Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic

Bleeding within the SKULL induced by penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries, including hemorrhages into the tissues of CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM; as well as into the epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces of the MENINGES.

Synonyms(4)

Synonym
Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic
Intracranial Hematoma, Traumatic
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic
Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Research Excerpts

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Authors examined 34 patients with traumatic intracranial hematomas including 19 patients who died during the first two weeks after admission to the hospital and 15 patients who were discharged for outpatient treatment."( Kravtsov, YI; Kravtsova, EY; Shevchenko, KV, 2015)
"Anticoagulant therapy (ACT) after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage may lead to progression of hemorrhage, but in the presence of thromboembolic events, the clinician must decide if the benefits outweigh the risks."( Choi, A; Divito, A; Kerr, K; Kitagawa, RS; Shepard, S; Wilkerson, C, 2019)
"The optimal treatment of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of an apixaban overdose is unknown."( DelBianco, J; Jenniches, D; Kerns, AF; Philp, AS; Stripp, MP, 2023)

Research

Studies (96)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19901 (1.04)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's17 (17.71)18.1394
2010's58 (60.42)28.8240
2020's20 (20.83)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
salicylic acid0low40
lactic acid0medium21
glycerol0medium11
dalteparin0low50
methanol0low10
melatonin0medium11
pyruvic acid0medium11
urea0low10
phenytoin0low10
aspirin0medium121
amphetamine0low10
succinylcholine0low10
ticlopidine0low110
tranexamic acid0medium85
mannitol0low10
methylmethacrylate0low10
pyrroles0low10
thiazoles0low10
evans blue0low10
titanium0low10
4-methoxyamphetamine0low10
cefazolin0low10
propiconazole0low20
clopidogrel0low140
atorvastatin0low10
fibrinogen0medium31
dabigatran0low20
osteoprotegerin0low10
vitamin k semiquinone radical0low70
scutellarein0medium11
deamino arginine vasopressin0low30
rivaroxaban0low60
apixaban0low50
edoxaban0low10
cardiovascular agents0medium11
natriuretic peptide, brain0low10
warfarin0medium281
phenprocoumon0low10
exudates0low30
carthamine0medium11

