gentamicin

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gentamicin sulfate (GEN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a narrow therapeutic range of plasma concentrations. Gentamicin (GM) is a low-cost, low-resistance antibiotic commonly used to treat gram-negative bacterial diseases.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gentamicin (GM) is a commonly prescribed antimicrobial drug used for treatment of infections but associated hepatic and renal complications restrict its efficacy. "	( The potential antioxidant bioactivity of date palm fruit against gentamicin-mediated hepato-renal injury in male albino rats. Abdeen, A; Abdelkader, A; Abdullah, O; Aboubaker, M; Alsanie, WF; Baioumy, B; Elkomy, A; Elnoury, HA; Gaber, A; Habotta, OA; Ibrahim, SF; Samir, A, 2021)	2.3
"Gentamicin (GM) is a commonly used antibiotic, and ototoxicity is one of its side effects. "	( Puerarin alleviates the ototoxicity of gentamicin by inhibiting the mitochondria‑dependent apoptosis pathway. Li, G; Niu, P; Pan, C; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Tang, X; Wang, S, 2021)	2.33
"Gentamicin sulfate (GEN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a narrow therapeutic range of plasma concentrations. "	( Development and validation of an assay for the measurement of gentamicin concentrations in dried blood spots using UHPLC-MS/MS. Anibaletto Dos Santos, AL; Cezimbra da Silva, AC; Feltraco Lizot, LL; Hahn, RZ; Hahn, SR; Linden, R; Meireles, YF; Nonnenmacher, JL; Pagnussat, LR; Schneider, A, 2022)	2.4
"Gentamicin (GM) is a low-cost, low-resistance antibiotic commonly used to treat gram-negative bacterial diseases. "	( Assessment of gentamicin and cisplatin-induced kidney damage mediated via necrotic and apoptosis genes in albino rats. Abouzed, TK; Aldhahrani, A; Barakat, MES; Dorghamm, DA; Eldomany, E; Khailo, K; Nasr, NE; Sadek, KM; Sherif, EAE, 2021)	2.42
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which is commonly used against Gram-negative bacterial infection; however, serious complications including nephrotoxicity could limit its clinical use."	( Curcumin protects rats against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by amelioration of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Arjinajarn, P; Cherngwelling, R; Laorodphun, P; Panya, A, 2022)	2.45
"Gentamicin is a frequently used antibiotic for local treatment of surgical site infections, but has not been evaluated as antimicrobial agent on ePTFE grafts."	( Treatment of vascular graft infections: gentamicin-coated ePTFE grafts reveals strong antibacterial properties in vitro. Biberthaler, P; Burgkart, R; Busch, A; Dietmair, B; Kempf, WE; Lazic, I; Obermeier, A; Pförringer, D; Schneider, J; Tübel, J; von Eisenhart-Rothe, R, 2022)	1.71
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. "	( Apigenin attenuates molecular, biochemical, and histopathological changes associated with renal impairments induced by gentamicin exposure in rats. Abdel Moneim, AE; Albrakati, A; Algahtani, M; Alharthi, F; Alsharif, KF; Althagafi, HA; Baty, RS; Hussein, MM; Kassab, RB; Lokman, MS; Mufti, AH; Oyouni, AAA; Theyab, A, 2022)	2.37
"Gentamicin is a highly effective antibiotic. "	( Protective effect of empagliflozin on gentamicin-induced acute renal injury via regulation of SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Anter, A; Botros, SR; Heeba, GH; Khalifa, MMA; Matouk, AI, 2022)	2.44
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that induces nephrotoxicity. "	( L-cysteine protective effects against platelet disaggregation and echinocyte occurrence in gentamicin-induced kidney injury. Fočak, M; Mitrašinović-Brulić, M; Suljević, D, 2023)	2.57
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a small therapeutic window that is currently used primarily as part of short-term empirical combination therapy. "	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Various Patient Populations and Consequences for Optimal Dosing for Gram-Negative Infections: An Updated Review. de Vroom, SL; Hodiamont, CJ; Mathôt, RAA; Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM, 2022)	2.46
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic administered to treat acute Gram-negative infections. "	( Further insights into the impact of rebamipide on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: modulation of SIRT1 and β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathways. Abdel-Sattar, SA; Ahmed, HI; Allam, A; Zaky, HS, 2023)	2.61
"Gentamicin is a widely used aminoglycoside with ototoxicity as a known adverse effect. "	( A Prospective Study on the Vestibular Toxicity of Gentamicin in a Clinical Setting. Chatterton, S; Cremer, PD; Kotsiou, G; Migliaccio, AA; Satyan, H; Todd, CJ; Wang, C, 2022)	2.42
"Gentamicin is an essential aminoglycoside antibiotic, but it is only used to treat severe bacterial infections due to its high nephrotoxicity in patients. "	( Diosmin prophylaxis reduces gentamicin-induced kidney damage in rats. Geshnigani, SSH; Goudarzi, M; Kalantar, H; Kalantar, M; Khorsandi, L; Mahdavinia, M, 2023)	2.65
"Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with rapid bactericidal activity and, when administered intravesically, has no systemic absorption through intact urothelium."	( Intraoperative Gentamicin Intravesical Instillation for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection After Urogynecologic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Alperin, M; Brubaker, L; Ferrante, KL; Jacobs, MB; Rieger, MM; Shah, NM; Tan-Kim, J, 2022)	1.8
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections."	( Embryotoxicity evaluation of Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic added to human embryo culture medium, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Chen, F; Deng, T; Fan, W; Huang, W; Lin, Z; Sun, H; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.92
"Gentamicin (GEN) is a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotic with the adverse effect of nephrotoxicity. "	( Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Suppressing Apoptosis and Ferroptosis. Fan, QW; Hu, ZM; Jin, J; Li, C; Li, FH; Liu, MM; Ma, WX; Shi, C; Wang, HY; Wang, J; Wang, XF; Wang, YY; Wen, JG; Yang, YR; Yue, L, 2022)	2.44
"Gentamicin (GM) is a broadly used antibiotic against severe and life-threatening infections, but its efficacy is restricted by the development of liver toxicity. "	( Salicylic acid protects gentamicin-induced hepatotoxicity: Study in rabbits. Gulnaz, -; Sheikh Muhammad Usman, -; Syeda Nuzhat Fatima Zaidi, -, 2023)	2.66
"Gentamicin is a drug commonly used as an antimicrobial but its serendipity effects have been shown."	( Gentamicin Targets Acid Sphingomyelinase in Cancer: The Case of the Human Gastric Cancer NCI-N87 Cells. Albi, E; Beccari, T; Cataldi, S; Ceccarini, MR; Codini, M; Conte, C; Ferri, I; Fettucciari, K; Patria, FF, 2019)	2.68
"Gentamicin is an effective antibiotic against severe infections; however, its major side effect is oxidative nephrotoxicity. "	( Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of virgin coconut oil against antibiotic drug gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 signaling pathway in Wistar rats. Besong, EE; Ejezie, FE; Eteudo, AN; Famurewa, AC; Famurewa, OA; Folawiyo, AM; Maduagwuna, EK, 2020)	2.22
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat infections of various origins. "	( Dioclea violacea lectin modulates the gentamicin activity against multi-resistant strains and induces nefroprotection during antibiotic exposure. Almeida, DV; Araújo, ACJ; Bondan, E; Borges, FT; Coutinho, HDM; Cutrim, BS; Freitas, PR; Garcia, W; Leme, AM; Rocha, BAM; Santos, ALE; Santos, VF; Silva, ALF; Silva, LCN; Teixeira, CS, 2020)	2.27
"Gentamicin is a nephrotoxic antibiotic that causes acute kidney injury (AKI) primarily by targeting the proximal tubule epithelial cell. "	( Cross organelle stress response disruption promotes gentamicin-induced proteotoxicity. Borkan, SC; Campbell, JD; Feng, H; Havasi, A; Huiting, L; Igwebuike, C; Pimentel, D; Sherman, MY; Wang, Z; Yaglom, J, 2020)	2.25
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly administrated to patients with Gram-negative infections. "	( Toll-like receptor-2 mediates systemic inflammation in gentamicin-induced rat nephrotoxicity. Janfeshan, S; Karimi, Z; Pakfetrat, Z; Roozbeh, J, 2020)	2.25
"The gentamicin drug product is a complex mixture of numerous components, many of which have not individually undergone safety and efficacy assessments. "	( Unraveling the Gentamicin Drug Product Complexity Reveals Variation in Microbiological Activities and Nephrotoxicity. Andrews, LD; Bulman, ZP; Cirz, R; Hildebrandt, D; Kane, T; Park, M; Rosario, Z; Wlasichuk, K, 2020)	1.47
"Gentamicin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that targets gram-negative bacteria, but nephrotoxicity limits its clinical application. "	( Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in an Animal Model Involves Programmed Necrosis of the Collecting Duct. Capen, DE; Huang, H; Huang, M; Ji, H; Jin, WW; Lu, HAJ; Păunescu, TG; Xia, Y; Yuan, J, 2020)	3.44
"Gentamicin has proven to be a very successful treatment for bacterial infection, but it also can cause adverse effects, especially ototoxicity, which is irreversible. "	( Saliva versus Plasma Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin in Jordanian Preterm Infants. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model and Validation of Class II Drugs of Salivary Excretion Classification System. Al-Adham, I; Al-Ghazawi, A; Alsmadi, M; Aqrabawi, H; Awaysheh, F; Bani-Domi, R; Hamadi, S; Idkaidek, N; Rabayah, A, 2020)	2.25
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that despite its antibacterial effects, its use is restricted due to numerous side effects. "	( Human umbilical cord blood serum attenuates gentamicin-induced liver toxicity by restoring peripheral oxidative damage and inflammation in rats. Baharvand, F; Hosseini, A; Mirazi, N; Moghadasali, R; Nourian, A, 2021)	2.33
"Gentamicin is a potent broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic whose use is hampered by ototoxic side-effects. "	( Dissociating antibacterial from ototoxic effects of gentamicin C-subtypes. Atkinson, PJ; Cheng, AG; Comstock, K; Greenhouse, R; Huth, ME; Lagasca, D; Lin, R; MacDonald, JP; O'Sullivan, ME; Perez, A; Ricci, AJ; Siddiqui, Z; Song, Y, 2020)	2.25
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic that is commonly used in combination with PMMA; however, gentamicin powder is hard to obtain in many countries."	( In vitro elution characteristics of gentamicin-impregnated Polymethylmethacrylate: premixed with a second powder vs. liquid Lyophilization. Ingviya, N; Jitsurong, A; Liawrungrueang, W; Tangtrakulwanich, B; Ungphaiboon, S; Yuenyongviwat, V, 2021)	1.62
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic effectively used for severe/life-threatening infections. "	( Targeting KEAP1/Nrf2, AKT, and PPAR-γ signals as a potential protective mechanism of diosmin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Ali, FEM; El-Bahrawy, AH; Hassanein, EHM; Omar, ZMM; Sayed, AM, 2021)	2.28
"Gentamicin is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic; nevertheless, it exhibits serious nephrotoxic adverse effects."	( HPLC-ESI/MS profiling, phytoconstituent isolation and evaluation of renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats of Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret. Aboutabl, ME; Masoud, MA; Nassar, MI; Raslan, MA; Taher, RF, 2021)	1.55
"Gentamicin (GM) is a generally utilized as an antibiotic against dangerous and life threatening contaminations, yet its value is restricted by the development of nephrotoxicity. "	( Salicylic acid attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Usman, SM; Zaidi, SNF, 2021)	2.36
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic used worldwide for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Kiwifruit ameliorates gentamicin induced histological and histochemical alterations in the kidney of albino mice. Farag, S; Mahmoud, YI, 2017)	2.21
"Gentamicin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, but the risk of nephrotoxicity limits its prolonged use. "	( Kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice via the activation of Nrf2 and the inhibition of NF-κB (Kiwi & gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity). Mahmoud, YI, 2017)	2.16
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic against severe infection but has limitations related to nephrotoxicity. "	( Effects of benfotiamine and coenzyme Q10 on kidney damage induced gentamicin. Colakoglu, N; Kaman, D; Ustuner, MA, 2017)	2.13
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections."	( Anticonvulsant effect of gentamicin on the seizures induced by kainic acid. Ji, Y; Jiang, N; Kuang, P; Lao, W; Lin, W; Wang, Z; Yin, T; Zhao, Y; Zhu, H, 2018)	1.51
"Gentamicin appears to be a safe antibiotic in treatments lasting <10days and at the doses described. "	( Otoacoustic emissions in children treated with gentamicin in a secondary hospital. Angelats Romero, CM; Boronat Garcia, M; Gomez Delgado, M; Miralles Torres, A; Sequi Canet, JM; Sequi Sabater, JM, )	1.83
"Gentamicin is a promising antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea. "	( Comparison of disk diffusion and agar dilution methods for gentamicin susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Galarza, P; Gianecini, R; Irazu, L; Oviedo, C; Rodríguez, M, 2018)	2.17
"Gentamicin is a common antibiotic used in neonates and infants. "	( External Evaluation of a Gentamicin Infant Population Pharmacokinetic Model Using Data from a National Electronic Health Record Database. Beechinor, RJ; Clark, R; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Ge, S; Gonzalez, D; Hornik, CP; Laughon, MM; Standing, JF; Zimmerman, K, 2018)	2.23
"Gentamicin (GNT) is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections. "	( Reno-protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of NF-κB, eNOS and caspase-3 expressions. Abd-Elhamid, TH; Ali, FEM; Ali, SS; El-Shoura, EAM; Elgamal, DA; Hassanein, EHM; Hemeida, RAM, 2018)	2.17
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. "	( Protective effect of Rotula aquatica Lour against gentamicin induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. A, V; Jyothis, M; Kuriakose, J; Latha, MS; Midhun, SJ; S, A, 2018)	2.18
"Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections; however, its use often results in significant and permanent hearing loss. "	( Pasireotide protects mammalian cochlear hair cells from gentamicin ototoxicity by activating the PI3K-Akt pathway. Bodmer, D; Horvath, L; Kucharava, K; Petkovic, V; Sekulic-Jablanovic, M, 2019)	2.2
"Gentamicin is a potential alternative treatment requiring further evaluation."	( Gentamicin as an alternative to ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonorrhoea: the G-TOG non-inferiority RCT. Brittain, C; Cole, M; Dewsnap, C; Duley, L; Harding, J; Hepburn, T; Jackson, L; Lawrence, T; Meakin, G; Montgomery, AA; Roberts, T; Ross, JD; Sprange, K; Tan, W; Thandi, S; White, J; Wilson, J, 2019)	2.68
"Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic related to aminoglycoside group that is used in treating Gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Combinational effect of curcumin and metformin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: Involvement of antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic pathway. Cao, L; Han, J; Kumar Sah, S; Xie, Y; Zhi, D, 2019)	2.2
"Gentamicin is a potent antibiotic, effective against Gram negative bacteria. "	( Citrullus colocynthis failed to combat against renal derangements, in spite of its strong antioxidant properties. Ahmad, W; Asif, AH; Khan, MA; Khan, T; Ullah, N, )	1.57
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Assessment of nutrient supplement to reduce gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. DeRemer, SJ; Le Prell, CG; Miller, JM; Nelson, MA; Ojano-Dirain, C; Prieskorn, DM; Rudnick, EW, 2014)	2.11
"Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic, which causes hearing loss because of destruction of auditory hair cells. "	( Otoprotective properties of mannitol against gentamicin induced hair cell loss. Bas, E; Eshraghi, A; Gupta, C; Selman, Y; Telischi, FF; Van De Water, TR; Wood, JW, 2014)	2.1
"Gentamicin C complex is a mixture of aminoglycoside antibiotics used to treat severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Specificity and promiscuity at the branch point in gentamicin biosynthesis. Deng, Z; Duan, X; Guo, J; Huang, C; Huang, F; Jian, X; Leadlay, PF; Leeper, F; Sun, Y, 2014)	2.1
"Gentamicin is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic employed against severe Gram-negative bacterial infections, but induction of nephrotoxicity limits its frequent clinical use. "	( Nephroprotective effect of catechin on gentamicin-induced experimental nephrotoxicity. Balakumar, P; Kalra, S; Khanna, D; Sardana, A, 2015)	2.13
"Gentamicin is a member of aminoglycosides, which has represented highly effective antimicrobial agents especially in Gram-negative infections despite their toxic effects in the kidney. "	( KIM-1 and NGAL as biomarkers of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Chen, ML; Chen, ZL; Cheng, AC; Fang, J; Geng, Y; Gong, L; Li, MY; Luo, QH; Peng, X; Sun, FJ; Tang, L; Zeng, W, 2014)	2.09
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is highly effective in treating Gram-negative infections, but inappropriate use leads to toxicity. "	( Does the availability of therapeutic drug monitoring, computerised dose recommendation and prescribing decision support services promote compliance with national gentamicin prescribing guidelines? Baysari, M; Day, RO; Diasinos, N; Kumar, S, 2015)	2.06
"Gentamicin C complex is a mixture of aminoglycoside antibiotics used worldwide to treat severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Delineating the biosynthesis of gentamicin x2, the common precursor of the gentamicin C antibiotic complex. Deng, Z; Duan, X; Guo, J; Huang, C; Huang, F; Jian, X; Leadlay, PF; Moison, E; Sun, Y, 2015)	2.14
"Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic, whose ototoxicity remains a major problem in clinical use."	( The effect of radiotherapy on gentamicin ototoxicity: an animal model. Bezdjian, A; Daniel, SJ; Devic, S; Mujica-Mota, MA, 2015)	1.43
"Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic against serious and life-threatening infections; however, its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. "	( Flavocoxid attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. El-Kashef, DH; El-Kenawi, AE; Salem, HA; Suddek, GM, 2015)	2.17
"Gentamicin sponge is an effective local infection prophylaxis in heart transplant patients."	( Novel Method of Infection Prophylaxis in Heart Transplantation by Retrosternal Gentamycin Sponge Application. Buczkowski, P; Grajek, S; Jemielity, M; Straburzyńska-Migaj, E; Urbanowicz, T, )	1.57
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside isolated from Micromonospora purpurea known for its nephrotoxicity. "	( THE EFFECT OF FICUS CARICA L. (ANJIR) LEAF EXTRACT ON GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO MICE. Faisal, B; Ghaffar, A; Latif, W; Lone, KP; Tahir, M, )	1.82
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antimicrobial commonly used in horses at 6.6 mg/kg IV once daily. "	( Plasma Peak and Trough Gentamicin Concentrations in Hospitalized Horses Receiving Intravenously Administered Gentamicin. Bauquier, JR; Boston, RC; Nolen-Walston, RD; Sweeney, RW; Wilkins, PA, )	1.88
"Gentamicin (Gent) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic being used in livestock sector. "	( Development of indirect competitive ELISA using egg yolk-derived immunoglobulin (IgY) for the detection of Gentamicin residues. Du, E; He, J; Hu, J; Schade, R; Thirumalai, D; Zhang, X, 2016)	2.09
"Gentamicin B is a naturally occurring minor component isolated from Micromonospora echinospora."	( Assembly of a novel biosynthetic pathway for gentamicin B production in Micromonospora echinospora. Cui, H; Gu, Y; Ni, X; Sun, Z; Xia, H, 2016)	1.42
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a wide spectrum of anti-bacterial activity, but however, due to its high solubility in water, it poorly penetrates inside the cells. "	( Efficiency of gentamicin loaded in bacterial polysaccharides microcapsules against intracellular Gram-positive and Gram-negative invasive pathogens. Bleotu, C; Bolocan, A; Chifiriuc, MC; Croitoru, CD; Curuţiu, C; Grumezescu, AM; Lazăr, V; Mihaiescu, DE; Saviuc, CM, 2015)	2.22
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic indicated to treat mastitis in dairy cattle and for the treatment of bacterial resistance in the context of hospital infections. "	( Spherical gold nanoparticles and gold nanorods for the determination of gentamicin. Aucélio, RQ; da Silva, AR; Miranda-Andrades, JR; Pandoli, O; Pérez-Gramatges, A; Romani, EC, 2017)	2.13
"Gentamicin is a common antibiotic used to treat sepsis in neonates. "	( Should gentamicin trough levels be routinely obtained in term neonates? El-Chaar, G; Hanna, N; Ibrahim, J; Islam, S; Maffei, D; Nayak, A; Ponnaiya, S; Rosenfeld, W, 2016)	2.33
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used against infections caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. "	( Astaxanthin; a Promising Protector Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Gobba, NA; Hussein, MA; Mosaad, YO, )	1.84
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. "	( Renoprotective effect of erythropoietin in zebrafish after administration of gentamicin: an immunohistochemical study for β-catenin and c-kit expression. Buemi, A; Buemi, M; Cernaro, V; Costantino, G; Lacquaniti, A; Macrì, F; Maricchiolo, G; Ricciardi, CA; Rifici, C; Santoro, D; Sfacteria, A, 2017)	2.13
"Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic. "	( Amelioration of Renal Inflammation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Underlies the Protective Effect of Low Dosage of Atorvastatin in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Arjinajarn, P; Chatsudthipong, V; Chattipakorn, N; Jaikumkao, K; Lungkaphin, A; Pongchaidecha, A; Thongnak, LO; Wanchai, K, 2016)	2.08
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in clinical, organismic, and agricultural applications to combat gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. "	( Pharmacological response sensitization in nerve cell networks exposed to the antibiotic gentamicin. Gopal, KV; Gross, GW; Hamilton, KS; Moore, EJ, 2017)	2.12
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective and common antibiotic against severe gram-negative infections. "	( Protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Chashmi, NA; Emadi, S; Khastar, H, 2017)	2.17
"Gentamicin (GM) is a drug used commonly against gram-negative bacteria. "	( Potential Renoprotective Effects of Rosemary and Thyme Against Gentamicin Toxicity in Rats. Abdel-Azeem, AS; El-Sayed, EM; Hegazy, AM; Ibrahim, KS; Zeidan, HM, 2017)	2.14
"Gentamicin (GEN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic employed in treatment of life-threatening gram-negative infections, but one of its major side effects is the induction of nephrotoxicity. "	( Ameliorative effect of gossypin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Katary, M; Salahuddin, A, 2017)	2.17
"Gentamicin (G) is an attractive alternative, with both gram-positive and gram-negative activities."	( A prospective study of the efficacy of local application of gentamicin versus mupirocin in the prevention of peritoneal dialysis catheter-related infections. Chan, WH; Cheuk, A; Cheung, CC; Choy, WY; Chu, KH; Fung, KS; Lee, W; Tang, HL; Tong, KL; Yim, KF, )	1.09
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by various species of the genus Micromonospora and has received much attention in the recent years as a broad-spectrum antibiotic for treatment of various infections. "	( Microbial biosynthesis and applications of gentamicin: a critical appraisal. Himabindu, M; Jetty, A; Kumar, CG, 2008)	2.05
"Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic widely used in treating severe gram-negative infections. "	( Protective effect of quercetin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Ghany, AA; Abdel-Raheem, IT; Mohamed, GA, 2009)	2.06
"Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic against serious and life-threatening infections, but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. "	( Protective effects of pentoxifylline treatment on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Mihailovic, D; Radenkovic, M; Randjelovic, P; Rankovic, G; Stoiljkovic, M; Stojiljkovic, N; Veljkovic, S, 2009)	2.05
"Gentamicin is a potent antibiotic that is used in combination therapy for inhalation anthrax disease. "	( Stochastic gating and drug-ribosome interactions. Sanbonmatsu, KY; Vaiana, AC, 2009)	1.8
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic against severe infections but nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage limits its long term clinical use. "	( Protective effect of green tea extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney. Farooq, N; Khan, MW; Khan, S; Khan, SA; Priyamvada, S; Yusufi, AN, 2009)	2.06
"Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic but shows renal toxicity. "	( Light-microscopic immunocytochemistry for gentamicin and its use for studying uptake of the drug in kidney. Fujiwara, K; Larsson, LI; Matsunaga, H; Saita, T; Shin, M, 2009)	2.06
"gentamicin is an antibiotic that acts in Gram-negative bacilli infections, having as a side effect ototoxicity. "	( Experimental morphological and functional study of gentamicin cochleotoxicity using the regular dose given to neonates. Baggio, CL; Hyppolito, MA; Silveira, AF, )	1.83
"Gentamicin is an important aminoglycoside antibiotic used in clinics to combat infections from especially gram negative bacteria. "	( Assessing low-dose gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats by analysis of urine. Nielsen, H; Nykjaer, A; Pedersen, AH; Schambye, H, )	1.9
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside that is widely used in neonatology in spite of its known nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. "	( [Gentamicin intoxication in a preterm infant]. Butenhoff, S; Haase, R; Lieser, U; Merkel, N, 2009)	2.71
"Gentamicin sulfate is a potent broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic which is used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. "	( Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the determination of gentamicin sulfate and its related substances in a pharmaceutical cream using a short pentafluorophenyl column and a charged aerosol detector. Joseph, A; Rustum, A, 2010)	2.04
"Gentamicin (G) is a highly nephrotoxic aminoglucoside. "	( Attenuation of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: trimetazidine versus N-acetyl cysteine. Araujo, CR; De la Cruz Rodríguez, LC; Posleman, SE; Rey, MR, 2010)	2.16
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used against infections by Gram-negative microorganisms. "	( An integrative overview on the mechanisms underlying the renal tubular cytotoxicity of gentamicin. López-Hernández, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Morales, AI; Quiros, Y; Vicente-Vicente, L, 2011)	2.03
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic against severe infection but has limitations related to nephrotoxicity. "	( Amelioration of gentamicin nephrotoxicity by green tea extract in uninephrectomized rats as a model of progressive renal failure. Bissada, NK; Eladl, M; Hellstrom, WJ; Kamel, M; Maarouf, AM; Salem, EA; Salem, NA, 2010)	2.15
"Gentamicin is a highly efficacious antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria. "	( The antibiotic gentamicin inhibits specific protein trafficking functions of the Arf1/2 family of GTPases. Cocklin, R; Goebl, MG; Harrington, M; Kuzma, A; Lin, L; Molitoris, BA; Wagner, MC, 2011)	2.16
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic against life-threatening Gram-negative bacteria. "	( The protective effect of eugenol against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney. Said, MM, 2011)	2.08
"Gentamicin (GEN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a potent antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacteria. "	( Novel bioactive hydrophobic gentamicin carriers for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. Blanco-Prieto, MJ; Elizondo, E; Gamazo, C; Imbuluzqueta, E; Moreno-Calvo, E; Veciana, J; Ventosa, N, 2011)	2.11
"Gentamicin is an effective and powerful antibiotic. "	( EGb 761 (Ginkgo biloba) protects cochlear hair cells against ototoxicity induced by gentamicin via reducing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide-related apoptosis. Liu, SH; Yang, TH; Young, YH, 2011)	2.04
"Gentamicin application is an important therapeutic option to control vertigo spells in Ménière's disease. "	( Doxycycline reduces nitric oxide production in guinea pig inner ears. Brieger, J; Heinrich, UR; Helling, K; Li, H; Mann, WJ; Schmidtmann, I; Wodarzcyk, K, 2011)	1.81
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which induces renal tubular necrosis in rats. "	( Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic evaluation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Boitier, E; Brandenburg, A; Com, E; Gautier, JC; Hoffmann, D; Mally, A; Marchandeau, JP; Schroeder, S, 2012)	2.07
"Gentamicin is a member of aminoglycoside group of broad spectrum antibiotics. "	( Aminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity: molecular modeling studies of calreticulin-gentamicin complex. Hariprasad, G; Kaur, P; Kumar, M; Rani, K; Srinivasan, A, 2012)	2.05
"Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic against serious, life-threatening infections, but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. "	( Protective effect of selenium on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats. Ilic, I; Randjelovic, P; Sokolovic, D; Stoiljkovic, M; Stojiljkovic, N; Velickovic, L; Veljkovic, S, 2012)	2.1
"Gentamicin (GS) is a potent antimicrobial exhibiting concentration dependent bacterial killing. "	( Nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress of single large dose or two divided doses of gentamicin in rats. Abdelaziz, I; Elhabashy, N; Hegazy, H; Kandeel, M; Tolba, Y, 2011)	2.04
"Gentamicin sulfate is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic associated with serious side effects, including ototoxicity. "	( Garlic-supplemented diet attenuates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity: an experimental study. Akinci, H; Balbaloglu, E; Uzun, L, 2012)	2.1
"Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic against serious and life-threatening infections, but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. "	( Salicylic acid attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ilic, I; Jankovic-Velickovic, L; Randjelovic, P; Sokolovic, D; Stoiljkovic, M; Stojiljkovic, N; Veljkovic, S, 2012)	2.12
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly used for treating Pseudomonas infections, but its use is limited by a relatively short half-life. "	( Gentamicin-loaded nanoparticles show improved antimicrobial effects towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Abdelghany, SM; Donnelly, RF; Gilmore, BF; Ingram, RJ; Quinn, DJ; Scott, CJ; Taggart, CC, 2012)	3.26
"Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic in the intensive care unit (ICU). "	( Gentamicin in hemodialyzed critical care patients: early dialysis after administration of a high dose should be considered. Badin, J; Dupuis, A; Pinsard, M; Robert, R; Veinstein, A; Venisse, N, 2013)	3.28
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside widely used in treatments of, in particular, enterococcal, mycobacterial, and severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Gentamicin binds to the megalin receptor as a competitive inhibitor using the common ligand binding motif of complement type repeats: insight from the nmr structure of the 10th complement type repeat domain alone and in complex with gentamicin. Bonvin, AM; Dagil, R; Kragelund, BB; Nykjær, A; O'Shea, C, 2013)	3.28
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from cultures of Micromonospora as the important anti-infective agents. "	( Characterization of a key aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in gentamicin biosynthesis. Chen, D; Chen, J; Li, JA; Liu, W; Shao, L; Tang, Y; Wang, C, 2013)	2.07
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic effective against Gram-negative infection, whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. "	( A role for superoxide in gentamicin-mediated nephropathy in rats. Britti, D; Caputi, A; Cuzzocrea, S; De Sarro, A; Di Paola, R; Dugo, L; Masini, E; Mazzon, E; Pierpaoli, S; Salvemini, D; Serraino, I, 2002)	2.06
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic added to bone cement to treat or prevent infection in arthroplasty."	( Fatigue strength of PMMA bone cement mixed with gentamicin and barium sulphate vs pure PMMA. Baleani, M; Cristofolini, L; Minari, C; Toni, A, 2003)	1.3
"Gentamicin is an important factor in the empiric therapy of premature babies with suspected invasive bacterial infection. "	( [Tolerability of once-daily-dosing of intravenous gentamicin in preterm neonates born at 32-37 weeks of gestation]. Felszer, C; Hasanein, J; Miron, D; Reich, D; Steinfeld, M, 2003)	2.01
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycosidic antibiotic widely used in the treatment of many gram-negative bacterial infections. "	( Evaluation of the effect of lipoic acid administered along with gentamicin in rats rendered bacteremic. Malarkodi, KP; Sandhya, S; Varalakshmi, P, 2003)	2
"Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. "	( Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Barrera, D; Hernández-Pando, R; Ibarra-Rubio, ME; Maldonado, PD; Medina-Campos, ON; Pedraza-Chaverrí, J, 2003)	2.05
"Gentamicin (GM) is a polarized water-soluble compound having very poor intestinal membrane permeability resulting in low oral bioavailability. "	( Evaluation of oral formulations of gentamicin containing labrasol in beagle dogs. Eaimtrakarn, S; Ishida, M; Kusawake, Y; Rama Prasad, YV; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tawa, R; Yoshikawa, Y, 2003)	2.04
"Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. "	( Protective effect of diallyl sulfide on oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Barrera, D; Cerón, A; Hernández-Pando, R; Maldonado, PD; Medina-Campos, ON; Pedraza-Chaverrí, J, 2003)	1.98
"Gentamicin is a potentially ototoxic drug routinely used for treatment of life-threatening infectious diseases in neonatology. "	( Vestibulotoxicity and ototoxicity of gentamicin in newborns at risk. Aust, G, 2001)	2.03
"Gentamicin is a 4,6-disubstituted aminocyclitol antibiotic complex synthesised by some members of the actinomycete genus Micromonospora. "	( Gene cluster in Micromonospora echinospora ATCC15835 for the biosynthesis of the gentamicin C complex. Alexander, D; Horan, AC; Hosted, T; Standage, S; Unwin, J; Wellington, EM, 2004)	1.99
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic often used to treat gram-negative bacillary infections and suspected sepsis in neonates."	( [Monitoring serum levels of gentamicin in neonates]. Afonso, E; Almeida, AM; Falcão, AC; Leitão, F; Martins, V; Rocha, MJ; Santos, J, )	1.15
"Gentamicin is a very hydrophilic drug and tends to come out into the water phase when microspheres are fabricated using solvent evaporation method."	( Gentamicin-loaded discs and microspheres and their modifications: characterization and in vitro release. Fu, YC; Lee, DJ; Lew, MD; Naraharisetti, PK; Wang, CH, 2005)	2.49
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic member of the aminoglycosides family with well known potential to cause permanent ototoxicity by damaging more likely the cochlea vestibular system. "	( [Cochlear-vestibular ototoxicity by gentamicin. Report of a case and literature review]. Blasco Huelva, A; González Palomino, A; Keituqwa Yáñez, T; Marcos García, M; Pardo Romero, G; Pino Rivero, V; Trinidad Ruiz, G, 2004)	2.04
"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic against severe gram-negative infections. "	( Effects of co-supplementation of vitamins E and C on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Faghihi, M; Ghaznavi, R; Kadkhodaee, M; Khastar, H; Zahmatkesh, M, 2005)	2.02
"Gentamicin is unlikely to be an effective treatment for severe hemophilia due to its potential toxicities and the minimal response documented in this report."	( Aminoglycoside suppression of nonsense mutations in severe hemophilia. James, PD; Leggo, J; Lillicrap, D; McKenna, S; Poon, MC; Raut, S; Rivard, GE; Warner, M, 2005)	1.05
"Gentamicin is a widely used ototoxic agent. "	( Pivotal role of Harakiri in the induction and prevention of gentamicin-induced hearing loss. Chen, S; Esteban-Cruciani, N; Fernandez-Zapico, ME; Kalinec, F; Kalinec, GM; Urrutia, R, 2005)	2.01
"Gentamicin is a well-known ototoxic aminoglycoside. "	( Gentamicin induced nitric oxide-related oxidative damages on vestibular afferents in the guinea pig. Cho, YS; Chung, WH; Hong, SH; Kim, KR; Kim, MG; Lee, HS; Park, SK, 2006)	3.22
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is very effective in treating different gram negative infections, however, one of its main side effects is nephrotoxicity. "	( Resveratrol inhibits gentamicin-induced mesangial cell contraction. López-Novoa, JM; Mayoral, P; Morales, AI; Pérez-Barriocanal, F; Rodríguez-Barbero, A; Vicente-Sánchez, C, 2006)	2.1
"Gentamicin continues to be a primary antibiotic against gram-negative infections. "	( Loss of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting or golgi-associated retrograde protein vesicle tethering complexes results in gentamicin sensitivity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Goebl, MG; Molitoris, BA; Molnar, EE; Wagner, MC, 2006)	1.98
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic that is widely used against serious and life-threatening gram-negative infections. "	( Protective effect of ebselen, a selenoorganic drug, against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. Abraham, P; Dhanarajan, R; Isaac, B, 2006)	2.02
"Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. "	( Effect of carnosine on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Abdul-Hamid, M; Othman, AI; Soliman, KM, 2007)	2.09
"Gentamicin is a mainstay in treating gram-negative sepsis. "	( Gentamicin suppresses endotoxin-driven TNF-alpha production in human and mouse proximal tubule cells. Geballe, A; Johnson, AC; Zager, RA, 2007)	3.23
"Gentamicin is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis but immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity is unusual."	( Gentamicin-induced anaphylaxis. Bourke, JF; Connolly, M; McAdoo, J, 2007)	3.23
"Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly used against life threatening gram negative bacterial infections, however, nephrotoxicity remains the major concern for its long term use. "	( Time dependent effect of gentamicin on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and terminal digestion in rat intestine. Farooq, N; Khan, F; Priyamvada, S; Yusufi, AN, 2007)	2.09
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. "	( Biodegradable gentamicin delivery systems for parenteral use for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. Blanco-Prieto, MJ; Campanero, MA; Concepción Lecároz, M; Gamazo, C; Gonzalez, D; Pérez, G; Prior, S; Vitas, AI, 2007)	2.14
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that induces severe nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure. "	( Role of tissue kallikrein in prevention and recovery of gentamicin-induced renal injury. Bledsoe, G; Chao, J; Chao, L; Grass, D; Hagiwara, M; Mizell, B; Shen, B; Teuton, M; Yao, YY, 2008)	2.03
"Gentamicin application is an important therapeutic option for Ménière's disease. "	( Gentamicin increases nitric oxide production and induces hearing loss in guinea pigs. Brieger, J; Heinrich, UR; Helling, K; Li, H; Mann, WJ; Schmidtmann, I; Sifferath, M, 2008)	3.23
"Gentamicin is a nephrotoxic agent known to damage the proximal tubule,--a site of low molecular weight (LMW) protein reabsorption and catabolism. "	( The significance of beta-2 microglobulinuria associated with gentamicin therapy. Camara, PD; Diamond, I; Griffiths, WC; Kaye, WA; Solomon, RJ; Trebbin, WM, )	1.82
"Gentamicin is a valuable alternative in the treatment of infections due to PPNG strains."	( Gentamicin in the treatment of infections due to penicillinase-producing gonococci. Pang, R; Rajan, VS; Sng, EH; Tan, NJ, 1980)	2.43
"Gentamicin was found to be a competitive inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca++ uptake."	( The effect of gentamicin on calcium uptake by renal mitochondria. Humes, HD; Sastrasinh, M; Weinberg, JM, 1982)	1.35
"Gentamicin is a very useful antimicrobial agent for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. "	( Measurements of serum gentamycin levels by rapid tests. Boyd, D; Gillum, RL; Qadri, SM, 1982)	1.71
"Gentamicin is a nephrotoxic antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, which accumulates within the renal cortex. "	( Gentamicin incorporation along the nephron: autoradiographic study on isolated tubules. Bonvalet, JP; Farman, N; Fillastre, JP; Hatt, PY; Morin, JP; Vandewalle, A, 1981)	3.15
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections caused by gram-negative organisms, but it is potentially toxic to the kidneys. "	( Therapeutic drug monitoring can avoid iatrogenic alterations caused by 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP)-gentamicin interaction. Chen, WL; Hwei, DZ; Perng, MY; Yu, MD, 1994)	1.94
"Gentamicin is an extremely effective antibiotic against a wide variety of organisms. "	( Use of poly-l-aspartic acid to inhibit aminoglycoside cochlear ototoxicity. Brownlee, RE; Hulka, GF; Pillsbury, HC; Prazma, J; Pulver, S, 1993)	1.73
"Gentamicin-PMMA chains are an effective drug delivery system for local antibiotic therapy in bone and soft-tissue infections. "	( Antibiotic bead chains. Klemm, KW, 1993)	1.73
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of gram-negative infections."	( A review of gentamicin use in neonates. Fisk, KL, 1993)	1.39
"Gentamicin is a widely-used antimicrobial agent for obstetric and gynecologic infections. "	( The use of once-daily dosing of gentamicin in obstetrics and gynecology. Heine, RP; Wiesenfeld, HC, 1998)	2.03
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, widely used for treating many gram negative bacterial infections. "	( Gentamicin induced inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes in rat testis. Dasgupta, S; Ghosh, S, 1999)	3.19
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic complex containing gentamicins C(1), C(1a), and C(2). "	( Determination of gentamicins C(1), C(1a), and C(2) in plasma and urine by HPLC. Isoherranen, N; Soback, S, 2000)	2.09
"Gentamicin is an antibiotic effective against gram negative infections, whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. "	( Carvedilol: a beta blocker with antioxidant property protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Kumar, KV; Naidu, MU; Ratnakar, KS; Shifow, AA, 2000)	1.98
"Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of serious infections. "	( Determination of gentamicin in swine and calf tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Backer, PD; Baere, SD; Cherlet, M, 2000)	2.09
"Gentamicin is an important antibiotic for treatment of life-threatening infectious diseases, which acts less ototoxically in controlled therapeutic doses in newborns than in later childhood or in adults."	( [Vestibular toxicity of gentamycin in newborn infants]. Aust, G; Schneider, D, 2001)	1.75
"Gentamicin (GM) is an important aminoglycoside antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by a wide spectrum of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. "	( A novel emulsifier, labrasol, enhances gastrointestinal absorption of gentamicin. Hu, Z; Konishi, T; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tawa, R, 2001)	1.99
"Gentamicin is a new broad-spectrum antibiotic, basic and water-soluble, produced and developed by Schering Corporation-Bloomfield, New Jersey (1967 and 1968). "	( Gentamicins. Abou-Zeid, AA; Shehata, YM, 1977)	3.14
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used to treat gram-negative bacillary infections. "	( Radioimmunoassay, acetylating radio-enzymatic assay, and microbioassay of gentamicin: a comparative study. Hewitt, WL; Stevens, P; Young, LS, 1975)	1.93
"Gentamicin is well known to be a cause of vestibular toxicity. "	( Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Bernardini, J; Chong, TK; Piraino, B, 1991)	2.02
"Gentamicin is a commonly used antibiotic for the treatment of gram-negative-bacterial infections. "	( Influence of indomethacin on the intrarenal uptake of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Bergeron, Y; Marchand, S; Tardif, M, 1989)	1.97
"Gentamicin is a commonly used antibiotic in the treatment of gram-negative infections including septicemia and pyelonephritis. "	( Influence of hydrocortisone succinate on intrarenal accumulation of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Bergeron, Y, 1987)	1.95
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic most exclusively reserved for treatment of serious infections caused by gram-negative bacteria in which less toxic antibacterials are ineffective."	( Gentamycin for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis: a review for the dentist. Wynn, RL, 1985)	0.99
"Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic frequently used in the treatment of mixed polymicrobial infections. "	( Delayed gentamicin elimination in patients with severe preeclampsia. Beitel, R; Dilts, PV; Lee, M; McNeeley, SG; Moise, C, 1985)	2.15
"Gentamicin is a more effective in vitro bacterial inhibitor than combined penicillinstreptomycin, is nontoxic to tissue culture monolayers, and does not inhibit virus replication."	( Antibacterial activity of gentamicin sulfate in tissue culture. Forsyth, BR; Gump, DW; Healey, A; Phillips, CA; Rudin, A, 1970)	1.99

Effects

Gentamicin has a weak UV chromophore. It is not possible to detect low levels of known and unknown related substances of gentamicin using a UV detector. Gentamicin has an excellent cost/efficacy ratio for gram negative infections treatment.

Gentamicin has proven to be a very successful treatment for bacterial infection, but it also can cause adverse effects, especially ototoxicity, which is irreversible. Gentamicin ointment has potential in the treatment of Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gentamicin has a well-known potential for damaging the peripheral vestibular organs. "	( Central nystagmus and alterations in vestibular tests due to an inadvertent gentamicin administration into spinal space: A CARE case report. Breinbauer, HA; Delano, PH; Eyzaguirre, M; Herrero, D, 2022)	2.39
"As gentamicin has a weak UV chromophore, it is not possible to detect low levels of known and unknown related substances of gentamicin using a UV detector."	( Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the determination of gentamicin sulfate and its related substances in a pharmaceutical cream using a short pentafluorophenyl column and a charged aerosol detector. Joseph, A; Rustum, A, 2010)	1.11
"Gentamicin has a 'typical starting point' of degeneration on the basilar membrane."	( Differences in the cochlear degeneration pattern in the guinea pig as a result of gentamicin and cis-platinum intoxication. Tange, RA, 1984)	1.21
"Gentamicin has an excellent cost/efficacy ratio for gram negative infections treatment. "	( [Individualized monitoring of the therapy with gentamycin using pharmacokinetic methods. Which method to choose?]. Carvalho, A; Ceia, F; Costa, M; Falcão, F; Fonseca, C; Freitas, O; Luís, AS; Parrinha, A; Pereira, TA; Rodrigues, MJ, )	1.57
"Gentamicin has a well-known potential for damaging the peripheral vestibular organs. "	( Central nystagmus and alterations in vestibular tests due to an inadvertent gentamicin administration into spinal space: A CARE case report. Breinbauer, HA; Delano, PH; Eyzaguirre, M; Herrero, D, 2022)	2.39
"Gentamicin has been used for the treatment of gonorrhea in Malawi since 1993. "	( Gentamicin Susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treatment Outcomes for Urogenital Gonorrhea After 25 Years of Sustained Gentamicin Use in Malawi. Bonongwe, N; Chen, JS; Chikaonda, T; Cohen, MS; Golparian, D; Hobbs, MM; Hoffman, IF; Jere, E; Kamtambe, B; Krysiak, R; Massa, C; Mathiya, E; Matoga, M; Ndalama, B; Unemo, M, 2022)	3.61
"Gentamicin has been widely prescribed since the last two decades despite its ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. "	( Bisdemethoxycurcumin-mediated Attenuation of Apoptosis Prevents Gentamicin-induced Ototoxicity in Mouse Cochlear UB/OC-2 Cells. Hsu, CJ; Kang, TY; Lin, HY; Lin, JN; Tseng, GF; Wang, JS; Wen, YH; Wu, CC; Wu, HP; Wu, RS; Yu, SH, )	1.81
"As gentamicin has been shown to mediate ribosomal read-through, we aimed to ascertain its therapeutic efficacy in a small series of patients carrying a recurrent mutation in CDSN ."	( Treatment of hereditary hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp with topical gentamicin. Bochner, R; Malki, L; Pavlovsky, M; Peled, A; Pichinuk, E; Samuelov, L; Sarig, O; Sprecher, E; Weil, M, 2020)	1.41
"Gentamicin has proven to be a very successful treatment for bacterial infection, but it also can cause adverse effects, especially ototoxicity, which is irreversible. "	( Saliva versus Plasma Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin in Jordanian Preterm Infants. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model and Validation of Class II Drugs of Salivary Excretion Classification System. Al-Adham, I; Al-Ghazawi, A; Alsmadi, M; Aqrabawi, H; Awaysheh, F; Bani-Domi, R; Hamadi, S; Idkaidek, N; Rabayah, A, 2020)	2.25
"Gentamicin ointment has potential in the treatment of Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis. "	( Effect of Gentamicin Ointment in Patients with Nagashima-type Palmoplantar Keratosis: A Double-blind Vehicle-controlled Study. Han, J; Li, M; Li, Y; Pan, C; Wang, Y; Yao, Z; Yu, X, 2021)	2.47
"Gentamicin has comparable efficacy to mupirocin for peritonitis and gram-positive exit-site infection."	( Comparison of topical mupirocin and gentamicin in the prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cheng, SP; Hsu, YC; Liu, CL; Tsai, CC; Wu, CJ; Yang, PS, 2018)	1.48
"Gentamicin has been determined to be active against a wide range of bacterial infections and has been commonly used as a preoperative antibiotic for inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation. "	( Experience With Prophylactic Gentamicin During Penile Prosthesis Surgery: A Retrospective Comparison of Two Different Doses. Bianco, F; Gheiler, E; Gheiler, V; Klopukh, B; Lopez, I; Nehrenz, GM; Perito, P; Xie, D, 2017)	2.19
"Gentamicin cream has not been associated with physical damage to catheters.A 64-year-old woman on PD developed relapsing peritonitis with Staphylococcus epidermidis."	( Erosion of the Silicone Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter with the Use of Gentamicin Cream at the Exit Site. Astor, BC; Chan, MR; Foster, DM; Gardezi, AI; Schlageter, KW; Waheed, S, )	1.09
"Gentamicin and vitamin C have been proposed as nephrotoxic and antioxidant, respectively. "	( A biochemical and histopathologic study showing protection and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits using vitamin C. Abid, R; Akash, MS; Azhar, S; Khan, SA; Murtaza, G; Rehman, K; Sherazi, TA; Waseem, A, 2012)	2.05
"Gentamicin has been reported to decrease the level of renal aquaporin (AQP)2, which is known to be mainly expressed in renal collecting ducts and excreted into the urine via exosomes."	( Urinary excretion pattern of exosomal aquaporin-2 in rats that received gentamicin. Abdeen, A; El-Shawarby, R; Ikeda, M; Sonoda, H; Takahashi, S, 2014)	1.36
"Gentamicin has historically been used prior to insertion and removal of indwelling urinary catheters (IDCs) around elective joint replacement surgery to prevent infection; however, this indication is not recognized in the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic and the paradigm for safe use of gentamicin has shifted."	( Discontinuation of peri-operative gentamicin use for indwelling urinary catheter manipulation in orthopaedic surgery. Bond, SE; Boutlis, CS; Jansen, SG; Miyakis, S, 2017)	2.18
"Gentamicin sulfate has been proven to be active in vitro against many strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, yet it is often overlooked as a treatment option owing to toxicity risks associated with parenteral delivery."	( The use of gentamycin-impregnated foam in the management of diabetic foot infections: a promising delivery system? Armstrong, DG; Boulton, AJ; Bowling, FL; Griffis, CD; Metcalfe, S, 2009)	1.07
"As gentamicin has a weak UV chromophore, it is not possible to detect low levels of known and unknown related substances of gentamicin using a UV detector."	( Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the determination of gentamicin sulfate and its related substances in a pharmaceutical cream using a short pentafluorophenyl column and a charged aerosol detector. Joseph, A; Rustum, A, 2010)	1.11
"Gentamicin has been reported to damage hair cells within canal neuromasts, but not those within superficial neuromasts."	( Gentamicin is ototoxic to all hair cells in the fish lateral line system. Coombs, S; Duncan, K; McHenry, MJ; Van Trump, WJ, 2010)	2.52
"Gentamicin (GM) has been used to ablate the vestibular system function as a form of treatment for Ménière's disease. "	( Differing effects on the inner ear of three gentamicin compounds: GM-C1, -C2 and -C1a. Kobayashi, M; Nakashima, T; Sone, M; Umemura, M, 2003)	2.02
"Gentamicin has preferential toxicity for the hair cells in the central zone of the crista, where irregular afferents predominate."	( Vergence-mediated modulation of the human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex is eliminated by a partial peripheral gentamicin lesion. Carey, JP; Migliaccio, AA; Minor, LB, 2004)	1.25
"Oral gentamicin (GM) therapy has been challenged by formulating GM in oral solid preparation. "	( Oral solid gentamicin preparation using emulsifier and adsorbent. Ishida, M; Ito, Y; Kusawake, T; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tawa, R, 2005)	1.23
"Gentamicin (GM) has been widely used as an antibiotic and its nephrotoxicity has been recognized. "	( Increased expression of heat shock protein (HSP)72 in a human proximal tubular cell line (HK-2) with gentamicin-induced injury. Li, L; Linna, L; Qibing, M; Rong, Z; Yuhua, R; Zhipeng, W, 2006)	1.99
"Gentamicin resistance has been studied in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, from Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) and Sydney. "	( Gentamicin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ashdown, N; Grubb, WB; Townsend, DE, 1983)	3.15
"Gentamicin has a 'typical starting point' of degeneration on the basilar membrane."	( Differences in the cochlear degeneration pattern in the guinea pig as a result of gentamicin and cis-platinum intoxication. Tange, RA, 1984)	1.21
"Gentamicin has also been reported to decrease the activity of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes in the rat kidney."	( Effects of acute exposures to gentamicin on renal handling of proteins. Cojocel, C; Hook, JB, 1983)	1.28
"Gentamicin has been shown to induce renal tubular damage in man and laboratory animals and to result in elevated urinary excretion of some enzymes associated with specific cell regions in the kidney. "	( Protection by selenium against gentamicin-induced acute renal damage in the rat. Madusolumuo, MA; Ngaha, EO; Ogunleye, IO, 1984)	2
"Gentamicin has been used at 50-200 mg in 5-15 ml saline and kanamycin at 15-250 mg in 5-15 ml saline."	( Nebulization for avian respiratory disease. Miller, TA, 1984)	0.99
"As gentamicin resistance has been described in other enterococcal species (E."	( High-level gentamicin resistance among enterococci. Gilmore, MS; Sahm, DF, 1995)	1.19
"Gentamicin has an excellent cost/efficacy ratio for gram negative infections treatment. "	( [Individualized monitoring of the therapy with gentamycin using pharmacokinetic methods. Which method to choose?]. Carvalho, A; Ceia, F; Costa, M; Falcão, F; Fonseca, C; Freitas, O; Luís, AS; Parrinha, A; Pereira, TA; Rodrigues, MJ, )	1.57
"Gentamicin has been shown in both in vitro and in vivo studies to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites."	( Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure. Baliga, R; Shah, SV; Ueda, N; Walker, PD, 1997)	1.02
"Gentamicin monitoring has been improved with the introduction of Bayesian methods but the usefulness depends on the quality of the population parameters (PP) used. "	( Population pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in patients with solid tumors: estimation by one- and two-stage methods. Aldaz, A; Brugarolas, A; Giráldez, J; Ortega, A, 1998)	2.01
"Gentamicin (GM) has been shown to reversibly reduce the ability of contralateral noise to suppress ipsilateral cochlear activity, in a dose-dependent manner. "	( Aminoglycoside ototoxicity and the medial efferent system: II. Comparison of acute effects of different antibiotics. Aran, JM; Erre, JP; Lima da Costa, D; Pehourq, F, )	1.57
"Gentamicin has no effect on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages in intact animals."	( [The effect of gentamycin on immunity in immunodeficiency and the action of immunomodulators]. Lazareva, DN; Sakaeva, DD, )	0.85
"Gentamicin has been shown to enhance the generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by renal cortical mitochondria."	( Oxidant mechanisms in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Barri, Y; Shah, SV; Walker, PD, )	1.17
"Gentamicin has been shown both in in vitro and in vivo studies to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites."	( Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure. Baliga, R; Shah, SV; Ueda, N; Walker, PD, 1999)	1.02
"Gentamicin has attractive characteristics, including wide spectrum, infrequent resistance, economy and familiarity. "	( Gentamicin for the practicing urologist: review of efficacy, single daily dosing and "switch" therapy. Krieger, JN; Santucci, RA, 2000)	3.19
"Gentamicin sulfate has been incorporated in composites prepared from a SiO2-CaO-P2O5 bioactive glass and polymethylmethacrylate. "	( Bioactivity in glass/PMMA composites used as drug delivery system. Arcos, D; Ragel, CV; Vallet-Regí, M, 2001)	1.75
"Gentamicin sulfate has been shown to enhance the effects of penicillinase-resistant penicillins against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, but the relevance of this observation to bacteremic patients is unclear. "	( Penicillinase-resistant penicillin/gentamicin synergism. Effect in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Licht, JH, 1979)	1.98
"Gentamicin has been relied upon in some antibiotic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus, should it be present. "	( Gentamicin failure in staphylococcal bacteremia. Reynolds, RJ; West, BC, 1979)	3.15
"Gentamicin accumulation has been shown to occur before there is any evidence or release of acid-soluble 3H-adenine from cells."	( Gentamicin accumulation by sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bryan, LE; Van Den Elzen, HM, 1975)	2.42
"Gentamicin half-lives have been studied in eight patients with end-stage renal failure, and a 25 to 74% reduction in half-life has resulted from the concomitant administration of therapeutic doses of carbenicillin and ticarcillin."	( Interactions of carbenicillin and ticarcillin with gentamicin. Anand, C; Davies, M; Morgan, JR, 1975)	1.23
"As gentamicin has been shown to be slowly eliminated from the inner ear, and may thus exert persistent ototoxic effect, it is suggested that gentamicin treatment should not be continued until symptoms of ototoxic effects on the inner ear can be discerned."	( Delayed onset of ototoxic effects of gentamicin in treatment of Menière's disease. Rationale for extremely low dose therapy. Magnusson, M; Padoan, S, 1991)	1.07
"Gentamicin-PMMA chains have been demonstrated to exert a favorable effect on local wound healing and the postoperative outcome of patients with abdominoperineal rectum excision."	( Local gentamicin application for perineal wound healing following abdominoperineal rectum excision. Czerwenka, E; Marczell, AP; Rosen, HR; Spoula, H; Stierer, MO; Wasl, H, 1991)	1.48
"Gentamicin toxicity has been shown to be related to high concentrations in serum. "	( Radioimmunoassay for measurement of gentamicin in blood. Ezer, J; Mahon, WA; Wilson, TW, 1973)	1.97

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Gentamicin was seen to cause a serious nephrotoxicity which was proved by a plasma urea, plasmacreatinine, plasma uric acid, plasma Na. Gentamicin led to increase in plasma AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gentamicin does not cause hypercalciuria "	( Gentamicin Inhibits Ca Alexander, RT; An, SW; Beggs, MR; Dimke, H; Ferreira, PG; Lee, JJ; van Megen, WH; Wolf, MT, 2022)	3.61
"Gentamicin was seen to cause a serious nephrotoxicity which was proved by a plasma urea, plasmacreatinine, plasma uric acid, plasma Na"	( Salicylic acid attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Usman, SM; Zaidi, SNF, 2021)	1.64
"Gentamicin led to increase in plasma AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine."	( Palmatine ameliorates nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Abedloo, R; Esmaili, S; Khaksari, M; Khastar, H, 2021)	1.58
"Gentamicin induced increase in lipid peroxides, decrease in glutathione and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney, and increase in blood creatinine, and urea concentrations were significantly countered by nigerloxin treatment."	( Fungal metabolite nigerloxin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy and gentamicin-induced renal oxidative stress in experimental rats. Srinivasan, K; Suresha, BS, 2014)	1.36
"Gentamicin may cause acute kidney injury. "	( Rapamycin protects against gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury via autophagy in mini-pig models. Bai, XY; Cai, G; Chen, X; Cui, J; Ding, R; Hong, Q; Sun, X, 2015)	2.16
"Gentamicin led to increase in plasma BUN and creatinine, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium and decrease in creatinine clearance and urine flow rate. "	( Protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Chashmi, NA; Emadi, S; Khastar, H, 2017)	2.17
"Gentamicin exposure may enhance transiently the expression of Otoferlin in ribbon synapse in C57BL/6J mice."	( A pattern of otoferlin expression interrupted by gentamicin exposure in ribbon synapse of inner hair cell in C57BL/6J mice. Ke, L; ShuNa, L; Zhong, R, 2009)	1.33
"Gentamicin led to an NO increase of about 70% in the saccule, an NO reduction of more than 70% in SCCA, and an NO reduction of 36% in the utricle."	( Gentamicin alters nitric oxide production in semicircular canals and otolith organs. Brieger, J; Heinrich, UR; Helling, K; Heusgen, L; Li, H; Mann, WJ; Schmidtmann, I, 2010)	3.25
"Gentamicin can cause permanent vestibular and auditory ototoxicity. "	( Permanent gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Black, FO; Pesznecker, S; Stallings, V, 2004)	2.17
"Gentamicin can suppress stop mutations in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in vitro and in vivo, leading to improvements in CFTR-dependent ion transport and protein localization to the apical surface of respiratory epithelial cells."	( No detectable improvements in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by nasal aminoglycosides in patients with cystic fibrosis with stop mutations. Aitken, ML; Bebok, Z; Berclaz, P; Clancy, JP; Gibson, R; Knowles, MR; Mayer-Hamblett, N; Moss, R; Oster, RA; Ramsey, B; Rowe, SM; Zeitlin, P, 2007)	1.06
"gentamicin) suppress nonsense mutations located in CFTR permitting translation to continue to the natural termination codon."	( In vitro prediction of stop-codon suppression by intravenous gentamicin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Bidou, L; Bismuth, E; Davy, N; Edelman, A; Fajac, A; Lenoir, G; Lesure, JF; Parbaille, B; Pierrot, S; Reinert, P; Renouil, M; Rousset, JP; Sermet-Gaudelus, I, 2007)	1.3
"Gentamicin can suppress LPS-driven TNF-alpha production in proximal tubule cells, likely by inhibiting its translation."	( Gentamicin suppresses endotoxin-driven TNF-alpha production in human and mouse proximal tubule cells. Geballe, A; Johnson, AC; Zager, RA, 2007)	2.5
"Gentamicin is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis but immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity is unusual."	( Gentamicin-induced anaphylaxis. Bourke, JF; Connolly, M; McAdoo, J, 2007)	3.23
"Gentamicin was found to cause a decrease in light absorbance and a release of lysosomal acid hydrolases, which indicate lysosomal membrane swelling."	( Studies on gentamicin-induced labilization of rat kidney lysosomes in vitro. Possible protection by selenium. Ngaha, EO; Ogunleye, IO, 1983)	1.38
"Gentamicin was chosen because it has been widely used, and a large portion of the body of knowledge concerning aminoglycosides involves gentamicin."	( Patient selection for serum gentamicin levels. Crass, RE; Lampasona, V, 1983)	1.28
"Gentamicin induced an increase in [Ca2+]i that was inhibited by BN-52021."	( Gentamicin activates rat mesangial cells. A role for platelet activating factor. Gonzalez-Sarmiento, R; López-Novoa, JM; Rodriguez-Barbero, A; Rodriguez-Lopez, AM, 1995)	2.46
"Gentamicin did not cause a decrease in initial muscular strength, nor did it impair the muscles' ability to sustain strength."	( Effects of high-dose gentamicin sulfate on neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized horses. Hague, BA; Hartsfield, SM; Martinez, EA, 1997)	2.06
"Gentamicin can cause ototoxic damage to cochlear hair cells responsible for high frequency hearing."	( Tonotopic changes in 2-deoxyglucose activity in chick cochlear nucleus during hair cell loss and regeneration. Durham, D; Girod, DA; Park, DL, 1999)	1.02
"Gentamicin can cause ototoxic damage to cochlear hair cells responsible for high frequency hearing, which seems likely to cause a frequency-specific loss of input into the CNS."	( Central nervous system plasticity during hair cell loss and regeneration. Durham, D; Girod, DA; Park, DL, 2000)	1.03
"Gentamicin did not increase the intracellular activities of the other antibiotics tested."	( Comparative intracellular (THP-1 macrophage) and extracellular activities of beta-lactams, azithromycin, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones against Listeria monocytogenes at clinically relevant concentrations. Carryn, S; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2002)	1.25
"Gentamicin can cause proximal tubule necrosis. "	( Calcium supplementation and thyroid hormone protect against gentamicin-induced inhibition of proximal tubular Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and other renal functional changes. Aperia, A; Eklöf, AC; Fukuda, Y; Malmborg, AS, 1992)	1.97
"Gentamicin did not inhibit amino acid reabsorption."	( Aminoaciduria is an earlier index of renal tubular damage than conventional renal disease markers in the gentamicin-rat model of acute renal failure. Goldberg, DM; Macpherson, NA; Moscarello, MA, 1991)	1.22
"No gentamicin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was observed in these longer exposures, whether or not significant LDH release occurred."	( Lack of changes in cytosolic ionized calcium in primary cultures of rat kidney cortical cells exposed to cytotoxic concentrations of gentamicin. Acosta, D; Swann, JD; Ulrich, R, 1990)	1

Treatment

Gentamicin treatment results in significant changes in lysosomal morphology and enzyme activity in renal tubular epithelium both in vivo and in vitro. Gentamicin-treated mothers presented only minor modifications of the blood biology with no acute renal failure when treated nonpregnant females.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gentamicin treatment was followed by plectin expression in the skin for at least 5 months."	( Evaluation of Systemic Gentamicin as Translational Readthrough Therapy for a Patient With Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex With Muscular Dystrophy Owing to PLEC1 Pathogenic Nonsense Variants. de Arriba, MDC; de Lucas, R; Del Río, M; Duarte, B; Escámez, MJ; Esteban-Rodríguez, I; García, M; Guerrero-Aspizúa, S; Hernández-Fernández, CP; Illera, N; Larcher, F; Martínez-Santamaría, L; Mascías, J; Maseda, R; Membrilla, JA; Quintana, L; Sigüenza, AI; Woodley, DT, 2022)	1.75
"Gentamicin-treated wounds exhibited increased expression of laminin 332 at the dermal-epidermal junction for at least 3 months and were associated with improved wound closure."	( Gentamicin Induces Laminin 332 and Improves Wound Healing in Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa Patients with Nonsense Mutations. Antaya, R; Chen, M; Chen, Q; Cogan, J; Hao, M; Hou, Y; Kim, G; Kwong, A; Lincoln, V; Woodley, DT, 2020)	2.72
"Gentamicin ointment treatment resulted in a significant improvement in symptoms of hyperkeratosis and foul smell compared with vehicle."	( Effect of Gentamicin Ointment in Patients with Nagashima-type Palmoplantar Keratosis: A Double-blind Vehicle-controlled Study. Han, J; Li, M; Li, Y; Pan, C; Wang, Y; Yao, Z; Yu, X, 2021)	1.75
"From gentamicin-treated critically ill patients, dosing information, clinical parameters, and serum concentrations were collected prospectively. "	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	1.26
"Gentamicin treatment decreased fall latency of mice and gentamicin treatment together with alpha-linolenic acid increased fall latency of mice."	( Protective effect of alpha-linolenic acid on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in mice. Doran, F; Erdoğan, KE; Kaplan, HM; Şingirik, E, 2017)	1.44
"Gentamicin-treated wild-type chinchillas were implanted with microcatheter tubes that delivered ionic current to the left ear vestibular canals and stimulated with steps of anodic/cathodic iDC or PFM. "	( Ionic Direct Current Modulation for Combined Inhibition/Excitation of the Vestibular System. Aplin, FP; Fridman, GY; Santina, CCD; Singh, D, 2019)	1.96
"Gentamicin treatment increased the activation of PARP and caspase-3, while such an increase could be downregulated by baicalin."	( Baicalin attenuates gentamicin-induced cochlear hair cell ototoxicity. Yu, J; Zhang, X, 2019)	1.56
"Gentamicin-treated guinea pigs were supplied with water alone (control), decyl-TPP (positive control), or MitoQ-supplemented drinking water. "	( Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ reduces gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Antonelli, PJ; Le Prell, CG; Ojano-Dirain, CP, 2014)	2.1
"Gentamicin treated group had significant increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, fractional Na excretion and urine gamma glutamyl transferase levels, and significant decrease in creatinine clearance compared to the control group. "	( Protective effect of L-arginine on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Başhan, İ; Başhan, P; Seçilmiş, MA; Şingirik, E, )	1.85
"Gentamicin treatment in SUP-T1 cells restored the expression of GAPDH, B2M and CDKN1A to values similar to those of lymphocytes and caused overexpression of CDKN1B."	( Gentamicin arrests cancer cell growth: the intriguing involvement of nuclear sphingomyelin metabolism. Albi, E; Ambesi-Impiombato, FS; Beccari, T; Cataldi, S; Codini, M; Curcio, F; Floridi, A; Lazzarini, A; Lazzarini, R, 2015)	2.58
"Gentamicin treatment increased serum urea and creatinine levels (group B). "	( THE EFFECT OF FICUS CARICA L. (ANJIR) LEAF EXTRACT ON GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO MICE. Faisal, B; Ghaffar, A; Latif, W; Lone, KP; Tahir, M, )	1.82
"Gentamicin treatment induces hair cell death or survival in the inner ear. "	( Gentamicin alters Akt-expression and its activation in the guinea pig cochlea. Heinrich, UR; Helling, K; Li, H; Schmidtmann, I; Strieth, S, 2015)	3.3
"Gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis is both feasible and effective in community-based settings and can be used as an alternative to the hospitalbased care in resource compromised settings. "	( Feasibility and efficacy of gentamicin for treating neonatal sepsis in community-based settings: a systematic review. Agarwal, A; Chadha, N; Gupta, N; Jaiswal, N; Kaur, H; Kaur, N; Kondel, R; Kumar, A; Malhotra, S; Shafiq, N; Singh, M; Thumburu, KK, 2016)	2.17
"Gentamicin treatment resulted in dose-dependent hair cell loss that was partially protected by dieckol. "	( Protective effects of the seaweed phlorotannin polyphenolic compound dieckol on gentamicin-induced damage in auditory hair cells. Byon, SH; Byun, JY; Chang, MY; Han, SE; Kim, JY; Lee, JD; Park, MK; Shin, HC, 2016)	2.1
"Gentamicin-treated rats demonstrated impaired renal function by attenuation of creatinine clearance and increased oxidative stress."	( Atorvastatin improves renal organic anion transporter 3 and renal function in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Arjinajarn, P; Chatsudthipong, V; Chattipakorn, N; Jaikumkao, K; Lungkaphin, A; Pongchaidecha, A; Promsan, S, 2016)	1.38
"Gentamicin treated rats revealed a highly significant increase in renal function tests, tubular dilatation with marked vacuolar degeneration and desquamation of cells, interstitial hemorrhage and cellular infiltration."	( 6-gingerol ameliorates gentamicin induced renal cortex oxidative stress and apoptosis in adult male albino rats. Bayomy, NA; Elshafey, SH; Hegazy, AM; Mosaed, MM, 2016)	1.47
"Gentamicin treatment also stimulated Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, as well as the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, concomitant with the attenuation of Bcl-XL expression in the renal cortical tissues."	( Pinocembrin attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Arjinajarn, P; Chatsudthipong, V; Chattipakorn, N; Jaikumkao, K; Lungkaphin, A; Pompimon, W; Pongchaidecha, A; Promsan, S, 2016)	1.47
"Gentamicin treatment caused decreased renal function significant oxidative stress, reduced urinary nitric oxide and increased TGF-β. "	( Moderate aerobic exercise on the recovery phase of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Higa, EM; Nascimento, MA; Nogueira, GB; Oliveira, CS; Punaro, GR; Rodrigues, AM, 2017)	2.15
"Gentamicin treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the score for vertigo complaints and the score for perceived aural fullness. "	( Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for control of vertigo in unilateral Menire's disease: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Albers, FW; Kingma, CM; Postema, RJ; Van Der Laan, BF; Wit, HP, 2008)	2.15
"In gentamicin-treated animals, the hearing function was evaluated by measuring the auditory brainstem response (ABR)."	( Ototoxicity on cochlear nucleus neurons following systemic application of gentamicin. Anniko, M; Chen, G; Duan, M; Fan, YL; Hu, HT; Jin, Z; Wang, WX; Xu, M, 2009)	1.1
"Gentamicin group was treated intraperitoneally with gentamicin, 80 mg/kg daily for 7 days."	( Spirulina platensis protects against renal injury in rats with gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis. Avdagić, N; Cosović, E; Hadzović-Dzuvo, A; Mornjaković, Z; Nakas-Ićindić, E; Zaciragić, A, 2008)	1.31
"The gentamicin-treated group showed a marked increase in SCr compared to the normal control group. "	( The modifier protein of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reduces free radical-mediated renal damage in a rat model of acute kidney injury. Fan, QL; Li, ZL; Liang, ZF; Ma, JF; Ren, Q; Sun, YH; Wang, J; Wang, LN, 2010)	0.92
"Oral gentamicin treatment for eradication of CRKP from the gastrointestinal reservoir could serve as additional tool in the combat against the nosocomial spread and severe infections caused by this difficult-to-treat organism."	( SCT in patients with carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single center experience with oral gentamicin for the eradication of carrier state. Benyamini, N; Fineman, R; Finkelstein, R; Oren, I; Rowe, JM; Sprecher, H; Zuckerman, T, 2011)	1.04
"Gentamicin treatment increased the presence of DTT-resistant CLIMP-63 dimers in both kidney proximal (KPT11) and distal (KDT3) tubule cells."	( CLIMP-63 is a gentamicin-binding protein that is involved in drug-induced cytotoxicity. David, LL; Karasawa, T; Steyger, PS; Wang, Q, 2010)	1.44
"Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, renal malondialdehyde, urine sodium, and fractional excretion of sodium."	( Evaluation of efficacy of vitamin E and N-acetyl cysteine in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Deshpande, S; Patel Manali, B; Shah, G, 2011)	1.33
"In gentamicin-treated renal LLC-PK1 cells, acridine orange release from lysosomes, previously interpreted as lysosomal membrane permeabilization, precedes the apoptotic cascade that develops during incubation with gentamicin."	( Role of oxidative stress in lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis induced by gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Courtoy, PJ; Denamur, S; Marchand-Brynaert, J; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Tulkens, PM; Tyteca, D; Van Bambeke, F, 2011)	1.1
"Gentamicin treatment was not significantly lower (median 0.29, IQR 0.21-0.47)."	( Do topical antibiotics reduce exit site infection rates and peritonitis episodes in peritoneal dialysis patients? The Pan Thames Renal Audit. Davenport, A, )	0.85
"Gentamicin-treated rats presented higher sodium and potassium fractional excretion, increased plasma creatinine [4.06 (3.00; 5.87) mg%] and urea levels, a greater number of macrophages/monocytes, and a higher score for tubular interstitial lesions [3.50 (3.00; 4.00)] in the renal cortex."	( Effect of endogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibition on structural and functional renal disturbances induced by gentamicin. Chierice, JR; Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; Cunha, FQ; Francescato, HD; Marin, EC; Silva, CG, 2012)	1.31
"Gentamicin-treated rats presented a transitory increase in plasma creatinine levels. "	( Role of myofibroblasts, macrophages, transforming growth factor-beta endothelin, angiotensin-II, and fibronectin in the progression of tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by gentamicin. Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; Geleilete, TJ; Melo, GC; Soares, TJ; Volpini, RA, )	1.77
"Gentamicin treatment caused a significant reduction in basal potential difference in the 19 patients carrying stop mutations (from -45+/-8 to -34+/-11 mV, P=0.005) and a significant response to chloride-free isoproterenol solution (from 0+/-3.6 to -5+/-2.7 mV, P<0.001). "	( Gentamicin-induced correction of CFTR function in patients with cystic fibrosis and CFTR stop mutations. Aviram, M; Bdolah-Abram, T; Bebok, Z; Bentur, L; Blau, H; Kerem, B; Kerem, E; Rivlin, J; Shushi, L; Wilschanski, M; Yaacov, Y; Yahav, Y, 2003)	3.2
"In gentamicin-treated animals, the morphologic damage has been well documented, although this has seldom been quantified."	( Functional and anatomic alterations in the gentamicin-damaged vestibular system in the guinea pig. Albers, FW; Dijk, F; Oei, ML; Segenhout, HM; Stokroos, I; van der Want, JJ, 2004)	1.1
"Gentamicin-treated rats presented a transitory increase in plasma creatinine levels. "	( Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation attenuates tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by gentamicin. Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; da Silva, CG; Volpini, RA, 2004)	1.98
"When gentamicin-treated groups were compared with the control group, it was observed that BUN and creatinine levels increased significantly."	( Protective effect of L-arginine intake on the impaired renal vascular responses in the gentamicin-treated rats. Buyukafşar, K; Dikmen, A; Doran, F; Inal, TC; Karataş, Y; Seçilmiş, MA; Singirik, E; Yorulmaz, O, 2005)	1.01
"The gentamicin treatment tested in the current studies did not cause any auditory permanent threshold shift neither cochlear disruptions, although the treatment could be considered as approximately ten times the therapeutic dose used in human."	( Combined effects of noise and gentamicin on hearing in the guinea pig. Bombard, F; Campo, P; Lataye, R, )	0.9
"Gentamicin-treated rats presented a transitory increase in plasma creatinine levels."	( Increased expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is related to the acute renal lesions induced by gentamicin. Balbi, AP; Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; Volpini, RA, 2006)	1.27
"In gentamicin-treated animals, activation of MOC efferents did not produce any changes in the input-output functions or spontaneous activity of CNIC neurons."	( Effects of medial olivocochlear efferent stimulation on the activity of neurons in the auditory midbrain. Mulders, WH; Robertson, D; Seluakumaran, K, 2008)	0.86
"Gentamicin-treated fish were compared with control and sham fish."	( Effects of systemic versus local gentamicin on the inner ear in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (L.), relevance for fish hearing investigations. Aas-Hansen, Ø; Damsgård, B; Faucher, K; Stenklev, NC, 2008)	1.35
"In gentamicin - treated patients LMWP elimination increased, especially LZM which rose markedly during treatment and returned to normal values after its end."	( Gentamicin and sisomicin - induced renal tubular damage. Charmes, JP; Lachâtre, G; Merle, L; Nicot, G; Valette, JP, 1982)	2.22
"Gentamicin (20 mg/kg) treatment of male rats reduced Na+,K+-ATPase activity by 32% in renal cortical plasma membranes. "	( Effect of gentamicin treatment on adenylate cyclase and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in renal tissues of rats. Hamel, FG; Luft, FC; Queener, SF, 1983)	2.11
"Gentamicin pretreatment did not significantly alter plasma iTxB2 levels, but decreased i6-keto-PGF1 alpha from 9465 +/- 792 (N = 7) to 3096 +/- 1,174 pg/ml (N = 5; P less than .01) at 6 hr after induction of fecal peritonitis."	( Gentamicin and indomethacin in the treatment of septic shock: effects on prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 production. Butler, RR; Cook, JA; Halushka, PV; Wise, WC, 1983)	2.43
"Gentamicin-treated animals demonstrated more severe evidence of ototoxicity including increased thresholds for CM, and a higher incidence of missing hair cells and damage to OHC stereocilia."	( Comparative ototoxicity of four aminoglycosidic antibiotics during the critical period of cochlear development in the rat. A functional and structural study. Lenoir, M; Marot, M; Uziel, A, 1983)	0.99
"In gentamicin-treated rats, lysozyme degradation was significantly decreased by doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg/day after 3 and 5 days of exposure in the absence of any changes in BUN or PAH accumulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Renal protein degradation: a biochemical target of specific nephrotoxicants. Cojocel, C; Hook, JB; Maita, K; Sleight, SD; Smith, JH, )	0.65
"The gentamicin treated patients were however more easily cared for as the suction-irrigation drainage required constant attention."	( Antibiotic containing bone cement beads in the treatment of deep muscle and skeletal infections. Hedström, SA; Lidgren, L; Onnerfält, R; Törholm, C, 1980)	0.74
"gentamicin treatment of 80 patients during an 11-month period was conducted."	( Establishing an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital. Bollish, SJ; Kelly, WN; Miller, DE; Timmons, RG, 1981)	0.98
"Gentamicin treatment in patients with grossly decreased renal function should thus be performed under control of serum levels."	( [Is endogenous creatinine clearance a sound basis for estimation of elimination half life of gentamicin?]. Graninger, W; Hitzenberger, G; Jaschek, I; Rameis, H, 1980)	1.2
"Gentamicin-treated animals had characteristic hair cell loss beginning at the basal tip and tapering out along the inferior edge more distally."	( Mitochondrial role in hair cell survival after injury. Hyde, GE; Rubel, EW, 1995)	1.01
"In gentamicin-treated animals, cortical drug accumulation reached values higher than 0.3 mg/g renal tissue, but a significant 30-40% decrease of gentamicin accumulation was noted in GAP groups, compared to G groups."	( Potentiation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the rat by infusion of aprotinin. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Frau, A; Heuson-Stiennon, JA; Laurent, G; Morin, NJ; Nonclercq, D; Toubeau, G; Zanen, J, 1994)	1.15
"Gentamicin treated rats exhibited a 63% increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), a 124% increase in uric acid, and a 63% decrease in serum potassium levels on day 15."	( Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and co-trimoxazole combination in rats. Ayça, B; Cevikbaş, U; Izzettin, FV; Stohs, SJ; Uras, F; Uysal, V; Yardimci, T, 1994)	1.34
"2. Gentamicin treatment produced significant elevation in plasma total cholesterol amounting to 70% at the 80 mg kg-1 dose."	( Plasma lipid profile in rats with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Abdel-Gayoum, AA; Ali, BH; Bashir, AA; Ghawarsha, K, 1993)	1.08
"Gentamicin treatment elevated CAP and ABR thresholds in both genotypes, but pigmented gerbils were less severely affected."	( Albino and pigmented gerbil auditory function: influence of genotype and gentamicin. Buchting, FO; Henry, KR; Szymanski, MD, )	1.08
"Gentamicin treatment (2 mg/kg, SC, q 8 h or 6 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) was begun 4 hours after E coli inoculation and continued for 72 hours."	( Bacterial killing by use of once daily gentamicin dosage in guinea pigs with Escherichia coli infection. Bartholow, S; Campbell, BG; Rosin, E, 1996)	1.28
"For gentamicin-treated cells, however, a majority of the cells lost their fluorescence after cold shock."	( Rapid assessment of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin susceptibility in exponentially-growing E. coli cells by means of flow cytometry. Gaustad, P; Steen, HB; Walberg, M, 1997)	1.03
"The gentamicin group was treated with one dose of gentamicin, 75 mg/Kg i.m., daily for four weeks."	( Synergestic effects of noise and aminoglycoside antibiotic (gentamicin) on auditory function in the gerbil. Chen, SS; Chen, TJ; Hsieh, YL; Lin, CH, 1997)	1.02
"In gentamicin-treated rats, for 7 and 10 days, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity were significantly increased compared with saline-treated controls."	( Effect of methimazole and fish oil treatment on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. el Daly, ES, )	0.9
"Gentamicin treatment (80 dB threshold shift at 18 kHz) and noise exposure (43 dB threshold shift at 18 kHz) did not affect glutathione at the tissue level."	( Glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems in the mammalian inner ear: effects of aging, ototoxic drugs and noise. Crann, SA; Lautermann, J; McLaren, J; Schacht, J, 1997)	1.02
"In gentamicin-treated rats with tubular dysfunction, up to 30% of the pentosidine load was recovered as intact pentosidine in the urine."	( Renal catabolism of advanced glycation end products: the fate of pentosidine. Horie, K; Kurokawa, K; Miyata, T; Nangaku, M; Tanaka, S; Ueda, Y; van Ypersele de Strihou, C, 1998)	0.81
"Gentamicin (G) treatment (5, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg[-1] day[-1] given intramuscularly for 6 days) was shown to cause a dose-related platelet proaggregatory effect in mouse pial microcirculation. "	( The effect of gentamicin on acetylsalicylic acid-induced platelet antiaggregatory action in mouse pial arterioles. Ali, BH; Bashir, AK; El-Sabban, FM; Tanira, MO, 1998)	2.1
"Gentamicin treatment also caused a significant reduction in the perception of head and body tilt towards the deafferented side, while the perception of tilt towards the healthy side did not show any significant changes."	( Subjective visual horizontal during follow-up after unilateral vestibular deafferentation with gentamicin. Bergenius, J; Brantberg, K; Tribukait, A, 1998)	1.24
"Gentamicin treatment causes tubular necrosis at day 3, followed by tubular regenerative changes and interstitial fibrosis, which was most prominent at day 14."	( Expression of the heat shock protein 47 in gentamicin-treated rat kidneys. Cheng, M; Nazneen, A; Razzaque, MS; Taguchi, T, 1998)	1.28
"Gentamicin treatment at 1300 or 0100 h resulted in a decrease in the 24-h food intake."	( Temporal modulation of nephrotoxicity, feeding, and drinking in gentamicin-treated rats. Beauchamp, D; Julien, N; Karzazi, M; Labrecque, G; Thibault, L, 2000)	1.27
"Gentamicin treatment resulted in renal failure associated with decreased tubular free water reabsorption and increased urinary flow rate."	( Gentamicin decreases the abundance of aquaporin water channels in rat kidney. Choi, KC; Kang, DG; Kim, SW; Lee, J; Yoo, KS, 2001)	2.47
"Gentamicin treatment produced significant elevation in serum total cholesterol, which was greater in animals fed with CSD."	( Effect of high dietary cholesterol on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Abdel-Gayoum, AA; Abu-Spetan, KA, 2001)	1.3
"Gentamicin treatment sufficient to destroy hair cells in the basilar papilla causes a rapid, transient downregulation of FGFR3 mRNA in the region of damage."	( FGFR3 expression during development and regeneration of the chick inner ear sensory epithelia. Bermingham-McDonogh, O; Reh, TA; Rubel, EW; Stone, JS, 2001)	1.03
"Gentamicin-treated mice received a single 15 mg/kg injection of gentamicin at the time of CLP."	( Treatment of intra-abdominal infection with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Davis, JH; Gamelli, RL; Greenhalgh, DG; Hebert, JC; O'Reilly, M; Silver, GM, 1992)	1
"Gentamicin treatment decreased the maximal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase, indicating that the number of active enzyme molecules in the apical membrane was decreased by gentamicin."	( Inhibition of apical membrane enzyme activities and protein synthesis by gentamicin in a kidney epithelial cell line LLC-PK1. Hori, R; Okuda, M; Takano, M; Yasuhara, M, 1992)	1.24
"Gentamicin treatment caused an elevation in serum urea and creatinine concentrations and ALT activity, associated with pathological changes in the liver and kidney. "	( Comparison of gentamicin toxicity in normal and diabetic rats. Arbid, MS; Atef, M; Hanafy, MS, 1992)	2.09
"Gentamicin treatment enhanced T3* absorption, but general wasting (weight loss associated with time under study) had no effect on either T4* or T3* absorption."	( Transport of the thyroid hormones across the feline gut wall. Hays, MT; Hsu, L; Kohatsu, S, 1992)	1
"Gentamicin-treated rats showed marked elevation of blood urea nitrogen, extensive tubular necrosis in the kidney and haemosiderin deposition in the spleen."	( Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on new anaemic model rats induced by gentamicin. Arai, H; Koumegawa, J; Kusaka, M; Nagano, N; Wada, M, 1990)	1.23
"Gentamicin treatment results in significant changes in lysosomal morphology and enzyme activity in renal tubular epithelium both in vivo and in vitro. "	( Effect of gentamicin on the lysosomal system of cultured human proximal tubular cells. Endocytotic activity, lysosomal pH and membrane fragility. Regec, AL; Trifillis, AL; Trump, BF, 1989)	2.12
"Gentamicin treatment alone induced typical renal lesions which were scored as moderate and a slight but significant decrease in ACE blood levels."	( Modulation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity by chronic inhibition of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme in rat. Borghi, H; Fillastre, JP; Morin, JP; Thomas, N; Toutain, H, 1989)	1.36
"Gentamicin treatment alone induced typical renal lesions which were scored as moderate and a slight but significant decrease in ACE blood levels."	( [Treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may increase the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in rats]. Borghi, H; Fillastre, JP; Morin, JP; Thomas, N; Toutain, H, 1989)	1.22
"Gentamicin treatment is effective in eliminating bacteria in this model and immunization has no additional benefit."	( Pulmonary clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in neutropenic mice. Effects of systemic immunization. Dunn, MM; Kamp, DW, 1987)	0.99
"Gentamicin treatment resulted in a diminished thorium reactivity of both the endolymphatic and perilymphatic glycocalyx of the hair cells after 1 day and complete abolishment of reactivity after 5 days."	( Early effects of gentamicin on inner ear glycocalyx cytochemistry. de Groot, JC; Veldman, JE, 1988)	1.34
"The gentamicin-treated animals showed increased albuminuria immediately after the 3rd day of treatment."	( Analysis of urinary albumin excretion in gentamicin-treated rats. Coimbra, TM; Lachat, JJ, 1988)	1.02
"Gentamicin-treated mothers presented only minor modifications of the blood biology with no acute renal failure when treated nonpregnant females have a hypercreatininemia."	( In-utero gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Gerard, A; Gerard, H; Mallié, JP, 1986)	1.41
"Gentamicin treatment markedly decreased the buoyant density of the lysosomes."	( Impairment of lysosome-pinocytic vesicle fusion in rat kidney proximal tubules after treatment with gentamicin at low doses. Giurgea-Marion, L; Heuson-Stiennon, JA; Laurent, G; Toubeau, G; Tulkens, PM, 1986)	1.21
"Gentamicin treatment also caused increased urinary Ca++ excretion in control rats (from 2.12 +/- 0.64 mumol/mg creatinine per day [pretreatment] to 16.86 +/- 2.07 mumol/mg creatinine per day; P less than 0.001) but not in PTX rats."	( Effect of parathyroid hormone activity on gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Elliott, WC; Jones, DB; Patchin, DS, 1987)	1.26
"Gentamicin/clindamycin treatment failed only in two of four instances of severe infection."	( Imipenem/cilastatin vs. gentamicin/clindamycin for the treatment of moderate to severe infections in hospitalized patients. Antúnez de Mayolo, E; Barboza, E; Casalino, E; del Castillo, M; Gonzalez del Riego, M; Guerra, JG; Huapaya, V; Palomino, JC, )	1.16
"Pre-treatment with gentamicin helps to lower anxiety levels in patients and improves their general postoperative status. "	( Assessment of visual sensation, psychiatric profile and quality of life following vestibular schwannoma surgery in patients prehabituated by chemical vestibular ablation. Balatkova, Z; Cada, Z; Cerny, R; Hruba, S; Komarc, M, 2020)	0.89
"Mice treated with gentamicin for 7 days developed AKI, and programmed cell death pathways were examined using pharmacologic inhibitors and in RIPK3-deficient mice. "	( Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in an Animal Model Involves Programmed Necrosis of the Collecting Duct. Capen, DE; Huang, H; Huang, M; Ji, H; Jin, WW; Lu, HAJ; Păunescu, TG; Xia, Y; Yuan, J, 2020)	2.33
"Treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity with either HBOT or 100% oxygen for 5 days had no beneficial renal effect. "	( Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Abu-Kishk, I; Berkovitch, M; Goldman, M; Kozer, E; Shain, Y, 2017)	1.07
"Treatment with gentamicin induced a dose-dependent increase in kidney tubular cell degeneration/necrosis, ranging from minimal to mild severity at 10mg/kg/day, moderate at 25mg/kg/day, and to severe at 50mg/kg/day."	( Evaluation of novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in Cynomolgus monkeys treated with gentamicin. Boitier, E; Detilleux, P; Filali-Ansary, A; Gautier, JC; Guizon, I; Gury, T; Joos, T; Léonard, JF; Li, B; Palazzi, X; Poetz, O; Qu, Z; Slaoui, M; van den Berg, BHJ; Veeranagouda, Y; Wang, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, T; Zhou, X, 2016)	1
"Co-treatment of gentamicin with MP and/or EGF produced similar significant decreases preventing the increase in SCr."	( The modifier protein of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reduces free radical-mediated renal damage in a rat model of acute kidney injury. Fan, QL; Li, ZL; Liang, ZF; Ma, JF; Ren, Q; Sun, YH; Wang, J; Wang, LN, 2010)	0.69
"Cotreatment of gentamicin and OLE significantly decreased serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, tubular necrosis, and renal malondialdehyde, and increased renal glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, volume density of proximal convoluted tubules, and creatinine clearance in comparison with gentamicin-only treated group."	( Inhibitory effect of olive leaf extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ahmadvand, H; Tavafi, M; Toolabi, P, 2012)	0.98
"Treatment with gentamicin for 6 or 12 h promoted the expression of active caspase-3 and active caspase-9 in many hair cells along the BP as shown by immunohistochemistry."	( Hair cell death in the avian basilar papilla: characterization of the in vitro model and caspase activation. Cheng, AG; Cunningham, LL; Rubel, EW, 2003)	0.66
"Treatment with gentamicin microencapsulated into the end-group uncapped PLGA 50:50H microspheres, decreased significantly the number of intracellular bacteria (typically by 2 log(10)) in comparison with untreated infected cells."	( Gentamicin-loaded microspheres for reducing the intracellular Brucella abortus load in infected monocytes. Gamazo, C; Gander, B; Irache, JM; Lecároz, C; Prior, S, 2004)	2.11
"treated with gentamicin alone at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (IM); and group D (n = 10), treated with gentamicin at the same dose plus alpha-tocopherol acetate at dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (IM)."	( alpha-Tocopherol protective effects on gentamicin ototoxicity: an experimental study. Ferraresi, A; Fetoni, AR; Paludetti, G; Sergi, B; Troiani, D, 2004)	0.95
"treatment with gentamicin and IL-12 therapeutically at 8 and 24 h after challenge markedly enhanced the rate of survival (70 to 100%) against pulmonary infection compared to the rates of survival for animals treated with antibiotic alone (17%) or IL-12 alone (0%)."	( Intranasal interleukin-12 treatment promotes antimicrobial clearance and survival in pulmonary Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida infection. Arulanandam, BP; Budhavarapu, VN; Klose, KE; Pammit, MA; Raulie, EK; Teale, JM, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with gentamicin stabilized cardiac index (BL, 5.0 +/- 0.4 L.min(-1).m(-2) vs."	( Gentamicin improves hemodynamics in ovine septic shock after smoke inhalation injury. Enkhbaatar, P; Heggers, JP; Herndon, DN; Jodoin, JM; Maybauer, DM; Maybauer, MO; Morita, N; Traber, DL; Traber, LD; Westphal, M, 2005)	2.11
"Rats treated with gentamicin also had increased urinary levels of several phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species."	( Biomarkers to monitor drug-induced phospholipidosis. Alden, C; Baronas, ET; Hsieh, FY; Lee, JW, 2007)	0.66
"Treatment with gentamicin nearly abolished the mortality of Escherichia coli suspended in normal saline solution (14 of 15 rats survived, p = less than 0.002) but did not prevent abscess formation when bacteria were incorporated into fibrin."	( The effect of bacterial trapping by fibrin on the efficacy of systemic antibiotics in experimental peritonitis. Hau, T; Nishikawa, RA; Phuangsab, A, 1983)	0.61
"Treatment with gentamicin or tobramycin given intravenously with carbenicillin is compared in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infection in older patients with cystic fibrosis. "	( Tobramycin and carbenicillin compared with gentamicin and carbenicillin in the treatment of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Batten, JC; Hodson, ME; Wingfield, HJ, 1983)	0.88
"Rats treated with gentamicin showed a progressive increase in plasma creatinine and a drop in creatinine clearance."	( Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats is not modified by verapamil. Bosque, E; Garcia-Bastos, JL; Gonzalez-Buitrago, JM; López-Novoa, JM; Rodríguez-Barbero, A, )	1.9
"Treatment with gentamicin in positively charged liposomes produced a protective effect when it was administered 1 day after lethal challenge (70% of protection)."	( Protective effect of liposomal gentamicin against systemic acute murine brucellosis. Díaz, R; Gamazo, C; Vitas, AI, )	0.76
"Treatment with gentamicin (5 mg/kg every 12 h for five doses) was instituted 4 h after induction of peritonitis."	( Delayed treatment with recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor improves survival in rabbits with gram-negative peritonitis. Camerota, AJ; Creasey, AA; Fink, MP; Larkin, VA; Patla, V, 1998)	0.64
"Treatment with gentamicin, appears to enhance CyA nephrotoxicity, but only in the first 2 days, after this there was no significant differences between the two groups."	( The combined effect of cyclosporine a and gentamicin on enzymuria in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Fashola, TO; Obatomi, DK; Plummer, DT, 2000)	0.91
"Treatment with gentamicin decreased the numbers of extracellularly bound GFP+ bacteria significantly but did not affect the numbers of intracellular GFP+ bacteria, suggesting that the latter were the result of intercellular spread of GFP+ bacteria to leukocytes."	( Listeria monocytogenes-infected phagocytes can initiate central nervous system infection in mice. Drevets, DA; Freitag, NE; Jelinek, TA, 2001)	0.65
"Treatment with gentamicin effectively sterilized the lungs of these mice but had no effect on either mortality or extent of the pneumonic process."	( The significance of secondary gram-negative coliform infection of the lungs of mice with influenzal pneumonitis. Heath, RB; Yealland, SJ, 1978)	0.6
"Treatment with gentamicin prior to enflurane also resulted in reduced urinary osmolality compared to enflurane or gentamicin alone (GE, 742 +/- 57; E, 1709 +/- 66; G, 985 +/- 32 m0sm/kg)."	( Enflurane nephrotoxicity and pre-existing renal dysfunction. Cousins, MJ; David, W; Fulton, A; Haynes, G; Whitehead, R, 1978)	0.6
"Treatment with gentamicin reduced the acute mortality rate to 4%, but 98% of the survivors had abscesses."	( Antimicrobial therapy of experimental intraabdominal sepsis. Bartlett, JG; Gorbach, SL; Louie, TJ; Onderdonk, AB; Weinstein, WM, 1975)	0.59
"Treatment with gentamicin sulfate did not increase clusterin levels in the seminal vesicle, ventral prostate, testis, or epididymis."	( Measurement of urinary clusterin as an index of nephrotoxicity. Aulitzky, WK; Bardin, CW; Chen, CL; Cheng, CY; Goldstein, M; Li, PS; Reidenberg, M; Schlegel, PN; Wu, DF, 1992)	0.62
"Rats treated with gentamicin (G) alone (100 mg/kg, s.c."	( Evidence suggesting a role for hydroxyl radical in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Shah, SV; Walker, PD, 1988)	0.85
"Treatment with gentamicin sulfate, ampicillin sulfate, and cefoxitin sodium completely abolished the mortality secondary to E coli suspended in normal saline solution but did not influence the rate of abscess formation secondary to E coli incorporated into fibrin clots."	( Antibiotics fail to prevent abscess formation secondary to bacteria trapped in fibrin clots. Hau, T; Hawkins, NL; Jacobs, DE, 1986)	0.61
"Treatment with gentamicin did not significantly modify the intracortical accumulation of HRP, which was estimated to be 2.2% of the amount injected."	( Impairment of lysosome-pinocytic vesicle fusion in rat kidney proximal tubules after treatment with gentamicin at low doses. Giurgea-Marion, L; Heuson-Stiennon, JA; Laurent, G; Toubeau, G; Tulkens, PM, 1986)	0.83

Toxicity

gentamicin is an antibiotic that acts in Gram-negative bacilli infections, having as a side effect ototoxicity. The toxic effects on the stria vascularis of treatment with cisplatin alone and combined with gentamicin were studied in guinea pigs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Severe pathologic conditions, over-dosage, or concomitant exposure to other potent drugs may predispose a patient to these acute adverse effects."	( Acute adverse effects of antibiotics. Adams, HR, 1975)	0.25
"Animal experiments showed that all aminoglycosides cause similar toxic tubular and glomerular damage when investigated by qualitative morphology."	( [Side effects of aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity (author's transl)]. Beck, H; Freiesleben, H; Sack, K; Schulz, E; Züllich, B, 1976)	0.26
" Amikacin causes the most pronounced physiological damage observed by the early loss of Preyer reflex and general toxic signs--these observations correspond with the morphological findings."	( [Animal experiments concerning the neurotoxicity of aminoglycosid antibiotics. Electron microscopic findings regarding dose--depending mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Theopold, HM, 1976)	0.26
" These results urge the continuing of prospective studies and indicate that gentamicin should be used only as a link in the primary treatment of severe infection or in cases in which other, less toxic agents have failed."	( A prospective study of gentamicin ototoxicity. Hansen, MM; Kaaber, K; Rozarth, K; Winkel, O, )	0.67
" Netilmicin is less toxic to the VIIIth nerve than is gentamicin in all species tested."	( Netilmicin: a review of toxicity in laboratory animals. Luft, FC, 1978)	0.51
" The combination of cephalosporins with aminoglycosides increases the potential toxic effect on the proximal tubule."	( Tubular-toxic effects of aminoglycosides and their combinations with cephalosporins. Bindzi, C; Breier, J; Hendus, J; Maske, L; Mondorf, AW; Scherberich, JE; Schoeppe, W, 1979)	0.26
" There was no statistical difference between the nephrotoxic and auditory toxic groups in patient age, total dose of aminoglycoside, initial creatinine level, duration of therapy, or concurrent use of furosemide or cephalothin."	( Relationship between aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity and auditory toxicity. Lietman, PS; Lipsky, JJ; Smith, CR, 1979)	0.26
" However, Win 42122-2 was markedly less toxic than gentamicin in subacute nephrotoxicity studies in rats, ototoxicity experiments in guinea pigs, and ataxia determinations in cats."	( Antibacterial activities, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity of a new aminoglycoside, Win 42122-2. Came, PE; Dobson, RA; Fabian, RJ; O'Connor, JR; Wagner, RB, 1979)	0.51
" A significant side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics is the production of hearing loss."	( [Comparative ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in a guinea pig model (author's transl)]. Brummett, RE, 1978)	0.26
"To examine the nephrotoxicity of prolonged gentamicin administration compared to the effect obtained when a less toxic aminoglycoside is substituted during the course of treatment, we gave gentamicin (67."	( Recovery from aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity with continued drug administration. Luft, FC; Rankin, LI; Sloan, RS; Yum, MN, 1978)	0.52
" Decreased tubular resorption of glucose and phosphate were observed with the most toxic regimens after extensive renal damage had occurred."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats. Bloch, R; Costello, R; Luft, FC; Maxwell, DR; Sloan, RS; Yum, MN, 1978)	0.26
"Mild to severe and persisting diarrhea and even colitis have been reported as a side effect of therapy with lincomycin and clindamycin."	( Use of gentamicin to prevent intestinal side effects of lincomycin therapy. Balsari, A; Cambielli, M; Evangelista, A; Fesce, E; Guslandi, M; Tittobello, A, 1978)	0.71
" Netilmicin appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative infections."	( Clinical efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin in the treatment of gram-negative infections. Buckwold, FJ; Fox, L; Harding, GK; Lank, B; Ronald, AR; Thompson, L, 1979)	0.26
" The study revealed that the bolus administration was safe and nontoxic."	( Safety of the bolus administration of gentamicin. Black, M; Dick, V; Mendelson, J; Portnoy, J, 1976)	0.53
"It was the purpose of this study to establish criteria for use in comparing the toxic effects of aminoglycosid antibiotics on the organ of Corti by means of scanning electron microscopy."	( Comparative surface studies of ototoxic effects of various aminoglycoside antibiotics on the organ of Corti in the guinea pig. A scanning electron microscopic study. Theopold, HM, )	0.13
" The result or examination of the guinea pigs received BB-K8 at 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively for 28 days suggests that BB-K8 at expecting clinical dose, 500 mg per day (for 28 days) may be safe from ototoxicosis in the inner ears."	( [Evaluation of ototoxicity of amikacin (BB-K8) by animal test (author's transl)]. Akiyoshi, M; Nakada, H; Sato, K; Suzuki, K; Tajima, T, 1975)	0.25
" Valley blood levels of gentamicin may be useful for predicting accumulation of gentamicin which in turn may be correlated with early renal impairment before potentially toxic serum levels of gentamicin develop."	( Gentamicin blood levels: a guide to nephrotoxicity. Anderson, ET; Dahlgren, JG; Hewitt, WL, 1975)	2
" The morphologically immature regenerating cells are apparently metabolically immature as well and appear not to be susceptible to toxic effects of the drug."	( A light and electron microscopic analysis of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Bennett, W; Campbell-Boswell, M; Hartnett, M; Houghton, DC; Porter, G, 1976)	0.52
" Moreover, it has been shown that NS-protein accumulation is toxic for transformed cells."	( Terminal regions of the NS-1 protein of the parvovirus minute virus of mice are involved in cytotoxicity and promoter trans inhibition. Legendre, D; Rommelaere, J, 1992)	0.28
" These results indicate that whereas a single injection of these combinations is not toxic to aphakic/vitrectomized eyes, repetitive injections may result in increasing toxicity."	( Intravitreal antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and aminoglycoside: examination of the retinal toxicity of repetitive injections after vitreous and lens surgery. D'Amico, DJ; Kwak, HW; Oum, BS; Wong, KW, 1992)	0.28
" As a result there was no significant difference in hearing loss between the controls and the animals treated with 75 and 150 mg V; toxic doses of 300 mg V led to a certain threshold elevation after click stimuli, but not after trapezoid stimuli of 1, 4 and 8 kHz."	( Ototoxicity of vancomycin: an experimental study in guinea pigs. Federspil, P; Hoth, S; Lenarz, T; Lutz, H; Weidauer, H, 1991)	0.28
" Studies should be performed in peritoneal dialysis patients on the feasibility of dosing gentamicin intermittently, which may be less toxic than continuous intraperitoneal administration."	( Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Bernardini, J; Chong, TK; Piraino, B, 1991)	0.8
" The tubular toxic symptoms which ensure (inactivation of membranaceous enzyme, reduction of microsomal protein synthesis and ATP level, decreased of solute reabsorptive flux) lead in turn to proximal tubular necrosis and acute renal failure."	( [Effects of the calcium-channel blocker diltiazem on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats]. Gibey, R; Henry, JC, 1991)	0.53
"The toxic effects on the stria vascularis of treatment with cisplatin alone and combined with the aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, were studied in guinea pigs."	( Toxic effects of cisplatin alone and in combination with gentamicin in stria vascularis of guinea pigs. Ben David, Y; Fradis, M; Kohn, S; Nir, I; Podoshin, L; Robinson, E; Zidan, J, 1991)	0.73
"2 mg, doses that are considered safe by many ophthalmologists."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity--a survey of retinal specialists. Implications for ocular use. Campochiaro, PA; Conway, BP, 1991)	0.28
" During the next three years, of 912 patients given two to three days gentamicin, 29 patients were shown to have potentially toxic serum levels and oliguria."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity following antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Sturridge, MF; Treasure, T; Wilson, AP, 1990)	0.51
" These findings suggest that some aspects of the functional or metabolic heterogeneity within the PCT may be related to either differential rates of uptake of the drug or to differences in intrinsic susceptibility to its toxic effects."	( Differential susceptibility to gentamicin toxicity within the proximal convoluted tubule. Burke, TJ; Shanley, PF, 1990)	0.57
" Toxic doses of lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg) and HgCl2 (3."	( Extracellular DNA in blood and urine as a potential marker for cytotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in the mouse. Bret, L; Fournié, GJ; Lulé, J; Pourrat, JP, 1990)	0.28
"The adverse effects of administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 12 h) for 7 days were studied in healthy scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus; cockatoos)."	( Adverse effects of gentamicin in scarlet macaws and galahs. Clark, CH; Drewes, LA; Fiorello-Barrett, J; Flammer, K; Wilson, RC, 1990)	0.87
" Thus, it remains to be determined whether presbyacusis sensitizes those hair cells which it does not destroy to toxic damage."	( Screening for aminoglycoside auditory toxicity in the old. Cheung, R; Clark, P; Deshmukh, AA; Dobbs, RJ; Dobbs, SM; Nicholson, PW; O'Neill, CJ, 1990)	0.28
" When we administered the combination of captopril (100 mg X kg-1 X day-1) and gentamicin in potassium-depleted rats, we observed a surprising and significant adverse effect of this combination on the clearances of inulin (CIn) and PAH (CPAH) and renal blood flow (RBF)."	( Captopril enhances aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in potassium-depleted rats. Baker, JD; Boatman, JE; Klotman, PE; Volpp, BD; Yarger, WE, 1985)	0.5
" Additional nutritional factors may play a crucial role in achieving the amelioration of this model of toxic nephropathy."	( The effect of oral calcium load or verapamil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Aladjem, M; Bogin, E; Tamir, A, 1989)	0.53
" No other drug-related adverse effects were noted."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of parenteral ticarcillin/clavulanate and clindamycin/gentamicin in serious intra-abdominal infections. Arous, EJ; Doern, GV; Fairchild, PG; Fink, MP; Helsmoortel, CM; Moriarty, KP; Townsend, PL, 1989)	0.5
" We sought to determine the degree of absorption and risk of either inadequate or toxic blood levels that might follow gentamicin absorption."	( Gentamicin solution for mediastinal irrigation: systemic absorption, bactericidal activity, and toxicity. Finlayson, DC; Hall, RI; Jones, EL; Kopel, ME; Lampasona, V; Mullins, R; Riemersma, L; Tobia, V, 1989)	1.93
" Cochleae in both albino and pigmented animals appear to possess significant phospholipid concentrations and bind toxic levels of these drugs independent of inner ear pigment content."	( Differential susceptibility to gentamicin ototoxicity between albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Conlee, JW; Creel, DJ; Gill, SS; McCandless, PT, 1989)	0.56
"To study the toxic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the primate retina, gentamicin sulfate was injected into the center of the vitreous cavity of Cebus navrigatus monkeys."	( Gentamicin toxicity in the primate retina. Campochiaro, PA; Conway, BP; D'Amico, DJ; Hanninen, LA; Kenyon, KR; Tabatabay, CA, 1989)	1.95
"Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium (THR-221), a new cephem antibiotic, was studied in rats by comparing its toxic effect with those of other cephem antibiotics including cephaloridine (CER), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazol (CMZ)."	( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration]. Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)	0.27
"This study was done to determine if a single drug, mezlocillin (Mezlo), is as safe and as effective as combined clindamycin (Clind) and gentamicin (Gent) in the treatment of penetrating abdominal wounds."	( Safety and efficacy of mezlocillin: a single-drug therapy for penetrating abdominal trauma. Lou, MA; Mandal, AK; Thadepalli, H, 1988)	0.48
" We concluded that hydrocortisone interferes with the postnecrotic cellular regeneration process, an important step that is responsible for the recovery of normal kidney structure following toxic injuries associated with aminoglycoside therapy."	( Influence of hydrocortisone on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Beauchamp, D; Pettigrew, M, 1988)	0.56
" In acute and chronic experiments on 5 species of laboratory animals it was shown that polymethylsiloxane had no general toxic action on the animals, no damaging action on their internal organs, did not affect their functions and the state of the biological fluids, had no pyrogenic or allergenic effect."	( [Study of general toxic properties and side effects of polymethylsiloxane and gentamicin immobilized on it]. Cherviak, PI; Kaban, AP; Keĭsevich, LV; Samodumova, IM; Znamenskiĭ, VA, 1988)	0.5
" The rabbits received gentamicin at equivalent therapeutic (5 and 20 mg/kg/j) or toxic (50 mg/kg/j) doses during four days."	( [Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and its isoenzyme B as a marker of the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin: re-test from an animal model]. Ali-Miraftab, H; Bondiou, MT; Bourbouze, R; Percheron, F, 1988)	0.8
" LD50 of acutely administered iv gentamicin was 51."	( Morphine effects on gentamicin disposition and toxicity in mice. Ben-Zvi, Z; Garty, M; Hurwitz, A, 1988)	0.88
" To test this hypothesis we injected DM rats with saline or with gentamicin, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg per day for 6 days, to determine if the renal cortical concentration of gentamicin could be raised to toxic levels."	( Induction of nephrotoxicity by high doses of gentamicin in diabetic rats. Jones, D; Josepovitz, C; Kaloyanides, GJ; Lane, BP; Ling, KY; Ramsammy, LS, 1987)	0.77
" Serum levels of gentamicin should be maintained within therapeutic ranges but below toxic levels."	( Gentamicin-induced ototoxicity complicating treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Bednar, J; Esterhai, JL; Kimmelman, CP, 1986)	2.05
" Toxic trough levels of tobramycin (the most frequently used aminoglycoside) were seldom detected before the onset of nephrotoxicity, and peak tobramycin levels were frequently suboptimal."	( Impact of aminoglycoside serum assays on clinical decisions and renal toxicity. Arroyo, JC; Davis, J; Milligan, WL; Mitchell, D, 1986)	0.27
" No gastrointestinal or hepatic adverse reactions were observed in the gentamicin treated patients."	( Comparative toxicity of gentamicin and cefotetan. Bergmark, J; Hultberg, B; Linderholm, H; Norrby, R; Trollfors, B, 1986)	0.81
" Ototoxicity occurred in six (11 percent) of the 54 gentamicin-treated patients; auditory toxicity occurred in three patients, and toxic changes were observed in three of the 33 patients who could also be evaluated for vestibular toxicity."	( Comparative study of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in patients randomly assigned to treatment with amikacin or gentamicin. Lerner, SA; Matz, GJ; Schmitt, BA; Seligsohn, R, 1986)	0.73
" Intravenous LD50 values of HAPA-B were 234 mg/kg in male and 236 mg/kg in female for mice, 489 mg/kg in male and 476 mg/kg in female for rats and 720-864 mg/kg for dogs."	( [Toxicological studies on isepamicin (HAPA-B). I. Acute toxicity test in the mouse, rat and dog]. Hara, H; Hara, T; Iizuka, K; Matsumoto, K; Morino, T; Motoyama, K; Sano, K; Yamamoto, H, 1986)	0.27
"Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, readily forms complexes with a wide variety of potentially toxic substances, including cyanide (KCN), spermine (SPM), gentamicin (GM), and dopamine (DOP)."	( Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity: an in vivo rat study. Cabellon, S; Keniston, RC; Yarbrough, KS, 1987)	0.71
" No accumulations nor adverse clinical reactions due to the drug occurred in treatment at a dose level of 360 mg daily for 5 days in each of the 2 patients."	( [Study of efficacy and safety of micronomicin administered by intravenous drip infusion in treatment against complicated urinary tract infections]. Suzuki, K; Takanashi, K, 1987)	0.27
" Gentamicin at toxic doses, however, increased CSA nephrotoxicity."	( Experimental cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: risk of concomitant chemotherapy. Mihatsch, MJ; Müller, AM; Ryffel, B, 1986)	1.18
" These studies show that regenerating cells exclude gentamicin, but concentrate it again after maturation, and that the rate of thymidine incorporation is still high well after recovery from acute toxic injury."	( Chronic gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Continued tubular injury with preserved glomerular filtration function. Bennett, WM; Gilbert, DN; Houghton, DC; Lee, D, 1986)	0.96
"The acute LD50 for 3-O-demethylfortimicin A disulfate (ODMF) in mice and rats were 419 and 778 mg activity/kg (dosages are expressed in terms of antibiotic activity (potency), rather than on a weight basis) for single-dose im administration and, 90 and 96 mg activity/kg for single-dose iv administration, respectively."	( Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies with 3-O-demethylfortimicin A disulfate, a new aminocyclitol antibiotic. Cusick, PK; Heyman, IA; Kesterson, JW; Kimura, ET; Majors, KR; Pratt, MC; Tekeli, S, 1985)	0.27
" However, the aminoglycosides displayed marked differences in the threshold dose required to produce toxic reactions, permitting the following ordering of toxicity: (most toxic) gentamicin greater than netilmicin = tobramycin greater than amikacin = kanamycin (least toxic)."	( Comparative toxicity of intravitreal aminoglycoside antibiotics. Caspers-Velu, L; D'Amico, DJ; Hanninen, LA; Kenyon, KR; Libert, J; Schrooyen, M; Shanks, E, 1985)	0.46
" Combination with ASA potentiated the toxic effect of the aminoglycoside after 10 but not after 5 days of treatment."	( Prostaglandins and aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Assael, BM; Bamonte, F; Chiabrando, C; Gagliardi, L; Noseda, A; Salmona, M, 1985)	0.27
"In a retrospective study we have compared the toxic side effects related to the use of two antibiotic regimens in the treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic, leukaemic patients undergoing first remission-induction."	( Observations on the toxicity of the combination of gentamicin and mezlocillin in the treatment of patients with acute leukaemia. Jones, DM; Kane, RJ; Lawston, FG; Rankin, EM; Scarffe, JH, 1984)	0.52
" There were no adverse effects attributable to either drug."	( Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of netilmicin and tobramycin in children with serious gram-negative infections. Weippl, G, 1983)	0.27
" Statistical analysis of morphological and functional parameters indicated that the FD method was significantly less toxic than the FI regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and comparative nephrotoxicity of fixed-dose versus fixed-interval reduction of gentamicin dosage in subtotal nephrectomized dogs. Carlton, WW; Carver, MP; Coppoc, GL; Lantz, GC; Riviere, JE; Shy-Modjeska, J, 1984)	0.49
" S86451 was found at least 2-5 times less toxic than gentamicin."	( A 2'guanidyl derivative of gentamicin (S86451) with reduced nephrotoxicity studies at low and medium dose levels in the rat. Carlier, MB; Laurent, G; Maldague, P; Tulkens, P, 1984)	0.81
" In order to evaluate the importance of the different factors causing toxic effects, the authors studied the correlations between toxicity and antibiotic concentration and between toxicity and period of contact."	( Toxic effects of some antibiotics on rabbit kidney cells. Eandi, M; Santiano, M; Viano, I, 1983)	0.27
" We suggest that the pharmacokinetic advantages of amikacin in comparison to gentamicin might be of practical importance in the prediction of serum levels thereby lowering the risk of toxic reactions."	( A prospective, randomized study of amikacin and gentamicin in serious infections with focus on efficacy, toxicity and duration of serum levels above the MIC. Hill, B; Holm, SE; Löwestad, A; Maller, R; Vikerfors, T, 1983)	0.75
" These data suggest that MCR is sufficiently safe in ototoxicity within dose of 120 mg/day for 4 days."	( [Ototoxicity of micronomicin sulfate--audiometric assessment]. Hohzawa, K; Shibuya, M; Yuasa, R, 1983)	0.27
" There was no adverse effect on fertility ability at any dose."	( [Safety evaluation of micronomicin VII. Fertility study by intravenous injection in rats]. Deguchi, T; Fujita, T; Hara, T; Takahashi, H, 1983)	0.27
" There was no adverse effect on new borns at any dose."	( [Safety evaluation of micronomicin VIII. Teratogenicity studies in rabbits after intravenous injection]. Deguchi, T; Fujita, T; Hara, T; Takahashi, H, 1983)	0.27
" There was no adverse effect on delivery and nursing ability in dams at any dose."	( [Safety evaluation of micronomicin IX. Perinatal and postnatal study by intravenous injection in rats]. Deguchi, T; Fujita, T; Hara, T; Takahashi, H, 1983)	0.27
" Both groups developed acute renal failure, but animals on the high-calcium diet had less severe acute toxic injury, as evidenced by studies of inulin clearance, renal histology, and in vitro cortical uptake of NMN and PAH."	( Increasing dietary calcium moderates experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Bennett, WM; Gilbert, DN; Houghton, DC; McCarron, DA; Quarum, ML, 1984)	0.52
" Using stepwise discriminant analysis, we selected these factors with liver dysfunction and the serum urea nitrogen:serum creatinine ratio in a function that accurately discriminates between toxic and nontoxic patients."	( Risk factors for the development of auditory toxicity in patients receiving aminoglycosides. Lietman, PS; Moore, RD; Smith, CR, 1984)	0.27
" Thus, TO should be preferentially used because it has been shown to be less toxic and ototoxic in normal and altered nutritional conditions."	( Alteration of aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity: effect of semistarvation. Drake, A; Ferguson, SD; Fischer, J; Garrison, HG; Klingler, LE; Prazma, J; Williford, SK, )	0.13
" There was no adverse effect on new borns at any dose."	( [Safety evaluation of micronomicin. III. Teratogenicity studies in rats]. Hara, T; Miyazaki, H; Nishikawa, S; Ohguro, Y, 1983)	0.27
" Intermittent dosing of aminoglycosides, causing infrequent large maximum serum concentrations, may be less toxic and equally efficacious as frequent dosing."	( Once-daily vs. continuous aminoglycoside dosing: efficacy and toxicity in animal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin. Bloxham, DD; Cash, HA; DiScenna, AO; Groden, DL; Grossniklaus, DA; Jacobs, MR; Klinger, JD; Luthe, MA; Powell, SH; Stern, RC; Thompson, WL, 1983)	0.48
" Morphologic study of the medial basilar papilla disclosed that both kanamycin and netilmicin are toxic to the hair cells in this region."	( Aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the chick (Gallus domesticus) inner ear: I. The effects of kanamycin and netilmicin on the basilar papilla. Fermin, CD; Igarashi, M, )	0.13
" The morphology of these lesions is similar to that after administration of toxic doses of cephaloridine though the resorption of the compounds takes place in the case of gentamicin at the free cell border whereas after cephaloridine administration the compound enters the tubular epithelial cells via the basal membrane."	( [Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in mice]. Walzl, HL, 1982)	0.79
"A retrospective and a prospective group of 38 and 20 patients respectively were studied with regard to bacterial strains, clinical effect, toxic side effects and serum concentration of gentamicin in severe surgical infections."	( Gentamicin treatment in severe surgical infections--serum levels, interactions, toxicity and efficacy. Athlin, L; Domellöf, L; Holm, S, 1981)	1.9
" Clinical tolerance: No adverse reactions were encountered in all treated cases."	( [Clinical results and safety of drip infusion of gentamicin in complicated chronic urinary tract infections]. Suzuki, K, 1982)	0.52
" To investigate whether the sensitivity of the old kidney to gentamicin is a function of age, separate from the adverse effects arising from declining renal excretory function, the nephrotoxicity of 12 daily injections of this antibiotic was measured in rats."	( Effect of aging on gentamicin nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetics in rats. Engel, SG; McMartin, DN, 1982)	0.83
" Variables found not to be significant discriminators between toxic and nontoxic patients included height, weight, sex, dose, estimated peak gentamicin concentration, age, and initial renal function."	( Gentamicin nephrotoxicity: application of multivariate analysis. Fushiki, MR; Gumpert, NF; McGhan, WF; Shimada, A; Taketomo, RT, )	1.78
" The results of this study indicated that hydroxygentamicin may be tolerated better than gentamicin in the guinea pig and therefore warrants further development as a new and less toxic aminoglycosidic antibiotic."	( The ototoxicity of hydroxygentamicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, in guinea pigs. Drobeck, HP; Hawkins, JE; Liddell, MR; Montenaro, MJ; Neidl, MJ, )	0.69
" The above correlation was used for calculation of the maximum value of the sisomycin safe concentration in blood serum."	( [Pharmacokinetic analysis of the nephrotoxic effect of sisomycin]. Egorenko, GG; Eĭromdzhants, AA; Firsov, AA, 1981)	0.26
" The ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gentamicin are well known; these data indicate that it may be toxic to the central nervous system as well."	( Central nervous system toxicity of intraventricularly administered gentamicin in adult rabbits. Gephardt, EP; Hodges, GR; Jusetesen, DR; Reeves, D; Rengachary, S; Singer, P; Watanabe, I; Worley, SE, 1981)	0.77
"The 13th gestational day inner ear (otocyst stage) is particularly vulnerable to toxic influence from the environment during its further development."	( Ototoxicity or teratogenicity. An analysis of drug-induced effects on the early development of the mammalian otocyst. Anniko, M; Nordemar, H, 1981)	0.26
" The significance and relationship of these vesicles to the pathogenesis of gentamicin toxic nephropathy is not known."	( Single dose gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the dog: early functional and ultrastructural changes. Carlton, WW; Coppoc, GL; Hinsman, EJ; Riviere, JE, 1981)	0.87
" The relative tolerance of the neonatal puppy to the toxic effects of gentamicin was attributed to the distribution of renal blood flow predominantly to juxtamedullar nephrons at birth which spared superficial nephrons from gentamicin accumulation and toxicity until renal blood flow was redistributed to the outer cortex and filtration in superficial nephrons began after the first wk of life."	( Pathophysiologic evidence of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in neonatal puppies. Arant, BS; Cowan, RH; Jukkola, AF, 1980)	0.79
" The measurement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in urine can be applied as a useful parameter on determination of nephrotoxicity, especially for indicating the dimensions of this toxic effect."	( Study on the role of urine gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity during investigation of nephrotoxicity. Başdemir, G; Berkan, T; Karan, A; Kocaoğlu, S, 1994)	0.29
" Studies comparing netilmicin with gentamicin using the less toxic once-daily schedule are lacking."	( Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of gentamicin vs netilmicin in patients with serious infections. A randomized clinical trial. Büller, HR; Dreschler, WA; Kuijper, EJ; Prins, JM; Speelman, P; Tange, RA, 1995)	0.85
"Ocular pigmentation partially protects the rabbit retina from the toxic action of gentamicin."	( Ocular pigmentation protects the rabbit retina from gentamicin-induced toxicity. Lazar, M; Lei, B; Loewenstein, A; Perlman, I; Zemel, E, 1995)	0.77
" Toxic effects depended on substance, concentration and exposure."	( Toxicity of antibiotics and antifungals on cultured human corneal cells: effect of mixing, exposure and concentration. Berry, M; Easty, DL; Gurung, A, 1995)	0.29
" The presence of these two molecules with different toxic potentialities towards cochlear and vestibular hair cells indicates that the selective ototoxicity of aminoglycosides cannot be explained simply on the basis of particular uptake and accumulation in the different sensory hair cells."	( Uptake of amikacin by hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea and vestibule and ototoxicity: comparison with gentamicin. Aran, JM; Aurousseau, C; Chappert, C; Dulon, D; Erre, JP, 1995)	0.5
"Vestibulotoxic and ototoxic effects often are seen after long-term, high-dose systemic treatment with gentamicin, but toxic effects after topical use have not been reported in animals, to the authors' knowledge."	( Ototoxicity assessment of a gentamicin sulfate otic preparation in dogs. Merchant, SR; Neer, TM; Strain, GM; Tedford, BL, 1995)	0.8
"To define the role of gravity in gentamicin sulfate-induced retinal toxic effects by injecting the drug into vitrectomized rabbit eyes oriented in one of two positions."	( The role of gravity in gentamicin-induced toxic effects in a rabbit model. Anderson, CT; Buggage, RR; Grossniklaus, HE; Hutchinson, A; Lim, JI, 1994)	0.88
"Gravitational effects and positioning contribute to the location of gentamicin-induced retinal toxic effects in vitrectomized eyes."	( The role of gravity in gentamicin-induced toxic effects in a rabbit model. Anderson, CT; Buggage, RR; Grossniklaus, HE; Hutchinson, A; Lim, JI, 1994)	0.83
" We conclude that as far as the vestibular system is concerned there is no safe gentamicin dose and no safe serum gentamicin level, and there is an increased risk of vestibulotoxicity in patients in whom nephrotoxicity develops."	( Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Curthoys, IS; Fattore, CM; Halmagyi, GM; Wade, S, 1994)	1.96
" These results suggest that GSH selectively inhibits mG-specific toxic effects on the guinea pig OHC, possibly by enzymatic detoxification."	( Specific glutathione-SH inhibition of toxic effects of metabolized gentamicin on isolated guinea pig hair cells. Keiner, S; Zenner, HP; Zimmermann, U, 1994)	0.52
" We administered three fourth of LD50 of each agent to male Fischer 344 rats, intra-peritoneally."	( [Study on gamma-GTP activity in urine and renal tissue of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in rats]. Furuta, N; Nakada, J, 1993)	0.29
" The adverse effects noted were reversible, and monitoring creatinine and platelet counts during treatment is recommended."	( Safety of vancomycin with or without gentamicin in neonates. Edwards, R; Koren, G; Linder, N; MeClead, R; Mortensen, ME; Walson, P, 1993)	0.56
" Clearance is very slow since GM can still be observed 11 months after the end of a non toxic treatment (60 mg/kg/day for 6 consecutive days)."	( [Ototoxicity of aminosides: recent results on uptake and clearance of gentamycin by sensory cells of the cochlea]. Aran, JM; Aurousseau, C; Dulon, D; Erre, JP; Hiel, H, 1993)	0.29
" A survey of retinal specialists has suggested that amikacin or low-dose gentamicin can also cause macular toxic side effects."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis. The Aminoglycoside Toxicity Study Group. Campochiaro, PA; Lim, JI, 1994)	0.52
" A toxic reaction can occur even when injection of low doses is intended and precautions are made to avoid dilution errors."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis. The Aminoglycoside Toxicity Study Group. Campochiaro, PA; Lim, JI, 1994)	0.29
" We examined whether heme oxygenase is induced, and the functional significance of such induction, in two in vivo models of oxidant-induced toxic nephropathy, namely, cisplatin and gentamicin nephropathies; nephrotoxicity in these models is not dependent on the delivery of a burden of heme proteins to the kidney as occurs in the glycerol model."	( Induction of heme oxygenase in toxic renal injury: a protective role in cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the rat. Agarwal, A; Alam, J; Balla, J; Croatt, AJ; Nath, KA, 1995)	0.48
" Fourteen per cent of isepamicin and 11% of amikacin patients experienced adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of isepamicin and ceftazidime compared with amikacin and ceftazidime in acute lower respiratory tract infection. Colardyn, F, 1995)	0.29
" Treatment-related adverse were mainly mild or moderate in severity and occurred in 10% of isepamicin patients and 13% of amikacin patients."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin and amikacin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections caused by gram-negative organisms. Covi, M; Velluti, G, 1995)	0.29
" Adverse events were reported in 12% of patients in the isepamicin group and 6% in the amikacin group."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin and amikacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Esparza-Ahumada, S; Morfin-Otero, R; Rodriguez-Noriega, E, 1995)	0.29
" Nine per cent of patients reported at least on adverse event during the study."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Giamarellou, H; Pefanis, A; Petrikkos, G; Tsagaraki, C, 1995)	0.29
" The proportion of patients experiencing at least one adverse event was 11%, 25% and 9% for isepamicin once daily, isepamicin twice daily and amikacin, respectively."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin compared with amikacin in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and septicaemia. Beaucaire, G, 1995)	0.29
" Overall, the proportion of patients reporting any adverse event was comparable between the isepamicin (13%) and amikacin (11%) groups."	( An overview of the safety of isepamicin in adults. Blum, D, 1995)	0.29
" Therefore, studies in diet-restricted animals may be more appropriated than studies in healthy animals for an assessment of potential adverse therapeutic side effects."	( A sensitive animal model to assess acute and chronic ototoxic effects. Lautermann, J; Schacht, J, 1996)	0.29
"We studied the use of aminoglycosides at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, including prescriptions, dosage, serum levels, toxic factors and treatment outcome."	( Aminoglycoside prescription, therapeutic monitoring and nephrotoxicity at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. Bahnassy, AA; Eltahawy, AT, 1996)	0.29
" These results confirm that iron and free radicals play a crucial role in the toxic side effects of gentamicin."	( Protection from gentamicin ototoxicity by iron chelators in guinea pig in vivo. Anderson, DJ; Schacht, J; Song, BB, 1997)	0.86
" This study supports the idea that iron and free radicals play a critical role in the toxic side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics."	( Iron chelators protect from aminoglycoside-induced cochleo- and vestibulo-toxicity. Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Song, BB, 1998)	0.3
"A serious undesired action of the large group of cytostatics and aminoglycoside antibiotics is their side effect on the kidney."	( Enzymes in urine as markers of nephrotoxicity of cytostatic agents and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Długosz, A; Marchewka, Z, 1998)	0.3
" The adverse event rate was non-significantly lower in the piperacillin/ tazobactam group compared to the co-amoxiclav/aminoglycoside group (2% vs."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of piperacillin/tazobactam compared to co-amoxiclav plus an aminoglycoside in the treatment of severe pneumonia. Grossenbacher, M; Imhof, E; Speich, R; Vogt, M; Zimmerli, W, 1998)	0.3
"19 hours) to provide for safe and effective peak and trough cefazolin levels with postdialysis dosing in anuric hemodialysis patients."	( Cefazolin in chronic hemodialysis patients: a safe, effective alternative to vancomycin. Feintzeig, ID; Fogel, MA; Gavin, JP; Hunt, WA; Kim, RC; Nussbaum, PB, 1998)	0.3
" Possible mechanisms of CS on drug-induced nephrotoxicity include: (1) Accelerating the regeneration of tubular cells; (2) Protecting the sodium pump activity of tubular cells; (3) Attenuating the tubular cell lysosome hyperfunction stimulated by phagocytosis of AG as well as decreasing the tubular cell lipoperoxidation in response to toxic injury; (4) Reducing the tissue Ca++ content."	( [Experimental study on effect of Cordyceps sinensis in ameliorating aminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity]. Li, LS; Liu, ZH; Zheng, F, 1996)	0.29
" Altered dosing strategy, but not seeding density, consistently influenced cytotoxicity: CIT was more toxic to cells when added at the time of seeding, whereas OA was more toxic when added 24 h after cultures were seeded."	( Cytotoxicity of nephrotoxic fungal toxins to kidney-derived LLC-PK1 and OK cell lines. Armstrong, CL; Bondy, GS, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of toxic trough serum gentamicin levels in neonates in the first week of life, with different dosage intervals."	( Gentamicin dosage intervals in neonates: longer dosage interval--less toxicity. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW, 1998)	1.97
" Sixteen (76%) infants had toxic trough serum gentamicin levels."	( Gentamicin dosage intervals in neonates: longer dosage interval--less toxicity. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW, 1998)	2
"A starting gentamicin dosage interval of 12 h in infants of any gestational age, or a starting dosage interval of 24 h for infants of less than 30 weeks gestational age, leads to most having toxic trough serum gentamicin levels."	( Gentamicin dosage intervals in neonates: longer dosage interval--less toxicity. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW, 1998)	2.13
" Our data suggest temporal variations in both the toxicity and the effectiveness of gentamicin, the drug being more effective and less toxic when injected during the activity period of the animals."	( Effectiveness and toxicity of gentamicin in an experimental model of pyelonephritis: effect of the time of administration. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Gourde, P; Grenier, L; Labrecque, G; LeBrun, M, 1999)	0.82
"To determine the safe local concentration of gentamicin."	( [The toxicity of gentamicin on corneal cells in culture]. Kang, F; Zhang, S; Zhu, S, 1997)	0.9
"There was no toxic effect on the corneal epithelium, stroma and endothelium with gentamicin 1 mg."	( [The toxicity of gentamicin on corneal cells in culture]. Kang, F; Zhang, S; Zhu, S, 1997)	0.86
"It is suggested that the safe dosage of local concentration of gentamicin be 1 mg."	( [The toxicity of gentamicin on corneal cells in culture]. Kang, F; Zhang, S; Zhu, S, 1997)	0.88
"To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals)."	( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)	0.52
" Relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) were calculated to compare risk of adverse reactions between foals treated with erythromycin and control foals."	( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)	0.31
"Chlorhexidine and alcohol had a clear toxic effect on the vestibular and cochlear function of the inner ear of the sand rat, whereas povidone-iodine did not."	( Vestibular and cochlear ototoxicity of topical antiseptics assessed by evoked potentials. Freeman, S; Perez, R; Sichel, JY; Sohmer, H, 2000)	0.31
"Aminoglycoside antibiotics are generally accepted to accumulate in renal proximal tubule cells from the luminal surface and show toxic effects on the cells."	( Differential toxic effects of gentamicin on cultured renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) on application to the brush border membrane or the basolateral membrane. Kiyomiya, K; Kurebe, M; Matsuo, S; Matsushita, N, 2000)	0.6
" Ototoxicity (loss of hearing or balance) is a well-documented adverse effect of aminoglycosides, and severe ototoxic reactions have been noted in patients receiving these drugs by intraperitoneal lavage."	( Protection from ototoxicity of intraperitoneal gentamicin in guinea pig. Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Sinswat, P; Wu, WJ, 2000)	0.56
"Increased penetration of gentamicin through thinned sclera may lead to toxic levels of the drug in a localized area adjacent to the site of injection."	( Retinal toxicity of gentamicin after subconjunctival injection performed adjacent to thinned sclera. Lazar, M; Loewenstein, A; Perlman, I; Vered, Y; Zemel, E, 2001)	0.94
"FCT and its ingredients could reduce the toxic damage on ear induced by gentamycin effectively."	( [Effect of Fucong tablets and its ingredients on ototoxicity of gentamycin in guinea pigs]. Liu, J; Peng, B; Xu, S, 1998)	0.3
" These patients would consequently be expected to be more susceptible to cochleotoxicity, a recognized side effect with single courses of aminoglycoside therapy."	( Occurrence and risk of cochleotoxicity in cystic fibrosis patients receiving repeated high-dose aminoglycoside therapy. Burr, S; Degg, C; Morgan, DW; Mulheran, M; Stableforth, DE, 2001)	0.31
" Poly I:Poly C itself had no toxic effect on renal tissue, while Poly I:Poly C followed 24 h later by gentamicin indicated a protective effect from the gentamicin nephrotoxicity as the functional and histological investigations indicated."	( Protective effect of poly I:poly C from gentamicin nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs. Gourgiotis, D; Karpathios, T; Kavazarakis, E; Moustaki, M; Nakopoulou, L; Zeis, MP; Zeis, PM, 2001)	0.79
"Intravenous bolus administration was safe in pediatric patients and was associated with lower costs."	( Safety of intravenous bolus administration of gentamicin in pediatric patients. Nahata, MC; Robinson, RF, 2001)	0.57
"Determination of potential drug toxicity and side effect in early stages of drug development is important in reducing the cost and time of drug discovery."	( Prediction of potential toxicity and side effect protein targets of a small molecule by a ligand-protein inverse docking approach. Chen, YZ; Ung, CY, 2001)	0.31
"As measured by time to cell death and change in morphology of OHCs, acetic acid with or without hydrocortisone was most toxic to OHCs."	( Determination of ototoxicity of common otic drops using isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Church, CA; Jinn, TH; John, EO; Jung, TT; Kim, PD; Russell, PT, 2001)	0.31
" Serum protected the cells from the toxic effects of the drugs."	( Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of selected systemic and intravitreally dosed drugs in the cultures of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line and of pig primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. Diehl, H; Engelke, M; Huhtala, A; Mäenpää, H; Mannerström, M; Mäntylä, E; Mäntylä, M; Marselos, M; Pappas, P; Salminen, L; Tähti, H; Toimela, T; Uusitalo, H; Zorn-Kruppa, M, 2002)	0.31
" The plant extract, at the three doses used, had no significant adverse effect on the body weight of treated rats or on the measured hepatic and renal functions in serum."	( The effect of treatment with the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta decne on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Ali, BH, 2002)	0.55
"The adverse effect to the inner ear of aminoglycosides, drugs widely administered for the treatment of serious infections, appears to result from the interaction of these drugs with Cu(II) or Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions."	( Solution chemistry of copper(II)-gentamicin complexes: relevance to metal-related aminoglycoside toxicity. Harris, WR; Kravitz, JY; Lesniak, W; Pecoraro, VL; Schacht, J, 2003)	0.6
"To investigate the toxic effect of gentamicin at the high concentrations that can be achieved by local administration in the management of bone infection."	( Gentamicin may have an adverse effect on osteogenesis. Isefuku, S; Joyner, CJ; Simpson, AH, 2003)	2.04
" indicus) was relatively safe up to 7 g/kg bodyweight dose."	( Renoprotective effect of Hemidesmus indicus, a herbal drug used in gentamicin-induced renal toxicity. Kotnis, MS; Menon, SN; Patel, P; Sane, RT, 2004)	0.56
" There is no safe dose of gentamicin."	( Permanent gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Black, FO; Pesznecker, S; Stallings, V, 2004)	1.03
"The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic safety and potential adverse effects of using a high-dose antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer after resection arthroplasty of an infected total knee replacement."	( Systemic safety of high-dose antibiotic-loaded cement spacers after resection of an infected total knee arthroplasty. Haidukewych, GJ; Hanssen, AD; Jacofsky, DJ; Lee, GC; Osmon, D; Springer, BD, 2004)	0.32
" We propose that chelerythrine acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GEN via the inhibition of a PKC pathway."	( Protective effect of chelerythrine on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Acet, A; Bay-Karabulut, A; Kavakli, A; Parlakpinar, H; Polat, A; Tasdemir, S; Ucar, M; Vardi, N; Yanilmaz, M, )	0.4
" Our results indicated that CAPE acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GEN both at the biochemical and histological level."	( Protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) on gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats. Acet, A; Bay-Karabulut, A; Parlakpinar, H; Polat, A; Tasdemir, S; Ucar, M; Vardi, N, 2005)	0.57
" Aminoglycosides are commonly used antibiotics, with the undesirable side-effect of ototoxicity."	( Efferent-mediated adaptation of the DPOAE as a predictor of aminoglycoside toxicity. Dolan, DF; Halsey, K; Skjönsberg, A; Ulfendahl, M, 2005)	0.33
" Despite its clinical use, concerns remain regarding the potential toxic side-effects, such as nephrotoxicity, in equine patients, particularly after repeated dosing."	( Gentamicin nephrotoxicity--a comparison of in vitro findings with in vivo experiments in equines. Bull, S; Klein, WR; Laffont, CM; van der Harst, MR, 2005)	1.77
"The results of this study indicate that topical mitomycin C on Gelfoam applied in the middle ear appears safe when low concentrations are used, even in the rat, which has a higher susceptibility to gentamycin toxicity than humans."	( Otologic effects of topical mitomycin C: phase I-evaluation of ototoxicity. Babu, SC; Kartush, JM; Patni, A, 2005)	0.33
" Taken together, these findings indicate that the combined treatment with cisplatin followed by gentamicin is toxic to components of liver tissue."	( Hepatotoxicity of combined treatment with cisplatin and gentamicin in the guinea pig. Fradis, M; Iancu, TC; Kohn, S; Robinson, E, )	0.6
" No adverse events were documented."	( Safety of gentamicin bladder irrigations in complex urological cases. Creelman, L; Defoor, W; Ferguson, D; Mashni, S; Minevich, E; Reddy, P; Reeves, D; Sheldon, C, 2006)	0.74
" Combined treatment with CoQ10 and green tea was more effective in mitigating adverse effect of GM nephrotoxicity."	( Modification of biochemical parameters of gentamicin nephrotoxicity by coenzyme Q10 and green tea in rats. Balaraman, R; Farswan, M; Rathod, S; Upaganlawar, A, 2006)	0.6
"This article reviews recent advances in the protection from the adverse auditory or vestibular side effects associated with antibacterial treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics."	( Aspirin attenuates gentamicin ototoxicity: from the laboratory to the clinic. Chen, Y; Huang, WG; Qiu, JH; Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Wang, JL; Zha, DJ, 2007)	0.67
"We hypothesized that the high concentrations of gentamicin achieved after local administration would have toxic effects on human mesenchymal stem cells."	( Toxic effects of gentamicin on marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Caplan, AI; Chang, Y; Goldberg, VM, 2006)	0.93
" GGA has possibility to be safe and useful treatment drug for cochlea disorder."	( Effect of geranylgeranylacetone on gentamycin ototoxicity in rat cochlea culture. Hashimoto, D; Itoh, A; Iwase, H; Okamoto, M; Sano, H; Yoneda, S, 2007)	0.34
"Moxifloxacin (250 microg/mL) seems to be safe as an additive agent for cornea storage media."	( Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin as an additive in Optisol-GS a preservation medium for corneal donor tissue. Dahl, P; Hu, DN; Koplin, RS; McCormick, S; Meskin, SW; Ritterband, DC; Seedor, JA; Shah, MK; Shao, S; Shapiro, DE, 2006)	0.33
" This prospective study investigates whether this protocol has an adverse effect on the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOCB) and/or outer hair cells' (OHCs) function."	( Neurotoxicity of BFM-95 on the medial olivocochlear bundle assessed by means of contralateral suppression of 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Apostolopoulos, N; Ferekidis, E; Giotakis, I; Korres, S; Papadas, T; Psarommatis, I; Riga, M; Varvutsi, M, 2007)	0.34
"ALL-BFM-95 seems to exert an early and reversible toxic effect on the MOCB, whereas its effects on OHCs are minimal and reversible."	( Neurotoxicity of BFM-95 on the medial olivocochlear bundle assessed by means of contralateral suppression of 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Apostolopoulos, N; Ferekidis, E; Giotakis, I; Korres, S; Papadas, T; Psarommatis, I; Riga, M; Varvutsi, M, 2007)	0.34
" Although cell culture detects infectious virus and is a sensitive method, there are major difficulties in using this method due to the toxic effect of semen on the cells."	( Elimination of toxicity and enhanced detection of lumpy skin disease virus on cell culture from experimentally infected bovine semen samples. Annandale, CH; Bagla, VP; Irons, PC; Osuagwuh, UI; Venter, EH, 2006)	0.33
" Iron chelation will supposedly limit this toxic effect."	( The role of deferoxamine in the prevention of gentamicin ototoxicity: a histological and audiological study in guinea pigs. Hassan, MA; Hefnawi, NG; Ismail, FA; Mostafa, BE; Tawfik, S, 2007)	0.6
"Voriconazole seems to be safe as a fortifying agent for cornea storage medium."	( Efficacy and safety of voriconazole as an additive in Optisol GS: a preservation medium for corneal donor tissue. Dahl, P; Hu, DN; Koplin, RS; Meskin, SW; Perez, W; Ritterband, DC; Seedor, JA; Shah, MK; Yang, R, 2007)	0.34
"Burow solution was considered to be an effective and safe otologic preparation."	( Ototoxic effect of Burow solution applied to the guinea pig middle ear. Akdaş, F; Baylançiçek, S; Ciprut, A; Sari, M; Serin, GM; Tutkun, A, 2007)	0.34
" All adverse effects were self-limiting."	( Side effects of postoperative administration of methylprednisolone and gentamicin into the posterior sub-Tenon's space. Mercieca, F; Mercieca, K, 2007)	0.57
" The purpose of this review is to critically assess the published literature regarding the toxic mechanisms of action of aminoglycosides on renal glomeruli and mesangial cells."	( Glomerular nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. López-Hernández, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Martínez-Salgado, C, 2007)	0.34
" A progressive hearing loss at high frequencies resulted from the loss of hair cells in the base of the cochlea and a constant preoccupation with finding a treatment that protects against their toxic effects."	( Gentamicin attenuates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity - self-protection. de Oliveira, JA; Hyppolito, MA; Maudonnet, EN; Rossato, M, 2008)	1.79
" Instead, the toxic effect of gentamicin on the cochlear nucleus may occur simultaneously or even earlier than that on the cochlea."	( Ototoxicity on cochlear nucleus neurons following systemic application of gentamicin. Anniko, M; Chen, G; Duan, M; Fan, YL; Hu, HT; Jin, Z; Wang, WX; Xu, M, 2009)	0.87
" The dogma of gentamicin ototoxicity theorizes that (1) the toxic effects of the drug are cumulative and dose dependent, despite clinical observations of ototoxicity after a single dose, and (2) gentamicin's ototoxic effects are irreversible, although clinicians have observed improvement in hearing over time."	( Ototoxic effects of single-dose versus 19-day daily-dose gentamicin. Blakley, BW; Blakley, L; Gooi, A; Hochman, J; Wellman, M, 2008)	0.95
" Since differentiating cells and developing tissues may exhibit different degrees of sensitivity to toxic drugs, we aimed here to test the susceptibility of the developing mammalian retina to the toxic action of gentamicin."	( The developing mammalian retina is partially protected from gentamicin toxicity. Loewenstein, A; Perlman, I; Soudry, S; Zemel, E, 2009)	0.78
" The mechanisms by which aminoglycosides cause auditory dysfunction are still being unraveled, but likely include the following: 1) penetration into the endolymphatic fluid of the scala media, 2) permeation of nonselective cation channels on the apical surface of hair cells, and 3) generation of toxic reactive oxygen species and interference with other cellular pathways."	( Synergistic ototoxicity due to noise exposure and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Li, H; Steyger, PS, )	0.13
" However, severe toxic side effects along with the reduced suppression efficiency at subtoxic doses limit the use of gentamicin for suppression therapy."	( Development of novel aminoglycoside (NB54) with reduced toxicity and enhanced suppression of disease-causing premature stop mutations. Baasov, T; Belakhov, V; Ben-Yosef, T; Chen, F; Cherniavsky, M; Hainrichson, M; Nudelman, I; Pilch, DS; Rebibo-Sabbah, A; Schacht, J, 2009)	0.56
" In conclusion, NS acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GS both in the biochemical and histopathological parameters."	( Protective effects of nigella sativa against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Balikci, E; Yaman, I, 2010)	0.62
"gentamicin is an antibiotic that acts in Gram-negative bacilli infections, having as a side effect ototoxicity."	( Experimental morphological and functional study of gentamicin cochleotoxicity using the regular dose given to neonates. Baggio, CL; Hyppolito, MA; Silveira, AF, )	1.83
"Hearing and balance receptors in the inner ear are highly susceptible to damage caused by a wide variety of toxic substances, including aminoglycosides."	( Comparison of different aminoglycoside antibiotic treatments to refine ototoxicity studies in adult mice. Cediel, R; Contreras, J; Murillo-Cuesta, S; Varela-Nieto, I, 2010)	0.36
"Although most studies have identified damage in the cochlea and semicircular canals as the primary sites of aminoglycoside toxicity, little attention has been devoted to the toxic effects on the otolithic organs."	( A novel inner ear monitoring system for evaluating ototoxicity of gentamicin eardrops in guinea pigs. Liu, SH; Yang, TH; Young, YH, 2010)	0.6
" It was found to be a safe alternative for various severe infections."	( Sub-acute toxicity study of a new aminoglycoside etimicin sulphate in swiss albino mice. Chaudhary, M; Dwivedi, VK; Gupta, A; Payasi, A, 2010)	0.36
" Mammalian auditory cells are unable to regenerate when affected by several toxic agents."	( Protective effect of L-N-acetylcysteine against gentamycin ototoxicity in the organ cultures of the rat cochlea. Cosgarea, M; Maniu, A; Perde-Schrepler, M, 2011)	0.37
" Toxicity is dose related, but some patients may still develop hearing loss even under safe dosage."	( Transient ischemia/hypoxia enhances gentamicin ototoxicity via caspase-dependent cell death pathway. Hsu, CJ; Kao, MC; Lai, CH; Lin, CD; Lin, CW; Lin, CY; Tang, CH; Tsai, MH; Wei, IH, 2011)	0.64
" Early cessation of tobramycin drops may be minimally cochlear toxic compared to gentamicin within the first 7 days when these drugs are misused in treating chronic otitis media."	( Ototoxicity caused by topical administration of gentamicin versus tobramycin in rabbits. Apuhan, T; Oghan, F; Yılmaz, F, 2011)	0.85
" Recently, our studies have shown that ICC for drugs is extremely useful for such studies by utilizing easy and safe techniques, and gives direct evidence of drug localization."	( [Distribution and accumulation of antibiotics in cells and tissues and toxicity studies by immunocytochemistry]. Fujiwara, K, 2011)	0.37
" They are mostly presented in the group of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs, particularly the carbamazepine and lamotrigine, and can be manifested through the Stevens Johnson syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)/Lyell's syndrome with about 30% lethality."	( Exanthema medicamentosum as a side effect of promazine. Cvitanović, MZ; Hlevnjak, I; Lasić, D; Uglešić, B; Višić, V, 2011)	0.37
" No adverse pathological changes were found for the transgenic mice treated with G418, as they all died within minutes after injection."	( A high G418-resistant neo(R) transgenic mouse and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layers for cytotoxicity and gene targeting in vivo and in vitro. Aubrecht, J; Czopik, AK; Goad, ME; Johnson, KA; Lerner, CP; Schiestl, RH; Simpson, EM, 2011)	0.37
" One main side effect is permanent sensorineural hearing loss, induced by selective inner ear sensory hair cell death."	( Functional hair cell mechanotransducer channels are required for aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Alharazneh, A; Cheng, AG; Huth, M; Luk, L; Monfared, A; Ricci, AJ; Steyger, PS, 2011)	0.37
"The push-pull method of blood sampling is a reliable and safe option for determining plasma gentamicin concentrations in children with ports."	( A reliable and safe method of collecting blood samples from implantable central venous catheters for determination of plasma gentamicin concentrations. Boodhan, S; Brandão, LR; Chang, A; Chen, J; Dupuis, LL; Lavoratore, S; Nanji, M; Sekharan, S; Skolnik, JM, 2011)	0.8
" The validation of sensitive, alternative methods for the early identification of toxic effects is as important as restrictions on the use of animals."	( A comparison of BGM and LLC-PK1 cells for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. Dutra, EC; García-Fernández, AJ; Hernández-García, A; Martínez-López, E; Romero, D; Tagliati, CA, 2012)	0.38
"Once-daily intranasal irrigation for 6 weeks is safe and equally effective in the treatment of pediatric CRS using saline or saline plus gentamicin, and QoL was significantly improved after 3 weeks of irrigation in both groups."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily nasal irrigation for the treatment of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. He, J; Johnson, P; Mayo, MS; Sykes, KJ; Wei, JL, 2011)	0.57
"5-Å resolution, our results provide a conceptual framework for further development of less toxic aminoglycosides by hypothesis-driven chemical synthesis."	( Dissociation of antibacterial activity and aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the 4-monosubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine apramycin. Akbergenov, R; Böttger, EC; Dubbaka, SR; Duscha, S; Lang, K; Matt, T; Meyer, M; Ng, CL; Perez-Fernandez, D; Ramakrishnan, V; Schacht, J; Sha, SH; Shcherbakov, D; Vasella, A; Xie, J, 2012)	0.38
" The goal of the present project was to investigate the role of MSCs secreted cytokines on tubule cell viability and regeneration after a toxic insult, using a conditionally immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cell (ciPTEC) line."	( Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium accelerates regeneration of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells after gentamicin toxicity. Aghdami, N; Azarnia, M; Baharvand, H; Masereeuw, R; Moghadasali, R; Mutsaers, HA; Torensma, R; Wilmer, MJ, 2013)	0.6
" xanthocarpum fruit extract acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GM both in the biochemical and histopathological parameters and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use."	( Nephroprotective activity of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in experimental rodents. Eswaran, B; Gupta, RK; Hussain, T; Rao, CV; Sweety, K; Vijayakumar, M, 2012)	0.61
"Our results suggested that HDN acts as a potent scavenger of free radicals in the kidney to prevent the toxic effects of GEN both at the biochemical and histopathological levels."	( Renal protective effect of hesperidin on gentamicin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats. Anandan, R; Subramanian, P, 2012)	0.64
" It emphasizes that less toxic subconjuctival antibiotics may be considered for sutureless surgery, since if aminoglycoside toxicity occurs, the patient's vision may be permanently affected."	( Gentamicin-induced macular toxicity in 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy. Brouzas, D; Davou, S; Georgalas, I; Koutsandrea, C; Moschos, MM, 2013)	1.83
"Gentamicin and the other aminoglycosides are toxic antibiotics, but they are urgently needed to treat newborns with neonatal sepsis."	( Lack of a relationship between the serum concentration of aminoglycosides and ototoxicity in neonates. Dwijayanti, A; Louisa, M; Rundjan, L; Setiabudy, R; Simanjuntak, E; Suwento, R; Yasin, FH, 2013)	1.83
"The serum level of gentamicin and amikacin were quantified using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MSMS), and is assumed to be safe if the trough serum concentrations are < 2 mcg/ml and effective if it is between 5 - 12 mcg/ml."	( Lack of a relationship between the serum concentration of aminoglycosides and ototoxicity in neonates. Dwijayanti, A; Louisa, M; Rundjan, L; Setiabudy, R; Simanjuntak, E; Suwento, R; Yasin, FH, 2013)	0.72
"Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect of gentamicin and is believed to be related to reactive oxygen species in the kidney."	( Ethanolic extract of garlic for attenuation of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Nasri, H; Nematbakhsh, M; Rafieian-Kopaei, M, 2013)	0.91
" Treatment with this antibiotic carries the potential for adverse side effects, including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Assessment of nutrient supplement to reduce gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. DeRemer, SJ; Le Prell, CG; Miller, JM; Nelson, MA; Ojano-Dirain, C; Prieskorn, DM; Rudnick, EW, 2014)	0.66
" Gastrointestinal adverse events were common in both arms."	( The efficacy and safety of gentamicin plus azithromycin and gemifloxacin plus azithromycin as treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Ghanem, KG; Hook, EW; Johnson, S; Kerndt, PR; Kirkcaldy, RD; Moore, PC; Papp, JR; Philip, SS; Weinstock, HS; Wiesenfeld, HC, 2014)	0.7
" Gastrointestinal adverse events may limit routine use."	( The efficacy and safety of gentamicin plus azithromycin and gemifloxacin plus azithromycin as treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Ghanem, KG; Hook, EW; Johnson, S; Kerndt, PR; Kirkcaldy, RD; Moore, PC; Papp, JR; Philip, SS; Weinstock, HS; Wiesenfeld, HC, 2014)	0.7
"Gentamicin is a member of aminoglycosides, which has represented highly effective antimicrobial agents especially in Gram-negative infections despite their toxic effects in the kidney."	( KIM-1 and NGAL as biomarkers of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Chen, ML; Chen, ZL; Cheng, AC; Fang, J; Geng, Y; Gong, L; Li, MY; Luo, QH; Peng, X; Sun, FJ; Tang, L; Zeng, W, 2014)	2.09
" As the use of aminoglycosides became more widespread, the toxic effects of these agents, most notably ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, became more apparent."	( Aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. Edwards, JD; Wargo, KA, 2014)	0.4
" Its antioxidant properties and safe clinical use raise the possibility of preventing gentamicin-induced hearing loss in patients."	( Metformin protects against gentamicin-induced hair cell death in vitro but not ototoxicity in vivo. Kendall, A; Oishi, N; Schacht, J, 2014)	0.92
" Metformin offers complete nephroprotection at low toxic dose ranges of gentamicin."	( Protective effect of metformin against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Bakhtiar, S; Janjua, A; Waheed, A, 2014)	0.9
" This study investigated if these adverse effects vary according to the circadian time of its administration."	( Circadian variation of gentamicin toxicity in rats. McKinney, W; Smolensky, MH; Yonovitz, A, 2015)	0.73
" A dosing paradigm may be used to deliver a lower therapeutic antimicrobial concentration during the nighttime rest period when the studied adverse effects are of highest risk."	( Circadian variation of gentamicin toxicity in rats. McKinney, W; Smolensky, MH; Yonovitz, A, 2015)	0.73
"Initial antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis has been shown to be safe in adults; so far, not much is known about the safety and efficacy of this treatment in children."	( Initial antibiotic treatment for acute simple appendicitis in children is safe: Short-term results from a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Cense, HA; Gorter, RR; Heij, HA; In 't Hof, KH; Kneepkens, CM; Offringa, M; van der Lee, JH; Wijnen, MH, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events were defined as major complications of antibiotic treatment, such as allergic reactions, perforated appendicitis, and recurrent appendicitis."	( Initial antibiotic treatment for acute simple appendicitis in children is safe: Short-term results from a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Cense, HA; Gorter, RR; Heij, HA; In 't Hof, KH; Kneepkens, CM; Offringa, M; van der Lee, JH; Wijnen, MH, 2015)	0.42
" None of the patients suffered from an adverse event or a recurrent appendicitis."	( Initial antibiotic treatment for acute simple appendicitis in children is safe: Short-term results from a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Cense, HA; Gorter, RR; Heij, HA; In 't Hof, KH; Kneepkens, CM; Offringa, M; van der Lee, JH; Wijnen, MH, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, metformin has no toxic effect on spiral ganglion neuronal survival or outgrowth in vitro."	( Metformin Protects Auditory Hair Cells from Gentamicin-Induced Toxicity in vitro. Bodmer, D; Brand, Y; Glutz, A; Leitmeyer, K; Setz, C, 2015)	0.68
" However, it is not yet resolved if such drug-induced adverse effects are independent or interdependent phenomena."	( Gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity vary with circadian time of treatment and entail separate mechanisms. Blunston, MA; Smolensky, MH; Woodahl, EL; Yonovitz, A, 2015)	1.86
" The nephrotoxic adverse effects of the drug may limit its use."	( Cilostazol attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdelsameea, AA; Amer, MG; Attia, SM; Mohamed, AM, 2016)	0.75
"To determine the lowest concentration of amphotericin B supplementation in Optisol-GS that will eliminate fungal contaminants effectively without resulting in toxic effects to the cornea and to determine what role light exposure plays in the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B supplementation."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.43
" Corneal endothelial cell density, endothelial cell viability, and epithelial toxic effects were measured in stored corneas."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.43
" In the safety study, no evidence was found of toxic effects to the cornea in corneas stored in Optisol-GS supplemented with amphotericin B at any concentration compared with paired controls."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.43
"255-μg/mL concentration of amphotericin B effectively eliminated fungal contaminants within 48 hours and did not result in added toxic effects to the cornea."	( The Effect of Light Exposure on the Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B in Corneal Storage Media. Duncan, K; Hoover, C; Jeng, BH; Parker, J, 2016)	0.43
" Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, has been reported to protect the kidney against toxic and ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI)."	( Cardiotrophin-1 therapy prevents gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Blanco-Gozalo, V; López-Hernandez, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Perez de Obanos, MP; Quirós, Y; Ruiz, J; Sanchez-Gallego, JI, 2016)	0.72
" Nephrotoxicity, a serious side-effect of gentamicin, is related to an increase in reactive oxygen species in the kidney."	( Atorvastatin improves renal organic anion transporter 3 and renal function in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Arjinajarn, P; Chatsudthipong, V; Chattipakorn, N; Jaikumkao, K; Lungkaphin, A; Pongchaidecha, A; Promsan, S, 2016)	0.93
" We found a change in cell viability after 24h incubation with all tested toxic compounds."	( Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin production negatively correlates with HK-2 cell impairment: Evaluation of NGAL as a marker of toxicity in HK-2 cells. Čapek, J; Flídr, P; Hauschke, M; Libra, A; Roušar, T; Roušarová, E, 2017)	0.46
" Despite its clinical use, concerns remain regarding the potential toxic side-effects, such as nephrotoxicity."	( Evaluation of KIM-1 and NGAL as Early Indicators for Assessment of Gentamycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Vivo and In Vitro. Chen, ML; Chen, ZL; Cheng, AC; Fang, J; Geng, Y; Huang, C; Luo, QH; Tang, L, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, we compared parenteral benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin with ceftriaxone as first-line treatment, assessing outcome and adverse events."	( The Treatment of Possible Severe Infection in Infants: An Open Randomized Safety Trial of Parenteral Benzylpenicillin and Gentamicin Versus Ceftriaxone in Infants <60 days of Age in Malawi. Banda, FM; Chiume, M; Dube, Q; Heyderman, RS; Mallewa, M; Molyneux, EM; Schwalbe, EC; Singini, I, 2017)	0.91
" Adverse events and outcomes were recorded until 6 months post discharge."	( The Treatment of Possible Severe Infection in Infants: An Open Randomized Safety Trial of Parenteral Benzylpenicillin and Gentamicin Versus Ceftriaxone in Infants <60 days of Age in Malawi. Banda, FM; Chiume, M; Dube, Q; Heyderman, RS; Mallewa, M; Molyneux, EM; Schwalbe, EC; Singini, I, 2017)	0.66
"Ceftriaxone and gentamicin are safe for infants in our setting."	( The Treatment of Possible Severe Infection in Infants: An Open Randomized Safety Trial of Parenteral Benzylpenicillin and Gentamicin Versus Ceftriaxone in Infants <60 days of Age in Malawi. Banda, FM; Chiume, M; Dube, Q; Heyderman, RS; Mallewa, M; Molyneux, EM; Schwalbe, EC; Singini, I, 2017)	1.01
"By these results, misoprostol, a potent antioxidant, has protective effect against cochlear damage, and that may be a safe alternative."	( Protective role of misoprostol in prevention of gentamicin ototoxicity. Bayram, A; Dogan, M; Hira, İ; Kale, A; Karatas, D; Özcan, İ; Polat, H; Senel, F; Yasar, M, 2017)	0.71
"Treatment of infections in neonates with gentamicin is a balance between optimising bactericidal effect and minimising adverse effects."	( A simple high-dose gentamicin regimen showed no side effects among neonates. Blaabjerg, AS; Dalegaard, MC; Fenger-Gron, J; Kofoed, PE, 2017)	1.05
" As a result, these findings support the proposition that HPE in 100 mg/kg dose demonstrates in the kidney and liver as free radicals and scavenger to prevent the toxic effects of gentamicin in both the biochemical and histopathology parameters."	( Effect of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Aktas Senocak, E; Altun, S; Apaydin Yildirim, B; Kordali, S; Terim Kapakin, KA; Yildirim, F, 2017)	0.88
" This study investigated the effects of brimonidine on auditory HCs that were also exposed to gentamicin, which is toxic to HCs."	( Brimonidine Protects Auditory Hair Cells from in vitro-Induced Toxicity of Gentamicin. Bodmer, D; Cortada, M; Levano, S, 2017)	0.9
"To systematically review the frequency and type of adverse events associated with a single dose of intravenous or intramuscular gentamicin in adults, for any indication, in studies where a comparator was available."	( Adverse effects of a single dose of gentamicin in adults: a systematic review. Harding, J; Hayward, RS; Land, L; Longcroft-Neal, K; Molloy, R; Moore, D; Ross, JDC, 2018)	0.96
" Studies were eligible for review if they: recruited participants aged ≥16 years; used gentamicin intramuscularly or intravenously as a single one-off dose; compared gentamicin to another medication or placebo; and monitored adverse events."	( Adverse effects of a single dose of gentamicin in adults: a systematic review. Harding, J; Hayward, RS; Land, L; Longcroft-Neal, K; Molloy, R; Moore, D; Ross, JDC, 2018)	0.98
" Persistent renal impairment and other adverse events were relatively rare."	( Adverse effects of a single dose of gentamicin in adults: a systematic review. Harding, J; Hayward, RS; Land, L; Longcroft-Neal, K; Molloy, R; Moore, D; Ross, JDC, 2018)	0.76
"The major side effect of gentamicin (GEN) is nephrotoxicity which in turn restricts the clinical use of this drug."	( Ameliorative effects of gallic acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fatemi, I; Ghaznavi, H; Gholamine, B; Goudarzi, M; Hosseini Tabatabaei, SMT; Kalantar, M; Kalantari, H; Mehrabani, M; Mehrzadi, S, 2018)	1.05
"Nephrotoxicity is a significant adverse side effect of gentamicin."	( Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Abu-Kishk, I; Berkovitch, M; Goldman, M; Kozer, E; Shain, Y, 2017)	0.95
" In conclusion, gentamicin is safe and has similar outcomes to alternative Gram-negative antimicrobial regimens for empirical coverage in severe CAP patients admitted to the ICU."	( Is gentamicin safe and effective for severe community-acquired pneumonia? An 8-year retrospective cohort study. Brereton, CJ; Browning, S; Davis, JS; Dunn, E; Ferguson, JK; Lennon, D, 2018)	1.45
" Using a standard cytotoxicity assay, the products at varying concentrations were evaluated with a corneal fibroblast cell line and a macrophage-like cell line to determine their potential toxic effect in vitro."	( Antibacterial activity and safety of commercial veterinary cationic steroid antibiotics and neutral superoxidized water. Abdelkhalek, A; Bergstrom, BE; Hammac, GK; Seleem, MN; Townsend, WM; Younis, W, 2018)	0.48
"Nephrotoxicity is a serious adverse effect frequently encountered with aminoglycosides administration."	( Nephroprotective effect of saxagliptin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, emphasis on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptic effects. Helal, MG; Said, E; Zaki, MMAF, 2018)	0.74
" Gentamicin-sponges were very well tolerated, without any attributed adverse events."	( A randomized, controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a topical gentamicin-collagen sponge in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy in diabetic patients with a moderate or severe foot ulcer infection. Jaafar, J; Kressmann, B; Lew, D; Lipsky, BA; Malacarne, S; Toumanova, A; Uçkay, I, 2018)	1.62
" The use of gentamicin was limited due to its ototoxic and nephrotoxic adverse effects."	( Protective effect of Rotula aquatica Lour against gentamicin induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. A, V; Jyothis, M; Kuriakose, J; Latha, MS; Midhun, SJ; S, A, 2018)	1.11
"MS extract can protect the kidney against toxic effects of gentamicin, and thus, the degree of harmful effects of nephrotoxicity on remote organs including the liver will be decreased."	( Amelioration of renal and hepatic function, oxidative stress, inflammation and histopathologic damages by Malva sylvestris extract in gentamicin induced renal toxicity. Jassemi, SV; Madani, SH; Modarresi, M; Mohamadi Yarijani, Z; Najafi, H; Shackebaei, D, 2019)	0.96
" Toxicities and adverse drug events were registered."	( Gentamicin as Empirical Treatment in Hemodialysis Patients: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics. Camacho-Martínez, P; Gil-Navarro, MV; Gil-Sacaluga, L; Guisado-Gil, AB; Herrera-Hidalgo, L; Lepe-Jiménez, JA; Molina, J; Santos-Rubio, MD, 2019)	1.96
" This finding could be of great importance for the wider use of aminoglycosides, with therapy that would reduce the occurrence of serious adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure."	( Pioglitazone attenuates kidney injury in an experimental model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Divac, N; Jovanović, GB; Kekić, D; Medić, B; Prostran, M; Radenković, M; Rovčanin, B; Škodrić, SR; Stojanović, M; Stojanović, R; Vujović, KS, 2019)	0.75
"Gentamicin is an effective antibiotic against severe infections; however, its major side effect is oxidative nephrotoxicity."	( Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of virgin coconut oil against antibiotic drug gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 signaling pathway in Wistar rats. Besong, EE; Ejezie, FE; Eteudo, AN; Famurewa, AC; Famurewa, OA; Folawiyo, AM; Maduagwuna, EK, 2020)	2.22
" Exposure to GW9662 or telmisartan alone was not toxic to auditory HCs."	( Telmisartan Protects Auditory Hair Cells from Gentamicin-Induced Toxicity in vitro. Bodmer, D; Cortada, M; Jain, N; Levano, S; Wei, E, 2020)	0.82
" The corneal hydration and histopathology of excised goat cornea revealed safe to the cornea."	( Stimulus Responsive Ocular Gentamycin-Ferrying Chitosan Nanoparticles Hydrogel: Formulation Optimization, Ocular Safety and Antibacterial Assessment. Afzal, M; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, KS; Alotaibi, NH; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Alzarea, AI; Elmowafy, M; Imam, SS; Zafar, A, 2020)	0.56
" Treating the animals with hUCBS reduced the toxic effects of GM in the liver."	( Human umbilical cord blood serum attenuates gentamicin-induced liver toxicity by restoring peripheral oxidative damage and inflammation in rats. Baharvand, F; Hosseini, A; Mirazi, N; Moghadasali, R; Nourian, A, 2021)	0.88
"To compare the incidence and types of adverse effects between 3 recommended treatment options for gonorrhea and to compare the incidence of injection site pain between single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone and gentamicin."	( Safety of Single-Dose Oral Cefixime, Intramuscular Ceftriaxone, or Intramuscular Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dresser, J; Wilby, KJ, 2021)	1.03
"Comparator studies reporting adverse effect outcomes of treatment with cefixime, ceftriaxone, or gentamicin for gonorrhea in humans were included."	( Safety of Single-Dose Oral Cefixime, Intramuscular Ceftriaxone, or Intramuscular Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dresser, J; Wilby, KJ, 2021)	1.07
"The use of single-dose cefixime, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin-based regimens for treatment of gonorrhea appears to be safe and acceptable for use in practice."	( Safety of Single-Dose Oral Cefixime, Intramuscular Ceftriaxone, or Intramuscular Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dresser, J; Wilby, KJ, 2021)	1.1
" In the present study, we compared the in vivo toxic effects of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin, amikacin, and etimicin, in zebrafish embryos."	( A new aminoglycoside etimicin shows low nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Chen, D; Han, Y; Jiang, H; Jing, L; Li, R; Qian, X; Shao, W; Yin, Y; Zhong, D, 2021)	0.84
" Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) extract has been reported to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities that is why it is used in present study with the expectation to interrupt the toxic free radical chain reaction of lipid peroxidation in the course of gentamicin administration."	( Morphological Effect of Ethanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia on Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Dewan, JF; Maya, NA; Rashid, N; Sharmin, F; Sharmin, K; Uddin, MA, 2020)	0.97
"Nephrotoxicity is the most common adverse effect of gentamicin (GNT)."	( Umbelliferone attenuates gentamicin-induced renal toxicity by suppression of TLR-4/NF-κB-p65/NLRP-3 and JAK1/STAT-3 signaling pathways. Abd El-Ghafar, OAM; Ali, FEM; Hassanein, EHM; Kozman, MR, 2021)	1.18
"In selected cases and with the appropriate specialist support and logistics, intravesical gentamicin instillation is well-tolerated and safe to treat and/or prevent urinary tract infections in pateints with complex bladder conditions and lower urinary tract pathologies."	( Intravesical gentamicin instillation for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections in complex paediatric urology patients: evidence for safety and efficacy. Jackson, R; Keene, DJB; Marei, MM, 2021)	1.21
" Gentamicin is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic; nevertheless, it exhibits serious nephrotoxic adverse effects."	( HPLC-ESI/MS profiling, phytoconstituent isolation and evaluation of renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats of Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret. Aboutabl, ME; Masoud, MA; Nassar, MI; Raslan, MA; Taher, RF, 2021)	1.74
" It was revealed that the treatment of the animals with hUCBS culminates in the reduction of GM' toxic impacts on the kidney."	( Treatment with human umbilical cord blood serum in a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model in rats. Baharvand, F; Hosseini, A; Mirazi, N; Moghadasali, R; Nourian, A, 2022)	0.97
" Endotoxins were discussed as the cause for the adverse effects and sisomicin was identified as the lead impurity; batches containing sisomicin were contaminated with more impurities and were responsible for the fatalities."	( Analysis of histamine and sisomicin in gentamicin: Search for the causative agents of adverse effects. Holzgrabe, U; Wohlfart, J, 2021)	0.89
" Additionally, LyeTx I-bPEG reduced hemolysis up to 10 times, was approximately 2 times less cytotoxic to HEK-293 cells and 4 times less toxic to mice in acute toxicity models, compared to LyeTx I-b."	( Pegylated LyeTx I-b peptide is effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vivo model of pneumonia and shows reduced toxicity. Almeida Amaral, F; Boff, D; César Moreira Brito, J; Cristina Sampaio de Assis, D; Elena de Lima, M; Gustavo Lima, W; Magalhães Resende, J; Maria Souza-Fagundes, E; Nascimento Cardoso, V; Odília Antunes Fernandes, S, 2021)	0.62
"To assess pharmacokinetics and changes to sodium levels in addition to adverse events (AEs) associated with fosfomycin among neonates with clinical sepsis."	( Randomised controlled trial of fosfomycin in neonatal sepsis: pharmacokinetics and safety in relation to sodium overload. Berkley, JA; Correia, E; Egondi, T; Ellis, S; Gastine, S; Kane, Z; Kipper, K; Murunga, S; Nyaoke, B; Obiero, CW; Omollo, R; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thitiri, J; Walker, AS; Williams, P, 2022)	0.72
" Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is an affordable and safe curcuminoid with medicinal properties."	( Bisdemethoxycurcumin-mediated Attenuation of Apoptosis Prevents Gentamicin-induced Ototoxicity in Mouse Cochlear UB/OC-2 Cells. Hsu, CJ; Kang, TY; Lin, HY; Lin, JN; Tseng, GF; Wang, JS; Wen, YH; Wu, CC; Wu, HP; Wu, RS; Yu, SH, )	0.37
" This study investigated the reporting risk of AKI associated with antibacterials using the individual case safety reports (ICSRs) submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database."	( Antibacterial-associated acute kidney injury among older adults: A post-marketing surveillance study using the FDA adverse events reporting system. Chinzowu, T; Chyou, TY; Nishtala, PS, 2022)	0.72
"Our findings confirm that gentamicin is safe at the dose of 5 mg/kg/day for one week intravenously in brucellosis patients."	( Assessing the Risk of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Aminoglycosides in Brucellosis Patients: A Cross-sectional Study. Ataei, S; Derakhshandeh, K; Ghodsipour, Z; Keramat, F; Kord, M; Majzoobi, MM; Mohammadi, M; Mohammadi, Y; Nili-Ahmadabadi, A, 2023)	1.21
"The addition of AmB to Optisol™-GS can be toxic to CECs and inhibit their migration at a concentration of ≥5 µg/ml."	( Toxicity of Amphotericin B in Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cells Stored in Optisol™-GS: Corneal Epithelial Cell Morphology and Migration. Aziza, Y; Ban, Y; Fukuoka, H; Harada, K; Horiguchi, G; Kinoshita, S; Kitaoka, T; Sotozono, C; Tanioka, H; Uematsu, M, 2022)	0.72
"Polymyxin B (PolyB) is used to treat endotoxemia in horses; neurologic and nephrogenic adverse effects occur in humans."	( Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses. Beckmann, K; Boxler, M; Kaelin, D; Rhyner, T; Saleh, L; Schoster, A; Stirn, M; van Spijk, JN; Wehrli Eser, M, 2022)	0.72
"To describe PolyB adverse effects in horses."	( Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses. Beckmann, K; Boxler, M; Kaelin, D; Rhyner, T; Saleh, L; Schoster, A; Stirn, M; van Spijk, JN; Wehrli Eser, M, 2022)	0.72
" To err on the side of caution, it appears that antibiotic dose below 3 g per cement batch might be relatively safe until more evidence surfaces."	( Nephrotoxicity Related to Antibiotic-Loaded Spacers in a 2-Stage Revision for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Benito, J; Corces, A; Higuera, CA; Judd, H; Pannu, TS; Villa, JM, 2023)	0.91
"Gentamicin is a widely used aminoglycoside with ototoxicity as a known adverse effect."	( A Prospective Study on the Vestibular Toxicity of Gentamicin in a Clinical Setting. Chatterton, S; Cremer, PD; Kotsiou, G; Migliaccio, AA; Satyan, H; Todd, CJ; Wang, C, 2022)	2.42
" In conclusion, there are no adverse effects on embryonic development with the working concentration of GM in human culture medium, suggesting that GM is safe for embryo culture at working concentration."	( Embryotoxicity evaluation of Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic added to human embryo culture medium, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Chen, F; Deng, T; Fan, W; Huang, W; Lin, Z; Sun, H; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.2
"Gentamicin (GEN) is a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotic with the adverse effect of nephrotoxicity."	( Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Suppressing Apoptosis and Ferroptosis. Fan, QW; Hu, ZM; Jin, J; Li, C; Li, FH; Liu, MM; Ma, WX; Shi, C; Wang, HY; Wang, J; Wang, XF; Wang, YY; Wen, JG; Yang, YR; Yue, L, 2022)	2.44
" The data were compared in terms of efficacy and renal adverse effects by independent t-test and repeated measure ANOVA."	( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Nebulized Gentamicin Plus Amikacin Baniasadi, S; Hassanzad, M; Kouhestani, F, 2024)	1.7
" True allergies include IgE-mediated illness (anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, or urticaria 30-60 minutes after administration) or exfoliative reactions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis)."	( Debilitating Gentamicin Ototoxicity: Case Report and Recommendations Against Routine Use in Surgical Prophylaxis. Gubbels, SP; Kalmanson, OA; Kiser, TH; McLoughlin, KC, 2023)	1.28
"The storage of corneal tissues in Corneal Chamber at 2-8°C for 14 days and the corneal rinse with 30 ml of PSS-L at RT for 1 min are safe and effective procedures allowing the preservation of the corneal quality parameters including ECD, endothelial mortality, endothelial morphology, HEX%, CV%, and corneal transparency and the elimination of gentamicin sulfate from the tissues before transplantation."	( P14-A117 Assessment of performance and safety of corneal chamber hypothermic storage and PSS-L corneal rinsing in human and porcine corneas. Gatto, C; Giurgola, L; Rodella, U; Rossi, O; Tóthová, JD, 2023)	1.08

Pharmacokinetics

Gentamicin dosing based on Cmax after the first dose increased %Cther and decreased %Csubther, but did not result in therapeutic Cmax in half of the patients. It was determined that the plasma half-life of immunoreactive gentamicin was 12 to 15 hours in the catfish.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The constant serum level of the drug could be achieved by means of continuous infusion calculated according to the pharmacokinetic model."	( Relationship between the blood concentration of the drug and its cumulative effect: a pharmacokinetic analysis of the nephrotoxic action of gentamicin and streptomycin. Berezhinskaya, VV; Firsov, AA; Soloviev, VN, )	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin were evaluated in 101 newborn infants and related to birth weight, gestational age, chronological age, and route of administration."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin in newborn infants. McCracken, GH; Siegel, JD; Thomas, ML; Threlkeld, N, 1979)	0.26
"Rate of appearance, peak concentration, and the biological half-life of gentamicin in the plasma of quail (Coturnix coturnix), pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), and cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) were studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in blood plasma of quail, pheasants, and cranes. Bush, M; Carpenter, JW; Custer, RS, 1979)	0.82
" A three compartment open model was employed to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Multicompartment pharmacokinetics of netilmicin. Follath, F; Spring, P; Vozeh, S; Wenk, M, 1979)	0.26
" The present investigation was planned as a pharmacokinetic model with the aim of finding out the possible reasons for this phenomenon."	( [On the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin. / Clinico-pharmacological study on the course of gentamycin concentrations in serum during large-volume infusions (author's transl)]. Kaumeier, S; Lücker, P, 1977)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic studies revealed lower renal concentrations of netilmicin after repetitive administration."	( [Netilmicin and tobramycin: comparative evaluation of pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy in animal studies (author's transl)]. Abraham, M; Freiesleben, H; Marre, R; Sack, K, 1979)	0.26
"The feasibility of using pharmacokinetic estimations of drug serum levels to evaluate gentamicin use was explored."	( Review of gentamicin therapy based on pharmacokinetics. Bauer, SP; Foster, BJ; Wareham, DV, 1978)	0.88
" Biological half-life (90 minutes), urine recovery (60% in the fourth hour), renal clearance and skin blister levels at the end of infusion were almost identical for both antibiotics; total clearance was somewhat higher with sisomicin than with gentamicin."	( Sisomicin: in vitro activity and pharmacokinetics. Ahlendorf, W; Maleryzk, V; Simon, C, 1978)	0.44
"A pharmacokinetic study of netilmicin was conducted in 12 healthy subjects and 24 subjects with chronic renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in the presence of normal or impaired renal function. Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Oksenhendler, G, 1978)	0.26
"The accuracy of predicting serum gentamicin levels based on a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model was studied."	( Prediction of gentamicin serum levels using a one-compartment open linear pharmacokinetic model. Bartlett, R; Chow, M; Deglin, J; Harralson, A; Quintiliani, R, 1978)	0.9
" Several linear relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and renal function indicators were defined."	( Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in renal insufficiency and haemodialysis. Dugal, R; Pechere, JC; Pechere, MM, )	0.13
" As a first step in the study of the effects of renal insufficiency and the anephric state on the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin, serum and urine levels of this drug were studied after a single intravenous bolus dose during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during hemodialysis in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. Daigneault, R; Lapierre, L; Létourneau-Saheb, L; Prud'Homme, M; Serois, G; St-Louis, G, 1977)	1.91
" In 19 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, the mean (+/-SE) interdialysis half-life of gentamicin in serum was 49."	( Clearance of gentamicin during hemodialysis: comparison of four artificial kidneys. Axline, SG; Brown, DM; Coplon, NS; Halpren, BA, 1976)	0.84
" The biological half-life of tobramycin doubled."	( Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in rats with reduced renal parenchyma and in experimental shock. Hatala, M; Konícková, Z; Liska, M; Morávek, J; Prát, V; Schück, O, 1976)	0.26
" The biological half-life of SBPC in the serum was shortened in pretreatment with GM and prolonged in posttreatment with GM, while that of GM did not vary in pre- or post-treatment with SBPC."	( [Fundamental studies on combination of antibiotics; especially on pharmacokinetics. I. Combination of gentamicin with sulbenicillin or cephacetrile (author's transl)]. Aratani, H; Nakatsuka, M, 1976)	0.47
" time profiles of various dosage regimens recommended for renal impairment were reassessed by applying pharmacokinetic techniques to the patient data in the clinical literature."	( Practical pharmacokinetic techniques for drug consultation and evaluation. IV: Gentamicin blood level versus time profiles of various dosage regimens recommended for renal impairment. Schumacher, GE, 1975)	0.48
" Reduction of the renal parenchyma to 1/5 of normal is associated with extention of biological half-life only to double the control value."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in rats with reduced renal parenchyma. Hatala, M; Morávek, J; Schück, O, 1975)	1.7
" Fever was thought to be the principal factor associated with lower levels of gentamicin, although the half-life of gentamicin in serum and renal clearance of the antibiotic were not significantly affected."	( Gentamicin sulfate pharmacokinetics: lower levels of gentamicin in blood during fever. Dale, DC; MacLowry, JD; Pennington, JE; Reynolds, HY, 1975)	1.93
" There were no pharmacokinetic differences of therapeutic significance between the three drugs."	( [Pharmacokinetics and clinical observations of sisomicin, a newly developed aminoglycoside derivative (author's transl)]. Kemmerich, B; Koeppe, P; Langmaack, H; Lode, H, 1975)	0.25
"Peak concentrations and half-life of gentamicin in serum were measured after 140 intravenous and 13 intramuscular doses in 52 children and 17 adults with normal levels of creatinine in serum."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults. Echeverria, P; Paisley, JW; Siber, GR; Smith, AL; Smith, DH, 1975)	0.85
"Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between digoxin and gentamicin were studied in experiments on rabbits, guinea-pigs and cats."	( Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between digoxin and gentamicin. Kristeva, E; Prodanova, K; Staneva-Stoytcheva, D, )	0.59
") caused elevation of plasma digoxin levels primarily because the alpha half-life was prolonged (t1/2 alpha)."	( Changes in the plasma levels and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin used in combination with gentamicin, amiodarone and spironolactone. Krusteva, E, 1992)	0.5
" The population model employed assumes the existence of residual variability in the serum concentrations and interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in premature infants. Cervero, L; Domínguez-Gil, A; Izquierdo, M; Jimenez, NV; Lanao, JM, 1992)	0.57
"To describe and illustrate a convenient method of forecasting drug concentrations with confidence intervals (CIs) using the means and standard deviations of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (e."	( Setting confidence intervals for drug concentrations from pharmacokinetic parameters. Inciardi, JF; Willits, NH, 1992)	0.28
"Using summary statistics from previously published reports, a Monte Carlo technique employing a SAS random number generator creates an arbitrarily large "sample" of each pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Setting confidence intervals for drug concentrations from pharmacokinetic parameters. Inciardi, JF; Willits, NH, 1992)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by micro-computer pharmacokinetic program (MCPKP)."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intratracheal administration in tracheotomy patients]. Deng, YL; Ding, XH; Gu, CN; Gu, QP; Shan, HW; Zhu, CJ, 1992)	0.6
"A new nonparametric expectation maximisation (NPEM) algorithm for the estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameter values was evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin. Use of the nonparametric expectation maximisation (NPEM) algorithm. Jelliffe, RW; Kisor, DF; Watling, SM; Zarowitz, BJ, 1992)	0.57
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin and tobramycin were evaluated and compared for 260 patients with pleural effusions and 1,049 patients without pleural effusions by chest radiograph."	( Variation in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in patients with pleural effusions and hypoalbuminemia. Bertino, JS; Etzel, JV; Nafziger, AN, 1992)	0.84
"Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between digoxin and gentamicin were studied in experiments on rabbits, guinea-pigs and cats."	( Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between digoxin and gentamicin. Kristeva, E; Prodanova, K; Staneva-Stoytcheva, D, 1991)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and dosage schemes for each patient basing on the antibiotic blood levels."	( [Gentamicin level in the prostate and its pharmacokinetics in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy]. Dyderski, S; Sokołowski, W, )	1.04
" A bimodal distribution of the serum pharmacokinetic parameters in the pneumonic group was caused by the effects of dehydration."	( The effects of experimentally induced bronchopneumonia on the pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of gentamicin in healthy and pneumonic calves. Brown, SA; Hunter, RP; Nelligan, DF; Rollins, JK, 1991)	0.5
" for the toxicity study and 45 mg/kg, sc for the pharmacokinetic study."	( [Circadian rhythms of toxicity and pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in mice]. Song, JG, 1991)	0.53
"The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in postpartum women with endomyometritis were characterized and models for predicting patient pharmacokinetic parameters were developed using multiple regression analysis."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in postpartum women with endomyometritis. Gibson, GA; Lawson, LA; Munar, MY; Samuels, P, 1991)	2.03
" It was observed that there was a significant lower peak concentration in the infants than in the neonates."	( Serum levels of gentamicin at peak and trough in neonates and infants. Ali, S; Chowdhury, AK; Rashid, A; Shahidullah, M; Talukder, MQ, )	0.48
"Gentamicin serum levels were determined in an unselected group of newborns treated with standard doses of the drug to study the changes in pharmacokinetic parameters (trough and peak serum levels/dose ratio, serum level increases/dose ratio, elimination half-life, and distribution volume) 48, 96, and 144 h after commencing treatment."	( Changes in gentamicin serum levels and pharmacokinetic parameters in the newborn in the course of treatment with aminoglycoside. Faura, CC; Garcia, MR; Horga, JF, 1991)	2.11
" Our data suggest that no pharmacokinetic difference exists for gentamicin in patients with malignancies."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in patients with malignancies. Bertino, JS; Booker, LA; Franck, P; Rybicki, B, 1991)	1.96
" A pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and urine was performed with selected patients."	( Use of ciprofloxacin versus use of aminoglycosides for therapy of complicated urinary tract infection: prospective, randomized clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Brennen, C; DeVine, J; Fang, GD; Hilf, M; Swanson, D; Wagener, M; Yu, VL; Zadecky, L, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic studies on the preparation were conducted."	( [Pharmacokinetics of protegentin, a combined preparation]. Firsov, AA; Gagaeva, EV, 1991)	0.28
" Significant differences between treated and control groups, compatible with enhancement of gentamicin elimination, were observed in the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters (Kel, t 1/2, CL and AUC)."	( The effect of oral activated charcoal on the systemic clearance of gentamicin in rabbits with acute renal failure. Abdelaziz, AA; el-Sayed, YM; Hasan, MM, 1990)	0.74
"Fourteen patients with localised groin wound graft infection after vascular reconstruction were included in this study to evaluate the clinical effect and the pharmacokinetic profile of gentamycin containing collagen for local antibiotic treatment."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gentamycin containing collagen in groin wound infections after vascular reconstruction. Jørgensen, LG; Lorentzen, JE; Sørensen, TS, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic data to ensure proper dosing are scant, especially for large snakes."	( A new dosing schedule for gentamicin in blood pythons (Python curtus): a pharmacokinetic study. Hilf, M; Swanson, D; Wagner, R; Yu, VL, 1991)	0.58
" No relevant time and side effects were noted in calculated gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters on incorporation of BI measurements into impedance-derived predictive equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and elimination constant."	( Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance: the effects of time of day and body side on estimated gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Peterson, EL; Pilla, AM; Robert, S; Zarowitz, BJ, 1991)	0.74
"The influence of controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) on the pharmacokinetic profile of gentamicin has been examined in 23 patients after elective open heart surgery."	( Changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetic profiles induced by mechanical ventilation. Benito, S; Fernández, R; Izquierdo, I; Jane, F; Net, A; Torrent, J; Triginer, C, 1991)	0.89
" The elimination half-life in patients receiving ECMO was 10."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates undergoing extracorporal membrane oxygenation. Blaschke, TF; Cohen, P; Collart, L; Fischer, AF; Prober, CG, 1990)	1.72
"In a prospective, randomized study, 75 adults receiving aminoglycosides were followed by a clinical pharmacokinetic service and 70 followed as controls."	( Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides: a cost-benefit analysis. Bittner, MJ; Destache, CJ; Hermann, KG; Meyer, SK, 1990)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using least squares linear regression analysis assuming a one-compartment model using the Sawchuk-Zaske method."	( Gentamicin volume of distribution in critically ill septic patients. Benito, S; Fernández, R; Izquierdo, I; Net, A; Rello, J; Torrent, J; Triginer, C, 1990)	1.72
" No significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters and estimated dosages were observed."	( [Use of fluorescence polarization immunoassay and microbiological assay in the study of gentamicin pharmacokinetics in man and a comparison of the results]. Cai, WM; Chen, G, 1990)	0.5
" These results demonstrate that the choice of anesthetic used in laboratory pharmacokinetic studies is important."	( Differential effects of anesthetic regimens on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in the rat: a comparison with chronically catheterized conscious animals. Gumbleton, M; Nicholls, PJ; Taylor, G, 1990)	0.54
" The mean increase of 15 percent in the gentamicin half-life at steady-state compared with the initial pharmacokinetics analysis in elderly patients was significantly larger than the increase in half-life in the young patients."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic dose determination of gentamicin in geriatric patients. Birge, S; Lackner, TE, 1990)	0.8
" Noncompartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic variables."	( Expanded gentamicin volume of distribution in patients with indicators of malnutrition. Pilla, AM; Popovich, J; Zarowitz, BJ, 1990)	0.7
" The primary objective of our study was to compare the pharmacokinetic data in patients receiving gentamicin infusion by a syringe pump and a new controlled-release membrane infusion device."	( Comparison of two infusion methods for pharmacokinetic monitoring of gentamicin. Crist, KD; Nahata, MC, 1990)	0.73
"The effect of age and renal function on gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters were studied in 125 patients with various degrees of renal function."	( Effect of age and renal function on gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters. el-Sayed, YM; Islam, SI, 1989)	0.82
" Using individualized pharmacokinetic determinations, the regimens were revised as necessary to provide optimal blood levels."	( Pharmacokinetic monitoring of nephrotoxic antibiotics in surgical intensive care patients. Crotchett, J; Fischer, RP; Miller-Crotchett, P; Reed, RL; Wu, AH, 1989)	0.28
"The general strategy in optimization of antibiotic dosage regimens included development of population or common regimens for an "average" patient (the 1st approximation), subpopulation regimens for patients of certain categories on the basis of interactions between the pharmacokinetic parameters and "patient factors" (the 2nd approximation) and individual regimens on the basis of the data of the pharmacokinetic monitoring (the 3rd approximation)."	( [Pharmacokinetic monitoring of antibiotic therapy]. Firsov, AA, 1989)	0.28
" Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to develop descriptive models of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters in 30 adult in-patients receiving therapy with gentamicin."	( Bioelectrical impedance modelling of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters. Peterson, EL; Pilla, AM; Zarowitz, BJ, 1989)	0.78
" The aim of the present study was to discover the pharmacokinetic profile and the nephrotoxic potential of this new form of administration in experimental animals receiving gentamicin."	( Pharmacokinetic and nephrotoxic study of gentamicin in rabbits using a new dosage regimen. Alonso, MJ; Arévalo, MA; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Macias, MG; Navarro, AS; Sayalero, ML; Trapote, MA, )	0.59
"05) differences were not detected in pharmacokinetic values of either group."	( Phenolsulfonphthalein pharmacokinetics and renal morphologic changes in adult pony mares with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis. Cooley, AJ; Hinchcliff, KW; MacWilliams, PS; McGuirk, SM, 1989)	0.5
" Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed a linear dose response in serum after the 20 and 50 mg/kg subcutaneous dose and urinary recoveries of administered dose of about 60% in 6 hours."	( L-658,310, a new injectable cephalosporin. III. Experimental chemotherapeutics and pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals. Abruzzo, GK; Bland, JA; Fromtling, RA; Gadebusch, HH; Gilfillan, EC; Hadley, SK; Pelak, BA; Weissberger, BA, 1989)	0.28
" A one-compartment pharmacokinetic infusion model was used to calculate k and Vd; AGCL = (k) (Vd)."	( Comparison of aminoglycoside clearance and calculated serum creatinine clearances. Deeter, RG; Krauss, EA; Nahaczewski, AE; Penn, F, 1989)	0.28
"Performance of two methods for determination of the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination half-life (t1/2) for gentamicin was evaluated in 20 non-obese acutely ill patients."	( Performance of two predictive methods for calculation of the key pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin dosage individualization. el-Sayed, YM, 1989)	0.7
"A population pharmacokinetic study was conducted on a total of 70 patients receiving gentamicin therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin and a Bayesian approach in patients with renal impairment. Berrocal, A; Calvo, MV; de la Calle, B; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Perez, M, 1989)	0.78
" In this study, we determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in 10 infants on ECMO."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DiPiro, JT; Robertson, AF; Southgate, WM, 1989)	0.84
" Concentration-time data fitted well to an open single compartment pharmacokinetic model that incorporated the processes of transfer of drug from the injection site to the sampling site (a function of diffusion within the vitreous), and the elimination from the sampling site (a function of elimination from the vitreous)."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal injection. Assessment of a gentamicin model by ocular dialysis. Ben-Nun, J; Constable, IJ; Cooper, RL; Cringle, SJ; Joyce, DA, 1989)	0.52
" Serial pharmacokinetic dosing has been proposed as a method to achieve these goals."	( Serial pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a community hospital experience. Hoffa, DE, 1989)	0.28
" Although adequate maintenance dosing requires individualization based on pharmacokinetic analyses, large aminoglycoside doses can be used safely in patients with blunt trauma if appropriate monitoring is employed."	( Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: dosage requirements and nephrotoxicity in trauma patients. Fink, MP; Murphy, SG; Stein, KL; Townsend, PL, 1989)	0.28
"We investigated the influence of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetic behavior of liposomes and their contents in the rabbit eye."	( Effect of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal liposomes. Barza, M; Stuart, M; Szoka, F, 1987)	0.27
" The advantages and disadvantages of arbitrary, predictive, and pharmacokinetic methods of dosing determination are summarized."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics, toxicity and cost effectiveness analysis of aminoglycosides and aminoglycoside dosing services. Bailie, GR; Mathews, A, 1987)	0.27
" After a single injection, limited pharmacokinetic variations were observed, whereas after 14 injections infected kidneys demonstrated significantly higher concentrations and a more extended renal elimination phase of the antibiotic."	( Renal pharmacokinetic changes of gentamicin during enterococcal pyelonephritis. Auclair, P; Bergeron, MG; Lessard, C, 1988)	0.56
" With use of numerous multiple-dosing regimens in an animal model, this study is the first to successfully minimize the interdependence between pharmacokinetic parameters and thereby determine, by stepwise multivariate regression analysis, that the time that serum levels exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was the most significant parameter determining efficacy for beta-lactams and erythromycin against various pathogens, whereas the log area under the curve was the major parameter for aminoglycosides."	( Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Gudmundsson, S; Leggett, J; Turnidge, J; Vogelman, B, 1988)	0.27
"Monitoring of serum gentamicin concentrations and one-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis were performed in 41 preterm low birth weight infants (20 with birth weight of less than 1,500 g and 21 with birth weight of greater than or equal to 1,500 g) in the first week of life."	( Gentamicin dosing and pharmacokinetics in low birth weight infants. Chiba, Y; Ito, T; Mori, S; Nakae, S; Sakamoto, M; Sasaki, E; Tada, K; Yamada, M; Yamada, T, 1988)	2.04
"40 mg/d on pharmacokinetic parameters and renal excretion of electrolyses and beta-NAG in 10 patients (9 female, 1 males) with UTJ."	( [Changes in the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin during nephrotoxic therapy]. Fünfstück, R; Günther, K; Guthke, R; Knorre, WA; Müller, A; Stein, G; Strassburger, J, 1988)	0.27
" There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between first and last administration in these patients, suggesting that no accumulation occurred with above mentioned doses."	( [Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies of gentamicin in intravenous drip infusion to children]. Fujita, K; Ishida, C; Kakehashi, H; Maruyama, S; Mori, Y; Sakata, H; Sakata, Y; Takimoto, M; Yoshioka, H, 1988)	0.54
" Serum concentration of gentamicin vs time data were analyzed, and pharmacokinetic values were compared with base-line values."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in cats given Escherichia coli endotoxin. Brown, J; Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD; Tuler, SM; Wilson, RC, 1988)	0.91
" Results of the study indicated the need to individualize aminoglycoside dosage regimens on the basis of pharmacokinetic disposition of drug, especially in dogs with preexisting subclinical renal dysfunction."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in naturally acquired and experimentally induced disease in dogs. Aucoin, DP; Frazier, DL; Riviere, JE, 1988)	1.72
" Using a crossover design, pharmacokinetic values after a single IV dose of gentamicin (4 mg/kg) were compared in halothane-anesthetized and unanesthetized horses."	( Effects of halothane anesthesia on the clearance of gentamicin sulfate in horses. Baggot, JD; Dunlop, CI; Farver, TB; Smith, CM; Steffey, EP, 1988)	0.76
" Errors from -80% to +80% were systematically induced in Cmax or Cmin, or both."	( Simulated effect of gentamicin assay errors on calculated pharmacokinetic values. Boyce, EG; Pugh, CB, 1988)	0.6
" Gentamicin elimination rate and serum half-life were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pathological evaluation of gentamicin in cats given a small intravenous dose repeatedly for five days. Brown, J; Crowell, WA; Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD, 1988)	1.44
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using compartmental and model-independent analyses."	( Gentamicin bioavailability and single-dose pharmacokinetics in spinal cord injury. Brunnemann, SR; Gray, DR; Segal, JL, 1988)	1.72
" The use of pharmacokinetic consultants may be of benefit in administering safely optimal aminoglycoside therapy."	( Prospective comparison of traditional and pharmacokinetic aminoglycoside dosing methods. Ausman, RK; Bubrick, J; Franson, TR; Quebbeman, EJ; Rosenberger, SL; Thomson, R; Whipple, J, 1988)	0.27
"This study proposes the use of individual pharmacokinetic parameters to predict effective dosages of aminoglycosides for patients with serious infections."	( Usefulness of estimating individual pharmacokinetic data for aminoglycoside therapy in seriously ill patients. Denaro, CP; Ravenscroft, PJ, 1987)	0.27
" It was determined that the plasma half-life of immunoreactive gentamicin was 12 to 15 hours in the catfish and the rate of elimination from fish after intracardiac and intramuscular (im) routes are not significantly different."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, given intracardiac and intramuscular injections of gentamicin sulfate. Rolf, LL; Setser, MD; Walker, JL, 1986)	0.72
" Comparison of gentamicin pharmacokinetic data revealed a larger volume of distribution and AUC, prolonged terminal t1/2, and slower total body clearance of the drug in those infants receiving gentamicin by continuous infusion."	( Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of continuous intravenous infusion of gentamicin in low birth weight infants. Giacoia, GP; Schentag, JJ, 1986)	0.85
" These results demonstrate that a high peak concentration relative to the MIC for the infecting organism is a major determinant of the clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy."	( Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. Lietman, PS; Moore, RD; Smith, CR, 1987)	0.27
" Drug half-life was noted to be increased after shock for cefazolin by both resuscitation methods and for gentamicin after shock by saline resuscitation."	( Effect of hemorrhagic shock on cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in dogs. Cheung, RP; Dickson, PL; DiPiro, JT; Hall, EM; Michael, KA, 1987)	0.75
" Although the elimination half-life of gentamicin appeared to decrease with age, the changes were not significant and were due to an increased elimination rate in only one calf."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, neomycin and oxytetracycline in newborn calves. Barto, PB; Burrows, GE; Martin, B, 1987)	0.83
"The effect of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and its therapy on the pharmacokinetic disposition of gentamicin in very low birth weight neonates was studied."	( Effect of patent ductus arteriosus on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight (less than 1,500 g) babies. Aldrich, M; Angelus, P; Johnson, JD; Kelly, HW; Watterberg, KL, 1987)	0.76
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients with sepsis was studied."	( Altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with sepsis. Awang, R; Cerra, FB; Fuhs, DW; Mann, HJ; Ndemo, FA, 1987)	0.27
" The program we have evaluated, OPT, calculates the most likely set of pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for individual patients by applying Bayes' theorem and the principle of Maximum Likelihood Estimation."	( Evaluation of a microcomputer program (OPT) for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics: gentamicin and tobramycin. Derkx, FH; Michel, MF; Wagenvoort, JH; Zantvoort, FA, 1987)	0.49
"The compliance of nurse practitioners in a neonatal intensive-care center with gentamicin dosage recommendations from a pharmacokinetic consultation service was determined."	( Compliance of neonatal nurse practitioners with gentamicin pharmacokinetic recommendations. Gooch, WM; Higbee, MD; Swenson, E; Walsh, PL, 1986)	0.75
" Pharmacokinetic interaction between combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate was not observed int he serum or synovia."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles of ampicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate in serum and synovia of healthy horses. Bowman, KF; Dix, LP; Riond, JL; Riviere, JE, 1986)	0.75
" Based on the theoretical and patient data evaluations, reasonably accurate pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by the present method, especially when a pair of peak and trough SGC were utilized."	( Two-point method for determination of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: theoretical and practical considerations. Chow, MS; Hamilton, RA, 1986)	0.27
"Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic values were calculated for 12 equine patients receiving parenteral gentamicin therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. Brown, SA; Sojka, JE, 1986)	1.04
" The mean half-life of gentamicin in nephrotic children (96."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children with nephrotic syndrome. Arancibia, A; Bravo, I; González-Martin, G; Vargas, H, 1986)	0.91
" Potentially toxic trough concentrations occurred in three of the first nine patients studied, in whom the dose and a 4-hour dosing interval were prescribed on the basis of one-compartment pharmacokinetic calculations (Sawchuck-Zaske method)."	( Individualizing gentamicin dosage in patients with cystic fibrosis: limitations to pharmacokinetic approach. Hendeles, L; Iafrate, RP; Mangos, JA; Stillwell, PC, 1987)	0.62
" The results of standard in vitro checkerboard tests for synergism were predictive of the initial (4 to 8 h) but not the final (24 to 28 h) assessment of drug interaction in the pharmacokinetic model."	( Impact of netilmicin regimens on the activities of ceftazidime-netilmicin combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Blaser, J; Groner, MC; Stone, BB; Zinner, SH, 1985)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed no significant effect of circadian cycle on gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters at each of the two fasted periods."	( Factors affecting aminoglycoside disposition: effects of circadian rhythm and dietary protein intake on gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Bertino, JS; Dickson, CJ; Schwartzman, MS, 1986)	0.71
" pharmacokinetics and acknowledged the need for a long-term washout period when using the crossover design for gentamicin pharmacokinetic studies."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in sheep. Anderson, VL; Brown, SA; Coppoc, GL; Riviere, JE, 1986)	0.76
"Single and multiple dose gentamicin regimens were compared in sheep to determine the relevant pharmacokinetic differences."	( Single intravenous and multiple intramuscular dose pharmacokinetics and tissue residue profile of gentamicin in sheep. Brown, SA; Carlton, WW; Coppoc, GL; Hinsman, EJ; Riviere, JE; Steckel, RR, 1985)	0.79
" Steady-state peak and trough serum gentamicin concentrations were predicted using a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model and literature values for volume of distribution (V) and first-order elimination rate constant (k)."	( Altered gentamicin pharmacokinetics during the perioperative period. Akahoshi, MP; Beatty, JD; Kloth, DD; Kong, C; Leach, SH; Tegtmeier, BR; Zaia, JA, )	0.84
"Following the previous report on pharmacokinetics of micronomicin (MCR) in healthy volunteers, pharmacokinetic studies were made again in patients with different degree of renal impairment, and a nomogram was obtained."	( [Clinical studies of intravenous drip infusion of micronomicin. 1. Pharmacokinetics (Part 2). Intravenous Micronomicin Research Group]. Kawaguchi, Y; Koyama, M; Mitsuhashi, S; Saito, I; Watanabe, M, 1985)	0.27
" We calculated gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, volume of distribution, and clearance) from three consecutive concentration-time points (trough, peak, and next trough levels) in 38 newborn infants."	( A simple method for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate by gentamicin pharmacokinetics during routine drug monitoring in the newborn. James, A; Koren, G; Perlman, M, 1985)	0.86
"The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic values for gentamicin in neonatal calves and to compare these values with those in adult cattle (cows)."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the calf: developmental changes. Baggot, JD; Clarke, CR; Hsu, RC; Short, CR, 1985)	0.82
" The pharmacokinetic data were used to make dosage regimen recommendations for treatment of hemodialysis patients with these antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and kanamycin during hemodialysis. Danish, M; Jusko, WJ; Schultz, R, 1974)	0.58
" The postinhalation gentamicin concentration in the lungs decreased with a half-life of 67."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered intratracheally or as an inhalation aerosol to guinea pigs. Bezek, S; Durisová, M; Erichleb, M; Faltus, F; Kállay, Z; Kettner, M; Navarová, J; Tomcíková, O; Trnovec, T, )	0.78
"Following a single intravenous injection of polymyxin B, colistin (5 mg/kg, each) and gentamicin (3 mg/kg) to calves, the decline in serum antibiotic concentration generally suggested a three-compartment (open system) pharmacokinetic model."	( The pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of polymyxin B, colistin and gentamicin in calves. Nouws, JF; van Ginneken, CA; Ziv, G, 1982)	0.72
" By a combination of gentamicin plus ampicillin pharmacokinetic parameters are not influenced; while if gentamicin is combined with cefotaxim the apparent elimination halflife of gentamicin (beta-slope) is significantly reduced."	( [Pharmacokinetics of combined antibiotic therapy in the newborn infant]. Bergt, U; Heimann, G; Schug, S, 1983)	0.58
" For each of the protocol the pharmacokinetic coefficients of gentamicin were calculated."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the decompensed alcoholic cirrhotic patient. Therapeutic consequences]. Astier, A; Jacquot, C; Karsenti, P; Louchahi, M; Perret, G; Petitjean, A; Petitjean, O, 1983)	0.83
" Analyses of past therapy are performed by least squares, extended least squares, and maximum a posteriori probability Bayesian methods of fitting pharmacokinetic models to serum level data."	( Open-loop-feedback control of serum drug concentrations: pharmacokinetic approaches to drug therapy. Jelliffe, RW, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic profile of netilmicin is very similar to that of gentamicin."	( Netilmicin sulfate: a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and clinical efficacy. Craig, WA; Gudmundsson, S; Reich, RM, )	0.37
" Although the two methods appear to be interchangeable, based on in vitro comparison, differences in calculated pharmacokinetic parameters resulted in significant differences in dose recommendations."	( Observed differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage recommendations determined by fluorescent polarization immunoassay and radioimmunoassay methods. Berg, HG; Lakatua, DJ; Nelson, RB; Rotschafer, JC; Strand, L, 1983)	0.57
" This review addresses the clinical pharmacokinetic aspects of drug therapy in haemodialysis patients and considers: (a) the effects of ESRD on the general pharmacokinetics of drugs; (b) dialysis clearance and its impact on drug and metabolite elimination; (c) the definition of dialysability and the criteria for evaluation of drug dialysability; (d) pharmacokinetic parameters which are useful in the prediction of drug dialysability; and (e) the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the adjustment of dosage regimens in haemodialysis patients."	( Drug therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Lee, CS; Marbury, TC, )	0.13
" None of the pharmacokinetic values for the two preparations was significantly different."	( Pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity of two gentamicin products given intramuscularly. Fischer, JH; Hedrick, PJ; Riff, LJ, )	0.38
" Chloramphenicol is mainly excreted after biotransformation and large differences in pharmacokinetic parameters are to be found, not only between birds and mammals, but also between avian species."	( Pharmacokinetic aspects of penicillins, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol in birds compared to mammals. A review. Dorrestein, GM; Rinzema, JD; van Gogh, H, 1984)	0.27
" Linear regression analysis was used to determine half-life and volume of distribution."	( Gentamicin dosing in the newborn. Use of a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model to individualize dosing. Dolanski, E; Edgren, B; Karna, P; Sciamanna, D, 1984)	1.71
" Pharmacokinetic analysis in six dogs showed that this surgical procedure resulted in a decreased total body clearance of drug and a marginally contracted volume of the central compartment."	( Pharmacokinetics and comparative nephrotoxicity of fixed-dose versus fixed-interval reduction of gentamicin dosage in subtotal nephrectomized dogs. Carlton, WW; Carver, MP; Coppoc, GL; Lantz, GC; Riviere, JE; Shy-Modjeska, J, 1984)	0.49
"The pharmacokinetic interaction of the monobactam antibiotic aztreonam with cephradine, clindamycin, gentamicin, metronidazole, and nafcillin was investigated in five separate studies in 48 healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of aztreonam with other antibiotics. Adamovics, J; Creasey, WA; Dhruv, R; Platt, TB; Sugerman, AA, 1984)	0.48
"The pharmacokinetic properties of mezlocillin were evaluated in newborn infants."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of mezlocillin in newborn infants. McCraken, GH; Odio, C; Thomas, ML; Threlkeld, N, 1984)	0.27
"To determine netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate the use of a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, 32 patients receiving netilmicin for suspected gram-negative sepsis were enrolled in our study protocol."	( Clinical use of a one-compartment model for determining netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage recommendations. Crossley, KB; Rotschafer, JC; Russillo, NJ; Solem, LD; Strate, RG; Tofte, RW; Zaske, DE, 1983)	0.27
" Serum gentamicin concentrations over a 13-hour period were fitted to an open, two-compartment, pharmacokinetic model."	( Species dependent gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in the young horse. Carlton, WW; Coppoc, GL; Hinsman, EJ; Riviere, JE; Traver, DS, )	0.92
" The mean half-life and mean serum concentration at 1 h for each drug was determined."	( Reproducibility study of the pharmacokinetics of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin; a three-way crossover study. Acar, J; Adam, D; Cadorniga, R; Dyas, A; Hallynck, T; Pijck, J; Soep, HH; Wenk, M; Wise, R, 1983)	0.51
"Although intravitreal injection of antibiotics is being used more widely in treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis, the pharmacokinetic principles that underlie such therapy have been derived exclusively from experiments in the rabbit."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal carbenicillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin in rhesus monkeys. Barza, M; Baum, J; Kane, A, 1983)	0.51
"To reach and maintain therapeutic drug concentrations, reliable estimates of the parameters describing the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug are required."	( Optimization of pharmacokinetic monitoring: I. Linear pharmacokinetics. Berg, MJ; Clarke, MI; Lantz, RK; Schoenwald, RD; Schottelius, DD, 1983)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic studies of MCR after intramuscular or drip intravenous administration were carried out using one-compartment open model or two-compartment open model, respectively."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies on micronomicin in rats. Comparison of intramuscular and drip intravenous administration models]. Deguchi, T; Inoue, A; Kobayashi, H; Kurimoto, T; Okachi, R, 1983)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (T1/2, AUC, Kel, Vd and Cl) of MCR except Cmax and Tmax were not differentiated by the route of administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies on micronomicin in dogs. Comparison of intramuscular and drip intravenous administration models]. Deguchi, T; Hara, T; Inoue, A, 1983)	0.27
"A prospective, randomized trial was performed to study the impact of lot variation on pharmacokinetic manipulation of serum gentamicin concentrations."	( Influence of manufacturer lot number on pharmacokinetic manipulation of gentamicin serum concentrations. Berne, TV; Chenella, FC; Gill, MA; Heseltine, PN; Kern, JW; Yellin, AE, 1983)	0.7
"The biplot technique was applied to aminoglycoside renal toxicological and pharmacokinetic data in beagles."	( Application of biplot methods to the multivariate analysis of toxicological and pharmacokinetic data. Rawlings, JO; Riviere, JE; Shy-Modjeska, JS, 1984)	0.27
" Peak (Cmax) and trough ( Cmin ) serum concentrations, elimination rate constants (k), volumes of distribution (V), and clearances (CL) were compared between the AGA and LGA groups and within the LGA group between obese (n = 6) and nonobese (n = 5) infants."	( Effect of body weight on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Cohen, JL; Huxtable, RF; Miwa, L; Waffarn, F; Zenk, KE, )	0.43
"05) mean differences were seen in distribution volume (25%), gentamicin clearance (15%), and half-life (11%), using the quantitative data from both methods."	( Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay methods in determining gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosages. Crossley, K; Morlock, C; Rotschafer, JC; Strand, L, 1982)	0.73
"The authors studied the influence of certain pharmacokinetic parameters on the bactericidal activity of gentamicin using an experimental model simulating the variations of antibiotic concentration."	( [Bactericidal activity of antibiotics as a function of pharmacokinetic constants. II. Effect of pharmacokinetic parameters (C max and Ke) on the bactericidal activity of gentamicin]. Chung, SS; Courtieu, AL; Drugeon, HB; Maurisset, B, 1982)	0.67
" The volume of the ECF, therefore, affects the magnitude of Cmax when a constant dose is administered."	( Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in newborns. Smith, AL, 1982)	0.26
" There was no difference in serum half-life between both modes of administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics study on gentamicin intravenous drip infusion in children]. Akita, H; Hayano, S; Ichihashi, Y; Iwasaki, Y; Iwata, S; Jozaki, K; Matsuo, T; Osano, M; Sato, Y; Sunakawa, K; Suzuki, H; Tojoh, M; Wakabayashi, R; Yamada, Z, 1983)	0.56
" No significant differences in clearance, volume of distribution or half-life were found due to age within a single drug group (amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin) or among the 3 drug groups."	( Influence of age on amikacin pharmacokinetics in patients without renal disease. Comparison with gentamicin and tobramycin. Bauer, LA; Blouin, RA, 1983)	0.69
"05) between species were found for the half-life and total body clearance values for this broad-spectrum antibiotic."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in birds of prey. Bird, JE; Duke, GE; Larson, AA; Miller, KW, 1983)	0.59
" Amino-glycoside pharmacokinetic variables were calculated."	( Gentamicin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics in patients with cystic fibrosis. Bauer, LA; Blouin, RA; Piecoro, JJ; Wilson, HD, )	1.57
"The rationale for pharmacokinetic monitoring of aminoglycosides is critically reviewed."	( Reappraisal of guidelines for pharmacokinetic monitoring of aminoglycosides. Evans, WE; Yee, GC, )	0.13
"The effects of aging on gentamicin total-body clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life were examined in 173 febrile patients with gram-negative infections."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics: effect of aging in patients with normal renal function. Bauer, LA; Blouin, RA, 1982)	2.01
" All patients received individualized dosing regimens of the drugs based on pharmacokinetic parameters measured after the initial dose."	( Comparison of gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity in patients receiving individualized-pharmacokinetic dosing regimens. Compty, C; Heissler, J; Pancorbo, S, )	0.49
" Clinical and pharmacokinetic data were obtained on 240 of 267 courses (120 courses each of gentamicin and tobramycin)."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in 201 critically ill patients. Cerra, FB; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1982)	0.48
" 2 OPT uses prior information on the distribution of population pharmacokinetic parameters and plasma drug concentration measurements to obtain the "most likely' set of parameters for the individual."	( OPT: a package of computer programs for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; Whiting, B, 1982)	0.26
" The serum half-life (t1/2), tended to show higher values in premature than in mature newborns, although this was not statistically significant."	( Pharmacokinetic assessment of netilmicin in newborns and older children. Bergan, T; Michalsen, H, 1982)	0.26
" Detailed pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma drug concentration-time data up to 36 h after the intravenous dose revealed that the pharmacokinetics of the aminoglycoside antibiotics can be best described as a three-compartment open model."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics in guinea pigs. Assael, BM; Cavanna, G; Chung, M; Parravicini, L; Radwanski, E; Symchowicz, S, 1982)	0.26
" A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was found to be adequate in predicting the amount of drug removed by the procedure while a two-compartment model best described the posttransfusion alteration in elimination kinetics."	( Alterations in gentamicin pharmacokinetics during neonatal exchange transfusion. Bertino, JS; Blumer, JL; Kliegman, RM; Myers, CM, 1982)	0.62
"A pharmacy-based aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service is described, including the use of serum gentamicin levels before and after the service."	( Establishing an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital. Bollish, SJ; Kelly, WN; Miller, DE; Timmons, RG, 1981)	0.48
" Evidence is presented to confirm that time of peak concentration times (tmax) following oral or intramuscular dosing may be highly variable when doses, dosing intervals, or drug elimination rates are changing."	( Mathematical considerations in the estimation of peak drug concentrations under uniform and nonuniform dosing conditions. Hull, JH, )	0.13
" Gentamicin cleared from the perilymph with a half-life of 3 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in perilymph and endolymph of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay. Amiel, C; Manuel, C; Meulemans, A; Sterkers, O; Tran Ba Huy, P, 1981)	1.5
" It is recommended that distribution kinetics of drugs and metabolites in blood be included in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of drugs in blood. I. Unusual distribution of gentamicin. Chen, ML; Chiou, WL; Huang, SM; Lee, MG, )	0.37
" Recent studies have emphasized the dubious accuracy of commonly used formulas, and computer programs that provide pharmacokinetic data for individual patients from multiple blood samples have helped to adjust dosages but are expensive."	( Gentamicin: use of a programmable calculator to determine dosages from pharmacokinetic data for individual patients. Courchesne, Y; de Repentigny, L; Dumont, L; Larochelle, P; Le Lorier, J; Morisset, R, 1981)	1.71
" These data were fitted to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Amikacin and gentamicin accumulation pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. Cerra, FB; French, MA; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.63
"Three programs are presented which have been developed to simulate conditions encountered in the pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens."	( A package of computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy. Sullivan, TJ; Wunderley, DJ, 1980)	0.26
"The present study was conducted in order to document the pharmacokinetic behaviour of Gentamicin when administered intraperitoneally (I."	( Intraperitoneal gentamicin in appendiceal peritonitis in children: a pharmacokinetic study. Constantinides, C; Daikos, GC; Giamarellou, H; Pappis, C; Petrikkos, G, 1981)	0.83
" Of these 267 courses, pharmacokinetic and clinical data were obtained for 240 (120 gentamicin and 120 tobramycin)."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and tobramycin: pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in 201 patients. Cerra, FB; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.78
"Inadequate therapeutic results in the treatment of bacterial infections in patients with Cystic Fibrosis prompted a reevaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of orally and parenterally administered drugs in these patients."	( [Pharmacokinetic of antibiotics in patients with mucoviscidosis (author's transl)]. Guggenbichler, JP; Pillwein, K; Rohrer, R; Schabel, F, 1981)	0.26
" The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin (two-compartment open model) before and at two points during the acute phase of experimentally induced nephrotoxic (injection of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody) glomerulonephritis in beagle dogs."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetic changes in induced acute canine nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis. Carlton, WW; Coppoc, GL; Hinsman, EJ; Riviere, JE, 1981)	1.93
" Half-life (elimination phase) was 60."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the juvenile dog. Coppoc, GL; Riviere, JE, 1981)	0.59
" The use of a single pharmacokinetic dosing model for all patients, irrespective of evidence of increased or decreased drug elimination, results in widely differing drug dosages."	( Aminoglycoside dosage in pediatric patients:considerations regarding pharmacokinetic-based dose adjustment in patients requiring high versus low dose therapy. Leff, RD; Roberts, RJ, 1981)	0.26
" Other pharmacokinetic values determined also are presented."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the horse. Belmonte, A; Pedersoli, WM; Purohit, RC; Ravis, WR, 1980)	0.58
" For this and other reasons, at the Hospital Pharmacological Service a clinical pharmacokinetic laboratory was set up about two years ago."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics: the pharmacological monitoring of plasmatic levels in therapy. Bonora, MR; Guaglio, R; Rondanelli, R; Terzoni, PA, 1980)	0.26
" These parameters are only of use to the clinician if they can be obtained reliably and without too much experimental or mathematical effort, and their predictive value is independent of elaborate pharmacokinetic models."	( The pharmacokinetic basis of optimal antibiotic dosage. Brockmeier, D; von Hattingberg, HM, 1980)	0.26
" Elimination, half-life was prolonged (46 to 90 min control and pyrexia, respectively), total plasma clearance remaining unchanged (4."	( The influence of endotoxin-induced pyrexia on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the rabbit. Halkin, H; Lidji, M; Rubinstein, E, 1981)	0.5
"Once-daily administration of aminoglycosides may be a safe and effective therapeutic regimen, on the basis of the microbiologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses. Derksen, FJ; Godber, LM; Hauptman, JG; Stein, GE; Walker, RD, 1995)	0.5
"Measurement of drug concentrations in tissues would be useful for clinical pharmacokinetic studies, but appropriate experimental methods are not available at present."	( Application of microdialysis to clinical pharmacokinetics in humans. Buxbaum, A; Eichler, HG; Georgopoulos, A; Müller, M; Schmid, R; Wasicek, C, 1995)	0.29
" Major pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption half-life, elimination half-life, maximum concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, area under the curve, and area under the inhibitory curve) were calculated for tissues; tissue/plasma concentration ratios could be derived."	( Application of microdialysis to clinical pharmacokinetics in humans. Buxbaum, A; Eichler, HG; Georgopoulos, A; Müller, M; Schmid, R; Wasicek, C, 1995)	0.29
" This technique may become a valuable addition for pharmacokinetic characterization of selected drugs."	( Application of microdialysis to clinical pharmacokinetics in humans. Buxbaum, A; Eichler, HG; Georgopoulos, A; Müller, M; Schmid, R; Wasicek, C, 1995)	0.29
"To compare the first-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin 6 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg in stable, nonobese surgical intensive care unit patients with open extremity fractures receiving gentamicin prophylactically."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of gentamicin in surgical intensive care unit patients with open fractures. Bjornson, HS; Healy, DP; Miyagawa, CI; Sangha, KS, 1995)	0.8
" Area under the curve0-infinity (AUC0-infinity), apparent volume of distribution, and half-life were: 89."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of gentamicin in surgical intensive care unit patients with open fractures. Bjornson, HS; Healy, DP; Miyagawa, CI; Sangha, KS, 1995)	0.56
"We adapted an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection to incorporate simulated endocardial vegetations."	( Bactericidal activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, and gentamicin alone and in combination against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of endocarditis. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ, 1994)	0.53
"This study retrospectively characterized population-based pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin in neonates and young infants, and evaluated the predictive performance of these parameters in a Bayesian forecasting program."	( Prediction of gentamicin concentrations in neonates and infants using a Bayesian pharmacokinetic model. Gentry, CA; Gross, JR; Kraus, DM; Nickel, E; Plank, GS; Rodvold, KA, 1993)	0.87
"A pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin (5 mg/kg intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin following single dose intravenous administration in normal and febrile goats. Ahmad, AH; Bahga, HS; Sharma, LD, 1994)	0.91
" To develop population pharmacokinetic models of the drug, we used the nonparametric expectation and maximization population modeling method and data from 11 neonates who received gentamicin on ECMO, including 6 infants who received gentamicin both on and off ECMO for severe respiratory failure."	( Population pharmacokinetic models: effect of explicit versus assumed constant serum concentration assay error patterns upon parameter values of gentamicin in infants on and off extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Bellanger, RA; Dodge, WF; Hokanson, JA; Jelliffe, RW; Snodgrass, WR; Zwischenberger, JB, 1994)	0.68
"Bactericidal activities of isepamicin and ofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 were examined using an in vitro computer programmed pharmacokinetic simulation system."	( [Bactericidal activities of isepamicin and ofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa evaluated using an in vitro pharmacokinetic simulation system]. Goto, S; Kaneko, Y; Tsuji, A; Yamaguchi, K, 1994)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic values evaluated were steady-state distribution volume (V), clearance (CL), elimination rate constant (k), and half-life (t1/2)."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in adults with bacterial endocarditis. García-Beltran, L; Pascual-Mostaza, C; Pou-Clavé, L; Rosell-Rovira, ML, 1994)	1.73
" Knowledge of pharmacokinetic terms and concepts can lead to a more rational use of the drug gentamicin."	( Applying pharmacokinetic data to gentamicin use. Cahill, J, 1994)	0.79
"The Cockcroft-Gault and Salazar-Corcoran equations were compared with respect to prediction of gentamicin pharmacokinetic values in obese and nonobese patients, and the results were used to formulate guidelines for calculating initial gentamicin dosages in obese patients."	( Creatinine-clearance estimates for predicting gentamicin pharmacokinetic values in obese patients. Chandler, MH; Leader, WG; Tsubaki, T, 1994)	0.77
"The performances of two-sample and three-sample methods for estimating gentamicin pharmacokinetic values were studied."	( Two-versus three-sample method for estimating gentamicin pharmacokinetic values. Davis, RL; Lavezo, LA, 1994)	0.78
" Gentamicin toxicity is based on its concentration in serum, and any alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters may lead to gentamicin accumulation in the body and subsequently to severe nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits pretreated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an interaction study. Gandhi, TP; Jhala, A; Patel, RB; Santani, DD; Sheikh, MA, 1994)	1.52
" These pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with predicted parameters based on the method used clinically in our institution."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with various levels of diabetic proteinuria. Freerksen, A; Gould, B; Sclar, DA; White, JR, )	0.45
"The bactericidal activities of arbekacin (ABK), vancomycin (VCM), gentamicin (GM) and netilmicin (NTL) in mixed culture with Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined using an in vitro computer programmed pharmacokinetic simulation system and also the protective effect of these agents on systemic infection in neutropenic mice was examined."	( [Evaluation of bactericidal activity of arbekacin in mixed culture with MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an in vitro pharmacokinetic simulation system]. Goto, S; Sugano, T; Takada, T; Takase, Y; Tsuji, A; Yamaguchi, K; Yoshida, T, 1994)	0.53
" Three different methods, standard two-stage (STS), extended least-squares non-linear regression [MULTI(ELS)] and non-parametric expected maximization (NEPM), were used to estimate the pharmacokinetic (PK) population parameters."	( Selection of optimal prophylactic aminoglycoside dosage in cancer patients: population pharmacokinetic approaches. Jiménez, NV; López, R; Ordovás, JP; Poveda, JL; Ronchera, CL, 1994)	0.29
" Both Cmax and AUC were shown to be factors determining antibacterial activity; however Cmax independently represented some 35% of total exposure effect."	( Bactericidal effect of gentamicin peak concentration provides a rationale for administration of bolus doses. Bastone, EB; IoannidesDemos, LL; Li, SC; McLean, AJ; Spicer, WJ, 1993)	0.6
"In three groups (each n = 12) of unselected hospitalized patients treated either with digoxin, theophylline, or gentamicin routinely performed TDM measurement of trough steady-state plasma levels (+ peak levels in case of gentamicin) was combined with a pharmacokinetic study at steady state (multiple blood sampling during one dosing interval)."	( Generation of pharmacokinetic data during routine therapeutic drug monitoring: Bayesian approach vs. pharmacokinetic studies. Bühl, K; Drewelow, B; el Desoky, E; Engel, G; Harings-Kaim, A; Klotz, U; Meinshausen, J, 1993)	0.5
"A novel technique for in vivo intrabronchial pharmacokinetic measurements using microdialysis is described."	( Pharmacokinetic measurement of drugs in lung epithelial lining fluid by microdialysis: aminoglycoside antibiotics in rat bronchi. Conzentino, P; Cundy, KC; Eickhoff, WM; Eisenberg, EJ, 1993)	0.29
"Gentamicin pharmacokinetic values were determined on 11 serum samples per subject collected sequentially out to 300 minutes after infusion."	( Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose gentamicin in healthy volunteers. Merritt, GJ; Slade, JB, )	1.81
"Hyperbaric oxygen produced no changes in the measured pharmacokinetic values of gentamicin under the conditions specified in this study."	( Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose gentamicin in healthy volunteers. Merritt, GJ; Slade, JB, )	0.59
"This investigation compares the accuracy of calculating gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters by a noninvasive body composition technique (bioelectrical impedance analysis; BIA) with an empiric method, against the two-point method as the criterion standard."	( Determination of gentamicin pharmacokinetics by bioelectrical impedance in critically ill adults. Horst, HM; Mlynarek, M; Peterson, EL; Robert, S; Zarowitz, BJ, 1993)	0.87
" First-dose (FD) pharmacokinetic calculations can be used in these patients to determine an appropriate dosing regimen."	( Aminoglycoside dosing in burn patients using first-dose pharmacokinetics. Harper, DJ; Hollingsed, TC; Jennings, JP; Morris, SE; Saffle, JR, 1993)	0.29
" Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in 44 PICU patients (0."	( Bayesian forecasting of gentamicin pharmacokinetics in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Campbell, MM; Dusik, CM; Kecskes, SA; Kraus, DM; Rodvold, KA, 1993)	1.5
"Cross-sectional study of surgical patients receiving aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring and parenteral nutritional support."	( Physiologic response of stress and aminoglycoside clearance in critically ill patients. Cerra, FB; Miller, TQ; Shikuma, LR; Tholl, DA; Woodward, JM; Zaske, DE, 1993)	0.29
"Population pharmacokinetic models for gentamicin were developed by using data obtained from 29 spinal cord-injured patients and 11 able-bodied control patients."	( Comparison of population pharmacokinetic models for gentamicin in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied patients. Brunnemann, SR; Gilman, TM; Segal, JL, 1993)	0.81
"This study was designed to develop a population-specific dosing nomogram for gentamicin in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients using the population pharmacokinetic program nonparametric expectation maximization (NPEM)."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.74
"Observational clinical gentamicin dosing data were collected, entered into the USC*PACK database program PASTRX, and downloaded into the population pharmacokinetic program NPEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.82
"Baseline population pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined in 36 MICU patients receiving gentamicin therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.73
"The use of NPEM to generate population-specific pharmacokinetic parameter values has been previously described."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.51
" Results of additional analyses using hematologic or solid tumor subpopulations agree with those of a recent larger study which found no significant pharmacokinetic differences between these groups."	( Nonparametric approach to population pharmacokinetics in oncology patients receiving aminoglycoside therapy. Batra, KK; Inciardi, JF, 1993)	0.29
"This paper presents a description of the procedure for building a structured model of a complex pharmacokinetic system on using its transfer function."	( Building a structured model of a complex pharmacokinetic system with time delays. Balan, M; Dedík, L; Durisová, M, 1995)	0.29
" Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis, assuming a one-compartment model and first-order elimination from the central compartment."	( Expanded gentamicin volume of distribution in critically ill adult patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Abad, J; Jiménez, NV; Ordovás, JP; Ronchera-Oms, CL; Tormo, C, 1995)	1.62
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and gentamicin dosages recommended based on the Sawchuk-Zaske method of serum level interpretation."	( The effects of age and chemotherapy on gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in pediatric oncology patients. Bryson, SM; Einarson, TR; Greenberg, ML; Ho, KK; Leson, CL; Thiessen, JJ, )	0.66
" Thus peak plasma concentrations and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values are proportional to the administered dose while clearance (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of isepamicin. Affrime, MB; Barr, WH; Colucci, R; Cutler, D; Elliott, M; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E; Zampaglione, N, 1995)	0.29
" Neonates up to the age of 16 days (Group IV) showed a distinctly different pharmacokinetic profile: a significantly larger AUC, longer half-life, lower Cmax and lower total body clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics of isepamicin in paediatric patients. Affrime, M; Colucci, R; Cutler, D; Elliott, M; Guerciolini, R; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E; Scaglione, F; Viganò, A; Zampaglione, N, 1995)	0.29
" In contrast, poly-L-aspartic acid did not alter pharmacokinetic parameters relevant to the central or shallow peripheral compartments to a clinically significant extent."	( Effect of polyaspartic acid on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after single intravenous dose in the dog. Parton, K; Turner, K; Whittem, T, 1996)	0.55
" There have been no studies published to date comparing once-daily dosing and pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
"Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to either the once-daily dosing group (4 mg/kg) or the pharmacokinetic dosing group (initial dose of 2 mg/kg every 12 hours)."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
"Once-daily dosing and pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides appear to have equal efficacy and toxicity."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
" Therefore, until multicenter trials in large subject populations can provide stable, accurate equations applicable to a wide variety of patient populations, bioelectrical impedance offers no advantage over standard pharmacokinetic dosing methods for the drugs studied."	( Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements for drug pharmacokinetics. Zarowitz, BJ, 1996)	0.29
" The serum beta half-life (t 1/2 beta) was significantly longer in the newborn piglets (mean +/- SEM) (5."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in newborn and 42-day-old male piglets. Giroux, D; Martineau, GP; Sirois, G, 1995)	1.73
"Gentamicin pharmacokinetic variables in llamas appear to resemble those in other ruminant species."	( Single intravenous and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy llamas. Belknap, EB; Fettman, MJ; Greco, DS; Lackey, MN, 1996)	1.98
" Compared with healthy volunteers, the mean values of the PK parameters were profoundly modified in ICU patients: elimination clearance was reduced by 48%, the volume of distribution in the central compartment (Vc) was increased by 50%, the peripheral volume of distribution was 70% higher, the distribution clearance was 146% lower, and the elimination half-life was ca."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of isepamicin with intensive care unit patients. Cougnard, J; Minozzi, C; Padoin, C; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, 1996)	0.29
"This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of once-daily intraperitoneal (IP) gentamicin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily IP gentamicin in CAPD patients. Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Evans, A; Low, CL; Venezia, RA, )	0.63
" The mean serum elimination half-life (t1/2) was 35."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily IP gentamicin in CAPD patients. Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Evans, A; Low, CL; Venezia, RA, )	0.41
"Quantification of the average and interindividual variation in pharmacokinetic behavior within the patient population is an important aspect of drug development."	( Estimation of population pharmacokinetics using the Gibbs sampler. Best, NG; Gilks, WR; Spiegelhalter, DJ; Tan, KK, 1995)	0.29
" The same total dose of netilmicin was administered as once-daily (24-micrograms/ml peaks) and thrice-daily (8 micrograms/ml) regimens in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model simulating exposure of Enterococcus faecalis to human serum kinetics."	( Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model. Blaser, J; Schwank, S, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic values were evaluated by use of multivariant stepwise linear regression analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics, effects on renal function, and potentiation of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade after administration of a high dose of gentamicin in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Cooper, J; Hartsfield, SM; Martinez, EA; Mealey, KL; Mercer, DE; Slater, MR; Wooldridge, AA, 1996)	0.49
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using model-dependent formulae."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between repeated dose phenylbutazone and gentamicin in the horse. Firth, EC; Hodge, H; Turner, K; Whittem, T, 1996)	0.53
" A great variability in pharmacokinetic patient's profile has been found and explains the great variability of individualized dosage regimens of gentamicin (30 to 320 mg/day)."	( [Individualized monitoring of the therapy with gentamycin using pharmacokinetic methods. Which method to choose?]. Carvalho, A; Ceia, F; Costa, M; Falcão, F; Fonseca, C; Freitas, O; Luís, AS; Parrinha, A; Pereira, TA; Rodrigues, MJ, )	0.33
"To determine the effect of patent ductus arteriosus on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates and to examine whether any particular pharmacokinetic parameter is of value as a marker of patent ductus arteriosus."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Carlos, RQ; Gal, P; Ransom, JL; Schall, SA; Smith, M; Williams, BS, 1997)	1.97
"All patients received a gentamicin loading dose, and had gentamicin concentrations measured at 2 and 12 hrs after this dose, in order to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and calculate the optimum maintenance dose."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Carlos, RQ; Gal, P; Ransom, JL; Schall, SA; Smith, M; Williams, BS, 1997)	2.05
" The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude and variability of aminoglycoside Cmax and the duration of the aminoglycoside-free period after simulated single, daily-dose regimens in patients with burn injuries."	( Wide variation in single, daily-dose aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in patients with burn injuries. Guay, DR; Hoey, LL; Rotschafer, JC; Tschida, SJ; Vance-Bryan, K, )	0.13
" In addition neonate renal excretory function is low and the hepatic enzyme system is immature, thus the half-life of drugs is prolonged."	( Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in neonates. Sato, Y, 1997)	0.3
" Concentration in serum versus time data were fitted to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at traditional versus high doses: implications for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. Bertino, JS; Demczar, DJ; Nafziger, AN, 1997)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were described by a two-compartment open model."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate, gentamicin sulphate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride in Nubian goats and desert sheep. Ali, BH; Elsheikh, HA; Osman, IA, 1997)	0.54
"There were no differences in any of the pharmacokinetic values of gentamicin between horses of the control and experimental groups."	( Effects of postoperative peritoneal lavage on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses after celiotomy. Brumbaugh, GW; Chaffin, MK; Easter, JL; Hague, BA; Honnas, CM; Kemper, DL; Nguyen, J, 1997)	0.77
"To describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin and tobramycin in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients."	( Gentamicin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Hutchinson, RJ; Jacobson, PA; Price, J; West, NJ, 1997)	2
"Pharmacokinetic parameters (apparent volume of distribution [Vd] in L/kg, half-life [t1/2] in h, elimination rate constant [ke] in h-1, clearance [Cl] in mL/min/1."	( Gentamicin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Hutchinson, RJ; Jacobson, PA; Price, J; West, NJ, 1997)	1.74
"We compared the pharmacodynamic activities of vancomycin with or without gentamicin in an in vitro infection model with methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected fibrin-platelet clots."	( Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin alone and in combination with gentamicin at various dosing intervals against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected fibrin-platelet clots in an in vitro infection model. Houlihan, HH; Mercier, RC; Rybak, MJ, 1997)	0.77
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one-compartment model for two blood gentamicin samples."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of gentamicin thrice and single daily dosage in pediatric cancer patients. Ben Arush, MW; Elhasid, R; Kassis, E; Krivoy, N; Postovsky, S, )	0.64
" peak concentration (30 minutes after the end of an infusion) was 20."	( Influence of piperacillin-tazobactam on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin given once daily. Hitt, CM; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Patel, KB; Zhu, Z, 1997)	0.54
" We conclude that neutropenic patients form a target group for successful pharmacokinetic intervention and cost saving."	( Clinical outcome and economic impact of aminoglycoside peak concentrations in febrile immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Armstrong, VW; Binder, C; Binder, L; Erichsen, N; Hiddemann, W; Menke, CF; Oellerich, M; Schiel, X; Schüttrumpf, S; Unterhalt, M, 1998)	0.3
" The studied pharmacodynamic parameters decreased the surface hydrophobicity of Salmonella sp."	( Pharmacodynamic parameters of gentamicin and their effect on biological properties of gram-negative bacteria. Majtán, V; Majtánová, L, 1998)	0.59
" As age increased, there were increases in the elimination phase half-life (t1/2 beta) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-infinity), and decreases in systemic (Cl) and renal clearance (Clr)."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of isepamicin in young and geriatric volunteers. Affrime, M; Batra, V; Cayen, MN; Christopher, D; Cutler, D; Korduba, C; Lin, CC; Nomeir, AA; Radwanski, E, 1997)	0.3
"Mechanical ventilation (MV) of more than 32 hours may alter the gentamycin pharmacokinetic profile by increasing its volume of distribution (VD)."	( [Gentamycin distribution volume in a mechanically ventilated patient-- pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects]. Krimerman, SH; Nicola, S; Seligmann, H, 1998)	0.3
" Injection site of gentamicin had no effect on any pharmacokinetic parameter (time to maximum plasma concentration, maximum plasma concentration, half-life, area under the curve, clearance, and volume of distribution)."	( The effect of the renal portal system on pharmacokinetic parameters in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Barker, IK; Burger, JP; Conlon, PD; Crawshaw, GJ; Holz, P, 1997)	0.63
"A pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin was performed on 32 Thai neonates."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in Thai neonates: recommendation for a dosing guideline. Chotinarumon, S; Kanthawatana, S; Uruwannakul, K, 1998)	2.04
"We compared pharmacokinetic parameters derived from three aminoglycoside serum concentration sampling methods and evaluated their effects on recommended aminoglycoside dosing regimens in 60 critically ill surgery patients."	( Effect of pharmacokinetic sampling methods on aminoglycoside dosing in critically ill surgery patients. Baghaie, AA; Cerra, FB; Mann, HJ; Wittbrodt, ET, )	0.13
" These observations imply that different population pharmacokinetic parameters should be used for this group of patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in patients with solid tumors: estimation by one- and two-stage methods. Aldaz, A; Brugarolas, A; Giráldez, J; Ortega, A, 1998)	0.57
" The main objective of this pharmacokinetic observational study was to determine the adequacy of a 3 mg/kg loading dose of gentamicin or tobramycin in attaining an initial peak level of 8 micrograms/ml or greater."	( Impact of altered aminoglycoside volume of distribution on the adequacy of a three milligram per kilogram loading dose. Critical Care Research Group. Dorman, T; Lipsett, PA; Swoboda, S; Trentler, B; Zarfeshenfard, F, 1998)	0.51
" A similar strategy in children requires the characterization of pharmacokinetic parameters and the development of a therapeutic monitoring protocol for this antibiotic regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients. Bass, KD; Haase, GM; Larkin, SE; Paap, C, 1998)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic data indicated that 24-hour dosing resulted in higher peak levels compared with 8-hour dosing (20."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients. Bass, KD; Haase, GM; Larkin, SE; Paap, C, 1998)	0.59
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of gentamicin sulphate (3."	( Effect of sodium methyl arsinate and imidocarb dipropionate antiprotozoal drugs on the pharmacokinetic of gentamicin in equines. Soliman, GA, 1998)	0.79
"The pharmacokinetic interaction of Netilmicin and Piperacillin has been studied as well as the potential protective effect that Piperacillin exert on nephrotoxicity caused by Netilmicin, when both antibiotics are administered to rabbits by single and multiple dosage regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of netilmicin and protective effect of piperacillin regarding nephrotoxicity caused by netilmicin. Arévalo, M; Lanao, JM; López, FG; Sánchez Navarro, A; Santos Navarro, M; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, )	0.13
"The purpose of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer, to identify possible relationships between clinical covariates and population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates and to examine the relevance of existing dosage nomograms in light of the population model developed in these patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer. Elliott, HL; Jodrell, DI; Rosario, MC; Sharp, CA; Thomson, AH, 1998)	0.81
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed, and a cost analysis of once-daily gentamicin administration was performed."	( The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis. Heine, RP; Sunyecz, JA; Wiesenfeld, HC, 1998)	0.79
" Demographic and pharmacokinetic data on 202 neonates treated with gentamicin at a 500-bed medical center were collected over a three-year period."	( Evaluation of gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing protocols in 195 neonates. Austin, ML; Frye, RF; Murphy, JE, 1998)	0.9
"To develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for gentamicin in horses, using retrospective clinical data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses. Martín-Jiménez, T; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 1998)	0.83
" The predictive model correlates pharmacokinetic parameters to concomitant pathophysiologic variables and estimates the inter- and intraindividual variability in disposition."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses. Martín-Jiménez, T; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 1998)	0.59
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis allows study of the basic features of gentamicin disposition in horses with sparse data per individual."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses. Martín-Jiménez, T; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 1998)	0.82
" Population pharmacokinetic models could also be included in Bayesian forecasting strategies to improve plasma concentration predictions in individual patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses. Martín-Jiménez, T; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 1998)	0.59
"The pharmacodynamics of an investigational glycopeptide, LY333328 (LY), alone and in combination with gentamicin, against one vancomycin-susceptible and two vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains were studied with a multiple-dose, in vitro pharmacodynamic model (PDM)."	( Synergy of an investigational glycopeptide, LY333328, with once-daily gentamicin against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a multiple-dose, in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Booker, B; Hoban, DJ; Karlowsky, JA; Laing, N; Zelenitsky, SA; Zhanel, GG, 1999)	0.75
"To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a pharmacy-based clinical pharmacokinetic service for gentamicin, serum gentamicin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 44 patients hospitalized during a three-month period in an acute-care general hospital."	( Establishing a clinical pharmacokinetic service for gentamicin in a community hospital. Gesy, K; Gorecki, DK; Wallace, SM, 1984)	0.73
" Both dosing regimens ensure adequate aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters and avoid the need for monitoring serial serum drug concentrations, provided the expected clinical response is also achieved."	( Single daily dosing of gentamicin: pharmacokinetic comparison of two dosing methodologies for postpartum endometritis. Abate, B; Gonik, B; Liu, C; Reyes, M, 1999)	0.61
"To study the pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in Chinese haematology-oncology patients and to determine the pharmacokinetic differences, if any, between this patient subpopulation of Chinese and Caucasians."	( Netilmicin pharmacokinetics in Hong Kong Chinese cancer patients. Chan, AT; Chan, LS; Chang, S; Li, RC; Raymond, K; Wong, SY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were generated using the USC*PACK package based on specifics of the patients themselves and Caucasians matched for the same patients' parameters using the Bayesian alogrithms."	( Netilmicin pharmacokinetics in Hong Kong Chinese cancer patients. Chan, AT; Chan, LS; Chang, S; Li, RC; Raymond, K; Wong, SY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.3
" Direct application of Caucasian based population pharmacokinetic parameters to this subgroup of Chinese patients may not be appropriate and may result in underdose."	( Netilmicin pharmacokinetics in Hong Kong Chinese cancer patients. Chan, AT; Chan, LS; Chang, S; Li, RC; Raymond, K; Wong, SY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.3
" The mean (range) gentamicin Cmax was 18."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of gentamicin (4 mg/kg) as prophylaxis in cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Brown, NM; Lewis, DR; Longman, RJ; Spencer, RC; Wisheart, JD, 1999)	0.9
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were independent of the dosage in the range 15-25 mg/kg and were not different in the patients treated for 5 or 10 days."	( Isepamicin in intensive care unit patients with nosocomial pneumonia: population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study. Beaucaire, G; Cougnard, J; Minozzi, C; Petitjean, O; Ponsonnet, D; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
"Gentamicin monitoring and the selection of the initial dosage are generally based on the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin (GPP) and patient characteristics and/or clinical data (PC)."	( Relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin and patient characteristics and/or clinical data in patients with solid organ tumours. Aldaz, A; Brugarolas, A; Giráldez, J; Ortega, A, 1999)	2
" However, there appears to be no published data describing detrimental or beneficial pharmacokinetic interactions between gentamicin and drugs used in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in the elderly. Charles, B; Triggs, E, 1999)	0.76
" The profiles of serum gentamicin concentration showed a significant statistical difference between 09:00 and 22:00, suggesting circadian variations of pharmacokinetic behaviors."	( Administration-time differences in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin intravenously delivered to human beings. Choi, JS; Kim, CK; Lee, BJ, 1999)	0.86
" Isepamicin is not metabolised and is eliminated solely via the renal route with an elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta) of 2 to 3 hours in adults with normal renal function."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isepamicin. Padoin, C; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, 2000)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma concentration-versus-time data was performed using the noncompartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C(1), C(1a), and C(2) in beagles after a single intravenous dose. Isoherranen, N; Lavy, E; Soback, S, 2000)	0.63
" The influence of gestational and postnatal age, weight, Apgar score, and creatinine and urea plasma concentrations on the pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of netilmicin in neonates and infants with use of a nonparametric method. Merlé, Y; Pons, G; Semlali, A; Tréluyer, JM, 2000)	0.31
"We compared the pharmacodynamic activities of vancomycin and ampicillin with or without gentamicin once daily or thrice daily in an in vitro infection model with fibrin-platelet clots (FPCs) infected with Enterococcus faecalis."	( Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin once daily or thrice daily against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro infection model. Houlihan, HH; Rybak, MJ; Stokes, DP, 2000)	0.76
"The postantibiotic effect (PAE) and postantibiotic effect of subinhibitory concentration (PA SME) of gentamicin as well as influence of these pharmacodynamic parameters on surface hydrophobicity of three Acinetobacter baumannii strains were studied in vitro."	( [Pharmacodynamic parameters of gentamicin and its effect on the surface hydrophobicity of Acinetobacter baumannii]. Hostacká, A, 2000)	0.81
" The possibility of pharmacokinetic interaction between G-CSF and each of the antibiotics was examined."	( Modulation of efficacies and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in neutropenic mice with multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection. Bow, L; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Onyeji, CO, 2000)	0.31
"5 g every 12 h) against three of these GISA strains in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model."	( Activities of LY333328 and vancomycin administered alone or in combination with gentamicin against three strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model. Aeschlimann, JR; Allen, GP; Hershberger, E; Rybak, MJ, 2000)	0.53
" However, the pharmacokinetic parameters are variable in these patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in critically ill trauma patients on once-daily regimens. Barletta, JF; Erstad, BL; Johnson, SB; Nix, DE; Nix, LC, 2000)	0.31
" Population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated on the basis of a one-compartment structural model and the program nonlinear mixed effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in critically ill trauma patients on once-daily regimens. Barletta, JF; Erstad, BL; Johnson, SB; Nix, DE; Nix, LC, 2000)	0.31
"There is marked variability in aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill trauma patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in critically ill trauma patients on once-daily regimens. Barletta, JF; Erstad, BL; Johnson, SB; Nix, DE; Nix, LC, 2000)	0.31
"In the present work we set out to apply pharmacodynamic concepts derived from dose-response curves (Potency and Efficacy) to characterize the gene transfer efficiency of a vector:DNA complex."	( Pharmacodynamic approach to study the gene transfer process employing non-viral vectors. Aliño, SF; Crespo, A; Escrig, E; Guillem, VM; Revert, F, 2000)	0.31
" To examine this hypothesis, we administered gentamicin sulfate to seven Thoroughbred and Quarterhorse mares on two occasions, followed by plasma drug gentamicin assay and pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in mares in late pregnancy and early lactation. Papich, MG; Santschi, EM, 2000)	0.89
"To identify correlations between the pharmacokinetic variables that describe drug disposition in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and the measures used to assess dialysis adequacy."	( Correlation of intraperitoneal antibiotic pharmacokinetics and peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. Bailie, GR; Elwell, RJ; Manley, HJ, )	0.13
"This retrospective study re-evaluated data collected during previous pharmacokinetic studies for intraperitoneally administered cefazolin, ceftazidime, and gentamicin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, and intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in automated PD patients."	( Correlation of intraperitoneal antibiotic pharmacokinetics and peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. Bailie, GR; Elwell, RJ; Manley, HJ, )	0.33
" Data were fit to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( A dose-ranging study of gentamicin pharmacokinetics: implications for extended interval aminoglycoside therapy. Bertino, JS; McNamara, DR; Menhinick, AM; Nafziger, AN, 2001)	0.62
"To examine the impact of individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring (IPM) on the development of aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity (AAN)."	( Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. Bertino, AS; Destache, CJ; Nafziger, AN; Streetman, DS, 2001)	0.31
"Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring significantly decreased the frequency of AAN and its associated economic costs."	( Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. Bertino, AS; Destache, CJ; Nafziger, AN; Streetman, DS, 2001)	0.31
" However pharmacokinetic data on once daily intramuscular gentamicin are not reported."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of once daily intravenous and intramuscular gentamicin in patients with post partum endometritis. Gemer, O; Harari, D; Mishal, J; Segal, S, 2001)	0.79
" There was a large degree of inter-patient variability in serum concentrations and serum half-life (t1/2), volume of distribution (VD), area-under-the-curve (AUC), relative serum clearance (Clp) such that these parameters could not be correlated to age or weight."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-a-day netilmicin (4.5 mg/kg) in neonates. Bedford, KA; Dixon, JJ; Gosden, PE; Leaf, AA; Macgowan, AP; Speidel, BD, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar for the two groups with large interindividual variations."	( Comparison of two methods to obtain a desired first isepamicin peak in intensive care patients. Coulaud, JM; Fauvelle, F; Lecointre, K; Poussel, JF; Tardy, D; Trape, G, 2001)	0.31
" A 10-percent difference of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters between PDA and CDA has been reported; but its implications are unclear."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in preterm infants with a patent and a closed ductus arteriosus. Lafeber, HN; Proost, JH; Stevens, R; Touw, DJ; van Weissenbruch, MM, 2001)	2.05
"In vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of single daily dosing versus conventional dosing of gentamicin administered with penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis. Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, YH; Ross, GH; Rotschafer, JC, 2001)	0.53
"A 24-hour in vitro pharmacodynamic model was employed to simulate SDD and 3 times/day dosing of gentamicin, in conjunction with continuously infused penicillin, against Enterococcus faecalis."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of single daily dosing versus conventional dosing of gentamicin administered with penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis. Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, YH; Ross, GH; Rotschafer, JC, 2001)	0.75
"Serum and dialysate effluent samples of the 18 CAPD patients with peritonitis were measured and used for the synthesis of pharmacokinetic equations that could predict drug concentrations at any treatment time."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.38
" It was difficult, using pharmacokinetic studies, to adjust the dosage regimen of gentamicin to achieve appropriately therapeutic levels in both serum and dialysate."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.61
"To observe pharmacokinetic changes under simulated weightlessness in relevant to body flood flow changes."	( [Effects of 7 d head-down tilt (-20 degrees) immobilization on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits]. Gao, JY; Guo, ZF; Qian, JK; Shi, HZ; Wang, BZ; Wang, J, 1999)	0.53
"Simulated weightlessness might induce pharmacokinetic changes."	( [Effects of 7 d head-down tilt (-20 degrees) immobilization on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits]. Gao, JY; Guo, ZF; Qian, JK; Shi, HZ; Wang, BZ; Wang, J, 1999)	0.53
"Population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were calculated from 725 routine plasma gentamicin concentrations obtained in 177 neonates of 24 to 42 weeks' gestational age in their first week of life."	( Population pharmacokinetics and relationship between demographic and clinical variables and pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates. de Boer, A; de Wolf, MC; Degraeuwe, PL; Nieman, FH; Stolk, LM, 2002)	0.75
" A pharmacodynamic analysis was conducted using data from a previous prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study which compared two dosage regimens of gentamicin plus metronidazole for prophylaxis in connection with elective colorectal surgery."	( Antibiotic pharmacodynamics in surgical prophylaxis: an association between intraoperative antibiotic concentrations and efficacy. Ariano, RE; Harding, GK; Silverman, RE; Zelenitsky, SA, 2002)	0.51
" Significant differences in clearance, half-life (t 1/2), and mean residence time (MRT) between the gentamicin Cia and the 2 other components were found."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin C1, C1a and C2 in horses after single intravenous dose. Ashoach, O; Isoherranen, N; Soback, S; Steinman, A, 2002)	0.85
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between substrates of megalin, a 600-kDa endocytic receptor abundantly expressed in the renal proximal tubules, we examined the effect of gentamicin infusion on the pharmacokinetics of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-lysozyme in rats."	( Effect of gentamicin on pharmacokinetics of lysozyme in rats: interaction between megalin substrates in the kidney. Katsube, T; Murakami, T; Nagai, J; Takano, M, 2002)	0.91
"To construct a population pharmacokinetic model to describe gentamycin concentrations in serum in newborn infants and to validate the predictive ability of this model."	( [Population pharmacokinetic model for gentamycin and its predictive value]. Liang, WQ; Wang, J, 2001)	0.31
" We propose the use of this population pharmacokinetic model to optimize gentamycin clinical therapies in our institution and others with similar patient population characteristics."	( [Population pharmacokinetic model for gentamycin and its predictive value]. Liang, WQ; Wang, J, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated assuming a one-compartment model."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during slow daily home hemodialysis. Bailie, GR; Bender, WL; Manley, HJ; McClaran, ML, 2003)	1.76
"To evaluate whether individualized pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides can reduce nephrotoxicity and improve the outcome of patients with gram-negative sepsis."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
" In the study group (pharmacokinetic dosing) of 43 patients, plasma aminoglycoside levels were determined 1 hour after initiation of drug infusion and 8 to 16 hours later to estimate the elimination half-life and volume of distribution, from which the subsequent dosage schedule was calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
" Although the pharmacokinetic group received significantly greater doses of aminoglycosides than did the once-daily group, the incidence of nephrotoxicity was significantly lower in the pharmacokinetic group (5% [2/43] vs."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
"These results suggest that individualized pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides reduces the incidence of nephrotoxicity and allows the use of greater doses of aminoglycosides."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
"The objective of the present study was to determine pharmacokinetic variables and to characterize a new initial dosing regimen of arbekacin (ABK) for preterm and term newborn infants."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing of arbekacin in preterm and term newborn infants. Matsuzaki, T; Suzuki, K; Tanikawa, K, 2003)	0.32
"To develop a gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates younger than 10 days."	( A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Cole, C; DiCenzo, R; Forrest, A; Guillet, R; Slish, JC, 2003)	1.41
"2 hrs) had a significantly longer half-life than either group 2 (8."	( A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Cole, C; DiCenzo, R; Forrest, A; Guillet, R; Slish, JC, 2003)	1.04
" Concentration-time data were analysed with the population pharmacokinetic package NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Edwards, G; English, M; Kokwaro, GO; Mohammed, S; Muchohi, SN; Thomson, AH, 2003)	0.58
"Intramuscular administration of 8 mg x kg(-1) gentamicin daily to infants gives mean 1 h peak concentration of 10."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Edwards, G; English, M; Kokwaro, GO; Mohammed, S; Muchohi, SN; Thomson, AH, 2003)	0.84
"To determine if gentamicin serum concentrations obtained from newborns on day 2 of life versus days 3-4 yield significantly different pharmacokinetic parameter values."	( The effect of postnatal age on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Davis, EM; Hoie, EB; Knight, JA; Manouilov, K, 2003)	0.95
"The elimination rate constant, serum half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance of gentamicin were calculated using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( The effect of postnatal age on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Davis, EM; Hoie, EB; Knight, JA; Manouilov, K, 2003)	0.83
"Mean population pharmacokinetic values were similar to those obtained with NONMEM for gentamicin in other neonates of similar age."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in South African newborns. Adhikari, M; Botha, JH; du Preez, MJ, 2003)	0.83
" This study determined the impact of human pharmacokinetic simulation (HPS) on gentamicin activity in an Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis model."	( Simulation of human gentamicin pharmacokinetics in an experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis model. Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Dubé, L; Granry, JC; Gras-Le Guen, C; Jacqueline, C; Kergueris, MF; Potel, G, 2003)	0.87
" Standard pharmacokinetic approaches require multiple sampling to describe the parameters of drug distribution and elimination in the intra- and interdialytic periods."	( Bayesian pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population. Ariano, RE; Vercaigne, LM; Zacharias, JM, 2004)	0.61
"To characterise the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population by using Bayesian pharmacokinetic methods and only two plasma concentrations."	( Bayesian pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population. Ariano, RE; Vercaigne, LM; Zacharias, JM, 2004)	0.88
"6 and Bayesian pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Bayesian pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population. Ariano, RE; Vercaigne, LM; Zacharias, JM, 2004)	0.61
" All of the pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were determined using Bayesian pharmacokinetic procedures and only two plasma gentamicin concentrations."	( Bayesian pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population. Ariano, RE; Vercaigne, LM; Zacharias, JM, 2004)	0.82
" Mean value of the main pharmacokinetic parameters were: AUC (microg."	( Multiple once-daily dose pharmacokinetics and renal safety of gentamicin in dogs. Albarellos, G; Ambros, L; Hallu, R; Kreil, V; Montoya, L; Rebuelto, M, 2004)	0.56
" The effect of intraoperative blood loss on gentamicin concentrations and its pharmacokinetic properties was determined."	( Effects of blood loss and fluid volume replacement on serum and tissue gentamicin concentrations during colorectal surgery. Kostopanagiotou, G; Markantonis, SL; Panidis, D; Smirniotis, V; Voros, D, 2004)	0.82
"We studied the effect of analytical inaccuracy on the determination of gentamicin for estimation of the recommended dose regime (RDR) using the Abbottbase Pharmacokinetic System programme (PKS)."	( Effect of analytical inaccuracy on dose adjustment for gentamicin using the Abbottbase Pharmacokinetic Systems. Bouzas, L; Hermida, J; Tutor, JC, 2004)	0.8
"To analyse the pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended-interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates using population pharmacokinetics."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.78
" A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model and non-linear mixed-effects modelling were used to assess the population pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.55
"Weight (W) and postnatal age (PA) were the covariates that influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.77
"According to our pharmacokinetic population model, initial doses of gentamicin of 10 mg/kg, and dosage intervals between 36-48 h, appear to be appropriate to achieve target peak and trough serum levels of 15-20 and <0."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.79
"A two compartment pharmacokinetic model best described the aminoglycoside data."	( Quantitative justification for target concentration intervention--parameter variability and predictive performance using population pharmacokinetic models for aminoglycosides. Holford, N; Kirkpatrick, C; Matthews, I, 2004)	0.32
"If appropriately accounted for in a pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model, time-varying covariates can provide additional information to that obtained from time-constant covariates."	( Models for time-varying covariates in population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. Karlsson, MO; Milligan, PA; Thomson, AH; Wählby, U, 2004)	0.32
" Data from 277 neonates, including a total of 576 gentamicin concentrations, were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( The effect of sepsis upon gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Broadbent, R; Lingvall, M; Reith, D, 2005)	0.88
" The final pharmacokinetic model was: CL = (0."	( The effect of sepsis upon gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Broadbent, R; Lingvall, M; Reith, D, 2005)	0.63
" D is an important parameter in neonatal pharmacokinetic models."	( The effect of sepsis upon gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Broadbent, R; Lingvall, M; Reith, D, 2005)	0.63
" We investigated various regimens of cefepime alone and in combination against two clinical MRSA isolates (R2481 and R2484) in an established in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Pharmacodynamics of cefepime alone and in combination with various antimicrobials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model. Huang, V; Rybak, MJ, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this report is to describe the use of WinBUGS for two datasets that arise from typical population pharmacokinetic studies."	( Analysis of population pharmacokinetic data using NONMEM and WinBUGS. Duffull, SB; Green, B; Holford, NH; Kirkpatrick, CM, 2005)	0.33
" Following gentamicin administration, blood samples were taken for gentamicin analysis at different time points, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters including Vc, Vss, t(1/2) and MRT were calculated."	( Influence of fluid therapy on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in colic horses. Bull, S; Klein, WR; Laffont, CM; van der Harst, MR, 2005)	1.01
"The demographic and pharmacokinetic data of 293 neonates age one week or less from three previously published studies were pooled and applied in each of six published protocols."	( Prediction of gentamicin peak and trough concentrations from six extended-interval dosing protocols for neonates. Murphy, JE, 2005)	0.69
" There were differences in the influence of weight with gentamicin assay error on pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin using the nonlinear least squares regression analysis but there were no differences on the Bayesian analysis."	( The influence of weight with assay error on gentamicin pharmacokinetics using the Bayesian and nonlinear least square regression analysis in appendicitis patients. Burm, JP, 2005)	0.84
" There were differences in the influence of weight with gentamicin assay error on pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin using the nonlinear least squares regression analysis but there were no differences on the Bayesian analysis."	( The influence of assay error weight on gentamicin pharmacokinetics using the Bayesian and nonlinear least square regression analysis in appendicitis patients. Burm, JP, 2005)	0.84
" Serial blood samples were collected and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following each timed dose."	( Chronopharmacokinetic study of gentamicin in dogs. Carlos Boggio, J; Díaz, D; Encinas, T; Picco, E; Rebuelto, M; Widerhon, N, 2005)	0.61
"The pharmacokinetics of panipenem in experimental renal failure animal models was investigated in order to identify the appropriate covariates affecting the pharmacokinetic behavior."	( Quantitative evaluation of effect of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of panipenem in rats. Ishizuka, H; Naganuma, H; Soma, M; Tajima, N, 2005)	0.33
" Such changes are consistent with a significant increase in the Cmax concentrations (45 vs 50 mg/L, and 38 vs 49 mg/L) and in the AUC (136 vs 158 and 137 vs 162 mg/L."	( Key pharmacokinetic parameters of isepamicin in febrile neutropenic cancer patients and in women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Gala, JL; Leal, T; Vandercam, B; Wallemacq, P; Yombi, JC, 2005)	0.33
"To report aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic observations in a consecutive series of patients receiving intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), including treatment impact of patient-specific dosing regimens."	( Aminoglycosides in intermittent hemodialysis: pharmacokinetics with individual dosing. Dager, WE; King, JH, 2006)	0.33
"In this prospective study, all calculated pharmacokinetic parameters used concentrations drawn more than 12 hours after the initial dose and peak concentrations at least 2 hours after the dose."	( Aminoglycosides in intermittent hemodialysis: pharmacokinetics with individual dosing. Dager, WE; King, JH, 2006)	0.33
"A large variability in aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters in IHD exists, with aminoglycoside elimination off IHD significantly faster in ARF."	( Aminoglycosides in intermittent hemodialysis: pharmacokinetics with individual dosing. Dager, WE; King, JH, 2006)	0.33
"A parameter describing individual changes in CL(cr) with time improves population pharmacokinetic modelling of gentamicin but not vancomycin in clinically unstable patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of gentamicin and vancomycin in patients with unstable renal function following cardiothoracic surgery. Byrne, C; Staatz, CE; Thomson, AH, 2006)	0.81
"Amoxicillin plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetic parameters, and the influence of demographic, anthropometric, and clinical covariates were investigated in 150 neonates."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing of amoxicillin in (pre)term neonates. Degraeuwe, PL; Nieman, FH; Pullen, J; Stolk, LM; van Tiel, FH; Zimmermann, LJ, 2006)	0.33
" Predialysis dosing provided a superior pharmacokinetic profile than did postdialysis dosing."	( Development of a semimechanistic model to describe the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients receiving hemodialysis. Dang, L; Duffull, S, 2006)	0.56
"To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in a population of 200 premature newborns and to investigate the influence of several clinical and physiopathological covariates on the pharmacokinetics of the drug."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in premature newborns. Barcia, E; García, B; Molina, IT; Pérez, F, 2006)	0.88
" The results showed a statistically significant relation between half-life and postconsiptional age and direct correlation between total body clearance and postconsiptional age."	( [Use of aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamycin in extremely premature infants--administration schedule and suggested dosage based on pharmacokinetic studies in plasma]. Emilova, Z; Popivanova, A; Pramatarova, T; Slŭncheva, B; Svinarov, D; Vakrilova, L, 2006)	0.33
"5 mg/kg) in children with severe malnutrition and to evaluate clinical factors affecting pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a single daily intramuscular dose of gentamicin in children with severe malnutrition. Ignas, J; Kokwaro, G; Maitland, K; Muchohi, S; Seaton, C; Thomson, AH, 2007)	0.58
" Since it was the goal to deliver a high drug load intra-cellularly, the formulation with the least burst release profile in PBS was evaluated for its pharmacokinetic performance in rats."	( Formulation, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gentamicin sulphate loaded albumin microspheres. D'Souza, MJ; Haswani, DK; Nettey, H; Oettinger, C, 2006)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a one-compartment model."	( Influence of pregnancy on ceftriaxone, cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in caesarean vs. non-pregnant sectioned women. Grujić, Z; Popović, J; Sabo, A, 2007)	0.59
"Analysis of the pharmacokinetic data suggests that a single-dose of cefazolin may well be the optimal preoperative prophylactic treatment for obstetrical and gynaecological surgical procedures."	( Influence of pregnancy on ceftriaxone, cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in caesarean vs. non-pregnant sectioned women. Grujić, Z; Popović, J; Sabo, A, 2007)	0.59
"To facilitate optimal dosing regimen design, we previously developed a mathematical model using time-kill study data to predict the responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to various pharmacokinetic profiles of meropenem and levofloxacin."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: identifying dosing regimens to suppress resistance development. Kabbara, S; Ledesma, KR; Lim, TP; Nikolaou, M; Tam, VH; Vo, G, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin [volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (CL), elimination rate constant (K), and half life of elimination (t((1/2)))] were studied before hemodialysis in 20 non-diabetic patients (controls) and 20 diabetic patients, in addition to its hemodialysis clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in hemodialysis patients: a comparative study between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Al-Homrany, MA; El Sherif, AK; Irshaid, YM; Omar, HA, 2009)	0.95
"To describe, in patients undergoing colorectal surgery (CRS), the pharmacokinetics of a single, prophylactic preoperative dose of 1,500 mg of metronidazole plus 240 mg gentamicin and measure its efficacy in accordance with the accepted pharmacodynamic and microbiological parameters."	( [The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and gentamicin in a single preoperative dose as antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery]. Alós Almiñana, M; Merino Sanjuán, V; Nomdedeu Guinot, J; Salvador Sanchís, JL; Ventura Cerdá, JM, )	0.59
" Cmax 15 minutes after finishing the infusion of the mixture, CfinIQ on finishing the surgery, and Cmin between 12 and 24 hours post-administration."	( [The pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and gentamicin in a single preoperative dose as antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery]. Alós Almiñana, M; Merino Sanjuán, V; Nomdedeu Guinot, J; Salvador Sanchís, JL; Ventura Cerdá, JM, )	0.39
" The clearance (Cl), serum half-life (t(1/2)), and volume of distribution (Vd) of aminoglycosides change during the neonatal life, and the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides need to be studied in neonates in order to optimise therapy with these drugs."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in the neonate: a review. Pacifici, GM, 2009)	0.35
"Preterm and term newborn infants show wide interindividual variability (IIV) in pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin."	( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study. Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)	0.84
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) software."	( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study. Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)	0.63
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM for 116 neonates (29 confirmed septic) from which 363 gentamicin serum concentrations were available."	( Evaluation of the effect of intravenous volume expanders upon the volume of distribution of gentamicin in septic neonates. Broadbent, RS; Kostan, E; Medlicott, NJ; Reith, DM; Sherwin, CM, 2009)	0.78
" We wanted to derive pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin in critical illness and to evaluate whether a dose of 8 mg/kg provides an adequate peak serum concentration (>16 mg/L)."	( Extended-interval gentamicin: population pharmacokinetics in pediatric critical illness. Durward, A; Lopez, SA; Mulla, H; Tibby, SM, 2010)	0.95
"Population-based pharmacokinetic analyses were undertaken using therapeutic drug monitoring data collected prospectively in an intensive care unit over 6 months (n = 50 children)."	( Extended-interval gentamicin: population pharmacokinetics in pediatric critical illness. Durward, A; Lopez, SA; Mulla, H; Tibby, SM, 2010)	0.69
"The optimal pharmacokinetic model was of two-compartment disposition with zero order input and additive residual error."	( Extended-interval gentamicin: population pharmacokinetics in pediatric critical illness. Durward, A; Lopez, SA; Mulla, H; Tibby, SM, 2010)	0.69
" We studied gentamicin pharmacokinetic data from patients treated between January 2006 and June 2008 in two intensive-care units."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in critically ill patients: pilot study evaluating the first dose. Gonçalves-Pereira, J; Martins, A; Póvoa, P, 2010)	1.06
"To determine the pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	0.8
"Retrospective medical record review with pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	0.58
" Gentamicin dosing and its pharmacokinetic parameters were noted for each patient."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	1.49
"The objective of the present prospective pharmacokinetic study was to describe the variability of plasma gentamicin concentrations in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) necessitating extended daily diafiltration (EDD-f) using a population pharmacokinetic model and to subsequently perform Monte Carlo dosing simulations to determine which dose regimen achieves the pharmacodynamic targets the most consistently."	( Using population pharmacokinetics to determine gentamicin dosing during extended daily diafiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Field, J; Kirkpatrick, CM; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Tallot, M; Visser, A; Whitbread, R, 2010)	0.83
" We employed an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPDM) to compare efficacies of GEN against CA-MRSA with two dosing regimens [thrice-daily (TD), once-daily (OD)]."	( Once-daily gentamicin administration for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: preliminary reports for the advantages for optimizing pharmacodynamic index. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Kim, SH; Kim, SW; Kwon, JC; Lee, DG; Park, C; Park, SH; Shin, WS; Yoo, JH, 2010)	0.75
" GEN regimens were simulated with human pharmacokinetic data of TD and OD."	( Once-daily gentamicin administration for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: preliminary reports for the advantages for optimizing pharmacodynamic index. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Kim, SH; Kim, SW; Kwon, JC; Lee, DG; Park, C; Park, SH; Shin, WS; Yoo, JH, 2010)	0.75
" The efficacies of simulated pharmacokinetic profiles for human 10-day clinical regimens of ampicillin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were compared with the gold standard, streptomycin, for killing of Yersinia pestis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Comparative efficacies of candidate antibiotics against Yersinia pestis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Brown, D; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Kulawy, R; Liu, W; Louie, A; Vanscoy, B, 2011)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from a set of prospectively collected data (1982 to 2003) of 2,073 (53."	( Simplified estimation of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in underweight and obese adult patients. Bertino, JS; Nafziger, AN; Pai, MP, 2011)	0.37
" In general, volume of distribution is significantly higher in the SCI population compared with the non-SCI population; however, clearance and half-life may be larger or no different."	( Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Ensom, MH; Young, F, 2011)	0.37
"Determining appropriate aminoglycoside dosage in patients with SCI is challenging because such patients exhibit physiological changes that lead to their having different aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic values than the general population."	( Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Ensom, MH; Young, F, 2011)	0.37
"Most aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic models include an index of renal function, such as creatinine clearance, to describe drug clearance."	( Comparison of four renal function estimation equations for pharmacokinetic modeling of gentamicin in geriatric patients. Bourguignon, L; Charhon, N; Goutelle, S; Jelliffe, RW; Maire, P; Neely, MN, 2012)	0.6
" Maintenance dose was adjusted according to gentamicin C(max)/MIC ratio and drug levels simulation using a pharmacokinetic programme."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill septic patients. Brozmanova, H; Duricova, J; Grundmann, M; Kacirova, I; Martinek, A; Petejova, N; Urbanek, K; Zahalkova, J, 2012)	2.08
" aureus (MRSA) strain and the antibiotic pharmacodynamic profile against extracellular (broth) and intracellular (human THP-1 monocytes) bacteria."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the activity of antibiotics against hemin- and menadione-dependent small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in models of extracellular (broth) and intracellular (THP-1 monocytes) infections. Becker, K; Denis, O; Garcia, LG; Kahl, BC; Lemaire, S; Proctor, RA; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2012)	0.38
"This prospective pharmacokinetic study of intraperitoneal gentamicin was conducted in peritoneal dialysis patients presenting to hospital with clinically defined signs and symptoms of peritonitis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD study). Boots, RJ; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, 2012)	0.9
" The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were plasma terminal elimination half-life of 24."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD study). Boots, RJ; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, 2012)	0.65
"The high systemic absorption of gentamicin in patients with peritonitis and prolonged plasma elimination half-life may lead to drug accumulation in the systemic circulation, increasing the risk of toxicity."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD study). Boots, RJ; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, 2012)	0.94
" Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and Cl(dial) and interindividual variability terms (IIV) were estimated using NONMEM VII."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short-daily hemodialysis. Chambers, M; Decker, BS; Kraus, MA; Moe, SM; Mohamed, AN; Sowinski, KM, 2012)	2.73
" Comparative study of two drug forms showed that immobilization of gentamicin in liposomes significantly increased most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the antibiotic (AUC, Cmax, MRTpo, T(1/2), Kel, Vzpo) and reduced Clpo and Kel."	( Pharmacokinetics of liposomal gentamicin. Alekseev, VV; Rotov, KA; Snatenkov, EA; Tikhonov, SN, 2012)	0.9
" In the LPSIL+GE group relative to C+GE, the half-life (t(1/2)) was 79% higher (p<0."	( A rat model of early sepsis: relationships between gentamicin pharmacokinetics and systemic and renal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide combined with interleukin-2. Chládek, J; Krs, O; Martinkova, J; Senkerik, M; Slizova, D; Springer, D; Studena, S, 2012)	0.63
" Blood samples were collected after doses 1, 7, and 14, assayed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and analyzed using a nonparametric population pharmacokinetic approach for gentamicin."	( Effects of obesity and sex on antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and acute kidney injury: validation of a preclinical model. Chen, WZ; Cui, H; El-Fawal, HA; Garba, A; Mousa, SA; Pai, MP; Zaffo, B, 2013)	0.58
"Aminoglycoside concentration-time data and relevant clinical characteristics were collated from clinical pharmacokinetic databases established in Glasgow, Scotland and The Hague, The Netherlands."	( Influence of multiple courses of therapy on aminoglycoside clearance in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Alghanem, S; Paterson, I; Thomson, AH; Touw, DJ, 2013)	0.39
"01), elimination half-life (9."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lee, CK; Mark, LF; Northington, FJ; Solomon, A, 2013)	1.83
"Population pharmacokinetic study using retrospective medical record data."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Meng, L; Verotta, D, 2013)	1.83
" A population-based pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM)."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Meng, L; Verotta, D, 2013)	1.83
" Thus, this study was designed to investigate whether a Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) prevents renal impairment and pharmacokinetic changes by metformin in rats with renal failure induced by gentamicin."	( Effects of Korean red ginseng extract on acute renal failure induced by gentamicin and pharmacokinetic changes by metformin in rats. Chin, YW; Choi, YH; Lee, YK, 2013)	0.81
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin could not be calculated because detectable levels were rarely evident."	( Pharmacokinetics and absorption of paromomycin and gentamicin from topical creams used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. Grogl, M; Kopydlowski, KM; Kreishman-Deitrick, M; Lin, YJ; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Nielsen, C; Ransom, JH; Ravis, WR; Smith, KS; Smith, PL; Sosa, N, 2013)	0.93
" Steady state peak and trough serum gentamicin concentrations were used to calculate clearance (Cl), elimination constant (Kel), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life (t1/2 ) in infants (n = 236) who received ≥48 hours therapy."	( Impact of small-for-gestational age (SGA) status on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Edwards, D; Lulic-Botica, M; Natarajan, G; Sheer, T; Thomas, RL, 2014)	0.93
" Synovial fluid and plasma gentamicin concentrations were measured for 14 days after implantation, and pharmacokinetic parameters modeled using statistical moment analyses."	( Intra-articular pharmacokinetics of a gentamicin impregnated collagen sponge in the canine stifle: an experimental study. Gibson, TW; Hayes, GM; Johnson, RJ; Moens, NM; Monteiro, B, 2014)	0.97
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using non-linear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM program) to determine the impact of frailty on gentamicin clearance."	( The impact of frailty on pharmacokinetics in older people: using gentamicin population pharmacokinetic modeling to investigate changes in renal drug clearance by glomerular filtration. Carroll, PR; Hilmer, SN; Johnston, C; Kirkpatrick, CM; Matthews, ST; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.84
"A one-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model best described the data and the addition of frailty to the model reduced the random variability in gentamicin clearance by 12 % after adjustment for renal function (estimated creatinine clearance using lean body weight) and lean body weight."	( The impact of frailty on pharmacokinetics in older people: using gentamicin population pharmacokinetic modeling to investigate changes in renal drug clearance by glomerular filtration. Carroll, PR; Hilmer, SN; Johnston, C; Kirkpatrick, CM; Matthews, ST; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.84
"In the pharmacokinetic analysis (NONMEM VI) based on data of gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin collected in 1,760 patients (age 1 day-18 years, bodyweight 415 g-85 kg), a distinction was made between drug-specific and system-specific information."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetic modeling of gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin clearance from neonates to adults: towards a semi-physiological function for maturation in glomerular filtration. Allegaert, K; Brussee, JM; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoog, M; Knibbe, CA; Mulla, H; Sherwin, CM; van den Anker, JN, 2014)	0.91
" End points included the numbers (%) achieving the target peak concentration [predicted maximum gentamicin concentration (C(max))] >10 mg/L, the target trough concentration at 24 hours [predicted minimum gentamicin concentration (C(min24)] <0."	( Gentamicin and renal function: lessons from 15 years' experience of a pharmacokinetic service for extended interval dosing of gentamicin. Begg, EJ; Buffery, PJ; Chin, PK; Plajer, SM; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2015)	2.08
" Of the 73% of patients with CL(cr) ≥ 60 mL/min, 98% and 97% achieved the target Cmax and C(min24), respectively."	( Gentamicin and renal function: lessons from 15 years' experience of a pharmacokinetic service for extended interval dosing of gentamicin. Begg, EJ; Buffery, PJ; Chin, PK; Plajer, SM; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2015)	1.86
") half-life (16."	( Pharmacokinetics, pulmonary disposition and tolerability of liposomal gentamicin and free gentamicin in foals. Arnold, RD; Burton, AJ; Giguère, S, 2015)	0.65
" There was significant difference in median gentamicin half-life (7."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborns with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Kwan, E; McDougal, A; Osiovich, H; Ting, JY, 2015)	1
"Infants with moderate-to-severe HIE who undergo TH may exhibit changes in the pharmacokinetic properties of gentamicin compared to infants who undergo TN."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborns with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Kwan, E; McDougal, A; Osiovich, H; Ting, JY, 2015)	0.95
"Population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models derived from small pharmacokinetics (PK) studies in neonates are often underpowered to detect clinically important characteristics that drive dosing."	( Predictive performance of a gentamicin population pharmacokinetic model in neonates receiving full-body hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Capparelli, E; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Frymoyer, A; Rattray, B; Sampson, MR; Smith, PB, 2014)	0.7
"Aminoglycoside elimination half-life values were highly variable (median 7 hours, range 3 - 26 hours) and did not correlate with total body weight or estimated creatinine clearance derived from the dose of continuous venovenous hemofiltration."	( Variable pharmacokinetics of extended interval tobramycin or gentamicin among critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Barns, B; Block, C; Burrill, S; Chuk, AC; Fu, J; Katrych, O; Kousar, N; Lahey, T; Rickrode, G; Saeed, F; Saunders-Hao, P, 2015)	0.66
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can confirm desired peak concentration is reached for common bacterial isolates, and detect toxicosis associated with high trough values."	( Plasma Peak and Trough Gentamicin Concentrations in Hospitalized Horses Receiving Intravenously Administered Gentamicin. Bauquier, JR; Boston, RC; Nolen-Walston, RD; Sweeney, RW; Wilkins, PA, )	0.44
"Little is known about the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of gentamicin in newborns undergoing controlled hypothermia after suffering from hypoxic−ischaemic encephalopathy due to perinatal asphyxia."	( Altered gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term neonates undergoing controlled hypothermia. Bijleveld, YA; Cools, F; de Haan, TR; de Jonge, RC; Dijk, PH; Dijkman, KP; Groenendaal, F; Mathot, RA; Nuytemans, DH; Rijken, M; van der Lee, HJ; van Heijst, A; van Kaam, AH; van Straaten, HL; Zecic, A; Zonnenberg, IA, 2016)	1.11
" Antibiotic concentrations were quantified using a validated chromatographic method with pharmacokinetic analysis performed using a non-compartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.13
" The median bioavailability for both antibiotics exceeded 92%, but other pharmacokinetic parameters varied markedly between antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.13
" Elimination clearance (Cl) elimination half-life (t½) and volume of distribution (Vd) were calculated."	( [Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn: ¿Is it necessary to systematically monitor plasmatic levels?]. Antúnez, F; Galarraga, F; Gesuele, J; Giachetto, G; Grosso, P; Guzzo, F; Nanni, L; Speranza, N; Telechea, H, 2016)	1.34
" This paper aims to illustrate the potential to fill in such pharmacokinetic gaps between animals and humans using a microfluidic kidney model."	( Pharmacokinetic profile that reduces nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in a perfused kidney-on-a-chip. Kim, BC; Kim, S; Labuz, JM; LesherPerez, SC; Leung, B; Takayama, S; Yamanishi, C, 2016)	0.68
" The aim of this study was to determine the first dose of gentamicin needed to achieve a Cmax ≥ 30 mg/l."	( A study to evaluate the first dose of gentamicin needed to achieve a peak plasma concentration of 30 mg/l in patients hospitalized for severe sepsis. Allou, N; Allyn, J; Augustin, P; Charifou, Y; Corradi, L; Galas, T; Martinet, O; Valance, D; Vandroux, D, 2016)	0.95
" A pharmacokinetic meta-analysis was performed on pooled data from three studies (1,325 concentrations from 205 patients)."	( Development and Evaluation of a Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Model That Facilitates Opportunistic Gentamicin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neonates and Infants. Germovsek, E; Heath, PT; Kent, A; Klein, N; Lutsar, I; Metsvaht, T; Nielsen, EI; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Turner, MA, 2016)	0.72
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model of gentamicin in children with complicated severe malnutrition and to study the influence of covariates (weight and age) on pharmacokinetic indices."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Mexican Children With Severe Malnutrition. Camacho Vieyra, GA; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo Goytia, G; Peregrina, NB; Pérez, AG; Pérz-Guillé, MG, 2016)	0.97
"5 to 15 mg/kg optical density was effective in achieving the pharmacodynamic target Cmax:minimal inhibitory concentration >10 for minimal inhibitory concentrations ≤2."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Mexican Children With Severe Malnutrition. Camacho Vieyra, GA; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo Goytia, G; Peregrina, NB; Pérez, AG; Pérz-Guillé, MG, 2016)	0.72
" Pharmacodynamic models describing the relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the minimum growth rate of the bacteria provide more detailed information than the MIC only."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" The experimental time-kill curves were analysed and quantified with a previously established pharmacodynamic model."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" gonorrhoeae time-kill curve experiments analysed with a pharmacodynamic model have potential for in vitro evaluation of new and existing antimicrobials."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
"13230 AIM: When different models for weight and age are used in paediatric pharmacokinetic studies it is difficult to compare parameters between studies or perform model-based meta-analyses."	( Scaling clearance in paediatric pharmacokinetics: All models are wrong, which are useful? Barker, CI; Germovsek, E; Sharland, M; Standing, JF, 2017)	0.46
"5] mg/liter) justified a gentamicin target peak concentration of 8 to 12 mg/liter."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Considerations for Gentamicin in Newborns with Suspected or Proven Sepsis Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria. Bijleveld, YA; de Haan, TR; Hodiamont, CJ; Mathôt, RA; van den Heuvel, ME, 2017)	1
"Based on a log-linear method of analysis, current dosing seems to be consistently producing gentamicin exposure below predefined pharmacokinetic targets, suggesting that an increase in the recommended starting dose of gentamicin may be required."	( Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Neutropenia. Bialkowski, S; Clark, J; Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Staatz, CE, 2016)	2.1
"Population pharmacokinetic modelling, Monte Carlo simulation and semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic modelling are all tools that can be applied to personalize gentamicin therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling, Monte Carlo simulation and semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic modelling as tools to personalize gentamicin therapy. Hennig, S; Llanos-Paez, CC; Staatz, CE, 2017)	0.86
"Gentamicin shows large variations in half-life and volume of distribution (Vd) within and between individuals."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of gentamicin in treatment of infective endocarditis: Model development and validation of existing models. Gomes, A; Proost, JH; Sinha, B; Touw, DJ; van der Wijk, L, 2017)	2.19
" This study aimed to develop and externally evaluate a population pharmacokinetic model of gentamicin to support personalized dosing in pediatric oncology patients."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Gentamicin in Pediatric Oncology Patients To Facilitate Personalized Dosing. Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Llanos-Paez, CC; Staatz, CE, 2017)	0.95
" Within a critically ill patient, substantial variability in Cmax can occur over time, hampering the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	0.74
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to estimate Cmax after each dose."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	0.74
"Gentamicin dosing based on Cmax after the first dose increased %Cther and decreased %Csubther, but did not result in therapeutic Cmax in half of the patients."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	2.18
"A retrospective population pharmacokinetic study was designed and included non-intensive care pediatric patients who received gentamicin and had serum gentamicin concentrations sampled."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	0.96
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated a 2-compartment model with allometrically scaled FFM providing the best fit."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	0.75
"External validation of population pharmacokinetic (PK) models is warranted before they can be clinically applied to aid in antibiotic dose selection."	( Predictive performance of a gentamicin population pharmacokinetic model in two western populations of critically ill patients. Bukkems, LH; Hodiamont, CJ; Juffermans, NP; Lefrant, JY; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; van Hest, RM, 2018)	0.77
" All of the studies that reported the blood concentrations or pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in hypothermic neonates with HIE were included in this review."	( Effect of hypothermia treatment on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An, SH; Choi, DW; Lee, SY; Park, JH, 2018)	0.98
" A recently published population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed using data from multiple studies, and the objective of our analyses was to evaluate the feasibility of using a national electronic health record (EHR) database for further external evaluation of this model."	( External Evaluation of a Gentamicin Infant Population Pharmacokinetic Model Using Data from a National Electronic Health Record Database. Beechinor, RJ; Clark, R; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Ge, S; Gonzalez, D; Hornik, CP; Laughon, MM; Standing, JF; Zimmerman, K, 2018)	0.78
"A retrospective population pharmacokinetic study was designed, and pediatric patients who received gentamicin while undergoing ECMO therapy over a period of 6 1/2 years were included."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gentamicin in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Arikan, AA; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Morris, J; Munoz, FM, 2018)	0.97
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis identified a 2-compartment model with additive error as the best fit."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gentamicin in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Arikan, AA; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Morris, J; Munoz, FM, 2018)	0.75
"This study confirmed that after topical administration gentamicin penetration through the dermal barrier is insufficient, providing pharmacokinetic evidence that topical gentamicin in its current form might be inappropriate to treat skin infections."	( Lack of dermal penetration of topically applied gentamicin as pharmacokinetic evidence indicating insufficient efficacy. Höferl, M; Jäger, W; Lackner, E; Oesterreicher, Z; Zeitlinger, M, 2018)	0.98
"In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), gentamicin is commonly used for severe infections in non-intensive-care-unit (ICU) settings, but pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for this specific population are lacking."	( Population Pharmacokinetics with Monte Carlo Simulations of Gentamicin in a Population of Severely Ill Adult Patients from Sub-Saharan Africa. Beirão, JC; Bos, JC; Lang, CN; Mathôt, RAA; Mistício, MC; Nunguiane, G; Prins, JM; van Hest, RM, 2019)	1.05
" Estimated pharmacokinetic values were consistent with previous studies and appropriate according to peak:MIC goal for Gram-negative organisms with MIC ≤1 mg/L."	( Gentamicin as Empirical Treatment in Hemodialysis Patients: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics. Camacho-Martínez, P; Gil-Navarro, MV; Gil-Sacaluga, L; Guisado-Gil, AB; Herrera-Hidalgo, L; Lepe-Jiménez, JA; Molina, J; Santos-Rubio, MD, 2019)	1.96
" Due to pharmacokinetic variability in paediatric patients, appropriate dosing of gentamicin in the paediatric population is challenging."	( A review of population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in paediatric patients. Crcek, M; Kerec Kos, M; Zdovc, J, 2019)	0.99
" If the articles described population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in the paediatric population (after intravenous administration of gentamicin), the following data were extracted: type of study, year of publication, population characteristics and number of patients, gentamicin dosing, total number of gentamicin (serum and/or plasma) concentrations, type of population modelling approach, developed model with pharmacokinetic parameters and covariates included."	( A review of population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in paediatric patients. Crcek, M; Kerec Kos, M; Zdovc, J, 2019)	1.01
" Developing modelling and simulation tools, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that incorporate developmental physiology and maturation of drug metabolism, can be used to predict drug exposure in this group of patients, and may help to optimize drug dose adjustment."	( Preterm Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Part II: Applications of the Model to Predict Drug Pharmacokinetics in the Preterm Population. Abduljalil, K; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Pan, X; Pansari, A, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate augmented renal clearance (ARC) using aminoglycoside clearance (CLAMINO24h) derived from pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling."	( Augmented renal clearance of aminoglycosides using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling with Bayesian estimation in the paediatric ICU. Avedissian, SN; Bradley, J; Kim, Y; Le, J; Rhodes, NJ; Valdez, JL, 2020)	0.56
"This retrospective review and simulation compared target attainment among 4 arms: historical dosing according to SOC, via nomogram for initial dosing (SOC-initial) and via clinician judgment in response to measured concentrations (SOC-adjusted), and simulated dosing using the CDSS, incorporating a neonatal pharmacokinetic model for initial dosing (CDSS-initial) and incorporating maximum a posteriori-Bayesian analysis in response to measured concentrations (CDSS-adjusted)."	( Simulated Comparison of a Bayesian Clinical Decision Support System Versus Standard of Care For Achieving Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Targets in Neonates. Faldasz, JD; Myers, SR; Yu, CZ, 2020)	0.77
"In simulation, a Bayesian CDSS showed superiority to SOC in achieving gentamicin pharmacokinetic exposure targets in neonates."	( Simulated Comparison of a Bayesian Clinical Decision Support System Versus Standard of Care For Achieving Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Targets in Neonates. Faldasz, JD; Myers, SR; Yu, CZ, 2020)	1.01
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of gentamicin was built and validated using previously-published plasma and saliva data."	( Saliva versus Plasma Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin in Jordanian Preterm Infants. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model and Validation of Class II Drugs of Salivary Excretion Classification System. Al-Adham, I; Al-Ghazawi, A; Alsmadi, M; Aqrabawi, H; