Page last updated: 2024-09-20

chloral hydrate

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2707
CHEMBL ID455917
CHEBI ID28142
SCHEMBL ID34327
MeSH IDM0004114

Synonyms (138)

Synonym
LS-12935
sk-chloral hydrate
sontec
somni sed
escre
nycton
rectules
nycoton
chloraldurat
2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethanediol
lycoral
kessodrate
chloral monohydrate
noctec
chloradorm
oradrate
somnos
bi 3411
felsules
phaldrone
trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate
nsc-3210
hynos
hydral
lorinal
1,1-trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane
tosyl
nsc3210
trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate
dormal
1, 2,2,2-trichloro-
cohidrate
wln: qyqxggg
trawotox
trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat
chloralhydrat
CHEBI:28142 ,
somnote
aquachloral supprettes
2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethanediol
knockout drops
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-ethanediol
chloralhydrate
epa pesticide chemical code 268100
trichloracetaldehyd-hydrat [german]
chloraldurat [german]
brn 1698497
nsc 3210
caswell no. 168
chloralvan
ccris 4142
nortec
chloraldural [swiss]
hydrate de chloral
aquachloral
einecs 206-117-5
chloralex
hsdb 222
trichloroacetaldehyde, hydrated
dea no. 2465
chlorali hydras
ai3-00082
ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-
novochlorhydrate
kloralhydrat
2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol ,
inchi=1/c2h3cl3o2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7
1,1-ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-
C06899
chloral hydrate ,
302-17-0
DB01563
NCGC00159374-02
D00265
chloral hydrate (jp17/usp)
noctec (tn)
hydrate, chloral
chloral hydrate, meets analytical specification of ph. eur., bp, usp, 99.5-101%
chloral hydrate, crystallized, >=98.0% (t)
cloral hydrate
chloralum
CHEMBL455917
NCGC00159374-04
NCGC00159374-03
AKOS009157238
NCGC00257664-01
dtxsid7020261 ,
tox21_200110
cas-302-17-0
dtxcid70261
tox21_111614
418m5916wg ,
unii-418m5916wg
chloraldural
chloral hydrate [usp:ban:jan]
4-01-00-03143 (beilstein handbook reference)
chloral hydrate [vandf]
chloral hydrate [who-dd]
chloral hydrate [jan]
chloral hydrate [green book]
chloral hydrate [ep monograph]
chloral hydrate [mi]
chloral hydrate [who-ip]
cloral hydrate [mart.]
chloral hydrate [ep impurity]
chloral hydrate [usp monograph]
chloral hydrate [hsdb]
chloral hydrate [iarc]
chlorali hydras [who-ip latin]
chloralum [hpus]
SCHEMBL34327
tox21_111614_1
Q-200826
STL445706
J-520014
F0001-0929
chloral hydrate, saj special grade, >=99.7%
chloral hydrate, saj first grade, >=99.5%
chloral hydrate, p.a., 99.0%
chloralhydrate 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
Q412340
chloral hydrate 1000 microg/ml in methanol
2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol;trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate
BCP31225
chloral hydrate;2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethanediol;1,1-ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-;choral hydrate;2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol;2,2,2trichloroethane1,1diol
trichloroethanal hydrate
A936505
trichloro acetaldehyde hydrate chloral hydrate
chloral hydrate (ep impurity)
chloral hydrate (ep monograph)
cloral hydrate (mart.)
chloral, monohydrate
chloral hydrate (usp monograph)
chloral hydrate (usp:ban:jan)
chloral hydrate (iarc)
chloraldural (swiss)
trichloroethylidene glycol

