase 3268 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-01Not yet recruiting
The Safety and Efficacy of Long-term-opioid-free Anesthesia in Anterior Cervical Surgery: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05548465]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-20Enrolling by invitation
Predicted EC95 of Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Preventing Cough After Laryngomicrosurgery From Propofol Anesthesia [NCT02973724]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
Pupillary Unrest as an Indicator of Central Opioid Effect in Subjects 40-60 Years of Age [NCT05391555]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
The Comparison of Serum Potassium Concentration, Antiarrhythmic Effect, and Myocardial Protective Effect Between Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil Infusion in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery [NCT01572454]77 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Dose-effect of Propofol for Anesthetic Induction: Double-blind Comparison of Different Propofol Formulations Administered Alone or With Remifentanil [NCT01592162]Phase 4409 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Comparison of Postoperative Pain Application of Alfentanil or Remifentanil in TIVA Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT05344911]Phase 4130 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-29Completed
[NCT01614535]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Laryngeal Injuries After Removal of the Tracheal Tube: A Comparison Between Anesthesia With Sevoflurane and Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Trial [NCT01616966]65 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil Infusion on Postoperative Sore Throat After Lumbar Spine Surgery in the Prone Position [NCT05345574]104 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-26Recruiting
The Effect of Different Anesthesia Techniques on Cerebral Oxygenation in Thoracic Surgery [NCT04760262]30 participants (Actual)Observational2017-03-01Completed
Remifentanil as Analgesia for Labour Pain [NCT00202722]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Reduction of Remifentanil-related Complications by Limiting Maximum Plasma Concentration During Target-controlled Infusion [NCT01003028]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-11-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of a Regimen of Opioid Sparing Anesthesia on Postoperative Recovery [NCT05594407]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-01Recruiting
Effect of Butorphanol Combined With Flurbiprofen Axetil on Preventing Postoperative Hyperalgesia Induced by Remifentanil in Patients Undergoing Lower Abdomimal Surgery [NCT02043366]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Effect of Remifentanil Administration on Hemodynamic Stability During Placement of a Mayfield Head Fixation Device for Craniotomy [NCT02430389]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Terminated(stopped due to A priori hypothesis confirmed with interim analysis.)
Impact of Deep Neuromuscular Block Versus Inhalation and Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Laparoscopic Surgical Workspace Defined as Insufflated Pneumoperitoneum Volume. [NCT01930747]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Remifentanil Target Controlled Infusion Versus Standard of Care for Conscious Sedation During US-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): a Randomized, Prospective, Control Study [NCT06033729]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-20Completed
Remifentanil IV PCA for Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia [NCT01901575]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
The Effect of Intraoperative Continuous Remifentanil Infusion on Glycemic Response and Variability in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Prospective, Randomized, Open Label Clinical Trial [NCT02349152]Phase 4116 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Determination of Remifentanil's ED50 for Rapid Sequence Intubation Avoiding Bradycardia and Hypotension in Adults [NCT03065309]Phase 315 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-25Completed
Perioperative Multimodal General AnesTHesia Focusing on Specific CNS Targets in Patients Undergoing carDiac surgERies - the PATHFINDER II Study [NCT05279898]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-28Recruiting
Real-time Decision Support for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Prophylaxis [NCT02625181]27,034 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
Optimal Concentration of Remifentanil for Achieving Excellent Intubating Condition During Low-dose Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Administration for Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Using Nerve Integrity Monitoring Tube [NCT06162390]23 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-20Recruiting
Propofol-dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol-remifentanil Conscious Sedation for Awake Craniotomy During Epilepsy Surgery [NCT02988050]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Comparison of the Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Insertion of the I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway During Propofol Anesthesia [NCT02382354]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
An Open Label Pilot Study of Feasibility of a Dexmedetomidine-Remifentanil-Caudal Anaesthetic for Infant Lower Abdominal/Lower Extremity Surgery: The TREX Pilot Study [NCT02353182]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Relationship Between General Anesthetic Mode and Postoperative Severe Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Complications: a Retrospective Cohort Study [NCT03335579]50,000 participants (Actual)Observational2016-12-31Completed
Study to Evaluate the Optimal Dose of Remifentanil Required to Ensure Apnoea During Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart Under General Anaesthesia [NCT02481791]Phase 335 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
The Use of S+Ketamine Versus Placebo During Target-Controlled Intravenous Anaesthesia to Reduce Morphine Consumption and Side Effects After Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03231683]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
The Effect of Scalp Nerve Block on the Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Nevus Surgery During Sevoflurane Anesthesia [NCT02428283]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Influence of Remifentanil on Postoperative Sore Throat in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia [NCT03173339]92 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Completed
Evaluation of the Potentiating Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Opioid Analgesia of Pain Threshold in Humans [NCT02432677]Phase 248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Recruiting
The Effect of Sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine and Sevoflurane-remifentanil on Biochemical Markers During Open Heart Surgery [NCT02405689]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Comparison Between Manual Versus Closed-loop Titration of Propofol and Remifentanil Guided by the qCon and qNox Indexes During Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia in Adult Patients: a Multicentre Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03540875]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-02Terminated(stopped due to Modification of the device)
Impact of Opioids on Heart Rate During Rapid Sequence Intubation: Double-blind Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05384665]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-05-16Terminated(stopped due to rate of inclusion too low)
Inflammatory Effect Comparison Between Fentanyl and Remifentanil in Mastectomy Under General Anesthesia [NCT04435925]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-27Completed
Comparison of Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Sevoflurane-based Balanced Anesthesia on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients for Major Elective Intra-abdominal Surgery [NCT01809041]Phase 4684 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Opioid Free Anesthesia Versus Conventional Total Intravenous Anesthesia for ENT Surgery [NCT04105946]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison of an Opioid-Free Anesthesia Protocol Versus Standard Practices on Early and Late Post-operative Recovery [NCT04797312]Phase 3140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-12Recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Remifentanil Target Controlled Infusion for Sedation During Awake Fibreoptic Nasotracheal Intubation [NCT01474213]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Low Dose Remifentanil Infusion During Tracheal Extubation in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients [NCT01152515]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Effect of Beta Blockade on Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in Humans [NCT01222091]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
The Recovery Profile of Different Doses of Remifentanil After Desflurane Inhalational Anesthesia for Bariatric Surgeries: Two Centers Controlled Prospective Study [NCT03219788]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-20Not yet recruiting
Remifentanil Only vs. Combination Group Midazolam + Meperidine During Elective Colonoscopy [NCT01693185]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia Using Remifentanil In Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Comparison of Two Dosages. [NCT01452880]Phase 4228 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
"Haemodynamic Stability During Induction of General Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study Comparing Equipotent Prophylactic Doses of Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Norepinephrine vs Placebo." [NCT03864094]Phase 499 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-15Recruiting
Intravenous General Anesthesia Versus Inhalational General Anesthesia in Parkinson's Disease [NCT00615472]58 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Effect of Intrathecal Ketorolac on Mechanical Hypersensitivity Following Acute Opioid Exposure [NCT00693160]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Terminated(stopped due to the manufacturing of preservative free ketorolac (Acular-PF) was discontinued)
Analgesia Following Posterior Spinal Fusion: Methadone vs Magnesium [NCT01795495]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
[NCT01720498]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Comparison of Sedation and General Anesthesia With Laryngeal Mask in Therapeutic Bronchoscopy [NCT03406546]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Terminated(stopped due to The sample size should be re-calculated based on the first 20 cases.)
A Prospective Evaluation of an Anesthesia Protocol to Reduce Post-operative and Post-discharge Nausea and Vomiting in a High Risk Orthognathic Surgery Population [NCT01592708]233 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
[NCT02243254]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Postoperative Sedation After Cardiac Surgery : Comparison Between Manual Administration and Automated Sedation [NCT03517735]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-17Terminated(stopped due to Modification of the device)
Intervention of Spontaneous Hyperventilation in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: the Feasibility of Drug Therapy and Its Impact on Cerebral Blood Flow [NCT04940273]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
Opioid-Induced Swallowing Dysfunction - The Impact of Bolus Volume: a Randomized, Double-Blind Study in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03283020]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-11Recruiting
Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability at BIS 25 and BIS 55 Under Propofol or Sevoflurane [NCT03098875]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Comparison of Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia After Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery Between Patients From the Plain Area and the Plateau Area [NCT05028049]160 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2021-08-30Not yet recruiting
Compare the Effects of Remifentanil and Fentanyl on the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation of ICU Patients: a Multi-centre, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT05014711]Phase 4254 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Recruiting
Preliminary Study to Assess the Effects of Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol/Remifentanyl Compared to Sevoflurane/Remifentanyl for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Novel Approach. [NCT01214057]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated(stopped due to the study was terminated for patient recruitment difficulty and interim power analysis)
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil on the Postoperative Sore Throat After Thyroidectomy [NCT03805568]74 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-05Completed
Optimal Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil for Inhibiting Response to Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Removal During Emergence From Sevoflurane-remifentanil Anesthesia [NCT01915108]128 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Association Between Anesthetic Drugs for General Anesthesia and Postoperative Intelligence/Behavioral Assessment Results in Children [NCT04364945]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-17Active, not recruiting
Analgesia Nociception Index Guided Remifentanil Administration During Propofol Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery : Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01893723]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Changes of usual clinical practices)
Comparision Between Hemodynamic Response of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil for Epinephrine Local Injection in Patient With Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Under General Anesthesia [NCT02464722]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-08-31Enrolling by invitation
Comparison of Inhalational Anesthesia and Total Intravenous Anesthesia on Surgical Field Quality and Post-operative Recovery in Endoscopic Tympanoplasty [NCT05993039]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-01Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Remifentanil for Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care: Multicenter, Random, Double-blind, Parallel, Positive Control Clinical Trials [NCT05003570]Phase 3138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-10Recruiting
A Phase IV Study to Investigate the Effects of Varied Remifentanil Concentrations on Propofol Requirements for Loss of Consciousness, Response to Painful Stimuli, Bispectral Index and Associated Haemodynamic Changes [NCT02287181]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
The Influence of Epigenetic Modification in OPRM1 on Postoperative Analgesia and Side Effect Induced by μ-opioid Receptor Agonists [NCT03135795]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-02-06Recruiting
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Lidocaine, Magnesium Sulphate and Remifentanil Perioperatively in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy: a Prospective, Randomized and Double-blind Study [NCT02309879]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Comparison Between Volatile Anesthetic-desflurane and Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil on Early Recovery Quality and Long Term Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Cancer and Common Bile Duct Cancer Surgery [NCT03447691]132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-27Recruiting
The Research About the Target Effect-site Concentration of Remifentanil Inhibiting Stress Reaction of the Perineal Prostate Puncture When Dexmedetomidine Being Continuous Pumping [NCT03428191]50 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2017-01-31Recruiting
Effects and Mechanism of Pretreatment With Dexmedetomidine to Etomidate Induce Myoclonus During General Anesthesia Induction Period [NCT02518789]Phase 4132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-09-30Not yet recruiting
Anesthetic Techniques and the Effect on Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures [NCT02664922]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor study design and too many study groups.)
Impact of an Opioid Free Anesthesia Protocol Compared to Multimodal Anesthesia on Postoperative Morphine Consumption in an Enhanced Recovery After Gastric Bypass Surgery Protocol: a Prospective, Double Blind Study [NCT05004519]183 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-05Completed
Comparisons of Myocardial Injury After Using Different Anesthetics Regimens for Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Remifentanil-based Versus Sevoflurane-sufentanil Balanced Regimen [NCT02499445]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Comparison of Plasmatic Concentrations of Propofol and Remifentanil During Monitored Anesthesia in Obese and Non Obese Patients. [NCT04492813]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-20Completed
Effect of Opioid-free Anesthesia on Postoperative Opioid-related Adverse Events After Major or Intermediate Non-cardiac Surgery: a Multicenter Prospective Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03316339]Phase 3316 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-29Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor's decision)
Comparison of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine for Monitored Anaesthesia Care [NCT02476981]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Comparison of the Role of Epidural Analgesia Versus Non-epidural Analgesia in Postnatal Depression and Persistent Pain Development: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03167905]Phase 2/Phase 3881 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-15Active, not recruiting
Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of HR020602 Injection in Children Undergoing General Anesthesia [NCT04867343]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-07Active, not recruiting
Optimal Sevoflurane Concentration for Intubation Without Using Muscle Relaxants in Combination of Different Clinical Bolus Doses of Remifentanil [NCT02440204]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on the Recovery Profile After Prolonged Head and Neck Surgery [NCT02416752]222 participants (Actual)Observational2011-08-31Completed
Pharmacodynamics and Arteriovenous Differences of Naloxone in Healthy Participants Exposed to an Opioid [NCT02405988]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Impact of Totally Transdermal Sedation in the Weaning From Remifentanil Infusion Among Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation: a Pilot Randomized-controlled Study (The TOES Trial) [NCT04204967]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-15Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00202722 (2) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction
NCT00202722 (2) [back to overview]Pain Score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Mean Maximal Change in Pain)
NCT00213239 (2) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events.
NCT00213239 (2) [back to overview]Dose of Remifentanil Required to Prevent Movement in Response to Lumbar Puncture Needle Insertion
NCT00335972 (3) [back to overview]Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Pain Score
NCT00335972 (3) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Pressure
NCT00335972 (3) [back to overview]Intravenous Morphine Equivalents During Post-anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) After Surgery
NCT00405522 (3) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events and Clinically Significant Changes in Routine Vital Signs as Measured by Electrocardiogram, Non-invasive Blood Pressure, and Pulse Oximeter.
NCT00405522 (3) [back to overview]Duration of Postoperative Recovery (Time to Spontaneous Eye Opening, Verbalization, Purposeful Movement).
NCT00405522 (3) [back to overview]Duration of Apnea
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Sedation-Agitation for Day 7
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Total Dose of Fentanil Administered - Bolus
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Total Dose of Propofol Administered - Bolus
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Bispectral Index (BIS)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Bispectral Index (BIS) for Extubation Period and Post-Extubation Period
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Doses of Sufentanil and Fentanil Administered - Continuous Infusion
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Sedation-Agitation From Screening Through the End of Study
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Sufentanil, Fentanil, and Morphine Infusion (ITT Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Time in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Potential Stay in ICU (the Time Expected for Extubation, i.e., the Time Between Intubation and Eligibility for Extubation, According to Investigator's Decision)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Number of Participants Analyzed for BIS (Bispectral Index Scale)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Number of Participants Analyzed for Sedation - Agitation Scale (SAS) and Pain Intensity (PI) Scale
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Pain Intensity From Day 8 to Day 10
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Sedation-Agitation From Day 8 to Day 10
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Bispectral Index (BIS) for Day 5
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Dose of Morphine Administered - Continuous Infusion
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Dose of Propofol Administered - Continuous Infusion
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Dose of Remifentanil Administered - Continuous Infusion
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Extubation
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Propofol Infusion (ITT Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Remifentanil Infusion (ITT Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Intent-to-Treat Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Modified-Intent-to-Treat Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Per-Protocol Population)
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Duration of Weaning
NCT00436345 (25) [back to overview]Pain Intensity (PI)
NCT00615472 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Improved Postoperative Delirium and Cognitive and Motor Changes
NCT00641563 (2) [back to overview]Amplitudes (in Micro Volts) of Acoustic Event Related Potentials (Time-locked Amplitudes in the Electroencephalogram 100 Milliseconds After the Acoustic Stimulus, Averaged Over 40 Stimuli)Awake and at 3 Different Drug-induced Sedation Levels
NCT00641563 (2) [back to overview]BIS-Index Awake and 3 Sedation Levels (RS 2/3/4)
NCT00672737 (4) [back to overview]Experimental Cold-induced Pain - IGFBP-1
NCT00672737 (4) [back to overview]Experimental Cold-induced Pain - SaO2
NCT00672737 (4) [back to overview]Experimental Heat-induced Pain - SaO2
NCT00672737 (4) [back to overview]Experimental Heat-induced Pain - IGFBP-1
NCT00693160 (2) [back to overview]Hyperalgesia
NCT00693160 (2) [back to overview]Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Concentration
NCT01152515 (5) [back to overview]The Grade of Coughing During Extubation
NCT01152515 (5) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Pressure Changes During Extubation
NCT01152515 (5) [back to overview]HR Changes During Extubation
NCT01152515 (5) [back to overview]Time of Extubation
NCT01152515 (5) [back to overview]Time of Awake
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Nasal Blood Flow to the Sinonasal Mucosa as Assessed by the Rhinolux System
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Received an Analgesic Post-operatively
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Nasal Blood Flow to the Sinonasal Mucosa as Assessed by the Rhinolux System
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants for Whom Surgical Field Visualization Was Deemed Severely Compromised
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Number of Participants With Nausea
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Pain Rating Using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Recovery Time in the PACU
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Duration of Surgery
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Volume of Blood Loss
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Platelet Function as Assessed by Thromboelastography (TEG) Platelet Mapping (PM)
NCT01214057 (11) [back to overview]Platelet Function as Assessed by Thromboelastography (TEG) Platelet Mapping (PM)
NCT01222091 (2) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Size (Area) of Secondary Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Remifentanil Infusion, a Measure of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia (OIH).
NCT01222091 (2) [back to overview]Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS)
NCT01229527 (2) [back to overview]Patient's Satisfaction
NCT01229527 (2) [back to overview]Discharge Time, the Time to Reach a Modified Aldrete Score ≥18
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Drug Stop Time to Recall
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]End Case to Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) Discharge
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Hemodynamics
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Nursing Workload Comparison
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Postoperative Shivering
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Postoperative Vomitting
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Total Opioid Consumption
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Aldrete Score
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Modified Short Orientation Memory Concentration Test (SOMCT)
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Postoperative Nausea
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Drug Stop Time to Fitness to Discharge
NCT01269918 (14) [back to overview]Drug Stop Time to Open Eyes
NCT01299584 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Unexpected Serious Adverse Event
NCT01299584 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Adverse Event
NCT01299584 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Serious Adverse Event
NCT01299584 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Unexpected Adverse Event
NCT01303627 (1) [back to overview]Smooth cLMA Removal Condition (Score 1)
NCT01456299 (1) [back to overview]LMA Insertion Condition
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Patient's Reaction to Procedure
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Intubation Score
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Cardiac Rhythm
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Peripheral Oxygen Saturation(SPO2)
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Post Operative Visit
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Post Intubation Score
NCT01474213 (9) [back to overview]Endoscopy Scores
NCT01477892 (2) [back to overview]Premature Infant Pain Profile
NCT01477892 (2) [back to overview]Adverse Reaction
NCT01592708 (5) [back to overview]Post-operative Vomiting
NCT01592708 (5) [back to overview]Post-discharge Vomiting
NCT01592708 (5) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay
NCT01592708 (5) [back to overview]Post-discharge Nausea
NCT01592708 (5) [back to overview]Post-operative Nausea
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]Patient's Distress Score
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]Participants Assumed to Feel Frequent Pain
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]Indigence of Patient's Recall
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]The Recovery Time
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]Endoscopist Satisfaction
NCT01693185 (6) [back to overview]Bispectra Lindex Score
NCT01733472 (3) [back to overview]Time Hrs Until the Patient Meets the Discharge Criteria From PACU
NCT01733472 (3) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT01733472 (3) [back to overview]Post Operative Pain
NCT01795495 (2) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain Scores
NCT01795495 (2) [back to overview]Intra- and Post-operative Pain Relief
NCT01901575 (1) [back to overview]PVC Suppression With Remifentanil Sedation
NCT01915108 (1) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Adverse Events Following LMA Removal
NCT01924871 (1) [back to overview]Awakening Time
NCT01930747 (3) [back to overview]Adverse Events Difference Between the Three Groups
NCT01930747 (3) [back to overview]Effect of Anesthetics on the Abdominal Elastance (E) Measured During Insufflation of the Abdomen by
NCT01930747 (3) [back to overview]Effect of Anesthetics on the Pressure at Zero Volume (PV0) Measured During Insufflation of the Abdomen
NCT02043366 (2) [back to overview]Mechanical Hyperalgesia Threshold on the Dominant Inner Forearm
NCT02043366 (2) [back to overview]Normalized Area of Hyperalgesia Around the Incision
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Days on Any Respiratory Support
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Mortality Rate
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Failing to Avoid Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Pneumothorax
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (O2 Dependence at the Later of 28 Days of Age or 36 Weeks Postmenstrual Age)
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Number of Surfactant Doses
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Early Failure of Surfactant Therapy
NCT02164734 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Complications During Insertion of LMA or Endotracheal Tube
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Blood Glucose Values (More Than One ) > 180 mg%
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Insulin Requirement
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Emergence From Anesthesia
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Glycemic Variability
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Number of Blood Glucose Values > 180 mg%
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Total Postoperative Regular Insulin
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Development of Chronic Pain
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Inflammatory Mediator Levels, Interleukin-1b, Interleukin 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (pg/ml)
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Mean, Peak and Trough Intraoperative Blood Glucose (mg/dl)
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Postoperative Blood Glucose
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Society of Thoracic Surgery Patient Outcomes
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Stress Hormone Levels-ACTH, GH, Glucagon (pg/ml)
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Stress Hormone Levels-Cortisol (µg/dl)
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Wound Hyperalgesia
NCT02349152 (15) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain
NCT02430389 (2) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Blood Pressure After Head Fixation
NCT02430389 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients Requiring Rescue Therapy for Hemodynamic Perturbations
NCT02440204 (2) [back to overview]EC95 for Successful Intubation
NCT02440204 (2) [back to overview]EC50 for Successful Intubation in Each Groups
NCT02484859 (5) [back to overview]Time to Achieve Intraoperative Bleeding Score < 3
NCT02484859 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
NCT02484859 (5) [back to overview]Intraoperative Bleeding Score
NCT02484859 (5) [back to overview]Bleeding Rate
NCT02484859 (5) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Change in Cognitive Function
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Pressure
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Change in Visual Analogue Scale Scores From the Baseline
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Change in Cognitive Function
NCT02486328 (6) [back to overview]Peripheral Oxygen Saturation
NCT02625181 (4) [back to overview]Time to Discharge From the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
NCT02625181 (4) [back to overview]The Number of Prophylactic Interventions for PONV
NCT02625181 (4) [back to overview]PONV Incidence: Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
NCT02625181 (4) [back to overview]Adherence to PONV Guidelines
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Number of Participants With Adverse Events.
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Number of Participants With Clinical Success.
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Pain Relief.
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Patient Comfort.
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Patient Satisfaction.
NCT02664922 (6) [back to overview]Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Proceduralist Satisfaction.
NCT02988050 (1) [back to overview]Patients Satisfaction
NCT03029715 (2) [back to overview]Analgesic Requirements.
NCT03029715 (2) [back to overview]The Intra-operative Mean Arterial Blood Pressure.
NCT03096730 (1) [back to overview]Mechanical Hyperalgesia Threshold on the Dominant Inner Forearm
NCT03283150 (3) [back to overview]Mean Time in Minutes From Sedation to Recovery
NCT03283150 (3) [back to overview]Number of Individuals Examined for Neuronal Activity Changes at Multiple Brain Regions Under the Effect of Different Sedative Drugs
NCT03283150 (3) [back to overview]Sedatives Drugs Effects - Percent Change in Root Mean Square (RMS) of Electrical Activity
NCT03395886 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With NIV Mitigation
NCT03395886 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With NIV Failure
NCT03643796 (5) [back to overview]Hemodynamic Stability
NCT03643796 (5) [back to overview]Time to Extubation
NCT03643796 (5) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery
NCT03643796 (5) [back to overview]Narcotic Consumption
NCT03643796 (5) [back to overview]Incidence of Unacceptable Movement Under General Anesthesia
NCT03996148 (1) [back to overview]Time to First Neurological Exam

