Page last updated: 2024-08-05 14:53:12
hormone
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
ChEBI ID: 24621
Members (5)
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| calcitriol | A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol. | calcitriol |
| glutaurine | A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of taurine with the gamma-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid. It was initially found in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals. | glutaurine zwitterion; glutaurine |
| glutaurine | A dipeptide zwitterion that is glutaurine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the alpha-amino group. | glutaurine zwitterion; glutaurine |
| melatonin | A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. | melatonin |
| pyrabactin | A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with the exocyclic amino group of 2-pyridylmethylamine. Mimics the action of the abscisic acid, a phytohormone. | pyrabactin |
Research
Studies (37,729)
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 5,799 (15.37) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 8,505 (22.54) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 9,117 (24.16) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 10,015 (26.54) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 4,293 (11.38) | 2.80 |
Study Types
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 2,675 (6.78%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 5,385 (13.65%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 1,315 (3.33%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 96 (0.24%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 29,989 (76.00%) | 84.16% |
Protein Targets (112)
Potency Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 52.2206 | 1 | 1 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 68.4838 | 2 | 2 |
| ATAD5 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.0810 | 1 | 1 |
| ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase | Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 | Potency | 8.4921 | 1 | 1 |
| Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0016 | 2 | 2 |
| caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 69.6372 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 69.6372 | 1 | 1 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.5531 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Beta-lactamase | Escherichia coli K-12 | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Ferritin light chain | Equus caballus (horse) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 56.2341 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain B, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| ClpP | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 2 | 2 |
| cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 50.3175 | 1 | 2 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 55.3148 | 1 | 1 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.0919 | 1 | 2 |
| EWS/FLI fusion protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 2.1250 | 4 | 4 |
| GABA theta subunit | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.8492 | 2 | 2 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.7231 | 1 | 1 |
| Interferon beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.9993 | 1 | 3 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 74.9780 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0008 | 1 | 1 |
| M-phase phosphoprotein 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1778 | 1 | 1 |
| Microtubule-associated protein tau | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 0.0631 | 1 | 1 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 58.5706 | 1 | 2 |
| nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 13.4574 | 2 | 3 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 41.4253 | 2 | 3 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 0.0057 | 1 | 1 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 84.9214 | 1 | 1 |
| phosphopantetheinyl transferase | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| PPM1D protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.9993 | 1 | 2 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 62.0642 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 8.4127 | 1 | 1 |
| ras-related protein Rab-9A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.1254 | 1 | 1 |
| regulator of G-protein signaling 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 2.1192 | 1 | 1 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.1599 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin glutathione reductase | Schistosoma mansoni | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 13.7662 | 2 | 3 |
| USP1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 56.2341 | 1 | 1 |
Inhibition Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 2 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 0.1000 | 2 | 3 |
| Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0005 | 1 | 1 |
| Androgen receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Aromatase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 11.3000 | 1 | 1 |
| ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Bile salt export pump | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 86.3500 | 1 | 2 |
| Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Carboxylic ester hydrolase | Equus caballus (horse) | IC50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Abscisic acid receptor PYL1 | Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) | IC50 | 1.1400 | 1 | 4 |
| Cholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 2 |
| Cytochrome P450 1A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 59.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 1A2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 12.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 1A2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.0003 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 1B1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 14.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2C11 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.0003 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2C19 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2C9 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0093 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0002 | 2 | 2 |
| Cytochrome P450 3A4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0093 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 3A4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| Histamine H3 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0005 | 1 | 1 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0025 | 18 | 18 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1A | Gallus gallus (chicken) | Ki | 0.0007 | 7 | 8 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1A | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0003 | 67 | 69 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1B | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0035 | 12 | 12 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1B | Gallus gallus (chicken) | Ki | 0.0007 | 8 | 9 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1B | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0004 | 62 | 64 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1C | Gallus gallus (chicken) | Ki | 0.0007 | 7 | 8 |
| Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0004 | 2 | 2 |
| Mu-type opioid receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.0003 | 1 | 1 |
| Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 133.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Myeloperoxidase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Nociceptin receptor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 0.0003 | 1 | 1 |
| Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 75.4000 | 1 | 1 |
| Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 7.3161 | 8 | 8 |
| Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0422 | 2 | 2 |
| Transporter | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 0.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.3401 | 19 | 19 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.0001 | 11 | 11 |
Activation Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0030 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.0006 | 1 | 1 |
| Kappa-type opioid receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | EC50 | 0.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1A | Gallus gallus (chicken) | EC50 | 0.0226 | 1 | 1 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1A | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0008 | 11 | 11 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1B | Gallus gallus (chicken) | EC50 | 0.0226 | 1 | 1 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1B | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0025 | 12 | 12 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1C | Gallus gallus (chicken) | EC50 | 0.0226 | 1 | 1 |
| Melatonin receptor type 1C | Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) | EC50 | 0.0001 | 3 | 3 |
| Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0016 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D-binding protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.0240 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Bos taurus (cattle) | EC50 | 0.0001 | 2 | 2 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0394 | 36 | 36 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | EC50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | EC50 | 0.0002 | 7 | 7 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Sus scrofa (pig) | Kd | 0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor A | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | EC50 | 0.0055 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor A | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | Kd | 1.2000 | 1 | 1 |
Other Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 1A2 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.0002 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2C9 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.0002 | 1 | 2 |
| Cytochrome P450 3A4 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.0002 | 1 | 1 |
| Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | CD | 60.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.1007 | 4 | 4 |
| Vitamin D3 receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | ED50 | 500,000.0002 | 6 | 6 |