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Chloral hydrate is a commonly used sedative for children."( Gu, L; Li, S; Lu, Y; Peng, C; Wu, Y; Xie, L, 2023)
"Chloral hydrate is a sedative-hypnotic drug widely used for relieving fear and anxiety in pediatric patients. "( Jang, IS; Kim, G; Kim, H, 2023)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a sedative that has been widely used, but its rectal use for child sedation after head trauma has rarely been studied."( Ding, H; Hui, P; Nie, Q; Wang, Z, 2021)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a common disinfection by-product found in treated water, and its effective control is important to human health. "( Chen, B; Gan, Y; Guo, X; Jassby, D; Ma, S, 2019)
"Chloral hydrate is a sedative that has been used for many years in clinical practice and, under proper conditions, gives a deep and long enough sleep to allow performance of objective hearing tests in young children. "( Blebea, C; Cozma, S; Necula, V; Stamate, MC, 2019)
"Chloral hydrate is a sedative that has been used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)."( Angel, GJ; Arango, A; Calvo, V; Delgado, J; Delgado, JA; Rascovsky, S; Toro, R, 2015)
"Chloral hydrate is an appropriate sedation option for pediatric patients in MRI services when strict patient selection criteria are met. "( Angel, GJ; Arango, A; Calvo, V; Delgado, J; Delgado, JA; Rascovsky, S; Toro, R, 2015)
"Chloral hydrate is a clinical sedative."( Ma, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, J; Zhou, M; Zong, W, 2015)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a disinfection byproduct commonly found in disinfected water, and once formed, CH may undergo several transformation processes in water distribution system. "( Chen, B; Guo, X; Ma, S, 2016)
"Chloral hydrate is a clinical anesthetic drug and sedative that has also been reported to attenuate inflammatory response, but the mechanisms are not clearly understood."( Cai, J; Chen, Q; Chen, T; He, Y; Liao, H; Pan, Q; Peng, Y; Wu, P; Xie, T; Zhang, L, 2016)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is an oral sedative widely used to sedate infants and young children during auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing. "( Avlonitou, E; Balatsouras, DG; Douniadakis, D; Giannakopoulos, P; Margaritis, E; Tsakanikos, M, 2011)
"Chloral hydrate is a sedative commonly used in pediatric medicine. "( Dogan, H; Ikbal, M; Ors, R; Pirim, I; Tastekin, A, 2004)
"Chloral hydrate is a safe and effective agent for sedation in children with an age and weight dependent response."( Al-Eissa, YA; Haidar, NA; Hijazi, OM, 2005)
"Chloral hydrate is a widely used hypnotic drug for children and animals but the possible interactions of its sedative action and thyroid hormones has not been investigated. "( Bolaris, S; Constantinou, C; Margarity, M; Valcana, T, 2005)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a short-lived intermediate in the metabolism of trichloroethylene (TRI). "( Bull, RJ; Hu, M; Merdink, JL; Parker, JC; Robison, LM; Stevens, DK, 2008)
"Chloral hydrate is a potent non-ionic dissociating agent for cytochrome c oxidase and its use in polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, with variation in the pH of the gel, permits charge-dependent separations that should have general application in the analysis of membrane proteins."( Griffin, DC; Landon, M, 1981)
"Chloral hydrate is an oral sedative commonly used in pediatric dentistry when providing extensive treatment in the young child. "( De Ball, S; Duncan, WK; Perkins, TM, 1994)
"Chloral hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic agent that is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide."( Maki, PA; Sladek, NE, 1993)
"Chloral hydrate is a safe and effective agent for sedation of children with known or suspected congenital heart disease who are undergoing echocardiography in the outpatient cardiology clinic."( Ingall, CG; Martin, GR; Napoli, KL, 1996)
"Chloral hydrate is a hepatocarcinogen in mice but not rats. "( Beland, FA; Fullerton, NF; Schmitt, TC; Young, JF, 1998)
"Chloral hydrate is an old psychotropic agent that has never been adequately assessed in the clinical setting. "( , 1998)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a commonly found disinfection by-product in water purification, a metabolite of trichloroethylene, and a sedative/hypnotic drug. "( Bull, RJ; Merdink, JL; Parker, JC; Stenner, RD; Stevens, DK, 1999)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a widely used oral sedative hypnotic drug. "( Nichols, M; Palmisano, P; Pershad, J, 1999)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) is a widely used sedative. "( Henderson, GN; James, MO; Stacpoole, PW; Yan, Z, 1999)
"Chloral hydrate is a dangerous hypnotic drug to prescribe. "( de Groot, G; Gerretsen, M; Maes, RA; van Heijst, AN, 1979)
"Chloral hydrate is a compound of environmental significance. "( Abrahams, C; Ghose, T; Rao, KV; Rijhsinghani, KS; Swerdlow, MA, 1986)

Effects

ExcerptReference
"Chloral hydrate has been used medicinally since the 1800 s as a sedative hypnotic, most commonly for procedural sedation. "( Clark, RF; Hardmaslani, M; Nordt, SP; Rangan, C; Valente, M; Wendler, C, 2014)
"Chloral hydrate has limited availability in some countries, creating the need for alternative effective sedatives."( Hossain, M; Kurth, D; Loepke, A; Miller, J; Xue, B; Zhang, MZ, 2016)
"Chloral hydrate has been the drug of choice for uncooperative infants and children requiring sedation for echocardiography. "( Frommelt, PC; Hill, GD; Walbergh, DB, 2016)
"Chloral hydrate has been one of the sedative drugs most used in children over the last 3 decades, with supporting evidence for its efficacy and safety."( Barbi, E; Cozzi, G; Norbedo, S, 2017)
"Chloral hydrate medication has to be considered as a cause for false-positive EtG screening results by the DRI EtG immunoassay even in cases with regular chloral hydrate treatment (250-1000 mg) and the more in patients with chloral hydrate tolerance (taking g/day)."( Arndt, T; Gierten, B; Grüner, J; Güssregen, B; Werle, A, 2009)
"Chloral hydrate has been long used as a safe sedative and hypnotic drug in humans. "( Han, P; Kang, YJ; Song, H; Xie, H; Yang, P, 2011)
"Chloral hydrate has been found in our drinking water supplies at levels up to 5 micrograms/1. "( Borzelleca, JF; Douglas, KA; Kauffmann, BM; Munson, AE; Sain, LE; Sanders, VM; White, KL, 1982)
"Chloral hydrate has been found in our drinking water supplies at levels up to 5 micrograms/1. "( Barnes, DW; Borzelleca, JF; Bradshaw, TJ; Douglas, KA; Kauffmann, BM; Munson, AE; Sain, LE; Sanders, VM; White, KL, 1982)
"Chloral hydrate has been shown to be genotoxic in numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic assay systems including human lymphocytes in vitro."( Beland, FA, 1999)
"Chloral hydrate has been time honored for pediatric procedural sedation, but its efficacy in sedation for emergency department (ED) procedures is unreported. "( Binder, LS; Leake, LA, 1991)
"Chloral hydrate (CH) has been assayed for its ability to induce chromosome number variation in human lymphocytes in culture. "( De Carli, L; De Sario, A; Vagnarelli, P, 1990)
"Chloral hydrate has been used extensively to sedate children, but at Brooke Army Medical Center, other drug combinations were becoming increasingly popular due to a perception that chloral hydrate had a high rate of failure, especially with younger or neurologically impaired children. "( Atkinson, SW; Fox, DJ; Rumm, PD; Takao, RT, 1990)
"Chloral hydrate has been used clinically for over 100 years. "( Gorecki, DK; Hindmarsh, KW; Kasian, GF; Reimche, LD; Sankaran, K; Tan, L, 1989)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"Chloral hydrate as cause for suspected ADR was classified as probable in 39 events (35.5%) and as possible in 70 (63.6%), and no event was classified as definite."( Carvalho, PR; Martinbiancho, JK; Moreira, LB; Rau, R; Schweiger, AP; Trotta, Ede A, 2009)
"The chloral hydrate induced increase in 3H-choline occurred also in animals with chronic septal lesions."( Atweh, SF; Kuhar, MJ, 1976)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"In chloral hydrate treatment with/without FSS, expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and catalase proteins were high compared to only-melatonin treatments."( Jeung, EB; Kim, CH; Yoo, YM, 2018)
"Treatment with chloral hydrate (3 x 10(-3) M), like Kepone (10(-5) M), suppressed 2B1/2 mRNA induction following phenobarbital (10(-4) M) treatment, while Kepone alcohol (10(-5) M), which is not a gem-diol, produced less suppression."( Guzelian, PS; Kocarek, TA; Schuetz, EG, 1994)

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
sedativeA central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
general anaestheticSubstance that produces loss of consciousness.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
ethanediolAny diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.
organochlorine compoundAn organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
aldehyde hydrateA 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (3)

chloral hydrate is involved in 3 pathway(s), involving a total of 17 unique proteins and 103 unique compounds

PathwayProteinsCompounds
superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation738
superpathway of purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation637
2'-deoxy-u03B1-D-ribose 1-phosphate degradation428

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.39140.000214.376460.0339AID720691
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.79970.000817.505159.3239AID1159531
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.88230.001024.504861.6448AID743215
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.00260.005612.367736.1254AID624032
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.22020.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (39)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID409954Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1337095Inhibition of human MPO2017ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 8, Issue:2
From Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry to
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,814)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901054 (58.10)18.7374
1990's305 (16.81)18.2507
2000's214 (11.80)29.6817
2010's181 (9.98)24.3611
2020's60 (3.31)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials146 (6.98%)5.53%
Reviews88 (4.21%)6.00%
Case Studies126 (6.03%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.10%)0.25%
Other1,729 (82.69%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (16)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04820205]136 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-03Recruiting
[NCT01149226]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
The Role of Melatonin in the Effective Attainment of Sleep Electroencephalograms (EEG) in Children[NCT02195661]Phase 3194 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
A Qualitative Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate vs 2.0 or 3.0 mcg/kg Nasal Dexmedetomidine in Children Undergoing Transthoracic Echocardiography[NCT02523144]Phase 4279 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Chloral Hydrate, Hydroxyzine and Melatonin Used as Sedative Drugs in EEG Recording in Children[NCT05492812]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-01Completed
Sedation to Electroencephalography With Dexmedetomidine or Chloral Hydrate: a Comparative Study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Electroencephalogram Pattern[NCT01083797]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
[NCT02239445]Phase 4158 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Rescue After Failed Pediatric Procedural Sedation: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04822064]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-22Recruiting
Use of Chloral Hydrate to Perform Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)[NCT00949780]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Evaluation of Pediatric Procedural Sedation With Rectal Chloral Hydrate or Intranasal Midazolam - a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01402596]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Institution decided on starting a new protocol of sedation, with another methods and that´s why this study has not started.)
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF ORAL CHLORAL HYDRATE VERSUS INTRANASAL DEXMEDETOMIDINE FOR SEDATED ABR EXAMS.[NCT01255904]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Prospective, Double Blinded,Randomized Controlled Trial of Dexmedetomidine Versus Chloral Hydrate for Pediatric Sedation During EEG[NCT00464451]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to obtain approval from FDA for use of chloral hydrate)
An Open-label Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Chloral Hydrate in Patients With Severe Insomnia[NCT06053840]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-21Recruiting
Pharmacotoxicology of Trichloroethylene Metabolites Aim 3[NCT01128270]Phase 1/Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients[NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
Effects Comparison Between Oral and Enema of Chloral Hydrate in Pediatric Ophthalmic Examination[NCT03242629]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Time to Complete Study

Time from medication administration to study completion. (NCT01255904)
Timeframe: 60-180 minutes

InterventionMinutes (Median)
Oral Placebo and Intransal Dexmedetomidine85.5
Oral Chloral Hydrate and Intranasal Placebo110

Detectable DCA After Day 1 in Serum (0=No 1=Yes)

All four arms receive Chloral Hydrate on Day 1 (arms 1A and 1B environmental levels) and (arms 2A and 2B therapeutic levels). The question is could Dichloroacetate be detected in serum at the end of day 1. This analysis is purely descriptive, and no comparisons were planned. (NCT01128270)
Timeframe: 1 day

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Environmental Chloral Hydrate and DCA (1A)0
Environmental Chloral Hydrate (1B)0
Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate and DCA (2A)0
Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate (2B)0

Difference in Half Lives 5 Day Less One Day Exposure in Trichloroacetate

Elimination Half-life Difference on Arm 2B for 13C-Labeled trichloroacetate between day 5 (prolonged exposure) and day 1 (de novo exposure) after therapeutic level exposure to Chloral Hydrate. This outcome only applies to Period 4. Trichloroacetate is a marker, not an intervention. (NCT01128270)
Timeframe: 5 days

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate (2B)2432

Plasma DCA (Microgram/ml) After 5 Days of Therapeutic Level Chloral Hydrate on Arm 2A.

After 5 days of of therapeutic level Chloral Hydrate, the levels of Dichloroacetate in the plasma were measured. (NCT01128270)
Timeframe: 6 Days

Interventionmicrograms/ml (Mean)
Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate and DCA (2A)1.64

Urinary Maleylacetone Levels After 5 Day Exposure to Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate (Arm 2B)

The levels were clinically indetectable at baseline and the question was whether or not substantive levels would be noted at after 5 days exposure to Chloral Hydrate. Detectable, but low levels were detected. (NCT01128270)
Timeframe: 5 days

Interventionmicrograms per ml clorohydrate (Mean)
Therapeutic Chloral Hydrate (2B)0.38

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (60)