Patient Satisfaction

Patient satisfaction with remifentanil pain relief by use of questionnaire answered within 24 hours after delivery. Evalutated by a 5-point scale; 1-very satisfied.......5-very dissatisfied. (NCT00202722)
Timeframe: From start of remifentanil treatment until delivery

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Satisfaction With Remifentanil Analgesia37

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Pain Score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Mean Maximal Change in Pain)

Continuous Visual Analogue Scale 0 - 100 millimeters (0=no pain, 100=worst imaginable pain) Registration of pain scores before start and every 15.minute during treatment with remifentanil. Result given is the maximal change in pain score (mean) compared to the baseline value at the given timepoints. (NCT00202722)
Timeframe: From start with remifentanil treatment until delivery, up to 8 hours.

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Remifentanil47

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Incidence of Adverse Events.

(NCT00213239)
Timeframe: Followed for the length of the procedure.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
BradycardiaHypotension
2.0 mg/kg Propofol00
4.0 mg/kg Propofol00

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Dose of Remifentanil Required to Prevent Movement in Response to Lumbar Puncture Needle Insertion

Minimum effective dose (Dixon methodology) and ED98 required to prevent movement during lumbar puncture needle insertion (NCT00213239)
Timeframe: Movement measured at the time of lumbar puncture needle insertion.

,
Interventionmicrograms/kg (Mean)
Minimum effective doseED98
2.0 mg/kg Propofol0.961.50
4.0 mg/kg Propofol0.280.52

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Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Pain Score

"Using a ruler, the score is determined by measuring the distance on the 10-cm line between the no pain anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0-10. 0 = no pain and 10 = worst" (NCT00335972)
Timeframe: pain score measured at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation

,
Interventioncm (Mean)
at 15 minutes after extubationat 30 minutes after extubationat 45 minutes after extubationat 60 minutes after extubationat 90 minutes after extubation
Dexmedetomidine2.62.83.12.92.9
Remifentanil5.45.35.04.94.8

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Mean Arterial Pressure

(NCT00335972)
Timeframe: mean arterial pressure at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
at 15 minutes after extubationat 30 minutes after extubationat 45 minutes after extubationat 60 minutes after extubationat 90 minutes after extubation
Dexmedetomidine8687868988
Remifentanil9998989694

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Intravenous Morphine Equivalents During Post-anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) After Surgery

intravenous morphine equivalents (mg) (NCT00335972)
Timeframe: During Post-anesthesia care unit after surgery,an average of 4 hours

Interventionmg (Median)
Remifentanil10
Dexmedetomidine5

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Incidence of Adverse Events and Clinically Significant Changes in Routine Vital Signs as Measured by Electrocardiogram, Non-invasive Blood Pressure, and Pulse Oximeter.

(NCT00405522)
Timeframe: This outcome was measured for the duration of the procedure (lumbar puncture).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
2.0 mg/kg Propofol0
4.0 mg/kg Propofol0

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Duration of Postoperative Recovery (Time to Spontaneous Eye Opening, Verbalization, Purposeful Movement).

(NCT00405522)
Timeframe: This outcome was measured for the duration of the recovery phase.

Interventionminutes (Median)
2.0 mg/kg Propofol10
4.0 mg/kg Propofol23

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Duration of Apnea

Duration of no respiratory effort (NCT00405522)
Timeframe: This outcome was measured for the duration of the procedure (lumbar puncture).

Interventionseconds (Median)
2.0 mg/kg Propofol110
4.0 mg/kg Propofol73

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Sedation-Agitation for Day 7

"Sedation - Agitation was assessed, using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS), by the following 7-point scale: 7, dangerous agitation; 6, very agitated; 5, agitated; 4, calm, cooperative; 3, sedated; 2, very sedated; 1, unarousable." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Day 7

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil4.0
Propofol3.3

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Total Dose of Fentanil Administered - Bolus

Data for this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 10 days

Interventionug/kg (Mean)
Propofol5.1

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Total Dose of Propofol Administered - Bolus

Data from this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 10 days

Interventionmg/kg (Mean)
Remifentanil1.5
Propofol5.5

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Bispectral Index (BIS)

The BIS monitor provides a single dimensionless number, the BIS value, which ranges from 0 to 100. A BIS value of 0 equals electroencephalogram silence, near 100 is the expected value in a fully awake adult, and between 40 and 60 indicates a level for general anaesthesia. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Screening through End of Study, up to 38 days

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Screening period (n = 3, 0)Day 1 (n = 4, 0)Day 2 (n = 4, 0)Day 3 (n = 5, 0)Day 4 (n = 4, 0)
Remifentanil38.047.345.645.849.7

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Bispectral Index (BIS) for Extubation Period and Post-Extubation Period

The BIS monitor provides a single dimensionless number, the BIS value, which ranges from 0 to 100. A BIS value of 0 equals electroencephalogram silence, near 100 is the expected value in a fully awake adult, and between 40 and 60 indicates a level for general anaesthesia. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 38 days

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Extubation periodPost-Extubation period
Remifentanil70.071.8

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Doses of Sufentanil and Fentanil Administered - Continuous Infusion

Data for this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 10 days

Interventionug/kg/h (Mean)
Sufentanil, n=8Fentanil, n=5
Propofol0.25.0

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Sedation-Agitation From Screening Through the End of Study

"Sedation - Agitation was assessed, using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS), by the following 7-point scale: 7, dangerous agitation; 6, very agitated; 5, agitated; 4, calm, cooperative; 3, sedated; 2, very sedated; 1, unarousable." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days

,
InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Screening periodDay 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Extubation periodPost-extubation period
Propofol3.72.92.93.13.13.12.63.64.0
Remifentanil3.53.02.83.13.43.53.93.23.8

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Duration of Sufentanil, Fentanil, and Morphine Infusion (ITT Population)

Data for this measure come from the infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 10 days (240 hours)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Sufentanil, n=8Fentanil, n=5Morphine, n=1
Propofol51.247.50.03

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Duration of Time in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Potential Stay in ICU (the Time Expected for Extubation, i.e., the Time Between Intubation and Eligibility for Extubation, According to Investigator's Decision)

Duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and the duration of potential stay in the ICU were measured. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days (912 hours)

,
InterventionHours (Mean)
Duration of ICU stayDuration of potential ICU stay
Propofol208.5208.1
Remifentanil212.6211.3

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Number of Participants Analyzed for BIS (Bispectral Index Scale)

Participants in the study for which BIS were evaluated. The BIS monitor provides a single dimensionless number, the BIS value, which ranges from 0 to 100. A BIS value of 0 equals electroencephalogram silence, near 100 is the expected value in a fully awake adult, and between 40 and 60 indicates a level for general anaesthesia. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Screening periodDay 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Extubation periodPost-extubation period
Remifentanil3445410000022

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Number of Participants Analyzed for Sedation - Agitation Scale (SAS) and Pain Intensity (PI) Scale

"Data from participants in the study for which the Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and Pain Intensity (PI) were recorded were analyzed. Sedation - Agitation was assessed, using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS), by the following 7-point scale: 7, dangerous agitation; 6, very agitated; 5, agitated; 4, calm, cooperative; 3, sedated; 2, very sedated; 1, unarousable. Pain Intensity was assessed by the following 6-point Pain Intensity Scale: 1, no pain; 2, mild pain; 3, moderate pain; 4, severe pain; 5 very severe pain; 6, worst possible pain." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 Days

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Screening periodDay 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Extubation periodPost-extubation period
Propofol1818171411321000126
Remifentanil2121181510622111125

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Pain Intensity From Day 8 to Day 10

"Pain Intensity was assessed by the following 6-point Pain Intensity Scale: 1, no pain; 2, mild pain; 3, moderate pain; 4, severe pain; 5 very severe pain; 6, worst possible pain." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Days 8, 9, and 10

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Day 8Day 9Day 10
Remifentanil1.01.01.0

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Sedation-Agitation From Day 8 to Day 10

"Sedation - Agitation was assessed, using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS), by the following 7-point scale: 7, dangerous agitation; 6, very agitated; 5, agitated; 4, calm, cooperative; 3, sedated; 2, very sedated; 1, unarousable." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Days 8, 9, and 10

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Day 8Day 9Day 10
Remifentanil4.03.33.6

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Bispectral Index (BIS) for Day 5

The BIS monitor provides a single dimensionless number, the BIS value, which ranges from 0 to 100. A BIS value of 0 equals electroencephalogram silence, near 100 is the expected value in a fully awake adult, and between 40 and 60 indicates a level for general anaesthesia. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Day 5

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil52.7

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Dose of Morphine Administered - Continuous Infusion

Data for this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 10 days

Interventionmg/kg/h (Mean)
Propofol4.3

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Dose of Propofol Administered - Continuous Infusion

Data for this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 10 days

Interventionmg/kg/h (milligrams per kilogram per hr) (Mean)
Remifentanil2.3
Propofol1.8

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Dose of Remifentanil Administered - Continuous Infusion

Data for this measure come from infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 10 days

Interventionug/kg/h (micrograms per kilogram per hr) (Mean)
Remifentanil10.6

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Duration of Extubation

Duration of extubation was measured. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 38 days (912 hours)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Remifentanil0.4
Propofol0.7

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Duration of Propofol Infusion (ITT Population)

Data for this measure come from the infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 10 days (240 hours)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Remifentanil47.6
Propofol86.2

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Duration of Remifentanil Infusion (ITT Population)

Data for this measure come from the infusion pump display; the infusion pump infuses medication (analgesics and sedative agents) into the participant's circulatory system. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 10 days (240 hours)

InterventionHours (Mean)
Remifentanil67.7

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Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Intent-to-Treat Population)

Time from start of mechanical ventilation until actual extubation (the process of removing a tube from the airway). (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days (912 hours)

InterventionHours (hr) (Mean)
Remifentanil77
Propofol70

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Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Modified-Intent-to-Treat Population)

Time from start of mechanical ventilation until actual extubation. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days (912 hours)

InterventionHours (Mean)
Remifentanil77
Propofol70

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Duration of Time on Mechanical Ventilation (Per-Protocol Population)

Time from start of mechanical ventilation until actual extubation (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days (912 hours)

InterventionHours (Mean)
Remifentanil87
Propofol81

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Duration of Weaning

Duration of weaning (the time from the intubation until the recovery of natural respiratory ability) was measured. (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: up to 38 days (912 hours)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Remifentanil0.42
Propofol0.26

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Pain Intensity (PI)

"Pain Intensity was assessed by the following 6-point Pain Intensity Scale: 1, no pain; 2, mild pain; 3, moderate pain; 4, severe pain; 5 very severe pain; 6, worst possible pain." (NCT00436345)
Timeframe: Up to 38 days

,
InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
Screening period, n=21, 18Day 1, n=21, 18Day 2, n=18, 17Day 3, n=15, 14Day 4, n=10, 11Day 5, n=6, 3Day 6, n=2, 2Day 7, n=2, 1Extubation period, n=12, 12Post-extubation period, n=5, 6
Propofol1.21.11.11.11.01.01.01.01.41.3
Remifentanil1.31.31.21.21.21.31.01.01.42.0

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Number of Participants With Improved Postoperative Delirium and Cognitive and Motor Changes

A battery/Questionnaire of neuropsych examinations is given to the subjects to measure improvement based on change of scores and standard deviation. The battery consists of questions regarding delirium, cognitive and motor changes and yields a combination assessment of all 3 elements. (NCT00615472)
Timeframe: Four months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Group 16
Group 25

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BIS-Index Awake and 3 Sedation Levels (RS 2/3/4)

BIS-Index is a dimensionless value ranging from 0-100, indicating fully awake at 100 and a flat-line electroencephalogram at 0. Standard anesthesia creates a BIS-Index range 40-60. The scale is ordinal, not interval. BIS Index is calculated from the EEG by a proprietary algorithm (Aspect Medical Inc.) (NCT00641563)
Timeframe: awake and 3 sedation levels (RS 2/3/4) 20 min each

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
awakesedation level RS 2sedation level RS 3sedation level RS 4
Dex/Remi92.584.569.551.4
Mida/Remi93.784.773.268.9

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Experimental Cold-induced Pain - IGFBP-1

The effect of insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), a serum hypoxia marker, on the change of cold-induced pain thresholds under remifentanil was estimated using a mixed linear regression model. The results were expressed by the estimated beta (95% CI), indicating how much the change in the cold pain threshold (expressed in seconds) under remifentanil, was altered per unit of change in the IGFBP-1. For example, for every 1-pg/mL increase in the serum level of IGFBP-1, cold pain threshold will additionally increase by 0.0025 seconds for every 1-mcg/mL increase in the plasma level of remifentanil. (NCT00672737)
Timeframe: 2 to 3 weeks

Intervention[sec/(mcg/mL)] /pg/mL (Mean)
at Risk for Sleep Apnea0.0025

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Experimental Cold-induced Pain - SaO2

The effect of arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep (chronic intermittent hypoxia expressed by nadir SaO2 during polysomnography) on the change of cold-induced pain thresholds under remifentanil was estimated using a mixed linear regression model. The results were expressed by the estimated betas (95% CI), indicating how much the change in the cold pain threshold (expressed in seconds) under remifentanil, was altered per unit of change in the SaO2. For example, for every 1-%-absolute decrease in the nadir SaO2, the cold pain threshold will additionally increase by 0.9694 seconds for every 1-mcg/mL increase in the plasma level of remifentanil. (NCT00672737)
Timeframe: 2 to 3 weeks

Intervention[sec/(mcg/mL)] /% (Mean)
at Risk for Sleep Apnea-0.9694

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Experimental Heat-induced Pain - SaO2

The effect of arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep (chronic intermittent hypoxia expressed by nadir SaO2 during polysomnography), on the change of heat-induced pain thresholds under remifentanil was estimated using a mixed linear regression model. The results were expressed by the estimated betas (95% CI), indicating how much the change in the heat pain threshold (expressed in C') under remifentanil, was altered per unit of change in the SaO2. For example, for every 1-%-absolute decrease in the nadir SaO2, the heat pain threshold will additionally increase by 0.0172 'C for every 1-mcg/mL increase in the plasma level of remifentanil. (NCT00672737)
Timeframe: 2 to 3 weeks

Intervention['C/(mcg/mL)] /% (Mean)
Males at Risk for OSA-0.0172

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Experimental Heat-induced Pain - IGFBP-1

The effect of arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep (chronic intermittent hypoxia expressed by insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), a serum hypoxia marker, on the change of heat-induced pain thresholds under remifentanil was estimated using a mixed linear regression model. The results were expressed by the estimated betas (95% CI), indicating how much the change in the heat pain threshold (expressed in C') under remifentanil, was altered per unit of change in the IGFBP-1. For example, for every 1-pg/mL increase in serum level of IGFBP-1, the heat pain threshold will additionally decrease by 0.0001 'C for every 1-mcg/mL increase in the plasma level of remifentanil. (NCT00672737)
Timeframe: 2 to 3 weeks

Intervention['C/(mcg/mL)] /pg/mL (Mean)
Males at Risk for OSA-0.0001

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Hyperalgesia

Total Area of hypersensitivity (measured in centimeters) were assessed approximately 24 hours post intrathecal ketorolac injection by the method of using a von Frey filament (NCT00693160)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventioncentimeters^2 (Mean)
Intrathecal Ketorolac70.1
Placebo Intrathecal Injection48.4

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Concentration

Concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 2.5 hours post injection of intrathecal ketorolac (NCT00693160)
Timeframe: 2.5 hours

Interventionpicograms per milliliter (Mean)
Intrathecal Ketorolac87
Placebo Intrathecal Injection75

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The Grade of Coughing During Extubation

Grade of cough was assessed on a four-point scale (0=no coughing, 1=single cough, 2=more than one episode of nonsustained coughing, 3=sustained and repetitive coughing with head lift). (NCT01152515)
Timeframe: 2 min

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
0123
Control81142
Remifentanil11932

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Mean Arterial Pressure Changes During Extubation

(NCT01152515)
Timeframe: 10 min

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
5 min after extuabtion10 min after extubation
Control9496
Remifentanil9797

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HR Changes During Extubation

(NCT01152515)
Timeframe: 10 min

,
Interventionbeat/min (Mean)
5 min after extubation10 min after extubation
Control9494
Remifentanil9593

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Time of Extubation

Time of extubation : time between 'stopping of propofol' and 'extubation' (NCT01152515)
Timeframe: 1 hr

Interventionmin (Median)
Control8
Remifentanil14

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Time of Awake

Time of BIS > 80 : time between 'stopping of propofol' (NCT01152515)
Timeframe: 1 hour

Interventionmin (Median)
Control3.5
Remifentanil4

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Nasal Blood Flow to the Sinonasal Mucosa as Assessed by the Rhinolux System

The Rhinolux system was used to measure nasal blood flow (it assessed changes in the swelling of the nasal mucosa by a tissue light absorption technique similar to that used in pulse oximetry)--more negative optical density unit values indicate greater nasal blood flow and less light. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: 0-5 minutes after induction of anesthesia

Interventionoptical density units (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia0.02
Inhaled Anesthesia-0.05

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Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Received an Analgesic Post-operatively

(NCT01214057)
Timeframe: During time in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
morphinehydromorphonemidazolammeperidine
Inhaled Anesthesia4110
Total Intravenous Anesthesia2312

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Nasal Blood Flow to the Sinonasal Mucosa as Assessed by the Rhinolux System

The Rhinolux system was used to measure nasal blood flow (it assessed changes in the swelling of the nasal mucosa by a tissue light absorption technique similar to that used in pulse oximetry)--negative values indicate greater nasal blood flow and less light. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: 60-90 minutes after induction of anesthesia

Interventionoptical density units (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia-0.11
Inhaled Anesthesia-0.41

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Number of Participants for Whom Surgical Field Visualization Was Deemed Severely Compromised

Surgeons rated the surgical field using the Boezaart score (which ranges from 0 to 5, with 5 indicating the most compromised surgical field), and this outcome measure reports the number of participants with a Boezaart score of 5. Boezaart scoring is as follows: 0 (No bleeding, cadaveric conditions); 1 (Slight bleeding, no suctioning required), 2 (Slight bleeding, occasional suctioning required; 3 (Slight bleeding, frequent suctioning required; bleeding threatens surgical field a few seconds after suction is removed); 4 (Moderate bleeding, frequent suctioning required, and bleeding threatens surgical field directly after suction is removed); 5 (Severe bleeding, constant suctioning required; bleeding appears faster than can be removed by suction; surgical field severely threatened and surgery usually not possible). (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: during the surgery (from the moment of injection of local anesthetic in the nasal cavity to the end of application of local hemostatis agents, about 1 to 5 hours)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia0
Inhaled Anesthesia0

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Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Number of Participants With Nausea

(NCT01214057)
Timeframe: During time in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia1
Inhaled Anesthesia1

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Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Pain Rating Using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

The VAS ranged from 1-10, with 1 being no pain and 10 being worst pain. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: During time in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia3.4
Inhaled Anesthesia5.3

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Quality of Recovery as Indicated by Recovery Time in the PACU

(NCT01214057)
Timeframe: During time in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours)

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia67
Inhaled Anesthesia69

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Duration of Surgery

(NCT01214057)
Timeframe: during the surgery (from the moment of injection of local anesthetic in the nasal cavity to the end of application of local hemostatis agents, about 1 to 5 hours)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia2.4
Inhaled Anesthesia3.6

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Volume of Blood Loss

Blood loss was determined by subtracting the volume of irrigation used intraoperatively from the total volume of fluid in the collection canisters.The Neptune Waste Management System will be used for this purpose. This is a closed suction system that digitally counts the amount of fluid suctioned. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: during the surgery (from the moment of injection of local anesthetic in the nasal cavity to the end of application of local hemostatis agents, about 1 to 5 hours)

Interventionmilliliters (mL) (Mean)
Total Intravenous Anesthesia152.9
Inhaled Anesthesia355.9

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Platelet Function as Assessed by Thromboelastography (TEG) Platelet Mapping (PM)

Thromboelastography-Platelet Mapping will be performed to assess the effect of the anesthetics on platelet function. Data are reported as Maximum Amplitude (MA) in millimeters (mm). A greater MA value indicates stronger clotting and greater platelet function. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: baseline

,
Interventionmillimeters (mm) (Mean)
TEG MA [maximum clot strength]adenosine diphosphate channel (ADP) MA [maximum contribution of ADP to clot strength]arachidonic acid channel (AA) MA [maximum contribution of AA to clot strength]
Inhaled Anesthesia62.342.850.6
Total Intravenous Anesthesia71.258.260.5

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Platelet Function as Assessed by Thromboelastography (TEG) Platelet Mapping (PM)

Thromboelastography-Platelet Mapping will be performed to assess the effect of the anesthetics on platelet function. Data are reported as Maximum Amplitude (MA) in millimeters (mm). A greater MA value indicates stronger clotting and greater platelet function. (NCT01214057)
Timeframe: During time in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours)

,
Interventionmillimeters (mm) (Mean)
TEG MA [maximum clot strength]adenosine diphosphate channel (ADP) MA [maximum contribution of ADP to clot strength]arachidonic acid channel (AA) MA [maximum contribution of AA to clot strength]
Inhaled Anesthesia68.755.157.1
Total Intravenous Anesthesia71.951.757.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in Size (Area) of Secondary Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Remifentanil Infusion, a Measure of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia (OIH).

A slightly modified version of a previously described model of secondary hyperalgesia was used. Two copper wires contained in a microdialysis catheter were inserted in parallel over a length of 5 mm into the dermis of the right volar forearm. The wires were connected to a constant current stimulator controlled by a pulse generator to deliver rectangular and monophasic pulses with a duration of 0.5 mg at 2 Hz. Over a period of 15 min, the current was increased by targeting a pain rating of 5 on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain and 10 = maximum tolerable pain) until the hyperalgesic area surrounding the stimulation site was fully established. Once the area was established, the current was held constant. Percent change from baseline in size (area) of secondary hyperalgesia after cessation of remifentanil infusion was calculated per group. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Baseline; 15 min post remifentanil (REM) infusion; 60 min post REM infusion

,
Interventionpercentage of change (Number)
15 min post remifentanil infusion60 min post remifentanil infusion
Placebo-34141.5
Propranolol-28-19

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Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS)

OOWS: Is a 13-item instrument of documenting physically observable signs of withdrawal, which are rated as present (1) or absent (0) during the observation period. Maximum score = 13, minimum score = 0. Lower scores correspond to fewer symptoms. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Pretreatment [90 min prior to 60-min REM infusion]; 30 min prior to 60-min REM infusion; 15 and 40 min after start of 60-min REM infusion; 5, 15, and 75 minutes after finish of 60-min REM infusion)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pretreatment30 min prior to REM infusion15 min after start of REM infusion40 min after start of REM infusion5 minutes after finish of REM infusion15 minutes after finish of REM infusion75 minutes after finish of REM infusion
Placebo1.11.10.80.51.82.11.6
Propranolol1.21.10.10.832.81.7

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Patient's Satisfaction

The degree of satisfaction about the quality of sedation was measured with VAS (Visual Analog Scale) where 0 means no satisfaction and 100 means maximum satisfaction. (NCT01229527)
Timeframe: After the end of colonoscopy (when patients were completely awake) and 24 h after the procedure via telephone

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil RS195.87
Remifentanil RS293.50
Meperidine96.27

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Discharge Time, the Time to Reach a Modified Aldrete Score ≥18

Ten key parameters (Activity, Respiration, Circulation, Consciousness, O2 Saturation, Dressing, Pain, Ambulation, Fasting-feeding, Urine Output)are included in the Modified Aldrete Score. The maximum and minimum score for each parameter is respectively 2 and 0. The maximum total score is 20 and patient can be discharged when the total score is ≥18. (NCT01229527)
Timeframe: > 0 minutes

Interventionminutes (Median)
Remifentanil RS10
Remifentanil RS20
Meperidine2

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Drug Stop Time to Recall

Time between extubation until patients could say their names. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Time between extubation until patients could say their names.

Interventionminutes (Median)
Remifentanil13
Dexmedetomidine42

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End Case to Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) Discharge

Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) Discharge time is the timing at which patients are discharged from the PACU. This outcome is the amount of time (minutes) from end case to PACU discharge. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: End case to post anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge. Time is measured continuously until PACU discharge, regardless of how long it takes.

Interventionminutes (Median)
Remifentanil211
Dexmedetomidine215

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Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics were defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP), measured in milimeters of mercury (mmHg). This outcome was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA approach. In the outcome measure data table, mean ± standard deviation MAP was reported as the aggregate mean across time points. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation.

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Remifentanil98
Dexmedetomidine88

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Nursing Workload Comparison

To evaluate the nurses workload when either of the two drugs are given in terms Nursing Research Usage form's therapeutic index scoring system. This score ranges from 0 (minimal interventions and time spent by nurses on study patient) to 22 (maximum interventions and time spent by nurses on the study patient). (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 90 minutes after extubation

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil6
Dexmedetomidine5.5

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Postoperative Pain

Pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 is defined as no pain and 10 is defined as worst pain imaginable. This outcome was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA approach. In the outcome measure data table, mean ± standard deviation pain was reported as the aggregate mean across time points. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil5.1
Dexmedetomidine2.9

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Postoperative Shivering

Indicator of whether patients had postoperative shivering. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Whether patients had postoperative or not, from anesthesia stop time until hospital discharge.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil7
Dexmedetomidine3

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Postoperative Vomitting

Indicator of whether patients had postoperative vomiting. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Whether patients had vomiting or not, from anesthesia stop time until hospital discharge.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil6
Dexmedetomidine2

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Total Opioid Consumption

Total opioid consumption was defined as the sum of all opioid doses given within the first 90 minutes after surgery, converted to milligram morphine equivalents. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Initial 90 minutes of recover after surgery

Interventionmg morphine equivalents (Median)
Remifentanil10
Dexmedetomidine5

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Aldrete Score

The Aldrete score measured level of sedation and fitness and is used to assess the appropriate departure time from the post anesthesia care unit. The score ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates poor fitness (and such patients are transferred to the ICU), while 10 indicates good fitness. This outcome was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA approach. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Aldrete score at 15 minutes after extubationAldrete score at 30 minutes after extubationAldrete score at 45 minutes after extubationAldrete score at 60 minutes after extubationAldrete score at 90 minutes after extubation
Dexmedetomidine88.38.78.99.1
Remifentanil8.48.79.09.29.4

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Heart Rate

Heart rate was determined from the arterial catheter and measured as beats per minute. This outcome was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA approach. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation.

,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Heart rate 15 minutes after extubationHeart rate 30 minutes after extubationHeart rate 45 minutes after extubationHeart rate 60 minutes after extubationHeart rate 90 minutes after extubation
Dexmedetomidine6867666669
Remifentanil7672737375

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Modified Short Orientation Memory Concentration Test (SOMCT)

The Modified Short Orientation Memory Concentration Test (SOMCT) is a validated questionnaire that discriminates among mild, moderate, and severe cognitive deficits. SOMCT is based on 6 questions and produces a total score ranging from 0 (worst possible function) to 28 (best possible function). Scores > 20 are considered normal. This outcome was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA approach. (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after extubation.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SOMCT 15 minutes after extubationSOMCT 30 minutes after extubationSOMCT 45 minutes after extubationSOMCT 60 minutes after extubationSOMCT 90 minutes after extubation
Dexmedetomidine1820232425
Remifentanil2225252626

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Postoperative Nausea

Indicator of whether patients had nausea or not (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Whether patients had nausea or not, from anesthesia stop time until hospital discharge.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil12
Dexmedetomidine12

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Drug Stop Time to Fitness to Discharge

(NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Anesthesia drug stop time to fitness to discharge. Time is measured continuously until fitness for discharge is reached, regardless of how long it takes.

Interventionminutes (Median)
Remifentanil150
Dexmedetomidine172

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Drug Stop Time to Open Eyes

time until patient first opened their eyes, squeezed a hand, or wiggled their toes in response to verbal commands after surgery (NCT01269918)
Timeframe: Anesthesia drug stop time to open eyes. Time is measured continuously until patients eyes open, regardless of how long it takes.

Interventionminutes (Median)
Remifentanil8
Dexmedetomidine38

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Number of Participants With an Unexpected Serious Adverse Event

A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose, results in death, is life threatening requires hospitalization or results in prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. An unexpected event is an event that is not listed in the approval product information and is not described as a precaution or warning. (NCT01299584)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants with unexpected SAEsParticipants with no unexpected SAEs
Ultiva 1, 2, or 3 mg0766

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Number of Participants With an Adverse Event

"An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. For a list of all AEs occurring during the course of the study, see the table entitled Other (Non-Serious) Adverse Events in the Adverse Event section of the results record." (NCT01299584)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ultiva 1, 2, or 3 mg187

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Number of Participants With a Serious Adverse Event

"A serious adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose, results in death, is life threatening, requires hospitalization or results in prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. For a list of all SAEs occurring during the course of the study, see the table entitled Serious Adverse Events in the Adverse Event section of the results record." (NCT01299584)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ultiva 1, 2, or 3 mg0

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Unexpected Adverse Event

An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Unexpected adverse events include those not listed in the approval product information and not described as precautions or warnings. (NCT01299584)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
DizzinessChest discomfortDyspepsiaHeadacheDysuriaCoughingPremature ventricular contraction
Ultiva 1, 2, or 3 mg1111111

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Smooth cLMA Removal Condition (Score 1)

cLMA removal was accepted as successful (score 1) if none of the complications coughing, teeth clenching, gross purposeful movements, breath holding, laryngospasm, and desatura- tion to SpO290% was observed. If any of these compli- cations was observed it was regarded as unsuccessful (score 2) (NCT01303627)
Timeframe: At the end of the surgery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Remifentanil Group86
Control Group40

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LMA Insertion Condition

The pre-determined effect-site concentration of remifentanil or normal saline was administered according to the patient's group.LMAs were size #3 for women and #4 for men.The conditions of the LMA insertion were graded on a three point scale using six variables (mouth opening, ease of LMA insertion, swallowing, coughing and gagging, head and body movements, laryngospasm). Each of these variables was rated as excellent, intermediate or poor. (NCT01456299)
Timeframe: at that time on LMA insertion only

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ExcellentIntermediatePoor
Control14712
Remifentanil 12158
Remifentanil 22436

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Patient's Reaction to Procedure

"Ramsay score during the endoscopy intubation from 1 to 6. The higher scores means the deeper sedation level.~Clinical score Level of sedation~Patient is anxious and agitated or restless, or both~Patient is cooperative, oriented and tranquil~Patient responds to commands only~Patient exhibits a brisk response to a light glabellar (between the eyebrows) tap or loud auditory stimulus~Patient exhibits a sluggish response to a light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus~Patient exhibits no response to stimuli" (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: the duration of intubation, an expected average of 10 minutes

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion3
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation3

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Intubation Score

graded from 0 to 5, with lower scores indicating better conditions Intubation score 0 1 2 3 4 5: 1)Grimacing when tube in nares 2)Localising with one limb at any stage 3)Localising with two limbs at any stage 4)Coughing on entering trachea 5)Prolonged coughing (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: during the inserting of the tracheal tube

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion1
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation1

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Heart Rate

Heart rate at 15 minutes before intuation, endoscopy point and intubation point between two groups were compared. (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: 15 minutes before intubation, endoscopy point, intubation point

,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Heart rate15 minutes before intubationHeart rate at endoscopy pointHeart rate at intubation point
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation72.856.565.4
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion76.476.977.8

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Cardiac Rhythm

Number of Participants with Abnormal Cardiac Rhythm(including any type of the abnormal cardiac rhythm from 15 minutes before intubation and during the intubation procedure was recorded such as sinus arrhythm, atrial or ventricular premature beats and atrioventricular block) was recorded. (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: 15 minutes before intubation and duration of intubation

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion2
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation3

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Peripheral Oxygen Saturation(SPO2)

Peripheral oxygen saturation at 15 minutes before intuation, endoscopy point and intubation point between two groups were compared. (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: 15 minutes before intubation, endoscopy point, intubation point

,
Interventionpercentage oxygen saturation (Mean)
15 minutes before intubationat endoscopy pointat intubation point
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation98.998.299.0
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion99.095.898.2

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Post Operative Visit

visit the patients to ensure their memory of intubation. Postoperative interview asked the patients' memory of the fiberoptic intubation Amnesia Recall of endoscopy Yes No Recall of intubation Yes No The number is the patients who remember the operation procedure. (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion13
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation6

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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

MAP at 15 minutes before intuation, endoscopy point and intubation point between two groups were compared. (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: 15 minutes before intubation, endoscopy point, intubation point

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
MAP at intubation pointMAP at 15 minutes before intubationMAP at endoscopy point
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation103.590.499.5
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion101.393.8102.8

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Post Intubation Score

"Post-intubation was scored from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome.~Post-intubation score 1 2 3~Cooperative, obeying commands~Uncomfortable, GA imminent~Other（specify）" (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: immediately after the intubation

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifetanil Target Controlled Infusion1
Dexmedetomidine Continuously Infusion for Sedation1

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Endoscopy Scores

"Endoscopy was graded from 0 to 5, with lower scores indicating a possibly better condition.~Endoscopy score 0 1 2 3 4 5: 1)Grimacing 2)localising 3)Coughing on lignocaine via scope 4)Coughing on entering infraglottic space 5)Prolonged coughing" (NCT01474213)
Timeframe: during the procedure of fibreoptic and tracheal intubation

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil Target Controlled Infusion3
Dexmedetomidine Infusion for Sedation2

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Premature Infant Pain Profile

"P0-P2 units on a scale~; changes in PIPP from baseline (P0) to procedure (needle puncture, P2)~PIPP (preterm infant pain profile)~min 0 ~ max 21~higher pain scale on higher score" (NCT01477892)
Timeframe: first puncture of skin(P0), 10min after remifentanil infusion (P1), 15min after remifentanil infusion (needle puncture, P2), 10min after remifentanil stop

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
High Dose Remifentanil-0.60
Low Dose Remifentanil1.43

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Adverse Reaction

bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, desaturation (NCT01477892)
Timeframe: during and after 10min of remifentanil continous infusion

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ApneaBradycardiaHypotension
High Dose Remifentanil310
Low Dose Remifentanil000

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Post-operative Vomiting

(NCT01592708)
Timeframe: End of surgery to discharge from hospital

Interventionpercentage of subjects with POV (Number)
Intervention Cohort11
Comparison Cohort28

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Post-discharge Vomiting

(NCT01592708)
Timeframe: 1 week post discharge

Interventionpercentage of subjects with PDV (Number)
Intervention Cohort22
Comparison Cohort29

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Hospital Length of Stay

Anesthesia start time determined from anesthesia portion of the medical record. Time at which discharge order was placed will serve as time of discharge. (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: Anesthesia start time to placement of hospital discharge order - average 26 - 28 hours

Interventionhours (Median)
Intervention Cohort26.4
Comparison Cohort28.2

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Post-discharge Nausea

To be assessed based on patient diary completed daily for 1 week following discharge to home from the hospital (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: 1 week from discharge from hospital

Interventionpercentage of subjects with PDN (Number)
Intervention Cohort72
Comparison Cohort60

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Post-operative Nausea

End of surgery time determined by anesthesia portion of the medical record. PONV to be assessed by review of surgeons' and nurses' notes in the medical record as well as through review of patient diaries. Vomiting constitutes a safety issue and, as such, associated adverse events will be noted. (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: End of surgery to discharge from hospital

Interventionpercentage of subjects with PON (Number)
Intervention Cohort24
Comparison Cohort70

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Patient's Distress Score

patients' distress in visual analogue scale 100 mm minimal distress=0, maximal distress=100 (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: 5 min after the end of colonoscopy

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil37
Midazolam and Meperidine30

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Participants Assumed to Feel Frequent Pain

"patients sound Ah at feeling pain during colonosocpy: if a patients sounds Ah > 6 times, the patient was assumed to feel frequent pain." (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: during and after colonoscopy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil4
Midazolam and Meperidine7

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Indigence of Patient's Recall

The numbers of patients who recalled instructions and explanations given during colonoscopy (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: after colonoscopy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil27
Midazolam and Meperidine13

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The Recovery Time

"Time from completing the colonoscopy to achieving Aldrete score 10 in the recovery unit~Aldrete score~Respiration: Able to take deep breath and cough = 2, Dyspnea/shallow breathing = 1, Apnea = 0~O2 saturation: Maintains > 92% on room air =2, Needs O2 inhalation to maintain O2 saturation > 90% =1 , O2 saturation < 90% even with supplemental oxygen =0~Consciousness: Fully awake= 2, Arousable on calling = 1, Not responding = 0~Circulation: BP +/- 20 mm Hg preop =2, BP +/- 20-50 mm Hg preop =1, BP +/- 50 mm Hg preop =0~Activity: Able to move 4 extremities = 2, Able to move 2 extremities = 1, Able to move 0 extremities = 0~To estimate the required sample size, we conducted a pilot study to measure the recovery of 10 patients in each of groups-MM and -R before the present study. The means and standard deviations were 22.5 ± 9.5 and 7.5 ± 9.2 min respectively. We wished to be able to distinguish a difference of 7.5 min, thus half of the observed difference." (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: every 5 minutes after completing colonoscopy up to 30 min

Interventionminute (Median)
Remifentanil0
Midazolam and Meperidine30

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Endoscopist Satisfaction

endoscopist's satisfaction after colonoscopy in visual analogue scale 100 mm (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: 5 min after the colonoscopy

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil5
Midazolam and Meperidine20

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Bispectra Lindex Score

Bispectral index (BIS) score 0-100 maximal sedation=0, maximal sedation=100 (NCT01693185)
Timeframe: every 5 min during and after colonoscopy

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil92
Midazolam and Meperidine84

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Time Hrs Until the Patient Meets the Discharge Criteria From PACU

Hours until the patient meets the discharge criteria from PACU will be monitored every 15 min from teh time the patient arrives to PACU until he/she meets the discharge criteria (NCT01733472)
Timeframe: 12 hrs

Interventionhours (Median)
RA-arm4
GA-arm, Remifentanil3

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Length of Hospital Stay

Time from the end of surgery until the patients meets the discharge criteria will be evaluated. Discharge criteria: able to get in and out of bed, Able to get dressed. Able to sit down in a chair and get up again. Able to walk 50 meters wit/without crutches. Able to flex knee 70 degrees. Able to walk stairs. Pain manageable with oral analgesics. Acceptance to be discharged (NCT01733472)
Timeframe: Up to 4 days after surgery

Interventionhours (Median)
RA-arm30
GA-arm, Remifentanil26

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Post Operative Pain

Pain will be monitored using a Visual Analogue Scale. Pain will be monitored with the patient in four different positions. VAS 100 mm used for assessment of pain (0 = no pain, 100 = worst imaginable pain). At each time and position the median VAS-pain score was reported (generally the distribution of pain scores are not normally distributed and hence median value was used) (NCT01733472)
Timeframe: from end of surgey until 48 hrs later

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
RA-arm35
GA-arm, Remifentanil25

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Post-operative Pain Scores

VAS pain score - 0 being no pain and 10 being worst pain. (NCT01795495)
Timeframe: Post-operatively to 24 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil4.6
Remifentanil Plus Methadone5.1
Remifentanil Plus Magnesium5.1

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Intra- and Post-operative Pain Relief

To prospectively compare the effects of intra-operative methadone and magnesium on postoperative opioid requirements. Total amount of hydromorphone administered in OR, recovery room (PACU), and on the inpatient ward 24 hours post-operatively. (NCT01795495)
Timeframe: Intra-operative and 24 hours post-operatively

Interventionmg/kg (Mean)
Remifentanil0.34
Remifentanil Plus Methadone0.26
Remifentanil Plus Magnesium0.38

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PVC Suppression With Remifentanil Sedation

1 observed suppression of PVC's (PVC's of the same morphology are no longer observed during any 15 minute recording interval) 0 no suppression (NCT01901575)
Timeframe: duration of the operative procedure, average 2 hours

Interventionparticipants with PVC suppression (Number)
Remifentanil IV PCA2

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Number of Patients With Adverse Events Following LMA Removal

All patients received a predetermined Ce of remifentanil by TCI according to their group assignments from 10 minutes before the end of surgery to LMA removal. Adverse events such as coughing, airway obstruction, breath-holding, desaturation, nausea and vomiting were evaluated from the end of surgery until arrival in the post-anesthetic care unit. (NCT01915108)
Timeframe: from the end of surgery until arrival in the post-anesthetic care unit, an expected average of 15 minutes.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Group R010
Group R0.55
Group R1.01
Group R1.50

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Awakening Time

The outcomes assessor will record from the time of extubation in operating room to the time of eye opening and mouth opening (NCT01924871)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed from the time of extubation in operating room to the time of discharge from recovery room, an expected average of 1day.

Interventionminutes (Median)
Desflurane Group10
Desflurane With Remifentanil Group7

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Adverse Events Difference Between the Three Groups

"To compare the major adverse events among the patient groups who receive the different agents listed above in the primary efficacy objective" (NCT01930747)
Timeframe: from zero till 24 hours after recovery of surgery.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Deep Neuromuscular Block0
Inhalation With 1 MAC Sevoflurane0
Remifentanyl0

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Effect of Anesthetics on the Abdominal Elastance (E) Measured During Insufflation of the Abdomen by

the impact of the following agents on the abdominal elastance (E) : remifentanyl > 0.50 µg/kg/min; sevoflurane 1 MAC and deep neuromuscular block (rocuronium given with PTC < 4). (NCT01930747)
Timeframe: 5 min after reaching 1 MAC or haven given the anesthetics intravenous

InterventionmmHg/liter (Mean)
Deep Neuromuscular Block2.53
Inhalation With 1 MAC Sevoflurane2.71
Remifentanyl2.5

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Effect of Anesthetics on the Pressure at Zero Volume (PV0) Measured During Insufflation of the Abdomen

the impact of the following agents on the pressure at zero volume (PV0): remifentanyl > 0.50 µg/kg/min; sevoflurane 1 MAC and deep neuromuscular block (rocuronium given with PTC < 4). (NCT01930747)
Timeframe: 5 min after reaching 1 MAC or haven given the anesthetics intravenous

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Deep Neuromuscular Block5.7
Inhalation With 1 MAC Sevoflurane8.29
Remifentanyl6.58

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Mechanical Hyperalgesia Threshold on the Dominant Inner Forearm

The mechanical hyperalgesia threshold was defined as the lowest force (g) necessary to bend a Von Frey filament, which was perceived to be painful by the patient and measured by Von Frey filament at 24 hours postoperatively (NCT02043366)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Interventiong (Mean)
Normal Saline60.57
Flurbiprofen AxetilⅠ78.29
Flurbiprofen AxetilⅡ68.50
Butorphanol79.7
Butorphanol-Flurbiprofen Axetil81.64
Sufentanil89.5

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Normalized Area of Hyperalgesia Around the Incision

The skin around the incision is stimulated in steps of 5 mm at intervals of 1 s starting outside of the hyperalgesic area in the direction of the incision. The distance from the incision to the first point where a 'painful', 'sore' or 'sharper' feeling occurred is measured and noted. This measurement is repeated at predefined radial lines around the incision. To eliminate the variable length of incision, this length is subtracted from the longer diameter leaving four radial distances from the end and from the middle of the incision. The normalized area of hyperalgesia is calculated by summing up the areas of the remaining four triangles measured by and Von Frey filament. (NCT02043366)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Interventioncm^2 (Mean)
Normal Saline60.46
Flurbiprofen AxetilⅠ53.64
Flurbiprofen AxetilⅡ56.57
Butorphanol54.00
Butorphanol-Flurbiprofen Axetil52.5
Sufentanil49.89

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Days on Any Respiratory Support

Days on any respiratory support (i.e., other than breathing room air) (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventiondays (Median)
Endotracheal Intubation9
Laryngeal Mask Airway9

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Mortality Rate

Mortality prior to hospital discharge (any cause) (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation1
Laryngeal Mask Airway0

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Number of Participants Failing to Avoid Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Failure of surfactant therapy in avoiding invasive mechanical ventilation or clinically equivalent outcomes (FiO2 > 0.60 to maintain target SpO2, second dose of surfactant within 8 hours, or more than 2 total doses of surfactant) (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 120 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation12
Laryngeal Mask Airway10

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Rate of Pneumothorax

proportion of participants with pneumothorax diagnosed radiologically or by transillumination (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 120 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation5
Laryngeal Mask Airway6

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Rate of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (O2 Dependence at the Later of 28 Days of Age or 36 Weeks Postmenstrual Age)

Defined as oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age if gestational age less than 33 weeks, or beyond 28 days of age if gestational age greater than 32 weeks (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation2
Laryngeal Mask Airway1

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Number of Surfactant Doses

Mean number of surfactant doses per patient (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 120 hours

Interventionsurfactant doses (Mean)
Endotracheal Intubation1.6
Laryngeal Mask Airway1.6

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Number of Participants With Early Failure of Surfactant Therapy

need of mechanical ventilation within 1 hour of surfactant therapy (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 1 hour

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation5
Laryngeal Mask Airway1

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Number of Participants With Complications During Insertion of LMA or Endotracheal Tube

bradycardia, airway obstruction, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (NCT02164734)
Timeframe: 120 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endotracheal Intubation3
Laryngeal Mask Airway1

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Blood Glucose Values (More Than One ) > 180 mg%

"Percentage of patients with two or more intraoperative blood glucose levels greater than 180 mg/dl. Percentage in both groups will be estimated, then the difference in this statistic will form the primary outcome measure of this study.~(Primary Outcome changed on 06/15/2015-Change Approved by University of Pittsburgh IRB on 06/22/2015- First patient enrolled January 2016)" (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Intraoperative period

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil Group17
Fentanyl Group33

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Insulin Requirement

Average dose of insulin (Units/ml) calculated for each group in the intraoperative period (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Intraoperative period; Induction to end of surgery

InterventionUnits/ml (Median)
Remifentanil Group2.9
Fentanyl Group8.1

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Emergence From Anesthesia

Time to extubation after completion of surgery in the operating room and intensive care unit (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Immediate postoperative period until 30 days post-operatively

InterventionHours (Median)
Remifentanil Group3
Fentanyl Group2.5

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Glycemic Variability

Coefficient of variation in blood glucose levels. Denotes how large the fluctuations in blood glucose are. Higher numbers indicate increased variation. (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: From the start of induction till 24 hours postoperatively

InterventionPercent of Mean Glucose Level (Mean)
Remifentanil Group0.2
Fentanyl Group0.2

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Number of Blood Glucose Values > 180 mg%

Blood glucose values that exceed 180 mg% will be counted (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Intraoperative period, Induction to end of surgery

Interventionnumber of glucose values >180mg% (Median)
Remifentanil Group1.2
Fentanyl Group2

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Total Postoperative Regular Insulin

Total units of regular insulin required post-operatively (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: From ICU Admission (After Surgery) Until 24 hours postoperatively

InterventionInternational Units (Median)
Remifentanil Group28.1
Fentanyl Group23.5

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Development of Chronic Pain

Telephonic call Numeric pain scale; Scale is 0-10, with 10 being the highest pain. (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge from the hospital

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
S-LANSS 1 moS-LANSS 3 moS-LANSS 6 moS-LANSS 12 mo
Fentanyl Group3000
Remifentanil Group1000

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Inflammatory Mediator Levels, Interleukin-1b, Interleukin 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (pg/ml)

Inflammatory mediator levels, Interleukin-1b (IL-1b), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFa) (all measured in pg/ml) taken at: Prebypass, cardiopulmonary bypass (2 samples:30 min start of bypass (CPB-30) and end of bypass (CPB-END), postbypass, ICU 8 hours postoperative period (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Perioperative period (Intraoperatively and 8 hours postoperatively)

,
Interventionpg/ml (Median)
IL-1b Pre-bypassIL-1b CPB-30IL-1b CPB-ENDIL-1b post-bypassIL-1b 8-HRIL-6 Pre-bypassIL-6 CPB-30IL-6 CPB-ENDIL-6 post-bypassIL-6 8HRTNFa-Pre-bypassTNFa CPB-30TNFa CPB-ENDTNFa post-bypassTNFa 8HR
Fentanyl Group1.21.11.21.31.22.610.378.390.992.310.412.614.817.211.2
Remifentanil Group1.21.11.21.11.22.87.477.213693.611.714.418.224.015.4

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Mean, Peak and Trough Intraoperative Blood Glucose (mg/dl)

Blood glucose measured every hour (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Intraoperative period; Induction to end of surgery

,
InterventionMg/dL (Median)
Mean Introperative Blood GlucosePeak Intraoperative Blood GlucoseLowest Intraoperative Blood Glucose
Fentanyl Group156205120
Remifentanil Group141178117

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Postoperative Blood Glucose

Mean and peak blood glucose levels postoperatively (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: From ICU Admission (After Surgery) Until 24 hours postoperatively

,
Interventionmg/dl (Median)
Mean Postoperative Blood GlucosePeak Postoperative Blood Glucose
Fentanyl Group139175
Remifentanil Group139185

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Society of Thoracic Surgery Patient Outcomes

Postoperative outcomes collected from the Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) database. 30 day Mortality (outcome 1) and 30 day Readmission (outcome 2) cerebral vascular accident(outcome 3), prolonged mechanical ventilation (outcome 4), renal failure (outcome 5), atrial fibrillation (outcome 6), cardiac arrest (outcome 7) (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: 30 day outcomes

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
30 day Mortality30 day ReadmissionCerebral Vascular AccidentProlonged mechanical ventilationrenal failureatrial fibrillationcardiac arrest
Fentanyl Group610283183
Remifentanil Group13083243

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Stress Hormone Levels-ACTH, GH, Glucagon (pg/ml)

Adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Growth Hormone (GH) and Glucagon (measured as pg/ml) taken at: Prebypass, cardiopulmonary bypass (2 samples: 30 mins after start of bypass (CPB 30) and end of bypass (CPB END), post-bypass and ICU 8 hours postoperative period (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Perioperative period (Intraoperatively and 8 hours postoperatively)

,
Interventionpg/ml (Median)
ACTH pre-bypassACTH CPB-30ACTH CPB-ENDACTH post-bypassACTH 8-hrGH-Pre-bypassGH-CPB-30GH-CPB-ENDGH-post-bypassGH-8HRGlucagon pre-bypassGlucagon CPB-30Glucagon CPB-EndGlucagon post-bypassGlucagon 8-HR
Fentanyl Group7.457.830.749.141.38723202254544612696192338481408459
Remifentanil Group7.44.44.48.077.0495826947373643658229259401315570

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Stress Hormone Levels-Cortisol (µg/dl)

Serum cortisol levels (measured as µg/dl) taken at: Prebypass, cardiopulmonary bypass (2 samples: at start of bypass and end of bypass), postbypass, ICU 8 hours postoperative period (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Perioperative period (Intraoperatively and 8 hours postoperatively)

,
Interventionµg/dl (Median)
Serum Cortisol PrebypassSerum Cortisol 30 Minute After Start of CPBSerum Cortisol End of CPBSerum Cortisol End of SurgerySerum Cortisol Postoperative (8 Hours)
Fentanyl Group1224.529.028.045.0
Remifentanil Group126.05.08.536.0

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Wound Hyperalgesia

Von frey hair objective testing (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: 96 hours postoperatively

,
Interventiong/mm^2 (Mean)
Preop pain threshold48 Hr pain threshold96 hr pain threshold
Fentanyl Group3.303.833.72
Remifentanil Group3.243.713.60

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Postoperative Pain

Pain scores; Every day 6 hour for 48 hours postoperative period (NCT02349152)
Timeframe: Every day 6 hour for 48 hours postoperative period

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Hours 0-6Hrs 7-12Hrs 13-18Hrs 19-24Hrs 25-30Hrs 31-36Hrs 37-42Hrs 43-48
Fentanyl Group7.186.095.185.735.655.945.185.10
Remifentanil Group6.636.536.595.885.945.895.575.08

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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure After Head Fixation

(NCT02430389)
Timeframe: Ten minute window after head fixation

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Remifentanil76
Normal Saline83

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Number of Patients Requiring Rescue Therapy for Hemodynamic Perturbations

(NCT02430389)
Timeframe: 10 minute window after head fixation

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remifentanil5
Normal Saline8

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EC95 for Successful Intubation

Sevoflurane concentration used to perform intubation (For ED95 finding) (NCT02440204)
Timeframe: During the induction of anesthesia

Interventionvol% (Mean)
Remifentanil 1.0 mcg/kg3.45
Remifentanil 1.5 mcg/kg2.91
Remifentanil 2.0 mcg/kg1.89

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EC50 for Successful Intubation in Each Groups

Sevoflurane concentration used to perform intubation (For ED50 finding) (NCT02440204)
Timeframe: During the induction of anesthesia

Interventionvol% (Mean)
Remifentanil 1.0 mcg/kg3.00
Remifentanil 1.5 mcg/kg2.00
Remifentanil 2.0 mcg/kg1.29

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Time to Achieve Intraoperative Bleeding Score < 3

The intraoperative bleeding score will be reported by the surgeon throughout surgery. At the start of the surgery, a timer will be used to measure the duration to achieve a bleeding score of 2. (NCT02484859)
Timeframe: throughout surgery, up to 20 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Remifentanil8.3
Tramadol + Metoprolol13.4

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Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Postoperative nausea, retching, and vomiting on the day of surgery will be evaluated with a four-point ordinal scale (0-none, 1-nausea, 2-retching, 3-vomiting) at the post anaesthetic care unit, and the surgical ward. The evaluation will begin after the patient arrives at the post anaesthetic care unit, and will continue for 24 hours. (NCT02484859)
Timeframe: following extubation, up to 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil14
Tramadol + Metoprolol10

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Intraoperative Bleeding Score

"Intraoperative bleeding score is reported by the surgeon according to Boezaart Surgical Field Grading scale. The scale ranges from 0 to 5. '0' is the best, and '5' is the worst outcome.~The scale construct is:~0 No bleeding.~Slight bleeding, no suction is required.~Slight bleeding, occasional suctioning required.~Slight bleeding, frequent suctioning required. Bleeding threatens surgical field a few seconds after suction is removed.~Moderate bleeding, frequent suctioning required. Bleeding threatens surgical field as soon as suction is removed.~Severe bleeding, constant suctioning required. Bleeding appears faster than suctioning.~Thoroughout the intraoperative period, the surgeon is free to report a score at any time he/she sees appropriate." (NCT02484859)
Timeframe: throughout surgery, up to 3 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Remifentanil1
Tramadol + Metoprolol1

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Bleeding Rate

In the end of each surgery, bleeding rate will be calculated as ml/min by dividing total bleeding (amount of blood in the graded suction and sponges minus total irrigation fluid) to the duration of surgery (excluding local anesthetic infiltration, and nasal packing). (NCT02484859)
Timeframe: throughout surgery, up to 3 hours

Interventionml/min (Mean)
Remifentanil0.53
Tramadol + Metoprolol0.45

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Postoperative Pain

Postoperative pain scores on the day of surgery will be evaluated with a visual analog scale (0: no pain, 10: worst pain ever) at the post anaesthetic care unit (PACU), and the surgical ward. The evaluation will begin after the patient arrives at the post anaesthetic care unit, and will continue for 24 hours. (NCT02484859)
Timeframe: following extubation, up to 24 hours

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
VAS at arrival to PACUVAS at discharge from PACU
Remifentanil34
Tramadol + Metoprolol34

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Change in Cognitive Function

As measured by Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Scale range 0-9. No cut-off value. Higher results represent better outcomes (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5, 15, 30 minutes after the procedure

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
5th minute15th minute30th minute
Group MM1.62.12.4
Group RP22.83.5

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Mean Arterial Pressure

mean arterial blood pressure as measured in mmHg (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1,2,3,5,10,15 and 20 minutes

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
baseline1 minute in procedure2 minute in procedure3 minute in procedure5 minute in procedure10 minute in procedure15 minute in procedure20 minute in procedure
Group MM105.7103104.5105.8101.5103.8102.499.3
Group RP113.110492.989.387.110091.694.3

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Heart Rate

Heart rate as measured in beats per minute (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1,2,3,5,10,15 and 20 minutes

,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
baseline1 minute in procedure2 minute in procedure3 minute in procedure5 minute in procedure10 minute in procedure15 minute in procedure20 minute in procedure
Group MM90.289.68887.687.785.385.485
Group RP82.681.37669.970.37071.673.1

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Change in Visual Analogue Scale Scores From the Baseline

Pain as measured by Visual Analogue Scale. Range 1-10. No cut-off value, Higher results represent worse outcomes (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5, 15, 30 minutes after the procedure

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
5 minutes after the procedure15 minutes after the procedure30 minutes after the procedure
Group MM0.90.50.1
Group RP0.40.40.1

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Change in Cognitive Function

As measured by Trieger Dot Test. The test does not have an upper limit; the time taken to complete the test is added to the number of dots missed by the patient and a result is obtained. The lowest score possible is 0. Higher values represent worse outcomes. (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5, 15, 30 minutes after the procedure

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
5th minute15th minute30th minute
Group MM47.544.742
Group RP40.437.835.4

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Peripheral Oxygen Saturation

peripheral oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximeter. Units are percentages, Scale range 0-100. (NCT02486328)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1,2,3,5,10,15 and 20 minutes

,
InterventionPercent of oxygenated hemoglobin (Mean)
baseline1 minute in procedure2 minute in procedure3 minute in procedure5 minute in procedure10 minute in procedure15 minute in procedure20 minute in procedure
Group MM97.297.297.597.697.497.297.297.4
Group RP98.69898.598.497.198.198.398.2

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Time to Discharge From the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)

This is the number of minutes from admission to the PACU until discharge, assessed up to 2 days (NCT02625181)
Timeframe: A specific time frame on the day of surgery: from the start of admission to the PACU to discharge from the PACU

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Baseline Measurement266
CDS Email Recommendations264
CDS Email + Real TIme Recommenations266

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The Number of Prophylactic Interventions for PONV

the absolute number of prophylactic interventions applied between the admission of the patient in the holding room until admission to the PACU. (NCT02625181)
Timeframe: A specific time frame on the day of surgery: from the start of admission at the holding room to the end of the anesthetic case

Interventionprophylactic antiemetics administered (Mean)
Baseline Measurement2.196
CDS Email Recommendations2.176
CDS Email + Real TIme Recommenations2.129

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PONV Incidence: Number of Participants With Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

The occurrence of PONV, as defined by the administration of antiemetics in the PACU between admission to PACU and discharge from PACU. (NCT02625181)
Timeframe: PACU recovery period

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline Measurement139
CDS Email Recommendations1323
CDS Email + Real TIme Recommenations1343

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Adherence to PONV Guidelines

PONV guideline adherence: percentage of patients who received the exact number of prophylactic interventions for PONV that were recommended by the decision support. (NCT02625181)
Timeframe: A specific time frame on the day of surgery: the start of admission at the holding room to the end of the anesthetic case

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline Measurement666
CDS Email Recommendations5260
CDS Email + Real TIme Recommenations5863

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Number of Participants With Adverse Events.

Direct observation and medical record review will be used to analyze adverse effects. Reported as number of participants with one or more adverse events. (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively to postoperatively in the ICU, an expected average of 5-7 hours.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sedation - Group 11
Sedation - Group 22
Sedation - Group 30
General Anesthesia - Group 10

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Number of Participants With Clinical Success.

The proceduralist will follow-up 1-3 months post-procedure to evaluate the number of participants with clinical success reported by number of recurrences. Clinical success is defined as 0 recurrences in participants at 1-3 months post-operatively. (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: 1-3 months postoperatively

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sedation - Group 10
Sedation - Group 20
Sedation - Group 31
General Anesthesia - Group 11

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Pain Relief.

"A patient's pain level will be assessed using a numerical pain rating scale from 0 no pain to 10 worst possible pain." (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively to postoperatively in the ICU, an expected average of 5-7 hours.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Sedation - Group 11.7
Sedation - Group 20.4
Sedation - Group 30.2
General Anesthesia - Group 10

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Patient Comfort.

A patient's level of sedation will be assessed using a scoring system on a scale from 1-5. The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) Score Responsiveness Component score from 1 - Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking to 5 - Responds readily to name spoken in normal tone. (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively to postoperatively in the ICU, an expected average of 5-7 hours.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Sedation - Group 12.9
Sedation - Group 23.0
Sedation - Group 33.0
General Anesthesia - Group 11.0

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Patient Satisfaction.

Patients will also be asked to complete a written questionnaire prior to discharge from the hospital to measure patient satisfaction during their anesthesia care. A Likert Scale is used and ranges from 1 - Disagree very much to 6 - Agree very much. (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively to postoperatively in the ICU, an expected average of 5-7 hours.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Sedation - Group 13.4
Sedation - Group 23.0
Sedation - Group 33.5
General Anesthesia - Group 13.1

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Effectiveness of Anesthetic Drugs in Terms of Proceduralist Satisfaction.

The proceduralist will complete a written questionnaire after the procedure to rate their satisfaction. A Likert Scale is used and ranges from 1 - Disagree very much to 6 - Agree very much. (NCT02664922)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively to postoperatively in the ICU, an expected average of 5-7 hours.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Sedation - Group 15.7
Sedation - Group 25.6
Sedation - Group 35.2
General Anesthesia - Group 15.1

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Patients Satisfaction

Patient's satisfaction was recorded using a score ranging from 0 for not satisfied to 10 for totally satisfied. (NCT02988050)
Timeframe: 1 hour after the operation

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Conscious sedation16.33
Conscious sedation26.45

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Analgesic Requirements.

Total paracetamol consumption. (NCT03029715)
Timeframe: Within one hour after surgery

Interventionmg (Mean)
Sleeve Gastrectomy 13.56
Sleeve Gastrectomy 21.67

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The Intra-operative Mean Arterial Blood Pressure.

(NCT03029715)
Timeframe: During operation and follow-up, an average of 2 hours

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Sleeve Gastrectomy 171.05
Sleeve Gastrectomy 262.7

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Mechanical Hyperalgesia Threshold on the Dominant Inner Forearm

The mechanical hyperalgesia threshold was defined as the lowest force (g) necessary to bend a Von Frey filament, which was perceived to be painful by the patient and measured by Von Frey filament at 24 hours postoperatively (NCT03096730)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Interventiong (Mean)
Normal Saline61.5
Sufentanil88.2
Dexmedetomidine73.0
Nalmefene67.2
Dexmedetomidine-Nalmefene74.0

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Mean Time in Minutes From Sedation to Recovery

This outocme meadsures the mean time from sedation to recovery. (NCT03283150)
Timeframe: up to 57 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Remifentanil29.43

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Number of Individuals Examined for Neuronal Activity Changes at Multiple Brain Regions Under the Effect of Different Sedative Drugs

The number of subjects examining the neuronal activity changes at multiple brain regions under the effect of different sedation drugs to enable further study of the effects of anesthetics on brain regions and the mechanisms underlying loss of consciousness. (NCT03283150)
Timeframe: 1hrs 30 min

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil14
Propofol0
Dexmedetomidine0

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Sedatives Drugs Effects - Percent Change in Root Mean Square (RMS) of Electrical Activity

"Effects of propofol, remifentanil and dexmedetomidine on the neuronal activity during microelectrode recording (MER) in different brain structures that are used as target for DBS implantation will be measure.~The RMS of the electrical activity as a measure of the spiking rate of neurons in the vicinity of the electrode tip. normalize the RMS to the baseline value recorded at the first 2-5 minutes of MER (before entering the target area) to compensate for differences between patients and recording electrodes. In order to calculate the change in the normalized RMS following sedation the investigators will compare the mean RMS during 2 minutes of the stable recording of the pre-sedation baseline to the mean RMS during stable sedation and following recovery." (NCT03283150)
Timeframe: 45 minutes

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Remifentanil2.69

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Number of Participants With NIV Mitigation

Mitigation was defined by patients who were relieved from the initial intolerant status (NCT03395886)
Timeframe: 72 hours after the initiation of sedation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil Group44
Dexmedetomidine Group31

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Number of Participants With NIV Failure

NIV failure was defined by reintubation or death in the course of this study (NCT03395886)
Timeframe: 72 hours after the initiation of sedation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil Group10
Dexmedetomidine Group8

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Hemodynamic Stability

Any increase in the heart rate by more than 20% of patient baseline before induction of anesthesia (NCT03643796)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil Group4
Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Group5

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Time to Extubation

From start of of emergence from anesthesia until time of extubation. Shorter amount of time between the two, is desired. (NCT03643796)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Remifentanil Group12
Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Group18

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Quality of Recovery

( Modified Quality of Recovery score, QoR-15) is a psychometric assessment of recovery from general anesthesia.Answers of 15 questions are given scores from 1 to 10 on a Likert scale. The score ranges from 0 to 150. The questionnaire is designed to assess the emotional state, physical comfort, psychological support, physical independence, and pain. A higher score indicates a better outcome (NCT03643796)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-op

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Group122
Remifentanil Group127

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Narcotic Consumption

all narcotics and pain medication consumed by subject in the recovery room until discharged will be recorded and compared among 2 study groups. (NCT03643796)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionMorphine Equivalents (Mean)
Remifentanil Group12.7
Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Group11.5

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Incidence of Unacceptable Movement Under General Anesthesia

Gross visible movement reported by the anesthesiologist or surgical team: bucking, chewing, or reaching to the endotracheal tube and induced by nociception, or head manipulation and positioning by the surgical or anesthesiology team or during a motor evoked potential stimulation. (NCT03643796)
Timeframe: duration of surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Remifentanil Group1
Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Group1

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Time to First Neurological Exam

Time to first neurological exam after emergence from general anesthesia (NCT03996148)
Timeframe: up to 1 hour after emergence from general anesthesia.

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Remifentanil, Propofol, and Desflurane9
Remifentanil, Dexmedetomidine, and Desflurane7
Remifentanil and Desflurane7

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.3653amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0310monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.1831azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carnitine
[no description available]		2.1110amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		3.4311halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		6.4153monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		8.8830aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.8430amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.4811glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.41102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.6930aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		2.0310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		4.5551alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
histamine
[no description available]		3.0240aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.520elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		8.921acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.1510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		17.439055gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		3.3911divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.6563isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		3.811non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958
[no description available]		2.0310benzazepine
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.1710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4520oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.3841imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.7330acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.0640aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		17.893316acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.8530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.5620acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.460phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.2350organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.4520secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.5620triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		10.6451adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.1510aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.5820acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.5620diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0210dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		4.4260dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.06401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		9.2550carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.0640dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.5620nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.4520pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.2550benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		5.6451ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.5620aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		3.5620amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.2510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0210pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.0640propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.5820piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.2310diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0210
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.0640secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.4520organic molecular entity
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520benzamides
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.4520aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.0640amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		12.294423aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.5620azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.0640methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		11.3160purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.0640aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.5620dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.4320N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0210quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.0640carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.5620ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.0210benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.8530aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.8530benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.56201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8530aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.0540organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.8530monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.8530isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.4520diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.8530aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0210cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.0640aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0210benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.85302-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.52201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.0640dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.09401,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		13.272513clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.84301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		2.4720
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.8530substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.8530dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.8830primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		9.691451,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.8530benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		8.2494amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8430monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.0740ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.2310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.0640monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.5620organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.4260branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4520benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6220aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		6.0242morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8430aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.0640dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		16.281310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		4.6432ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.5620triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.5820aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.2310dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.4520phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.5620monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.56202-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5620carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0640dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.2310aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0410azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		22.69410231anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.5620piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.0640aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.4520difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		10.6451conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.0640aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.5620N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		6.6282ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.44201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.5820benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.0640nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		9.1685fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fp 83
FP 83: structure given in first source		7.344organic molecular entity
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.0640carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.2450chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		7.8683gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.5620aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.0640sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0640aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.3960monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		4.0640aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.9521methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.0640acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.0640aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		8.15102haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.4520barbiturates
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.8530azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.5620benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.5820benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.0640one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		5.4241hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibudilast
[no description available]		7.1310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		10.6451monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		8.8230primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		16.167843benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.0640ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.8530dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.0640bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.5620indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.2450aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.2310carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5820azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		16.65200130organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.8430carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		6.3741catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.0640benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.0640piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		19.8614375cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4520aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.7831dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		11.3462benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		13.56105amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		6.4972benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		6.13311,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.0640benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.8530nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.2310N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.5520monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.5620benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		14.1792benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		9.2550biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.8430anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.0640aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		13.494019ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.140piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5820organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.8430amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.0640guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		14.0894benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.8530beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		8.2594benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.8530organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.0640aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.0640C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.0640aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		19.0416586imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.8530bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.5620dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0640benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.0640dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.4520benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		6.3841monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.4520acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		12.753815purine nucleoside
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.5620methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.8530heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.0640aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		11.2243benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		14.5486quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.0640cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		13.4793benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.2450C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.5820aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		9.24502-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0640C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		8.59105nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.06401,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.8530isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0210catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.0640organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.06403-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.2450aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		16.81712carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		10.1221ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.56201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.85301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
4-iodoclonidine
4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source		2.0410
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.8430phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.8530aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.8530benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.56201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.8430aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.0840barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.8430oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.0640N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0410acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.0940barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.4520organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.0640indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.1110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0110inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.5620isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.0640aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7230amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.5620pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.0640benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.0640benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.5620benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.5820N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.5820pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.8530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.8430aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		27.641,548843phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		11.8471naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.8530pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.5820aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.8530benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.7330aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.5620benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.06401,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		22.54443247ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.0640pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.8530pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.0640ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.5820dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		12.123416quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4520isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.5620
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.4520pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4520isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.0510benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.2450sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.7330aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4520naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4520N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		5.231benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.5820imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.0640furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.8530phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0210diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.4111benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0210quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.5820phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.5620phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.0640aziridines
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.5620monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.8530imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.5620N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.0640benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.8530N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.0640aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.5820amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.8430monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.8530pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.0640triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.5620N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.5620oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.8530aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.0640
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.8430dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.2310chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0410piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.0640cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		8.97211,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.5620carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.8530nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.0640imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.171011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.853011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.2310alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		8.620imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.84303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.5620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.064011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		3.5111phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.5620pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.8530C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.8430acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		5.6520glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.041017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0210steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.5820aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0410azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.5820kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		10.362phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.9840amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.6220ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		4.1150amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		8.4511aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.4111organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0210organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.4620quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.5820alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.8530penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		3.451117alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.5620beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.0410non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
mestranol
[no description available]		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.9330arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.8730benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		5.62516-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.5820glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		5.7854quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.4420pyridinium salt
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0410peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0410bromide salt
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		6.6854hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.0640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		7.85135acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.89301,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		6.9943isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.07101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0610organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		7.8173phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		8.99148nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		9.9921mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.5820N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8530benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.86301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		3.8221piperidines
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.1310epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
methadyl acetate
Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.		210diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0210furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		9.9421diarylmethane
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		3.4111gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.4111organic molecular entity
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.4520thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.930amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5620carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		6.5892dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		12.4465organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		10.6551acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.0640cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.843017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.0640ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.8530glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.9621alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.7790tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.8430benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.5620benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.1110thioxanthenes
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.0640dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.4520organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.8530dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.1510D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		4.0640organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.0610dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.8430azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.4920amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
terodiline
[no description available]		2.4520diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		4.811copper group element atom;
elemental gold
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		8.811f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		7.15103monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.4320pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		10.191512magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
etorphine
Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.		7.0510
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.2550selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.02106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.7330glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
fluorides
[no description available]		4.811halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.562017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.5620aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.8530indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.411benzenes;
phenyl acetates
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.51203-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.4320benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
carticaine
Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.		3.4411thiophenecarboxylic acid
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7230glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.0640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.0640timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		12.5424152-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.5620carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.0640azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.7330amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.0640taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.8430beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.8230catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.5620ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.06401-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.4520triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.5820alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.2450L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.7330
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.06405-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		7.872110organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0210cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7430azepanes
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		18.2413372anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.0640aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8530aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		17.1413590organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.4520acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.0640anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.0640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.0640aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.0640alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.0440cephalosporinantibacterial drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		13.546127diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.4520cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.5620diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.7330benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5620cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4520fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		18.913477monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		10.01215aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.8430
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.4520
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.0640delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.4520aromatic ketone
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.5620delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0410benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.4520dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.06403-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.5620N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.0410carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spiradoline
spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.2110
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.06403-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.4520
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		12.833018aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4520quinolines
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.85306-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7330fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.56201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ocfentanil
[no description available]		2.2510anilide
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.0640phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.0410tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
mirfentanil
mirfentanil: selectively reverses the respiratory depressant effects of morphine; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 9/91		3.0910
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.0640pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.8530aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trefentanil
trefentanil: RN refers to hydrochloride; a short-acting analgesic		3.0910
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.5820aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.5620aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.0640monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.0640carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.0640biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.85301,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.4520guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.8530oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		6.9483adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
carfentanil
carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		8.3760methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
tranquilizing drug
4-fluorofentanyl
4-fluorofentanyl: structure in first source. 4-fluorofentanyl : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.2110monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		10.153515diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.8530
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8430cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
3-methylhistidine
3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.		4.4422L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		7.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.8530piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.8530benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4320fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		1.9910
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.13101,2,3-triazole
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		3.8521imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.06102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.5620dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.0410
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.4520steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.4520ureas
propacetamol
propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90		6.8844alpha-amino acid ester
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		3.811dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.4520aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.0640razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.5820conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4520benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.0640hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.8530carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.8530carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5820indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.8530aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		9.2821organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.8430macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		8.18503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.5620peptide
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		6.4531-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.5420corticosteroid hormone
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.8530primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.4110
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		1.9710
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		2.0410L-alpha-amino acid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ramosetron
[no description available]		3.5111indoles
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
entonox
Entonox: combination drug containing premixed 50% nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide) & 50% oxygen		3.1410
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
landiolol
landiolol: structure given in first source; a highly cardioselective ultra short-acting beta-blocker		4.4122morpholines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.5311
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
sc 58125
1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor		2.2110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6220benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
rb 101
RB 101: structure given in first source; inhibits enkephalinase and aminopeptidases; biologically cleaved at disulfide to produce inhibitors of both aminopeptidase N and neutral endopeptidase		2.0510
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		7.1953isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.1110nitrogen oxoacid
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0410bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		2.1110
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.2550dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		2.4620organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.85305-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4520penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
gi 90291
GI 90291: major metabolite of remifentanil		6.47101
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
m 8218
M 8218: structure given in first source		3.811
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.06409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.2310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.4520methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.5820benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.8530isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.4520morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.5620methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
atrasentan
Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.		2.0510pyrrolidines
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.1102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		10.982210
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		11.943915piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.4920imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid
homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.		2.0510homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
esketamine
esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.		11.6475ketamineanalgesic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		2.4520azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
repinotan hydrochloride
repinotan hydrochloride: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0710
maropitant
maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis		7.1110
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.4520
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.2310benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.6420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.11011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.52202-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.562017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
norfentanyl
norfentanyl: metabolite of fentanyl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. norfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(N'-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. A major metabolite of fentanyl.		2.6320anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		drug metabolite;
opioid analgesic
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5820amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.56201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.5720heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.5620coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.0640cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.0640alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.56201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.8430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0410cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.8430L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.0510benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		12.3772acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		16.45112533alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.85302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.7330
miglitol
[no description available]		3.8530piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.5620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8530acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.8530tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
acarbose
[no description available]		2.4320amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.5620retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.8530macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4520dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.8530dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.71270benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.56202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.8530
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.0640epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.0640macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.4520acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.85302'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.0410
teniposide
[no description available]		4.0640aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.7330cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.5620actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.0640L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.4520fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.9340pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8530nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.6820one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		4.3541organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylacetamide
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide: a psychoactive street drug; structure in first source		2.2110
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		2.1310
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		4.7211olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		7.3872morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.2310vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.3911inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0410oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.4320purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.0640pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		14.864218ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.0640aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.2310zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.5620diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.85301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.5620monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		7.244capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.5620acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.56202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.110
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.8530cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.5620
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.5620stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.5620pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.5820carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		11.893521barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.8530
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6320tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.5820beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
thiamylal
Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.		3.921barbiturates;
organosulfur compound		sedative
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		5.763phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
dolasetron
[no description available]		10.2231indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.2310beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.8530cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
deltorphin
deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2		2.1110peptide
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
metazocine
[no description available]		2.0410
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		5.6830alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
sb 225002
[no description available]		2.1310nitrophenol
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4920benzenes;
thiadiazolidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.110indolecarboxamide
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8530triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0210quinolines
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.85302-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
quercetin
[no description available]		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.8521biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.4110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.5620D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0310
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0210prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		5.822prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.0540antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4520oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.265011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.2310
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8530dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.8530aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		8.73166isoquinolines
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.85302-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.8530hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0210enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.5620retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4420
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.610sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
codeine
[no description available]		5.861morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.8530homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		6.6454hydrochloride
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.2310acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.0310aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		12.2962morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6220pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.5620carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7330morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		12.27567morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		14.29157organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		5.5921antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.5620cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		19.87172109morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		5.9321heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		21.56219117medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		210oligopeptide
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
j 113397
J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.4820
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		8.4493organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8530phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		2.5720monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.8430dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		10.03215cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4720morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		8.68206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		7.4372morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		11.2143phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.0640dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.5620benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.5620azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.0640dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		5.2531dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		4.5870morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.8530dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.06403-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.06401,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		4.5150isoquinolines
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		4.2360
n-methylnaloxone
N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone		1.9910
chlornaltrexamine
chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer		1.9710
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		11.1142gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.4520cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination
cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination: used in therapy of orthostatic hypotensive disorder; combination drug consisting of ethylaminotheophylline derivatives; stimulates blood circulation;		2.1710
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.9740isoquinolines
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0210dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.06401,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.06401,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0210cephalosporin
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.0410
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		6.5853azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.4520amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.5850maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.0640imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
ro 25-6981
Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.		2.110benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.8930naphthyridine derivative
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.8430
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0410artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.5820macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.5620
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
ro 64-6198
Ro 64-6198: an orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor agonist; structure in first source		7.0610
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		4.9621organic molecular entity
f 13640
befiradol: a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist		2.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.7830aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
remimazolam
remimazolam: sedative; structure in first source		11.5268
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4520
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.0410
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		2.4320
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide
N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source		3.4511
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
jwh 018
1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole: structure in first source		2.6320indolecarboxamide
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		7.2110benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		5.74221,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.930
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		6.3653
jaw
[no description available]		4.3111indolecarboxamide
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0510
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		4.3740
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.0410polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.0410peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		3.4511
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.3211
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.8530heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.1431
chitosan
[no description available]		4.811
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.5620organosulfonic acid
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.3911
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		30.743,2451,535
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		6.2562
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.4722polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.2310ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.0640
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0410
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.8530
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.4460
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.8430benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0410aromatic amide
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.85301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.7330heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4520benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.2450benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0410
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8530
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.5611
naloxone-3-glucuronide
naloxone-3-glucuronide: main metabolite of naloxone		2.3110
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		7.3110
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		8.5311
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.0110
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.23102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.06402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.07105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.0810purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.2310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.0640cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.0640benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.5820dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.0640purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.06402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.5620L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.5620benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.73302-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.8530imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.0640nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.8530formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.8530carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0510citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.5820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		5.0121(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.0640
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.0810guanosinesbiomarker
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
eye
[no description available]		4.3722
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		2.0710
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		3.8621
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.21101
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.21101
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.0950
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.0950
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		032.02758455
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		027.02758455
Allodynia
[description not available]		029.73392158
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		020.3527579
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		022.82459117
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		04.6211
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		04.6211
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.8521
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		0792
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.8521
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		0792
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		07.4774
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		07.4774
Atelectasis
[description not available]		04.4522
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		013.132522
Emesis
[description not available]		012.792318
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		013.132522
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		013.132823
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		012.792318
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		021.64242167
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		026.64242167
Ache
[description not available]		021.23255133
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		014.763416
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		123.23255133
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.4460
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		08.74177
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.74177
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.4460
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		03.9821
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		08.3665
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.3110
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.3110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.551
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.551
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.4110
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.4110
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.4110
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		08.37136
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		08.37136
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.56420
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.45232
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		08.35105
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		08.35105
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.6361
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.5220
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.5220
Bleeding
[description not available]		09.3970
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		019.2613881
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		09.3970
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		015.236727
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		012.914015
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		119.8813454
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		010.3643
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		08.0496
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		05.3643
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		08.0496
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		011.13104
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		010.281814
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		010.281814
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		016.13104
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		03.811
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		05.942
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		06.9953
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		06.8443
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		06.8443
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.4110
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.4110
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Citrullinemia
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)		02.4110
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		02.5920
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		018.25127114
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		013.585532
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		07.7385
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		07.7385
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		08.95129
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		05.8542
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		010.8542
Dizzyness
[description not available]		09.651010
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		09.651010
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		04.7561
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		012.953327
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		03.3560
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		05.1233
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		06.8793
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		06.8793
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		04.0721
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		04.0721
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		020.12246212
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		013.946433
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		013.946433
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		020.12246212
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		07.57131
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		07.57131
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		09.0596
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.94241
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		06.94241
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		09.2120
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		07.4110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		09.32118
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		09.32118
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		011.091815
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4110
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4110
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		011.091815
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		04.7261
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.4110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.4953
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		17.4953
Glossoptosis, Micrognathia, and Cleft Palate
[description not available]		02.4110
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		010.562310
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		010.49276
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		112.49276
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		03.7230
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4120
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		03.4120
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		014.35432
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.4110
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.4110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		013.362918
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		013.362918
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		09.7161
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.3360
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		03.3360
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		06.241
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		03.4120
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		08.4120
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		06.72106
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia
[description not available]		07.1873
Labor Pain
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.		013.784713
Sore Throat
[description not available]		07.8385
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		07.8385
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		03.811
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		03.811
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.0181
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.0181
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.7390
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		03.7390
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		05.4472
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		04.25120
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		04.25120
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0290
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		04.0290
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		013.644739
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.4110
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.2731
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		05.861
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		05.6932
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.7630
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		07.7630
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		09.742812
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		09.742812
Air Sickness
[description not available]		02.610
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		02.610
Flatus
[description not available]		04.421
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		04.421
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.1631
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.1631
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.3472
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.9421
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		04.5822
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		04.5822
Complete Breech
[description not available]		011.711412
Breech Presentation
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.		016.711412
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		06.9153
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		09.59217
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		113.554214
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		04.4341
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		04.4341
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm
[description not available]		02.610
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.		02.610
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		05.6161
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		17.6161
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		014.495333
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		014.495333
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		013.662814
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.9581
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.9581
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.9911
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.0933
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.9911
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.9911
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		03.9911
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.0730
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		09.81178
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.2110
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		14.2110
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		111.81178
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		06.43114
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		014.654633
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		014.654633
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		011.722118
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		011.722118
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		07.1562
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		07.1562
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.12213
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		012.982519
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.12213
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		012.982519
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.7630
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		011.46298
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		113.46298
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.2510
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		08.0573
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4820
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.4820
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.5120
Propofol Infusion Syndrome
Rare and often fatal drug complication which affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of PROPOFOL. It is characterized by METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; cardiovascular CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE; CARDIAC FAILURE; and KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.2510
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		09.161711
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		09.161711
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		09.4695
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		06.0274
Pyrexia
[description not available]		05.5831
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		07.6772
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		010.5831
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		06.56171
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		06.56171
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		06.0833
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		011.0833
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.2510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.424014
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.2510
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		04.4441
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		02.2510
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		06.8483
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.712422
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		06.8483
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.7161
Asystole
[description not available]		08.03191
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.7161
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		08.03191
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.3110
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		07.3110
Aura
[description not available]		08.35163
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		05.15101
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		08.35163
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		010.15101
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		03.6411
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.4920
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.4920
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.4920
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2510
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		03.1750
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		03.1750
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		02.2510
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.6120
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.6411
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.6292
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		05.6292
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.		02.2510
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		07.7830
Fasciculation
Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)		04.7332
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal
[description not available]		02.2510
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.		02.2510
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		04.4522
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		04.4522
Postoperative Cognitive Complications
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.		04.6211
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.3110
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.3110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.4720
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		02.2510
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.2310
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.6320
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.6320
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.3110
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		02.3110
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		07.673
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		07.673
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		08144
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		08144
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		03.9440
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		03.9440
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.663
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.663
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		07.09118
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		013.27158
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		03.8721
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		03.8721
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		04.6761
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		04.6761
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.2110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		018.654313
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.8130
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.8130
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.1310
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.1710
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.3741
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.0750
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.0750
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		16.3741
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.1510
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		013.322819
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		013.322819
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		013.39124
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		08.39124
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		09.62235
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		09.62235
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		02.1510
Fibroid
[description not available]		09.231
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		05.1152
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		04.231
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		05.1152
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1510
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1510
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.6120
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.1631
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		04.1631
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		07.1694
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.67191
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		011.67191
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		05.46141
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.1450
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.1450
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form
[description not available]		02.1510
Peroxisomal Disorders
A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.		02.1510
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		02.1510
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.830
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.830
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		08.8321
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		07.1510
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.1510
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		07.0484
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.0484
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.1710
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		08.4176
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		08.4176
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		04.6861
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		04.6861
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.4820
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.43151
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		07.5272
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.2110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.43151
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.1710
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.1710
Angle Class III
[description not available]		03.5611
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		03.8821
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		08.4484
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		04.231
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.5611
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		05.9933
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		03.0140
Lymphatic Abnormalities
Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.		02.2110
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
[description not available]		03.6730
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.0840
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		06.6120
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.0840
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		06.6120
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		05.7421
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		05.7421
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.78200
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.1650
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.1650
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		012.692
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.4470
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		08.4470
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		07.692
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.4920
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.150
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.150
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		0340
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.1510
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.1510
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.1510
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.1510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		04.4811
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		04.4811
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		02.2510
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		07.5220
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.5220
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.9540
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.9540
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.2110
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		010.7770
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6411
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.9642
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.9642
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		06.9452
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.2510
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.7521
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		08.6464
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		08.6464
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		04.9540
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.9540
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.0810
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		04.3822
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		04.3822
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		010.82119
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		06.42150
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.2760
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.4820
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.4820
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.0810
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.8921
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0810
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.0810
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.0810
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.0810
Prognathism
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0810
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.0810
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		03.4220
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		03.4220
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.1450
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.1450
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		03.8521
Lassitude
[description not available]		07.2644
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		07.2644
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		04.411
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		04.411
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.4420
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		07.4420
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius
[description not available]		02.4620
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		012.222412
Harelip
[description not available]		06.3753
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		07.0384
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		06.3753
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		012.0384
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.94132
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		010.94132
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0810
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		03.1150
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		03.1150
Achalasia
[description not available]		02.110
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		02.110
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		04.2920
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.9210
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		07.1441
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.9210
Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents
Inhaling refluxed gastric or duodenal contents.		03.9210
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.9210
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		07.1441
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		04.2920
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.4351
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		05.4351
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.4920
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.4920
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.0810
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.4811
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		03.4811
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.7630
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.6761
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.7630
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.110
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.110
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		02.110
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.110
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		06.6673
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		06.6673
Embryopathies
[description not available]		08.3995
Anasarca
[description not available]		06.3142
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		05.8322
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		010.8322
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		011.3142
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3741
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.3741
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.3541
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.3541
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.8521
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.110
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.5120
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.110
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.110
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		04.821
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		04.411
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		04.411
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		09.821
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.7530
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.7530
Amentia
[description not available]		02.5120
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.5120
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans
[description not available]		02.110
Achondroplasia
An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)		02.110
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		02.7330
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7330
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		03.4811
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.4811
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.4811
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.7530
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.7530
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		02.110
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		09.5151
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
alpha-Dystroglycanopathies
[description not available]		02.110
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		02.110
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		04.5151
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		05.1250
Anesthesia Awareness
[description not available]		09.51114
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.7430
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.110
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.7430
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		02.7530
Abscess, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.110
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		05.4251
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		05.4251
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		04.9581
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.7530
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.4520
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.7530
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.4520
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.110
Congenital Myasthenia
[description not available]		02.110
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)		02.110
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.4522
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.4522
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.1110
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.1110
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.110
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.110
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		03.511
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		03.511
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.110
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		05.3322
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		05.3322
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.110
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		05.9952
Alogia
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		05.0231
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.1110
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.1110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		05.0231
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.1110
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		08.511
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.511
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.511
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		05.1350
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		05.2760
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		04.9740
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		05.1350
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		06.37212
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.9740
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		06.37212
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.9740
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.9940
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.1110
Gagging
Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.		03.511
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.7830
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		03.511
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.0710
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.0710
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.4820
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.4820
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4620
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4620
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		05.12101
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		05.2111
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		05.2111
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.1110
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.1110
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.1110
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		05.343
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		05.343
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.1310
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		07.1310
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		04.4111
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		04.4111
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		05.8142
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		05.8142
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		03.8621
Breathlessness
[description not available]		08.3875
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		08.3875
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		07.4920
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		02.1310
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.5420
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		07.5420
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.1310
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		07.7730
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		04.1231
Psychoses
[description not available]		04.1631
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.1310
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.7730
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		04.1231
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.1631
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		02.1310
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.1310
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		03.5111
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.8721
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.8721
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.7530
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.1310
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.1310
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.1310
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.1310
Jaw Cysts
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.		04.4122
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		03.1350
Adult Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.1310
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		05.2543
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.1310
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.4620
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.4620
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.7630
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.81110
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		07.7630
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.0410
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		03.0410
Central Core Disease
[description not available]		02.4920
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5111
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		03.5111
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.1310
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		04.4222
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		02.1310
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.520
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.520
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		06.7783
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		06.7783
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.520
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.520
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7630
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.7630
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		010.7109
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		010.7109
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.7530
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.360
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.4620
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.7161
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4620
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.7161
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.1510
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.5311
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		15.5311
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0410
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		02.4320
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0410
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		03.8121
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		02.4320
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.0410
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4320
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.91120
Nanism
[description not available]		02.0410
Foot Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.		02.0410
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.0410
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.4520
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.0410
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0410
Sinoatrial Block
Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.		07.0410
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		04.6532
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		04.6532
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7330
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		02.0410
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.7330
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		05.322
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		05.322
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.4520
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.4520
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.0410
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.4420
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		03.8321
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.4520
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.4520
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		02.0410
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.0410
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.0410
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.0510
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		07.4420
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		09.74109
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		09.74109
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.0510
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.0510
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.4320
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.0510
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.0510
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)		02.0510
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.7330
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.7330
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.4220
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		010.4351
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.4220
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		05.4351
ARSA Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0510
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.		02.0510
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.2262
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.2262
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.4620
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.8321
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		08.8321
Dissociation
[description not available]		07.9610
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.4420
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.4420
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
[description not available]		03.4311
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0510
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0510
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.4620
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.0510
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		05.0952
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		05.0952
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.4311
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.4311
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.7330
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.7330
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0510
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.0510
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.4620
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.4620
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		02.0510
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.0510
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.0510
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.4620
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.8221
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.4311
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		03.4311
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.4311
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		03.4311
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		02.0510
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		07.0510
Itching
[description not available]		07.3986
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		07.3986
MODS
[description not available]		02.0610
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.0610
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.0510
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0510
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		07.7330
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		02.7330
MELAS
[description not available]		02.0510
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		02.0510
Choledocholithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0510
Glenohumeral Dislocation
[description not available]		05.3122
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		07.0510
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.0510
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		03.4411
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.7330
Happy Puppet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Angelman Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)		02.0510
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.4720
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.8321
Benign Infratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4320
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.8321
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0510
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.0510
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0510
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Mouth
[description not available]		04.1131
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.6832
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.6832
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.0510
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.7430
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.0510
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		07.0510
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.0510
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		04.1131
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		04.1131
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.4620
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.4520
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.7230
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		04.3611
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		02.0510
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.7430
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		02.0510
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0610
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0610
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.3341
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.0610
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.3341
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.0610
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Congenital Hypocupremia
[description not available]		02.0510
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.0510
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome
An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)		02.0510
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.0510
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		09.7421
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		04.7421
ARSB Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0510
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive CHONDROITIN SULFATE B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE-4-SULFATASE (arylsulfatase B).		02.0510
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7330
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0610
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.		02.0610
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.0610
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.0610
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.0610
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.3620
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.3620
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.0510
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		02.0610
De Morsier Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4511
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		03.4511
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.4220
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.0610
Congenital Micrognathia
[description not available]		02.0610
Liddle Syndrome
Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.		02.0610
Femoral Hernia
[description not available]		02.0610
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.4511
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4511
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7330
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0610
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		07.7330
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0610
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.0610
Amyoplasia Congenita
[description not available]		02.4620
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0610
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.0610
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		03.4511
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		03.8321
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.4320
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		07.4320
Fisher Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.4820
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		07.0610
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.4220
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		07.0610
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.4220
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.9810
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.4720
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.0610
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		02.0610
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.1331
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.1331
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.0610
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.7230
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.0610
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.0610
Addison Disease, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial
Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200		02.0610
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.0610
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.0610
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.0610
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.7230
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		03.4511
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0710
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.4320
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.4320
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0710
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.0610
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.0710
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.0610
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.0610
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0710
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0710
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		07.544
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		07.544
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I
[description not available]		02.0710
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)		02.0710
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0710
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.		02.0710
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.0710
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9810
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		03.4611
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		03.420
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		07.8755
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		02.0710
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.0710
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.0710
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.9540
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.2660
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.9540
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.2660
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.0810
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.8121
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.0810
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.0810
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.4620
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.4620
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.4620
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		04.3111
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		04.3111
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		05.0131
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0110
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.0110
Autosomal Dominant Myotubular Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		07.4220
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		02.4220
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.0110
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.0110
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		05.2443
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		03.411
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.0110
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.0110
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.0110
Varices
[description not available]		0533
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		0533
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.4220
Colles' Fracture
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.		02.0110
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.0110
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.411
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		03.411
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		02.0110
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		02.0110
Luft Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.0110
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		02.0110
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.0110
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		07.0110
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.411
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.411
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.411
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.0110
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.		02.0110
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		02.0110
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		03.411
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0210
Clubfeet
[description not available]		02.0210
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.411
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing
[description not available]		02.0210
Leigh Disease
A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).		02.0210
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0210
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.0210
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.4320
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0210
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.0210
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.0210
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		02.0210
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.0210
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.0210
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.0210
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		03.411
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.0210
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.0210
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine
[description not available]		04.131
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		05.0233
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		05.0233
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.0210
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.0210
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		02.0210
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		07.0210
MEA 2a
[description not available]		02.0210
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		02.4120
Absence of Corpus Callosum
[description not available]		02.0210
Eye Diseases, Hereditary
Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.		02.0210
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		02.0210
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		07.0210
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.4320
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.4320
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.0210
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.0210
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.0210
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		03.411
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		03.411
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.0210
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0210
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.0210
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0210
Broad Thumb-Hallux Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).		02.4120
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.0210
Atresia, Esophageal
[description not available]		02.0210
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.		02.0210
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		03.4111
Abdominal Hernia
[description not available]		03.4111
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.0210
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		02.0210
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		02.0210
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.0210
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.6230
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.4111
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.4111
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		02.4420
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		02.4420
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.730
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.730
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		03.4111
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		08.4111
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		03.4111
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.0310
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.0310
Epiphyses, Slipped
A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.		02.0310
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.4111
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.4111
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		03.8221
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		03.8221
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Injuries, Whiplash
[description not available]		03.4211
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		02.0310
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		02.0310
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.0310
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0310
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0310
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.0310
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.0310
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.0310
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		011.281616
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		011.281616
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0310
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.0310
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.0310
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		07.0310
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.4420
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		07.4420
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4220
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		02.0310
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		02.0310
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.4311
Dysplasia Linguofacialis
[description not available]		02.0310
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		02.4220
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		02.4220
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		03.4311
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.0310
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.0310
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		03.4211
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		03.4211
Brachial Plexopathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0310
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.0310
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		02.0310
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)		02.0310
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0310
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.0310
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.0410
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.0410
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.0410
Abnormalities, Maxillofacial
[description not available]		02.0410
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		02.0410
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis
A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.		02.0410
Flexor Tendon Entrapment
[description not available]		02.0410
Mastocytosis, Systemic
A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.		02.0410
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0410
Myopathies, Nemaline
A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)		02.0410
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		02.0410
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		02.0410
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.0410
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.0410
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries
[description not available]		02.0410
Abnormalities, Jaw
[description not available]		02.0410
Cherubism
A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.		02.0410
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9910
Endocardial Cushion Defect
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocardial Cushion Defects
A spectrum of septal defects involving the ATRIAL SEPTUM; VENTRICULAR SEPTUM; and the atrioventricular valves (TRICUSPID VALVE; BICUSPID VALVE). These defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves.		01.9910
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		0210
Injuries, Neck
[description not available]		0210
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		0210
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		0210
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		0210
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		0210
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		0710
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		0210
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		0210
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		0210
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		05.2722
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		05.2722
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		09.6299
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		09.6299
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		0210
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		0210
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		0210
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		0210
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		0210
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		0710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.3111
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		04.3111
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.3111
Familial Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		0210
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		09.6432
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.0110
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		02.0110