Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries methyl substituents and bears no hydrogen atoms.
ChEBI ID: 22860
| Member | Definition | Role |
|---|---|---|
| betaine | The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | glycine betaine |
| carnitine | An amino-acid betaine that is butanoate substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-3 and a trimethylammonium group at C-4. | carnitine |
| ergothioneine | A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a mercapto group. A naturally occurring metabolite of histidine synthesized by bacteria and fungi with antioxidant properties. It is found ubiquitously in plants and animals and is present in many human foodstuffs. | ergothioneine thione form; ergothioneine |
| ergothioneine | A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group. | ergothioneine thione form; ergothioneine |
| gamma-butyrobetaine | An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. | 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate |
| hercynine | N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine | |
| lenticin | An amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group. | hypaphorine |
| phenylalanine betaine | An amino acid betaine derived from phenylalanine. | phenylalanine betaine |
| stachydrine | An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. | L-proline betaine |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs in This Class (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 3,181 (23.70) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 2,181 (16.25) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 2,669 (19.89) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 3,787 (28.22) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1,602 (11.94) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs in This Class (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 965 (6.57%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 1,172 (7.98%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 871 (5.93%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 63 (0.43%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 11,608 (79.08%) | 84.16% |