ArticleYear
Safety and efficacy of pediatric sedation protocol for diagnostic examination in a pediatric emergency room: A retrospective study.
Medicine, Jun-23, Volume: 102, Issue: 25
2023
Revisiting the effect of boiling on halogenated disinfection byproducts, total organic halogen, and cytotoxicity in simulated tap water.
Chemosphere, Volume: 309, Issue: Pt 1
2022
Efficacy and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral chloral hydrate as sedatives for pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, Volume: 70, Issue: 5
2022
Acute toxicity of disinfection by-products from chlorination of algal organic matter to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis: influence of bromide and quenching agent.
Environmental science and pollution research international, Volume: 29, Issue: 24
2022
Comparative safety profile of chloral hydrate versus other sedatives for procedural sedation in hospitalized infants.
Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, Volume: 13, Issue: 2
2020
Systematic review and meta-analysis found that intranasal dexmedetomidine was a safe and effective sedative drug during paediatric procedural sedation.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), Volume: 109, Issue: 10
2020
Safety and effectiveness of chloral hydrate in outpatient paediatric sedation for objective hearing tests.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, Volume: 126
2019
Chloral Hydrate Administered by a Dedicated Sedation Service Can Be Used Safely and Effectively for Pediatric Ophthalmic Examination.
American journal of ophthalmology, Volume: 192
2018
Safety and Efficacy of Chloral Hydrate Sedation in Paediatric Sedation for Ophthalmic Procedures.
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, Volume: 46, Issue: 4
2017
Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate for procedural sedation in paediatric ophthalmology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
The British journal of ophthalmology, Volume: 101, Issue: 10
2017
Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate for conscious sedation of infants in the pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit.
Medicine, Volume: 96, Issue: 1
2017
Assessing the genotoxicity of two commonly occurring byproducts of water disinfection: Chloral hydrate and bromal hydrate.
Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, Volume: 813
2017
[Preclinical safety evaluation of chloral hydrate after topical application using the example of psoriatic itch].
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, Volume: 68, Issue: 3
2017
Efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate sedation in infants for pulmonary function tests.
Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo, Volume: 34, Issue: 4
2016
Chloral hydrate sedation for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing in children: Safety and effectiveness.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, Volume: 83
2016
Paediatric sedation for imaging is safe and effective in a district general hospital.
The British journal of radiology, Volume: 89, Issue: 1061
2016
Oral Sedation Postdischarge Adverse Events in Pediatric Dental Patients.
Anesthesia progress,Fall, Volume: 62, Issue: 3
2015
Utilisation of an outpatient sedation unit in paediatric ophthalmology: safety and effectiveness of chloral hydrate in 1509 sedation episodes.
The British journal of ophthalmology, Volume: 97, Issue: 11
2013
Post-discharge adverse events following pediatric sedation with high doses of oral medication.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 160, Issue: 5
2012
A comparison of the efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate versus inhaled anesthesia for sedating infants and toddlers for transthoracic echocardiograms.
Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, Volume: 23, Issue: 1
2010
Evidence of safety of chloral hydrate for prolonged sedation in PICU in a tertiary teaching hospital in southern Brazil.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 65, Issue: 12
2009
Chloral hydrate sedation for pediatric echocardiography: physiologic responses, adverse events, and risk factors.
Pediatrics, Volume: 117, Issue: 3
2006
The assessment of genotoxic effects in lymphocyte cultures of infants treated with chloral hydrate.
Mutation research, Dec-12, Volume: 564, Issue: 2
2004
Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department.
Annals of emergency medicine, Volume: 42, Issue: 5
2003
Is administration of enteric contrast material safe before abdominal CT in children who require sedation? Experience with chloral hydrate and pentobarbital.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 180, Issue: 1
2003
Mixture toxicity of priority pollutants at no observed effect concentrations (NOECs).
Ecotoxicology (London, England), Volume: 11, Issue: 5
2002
Metabolism and toxicity of trichloroethylene in epididymis and testis.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Aug-01, Volume: 182, Issue: 3
2002
Adverse events and outcomes of conscious sedation for pediatric patients: study of an oral sedation regimen.
Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), Volume: 132, Issue: 11
2001
NTP technical report on the toxicity and metabolism studies of chloral hydrate (CAS No. 302-17-0). Administered by gavage to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicity report series, Issue: 59
1999
Is sedation safe during dynamic sleep fluoroscopy of children with obstructive sleep apnea?
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 177, Issue: 5
2001
Trained nurses can provide safe and effective sedation for MRI in pediatric patients.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, Volume: 47, Issue: 3
2000
Prolonged recovery and delayed side effects of sedation for diagnostic imaging studies in children.
Pediatrics, Volume: 105, Issue: 3
2000
Metabolism and toxicity of trichloroethylene and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in freshly isolated human proximal tubular cells.
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Volume: 53, Issue: 2
2000
A survey of post-discharge side effects of conscious sedation using chloral hydrate in pediatric CT and MR imaging.
Pediatric radiology, Volume: 29, Issue: 4
1999
Adverse events and risk factors associated with the sedation of children by nonanesthesiologists.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 85, Issue: 6
1997
Safety and efficacy of sedation in children using a structured sedation program.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 168, Issue: 5
1997
Safe pediatric outpatient sedation: the chloral hydrate debate revisited.
Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Volume: 116, Issue: 1
1997
Developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and four of their metabolites in rat whole embryo culture.
Archives of toxicology, Volume: 70, Issue: 2
1995
Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children undergoing echocardiography.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 129, Issue: 2
1996
Chloral hydrate toxicity from oral and intravenous administration.
Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology, Volume: 34, Issue: 1
1996
An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 5, Issue: 6
1995
Genotoxicity assay of chloral hydrate and chloropicrine.
Mutation research, Volume: 348, Issue: 4
1995
High-dose chloral hydrate sedation for children undergoing MR imaging: safety and efficacy in relation to age.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 161, Issue: 3
1993
Chloral hydrate sedation of children undergoing CT and MR imaging: safety as judged by American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 165, Issue: 4
1995
Efficacy and side effects of chloral hydrate and tryptophan as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients.
International pharmacopsychiatry, Volume: 15, Issue: 2
1980
Chloral hydrate toxicity in a preterm infant.
Pediatric pharmacology (New York, N.Y.), Volume: 4, Issue: 3
1984
Effects of diiospropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-105) on acute toxicity of various drugs and heavy metals.
The Journal of toxicological sciences, Volume: 7, Issue: 2
1982
MMS-induced primary aneuploidy and other genotoxic effects in mitotic cells of Aspergillus.
Mutation research, Volume: 201, Issue: 2
1988
Pediatric oral premedication: changes in the patterns of administration and safety.
Compendium (Newtown, Pa.), Volume: 10, Issue: 10
1989
Chloral hydrate anesthesia antagonizes the neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
European journal of pharmacology, Nov-27, Volume: 191, Issue: 2
1990
Chloral hydrate toxicity in a term infant.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 17, Issue: 1-2
1991
Ninety-day toxicity study of chloral hydrate in the Sprague-Dawley rat.
Drug and chemical toxicology, Volume: 15, Issue: 3
1992
Importance of pharmacokinetic studies on cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in understanding its cytotoxic effect.
Cancer treatment reports, Volume: 60, Issue: 4
1976
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Long-term Use (2)

ArticleYear
Ethanol withdrawal does not induce a reduction in the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system.
Brain research, Jun-05, Volume: 682, Issue: 1-2
1995
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (15)

ArticleYear
Pharmacokinetic interaction between methotrexate and chloral hydrate.
Pediatric blood & cancer, Volume: 60, Issue: 3
2013
Micro liquid-liquid extraction combined with large-volume injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of haloacetaldehydes in treated water.
Journal of chromatography. A, Nov-18, Volume: 1218, Issue: 46
2011
Bayesian population analysis of a harmonized physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Volume: 46, Issue: 1
2006
Pharmacodynamics of chloral hydrate in former preterm infants.
European journal of pediatrics, Volume: 164, Issue: 7
2005
Chloral hydrate and ethanol, but not urethane, alter the clearance of exogenous dopamine recorded by chronoamperometry in striatum of unrestrained rats.
Neuroscience letters, May-29, Volume: 343, Issue: 1
2003
Effect of enterohepatic circulation on the pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites in F344 rats.
Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A, Jul-09, Volume: 57, Issue: 5
1999
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled trichloroethylene and its oxidative metabolites in B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Feb-01, Volume: 154, Issue: 3
1999
Influence of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure on inspiratory gas distribution and gas exchange during mechanical ventilation in horses positioned in lateral recumbency.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 59, Issue: 3
1998
[The relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites].
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 48, Issue: 1
1998
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene and its metabolites, chloral hydrate, trichloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroethanol, and trichloroethanol glucuronide in B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Volume: 147, Issue: 1
1997
Pharmacokinetic analysis of chloral hydrate and its metabolism in B6C3F1 mice.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Volume: 24, Issue: 12
1996
Pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate poisoning treated with hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.
Acta medica Scandinavica, Volume: 223, Issue: 3
1988
Methodological aspects of flow-volume studies in infants.
Pediatric pulmonology, Volume: 8, Issue: 4
1990
Importance of pharmacokinetic studies on cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in understanding its cytotoxic effect.
Cancer treatment reports, Volume: 60, Issue: 4
1976
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (8)

ArticleYear
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Molecular pharmacology, Volume: 96, Issue: 5
2019
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue: 46
2019
[Preclinical safety evaluation of chloral hydrate after topical application using the example of psoriatic itch].
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, Volume: 68, Issue: 3
2017
[The relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites].
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 48, Issue: 1
1998
[The plasma level of the neurotoxin 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo) in man after oral administration of chloral hydrate].
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 48, Issue: 1
1998
Electromagnetic millimeter waves increase the duration of anaesthesia caused by ketamine and chloral hydrate in mice.
International journal of radiation biology, Volume: 72, Issue: 4
1997
Chloral hydrate toxicity from oral and intravenous administration.
Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology, Volume: 34, Issue: 1
1996
The cholecystohepatic circulation of trichloroethylene and its metabolites in dogs.
Toxicology, Volume: 44, Issue: 3
1987
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (74)

ArticleYear
Safety and efficacy of pediatric sedation protocol for diagnostic examination in a pediatric emergency room: A retrospective study.
Medicine, Jun-23, Volume: 102, Issue: 25
2023
Nasal drip of dexmedetomidine for optimal sedation during PICC insertion in pediatric burn care.
Medicine, Feb-10, Volume: 102, Issue: 6
2023
Needle-free pharmacological sedation techniques in paediatric patients for imaging procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 130, Issue: 1
2023
Comparisons of Varying Dosages of Chloral Hydrate-Hydroxyzine with and without Meperidine for Managing Challenging Pediatric Dental Behavior: A Retrospective study of 35 years of Sedation Experiences.
The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, Jul-01, Volume: 46, Issue: 4
2022
Simple method to detect triclofos and its metabolites in plasma of children by combined use of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Scientific reports, 06-26, Volume: 9, Issue: 1
2019
Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12-17, Volume: 12
2018
Photolysis of chloral hydrate in water with 254 nm ultraviolet: Kinetics, influencing factors, mechanisms, and products.
Chemosphere, Volume: 218
2019
Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 04-13, Volume: 4
2017
Chloral hydrate sedation for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing in children: Safety and effectiveness.
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, Volume: 83
2016
Comparison of rescue techniques for failed chloral hydrate sedation for magnetic resonance imaging scans--additional chloral hydrate vs intranasal dexmedetomidine.
Paediatric anaesthesia, Volume: 26, Issue: 3
2016
Chloral hydrate, through biotransformation to dichloroacetate, inhibits maleylacetoacetate isomerase and tyrosine catabolism in humans.
Drug metabolism and personalized therapy, Volume: 30, Issue: 1
2015
Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome in preterm and term infants.
Klinische Padiatrie, Volume: 225, Issue: 5
2013
Increased anesthesia time using 2,2,2-tribromoethanol-chloral hydrate with low impact on mouse psychoacoustics.
Journal of neuroscience methods, Sep-30, Volume: 219, Issue: 1
2013
Prospective clinical audit of chloral hydrate administration practices in a neonatal unit.
Journal of paediatrics and child health, Volume: 48, Issue: 11
2012
Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Mar-14, Issue: 3
2012
Cardiac arrhythmias induced by chloral hydrate in rhesus monkeys.
Cardiovascular toxicology, Volume: 11, Issue: 2
2011
Practical oral sedation in dentistry. Part II--Clinical application of various oral sedatives and discussion.
Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), Volume: 27, Issue: 9
2006
Bayesian population analysis of a harmonized physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Volume: 46, Issue: 1
2006
Severe esophageal burn following chloral hydrate overdose in an infant.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, Volume: 105, Issue: 3
2006
Short-term chloral hydrate administration and cancer in humans.
Drug safety, Volume: 29, Issue: 1
2006
Chloral hydrate. An effective agent for sedation in children with age and weight dependent response.
Saudi medical journal, Volume: 26, Issue: 5
2005
Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen.
Laboratory animals, Volume: 38, Issue: 3
2004
Toxicokinetics of chloral hydrate in ad libitum-fed, dietary-controlled, and calorically restricted male B6C3F1 mice following short-term exposure.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Dec-01, Volume: 193, Issue: 2
2003
Toxicology and carcinogenesis study of chloral hydrate (ad libitum and dietary controlled) (CAS no. 302-17-0) in male B6C3F1 mice (gavage study).
National Toxicology Program technical report series, Issue: 503
2002
Tumorigenicity of chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, crotonaldehyde, and acrolein in the B6C3F(1) neonatal mouse.
Cancer letters, Nov-08, Volume: 185, Issue: 1
2002
NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chloral Hydrate (Cas No. 302-17-0) in B6C3F1 mice (Gavage Studies).
National Toxicology Program technical report series, Issue: 502
2002
NTP technical report on the toxicity and metabolism studies of chloral hydrate (CAS No. 302-17-0). Administered by gavage to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicity report series, Issue: 59
1999
Sedation of children for electroencephalograms.
Pediatrics, Volume: 108, Issue: 1
2001
Chloralhydrate in children undergoing echocardiography.
Indian journal of pediatrics, Volume: 68, Issue: 4
2001
Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation.
Pediatrics, Volume: 106, Issue: 4
2000
Chloral hydrate versus midazolam for sedation of children for neuroimaging: a randomized clinical trial.
Pediatric emergency care, Volume: 16, Issue: 1
2000
The extent of dichloroacetate formation from trichloroethylene, chloral hydrate, trichloroacetate, and trichloroethanol in B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Volume: 45, Issue: 1
1998
Studies on the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of chloral hydrate.
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 48, Issue: 10
1998
Metabolism of chloral hydrate in mice and rats after single and multiple doses.
Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A, Jun-12, Volume: 54, Issue: 3
1998
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene and its metabolites, chloral hydrate, trichloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroethanol, and trichloroethanol glucuronide in B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Volume: 147, Issue: 1
1997
Selectivity in the generalization profile in baboons trained to discriminate lorazepam: benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other sedative/anxiolytics.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 282, Issue: 3
1997
[Efficacy of rectal diazepam suppository in the prophylaxis of febrile seizures: comparison with rectal chloral hydrate suppository].
No to hattatsu = Brain and development, Volume: 29, Issue: 4
1997
Pharmacokinetic analysis of chloral hydrate and its metabolism in B6C3F1 mice.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Volume: 24, Issue: 12
1996
Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children undergoing echocardiography.
The Journal of pediatrics, Volume: 129, Issue: 2
1996
[Chloral hydrate--is it safe?].
Harefuah, Jan-01, Volume: 130, Issue: 1
1996
Should chloral hydrate be banned?
Pediatrics, Volume: 92, Issue: 3
1993
Chloral hydrate sedation of children undergoing CT and MR imaging: safety as judged by American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology, Volume: 165, Issue: 4
1995
Chloral hydrate overdose and cardiac arrhythmias.
Chest, Volume: 77, Issue: 2
1980
Toxicology of chloral hydrate in the mouse.
Environmental health perspectives, Volume: 44
1982
The choice of sedation for computed tomography in children: a prospective evaluation.
Radiology, Volume: 143, Issue: 2
1982
The effect of dietary protein quantity on the activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase and its physiological significance in drug metabolism.
Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, Volume: 60, Issue: 12
1982
Problems of medication with the pediatric patient.
Dental clinics of North America, Volume: 28, Issue: 3
1984
Contribution of hypothermia to effects of chloral hydrate on flash evoked potentials of hooded rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Volume: 21, Issue: 4
1984
Analysis of mouse metaphase II oocytes as an assay for chemically induced aneuploidy.
Mutation research, Volume: 198, Issue: 1
1988
Effect of chloral hydrate on arterial oxygen saturation in wheezy infants.
Pediatric pulmonology, Volume: 5, Issue: 2
1988
Death after chloral hydrate sedation: report of case.
Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), Volume: 116, Issue: 3
1988
Chloral hydrate sedation in neonates and infants--clinical and pharmacologic considerations.
Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 12, Issue: 2
1989
Repeated haloperidol administration changes basal release of striatal dopamine and subsequent response to haloperidol challenge.
Brain research, Apr-10, Volume: 484, Issue: 1-2
1989
Efficacy of sedation of children with chloral hydrate.
Southern medical journal, Volume: 83, Issue: 9
1990
Gastric mucosal injury induced by chloral hydrate.
Toxicology letters, Volume: 52, Issue: 2
1990
Acute dystonia during fixed-dose neuroleptic treatment.
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, Volume: 10, Issue: 6
1990
Sedation of children for technical procedures: current standard of practice.
Clinical pediatrics, Volume: 31, Issue: 3
1992
Distinguishing effects of cocaine i.v. and SC on mesoaccumbens dopamineand serotonin release with chloral hydrate anesthesia.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Volume: 43, Issue: 3
1992
Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. III. Influence of atropine and scopolamine injected intraventricularly on behavior and levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain.
Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis, Volume: 23, Issue: 4
1975
Determination of trichloroethanol at therapeutic and overdose levels in blood and urine by electron capture gas chromatography.
Journal of chromatography, Apr-09, Volume: 107, Issue: 1
1975
Effects of morphine on central catecholamine turnover, blood pressure and heart rate in the rat.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Volume: 294, Issue: 2
1976
Premedication in children undergoing day-care surgery.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 51, Issue: 11
1979
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Interactions (5)

ArticleYear
Micro liquid-liquid extraction combined with large-volume injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of haloacetaldehydes in treated water.
Journal of chromatography. A, Nov-18, Volume: 1218, Issue: 46
2011
Drug interactions in psychopharmacology.
The Psychiatric clinics of North America, Volume: 7, Issue: 3
1984
Approaches to the study of drug interactions in behavioral pharmacology.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews,Summer, Volume: 10, Issue: 2
1986
Isobolographic characterization of drug interactions incorporating biological variability.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 252, Issue: 1
1990
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]