Protein Targets (436)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0325
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60022
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0213
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0022
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0022
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0022
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0022
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0022
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0022
Solute carrier family 22 member 30101
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase0202
Cytochrome P450 2A60101
Substance-P receptor0101
Cytochrome P450 2A50101
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10112
Chain A, Coagulation factor X (EC 3.4.21.6) (Stuart factor) (Stuart-Prower factor)0101
EWS/FLI fusion protein8008
Coagulation factor X0101
Prothrombin0404
Coagulation factor X0707
Trypsin-10202
Trypsin-20202
Trypsin-30202
Spike glycoprotein3003
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE2002
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE3003
Chain A, Phospholipase A2 isoform 30011
Chain A, HADH2 protein3003
Chain B, HADH2 protein3003
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase4004
GTP-binding protein (rab7)0011
ras protein, partial0011
interleukin 82002
thioredoxin reductase7007
GLS protein2002
AR protein110011
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A19009
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor2002
hypothetical protein, conserved1001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 44004
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]8008
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1110011
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha8008
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha140014
cytochrome P450 2D65005
glucocerebrosidase1001
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta5005
Rac1 protein0011
IDH11001
cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa), partial0011
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 26006
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 13003
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 13003
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)5005
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 12002
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M13003
lethal factor (plasmid)2002
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase0101
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30303
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40304
Solute carrier family 22 member 60303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
Bile salt export pump0707
Epidermal growth factor receptor0101
Carbonic anhydrase 10404
Carbonic anhydrase 20404
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Integrin beta-31102
Myeloperoxidase0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-10101
Integrin alpha-IIb1102
Glutathione hydrolase 1 proenzyme0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10303
Adenosine receptor A10101
Adenosine receptor A2a0101
Substance-P receptor0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20404
Urotensin-2 receptor0101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0101
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma2002
Ras-related protein Rab-2A0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-12204
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Rho-associated protein kinase 20101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0202
Solute carrier family 22 member 200303
Solute carrier family 22 member 60303
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10303
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10213
Chain A, Cruzipain1001
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma7007
SMAD family member 22002
SMAD family member 32002
GLI family zinc finger 38008
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)4004
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 36006
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha6006
pregnane X nuclear receptor7007
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma3003
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor2002
caspase-33003
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a5005
Caspase-71001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA4004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a5005
caspase-31001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 28008
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 19009
geminin7007
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit2002
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0001
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase0202
Cellular tumor antigen p537007
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10101
Insulin receptor 0101
Glutamate receptor 22002
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40101
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 0101
Histone deacetylase 10101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30001
Histone deacetylase 60101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10102
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase3003
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
Luciferase2002
phosphopantetheinyl transferase3003
Smad31001
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
lamin isoform A-delta108008
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Solute carrier family 22 member 80202
Solute carrier family 22 member 110101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
nonstructural protein 12002
chromobox protein homolog 17007
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor3003
Cytochrome P450 2C80202
Cytochrome P450 2B60303
Liver carboxylesterase 10001
Cytochrome P450 2C190303
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 41001
P2Y purinoceptor 120101
G3003
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Plasminogen0314
Coagulation factor XII0202
Tissue-type plasminogen activator0101
Interferon beta4004
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 3003
Vitamin K-dependent protein C0101
Serine protease hepsin0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0404
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 13003
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial3003
Vasopressin V2 receptor0112
Oxytocin receptor0011
Vasopressin V1a receptor0112
Vasopressin V1b receptor0112
Translocator protein0101
Vasopressin V2 receptor 0112
TDP1 protein4004
Albumin0123
Luciferin 4-monooxygenase0101
60 kDa chaperonin0101
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10204
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit0001
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase 10101
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 20202
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Vesicular glutamate transporter 30101
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 52002
Ataxin-22002
Chain B, EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E0011
activating transcription factor 62002
acetylcholinesterase2002
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor2002
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)3003
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
USP1 protein, partial2002
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I1001
TAR DNA-binding protein 432002
ClpP1001
ATAD5 protein, partial2002
regulator of G-protein signaling 42002
aryl hydrocarbon receptor2002
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 12002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 12002
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
M-phase phosphoprotein 81001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi2103
Cytochrome P450 1A10202
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0101
Cytochrome P450 1A20101
Cholinesterase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C11 0101
Cytochrome P450 2D60303
Aromatase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-12103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta2103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-22103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-52103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-32103
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-12103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-22103
Acetylcholinesterase 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-42103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-62103
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Nociceptin receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0101
Melatonin receptor type 1A0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0011
Melatonin receptor type 1A0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-22103
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 20001
Cytochrome P450 1B10202
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM0101
GABA theta subunit2103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon2103
Carboxylic ester hydrolase 0101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase1001
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 10101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Protease 0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
endonuclease IV1001
Microtubule-associated protein tau1001
arylsulfatase A1001
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor1001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor1001
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
flap endonuclease 11001
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30202
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0102
Histamine H2 receptor2002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0202
Inositol monophosphatase 11001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0202
Chain A, Beta-lactamase3003
Chain A, Ferritin light chain3003
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
pregnane X receptor1001
progesterone receptor4004
farnesoid X nuclear receptor1001
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B1001
Cytochrome P450 3A40101
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
Monocarboxylate transporter 40001
Monocarboxylate transporter 20001
Monocarboxylate transporter 10001
C-terminal-binding protein 20101
Monocarboxylate transporter 20101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10101
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO0101
Chain A, Activated Factor Xa Heavy Chain0101
Suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein0101
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
survival motor neuron protein isoform d1001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 12002
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
Carbonic anhydrase 120101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Bile salt export pump0202
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Estrogen receptor0001
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
Carbonic anhydrase 60101
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0202
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Carbonic anhydrase 90101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 150101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
Carbonic anhydrase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD20101
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 10101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0101
Alpha-amylase 1A 0101
Pyruvate kinase PKM0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT30101
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0011
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 60101
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0101
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A0101
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S0101
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD70101
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH10101
Aurora kinase B0101
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SMYD30101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A80001
Sialidase-20101
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
Acetylcholinesterase0101
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a1001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor1001
heat shock protein beta-11001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0202
Cytochrome P450 2J20101
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Chain A, PLASMINOGEN0011
Chain A, PLASMINOGEN0011
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator0101
Histone H2A.x1001
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 32002
Urease subunit alpha0101
Urease subunit beta0101
Olfactory receptor 51E20011
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
peripheral myelin protein 221001
PPM1D protein1001
Albumin0011
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 70101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 0202
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]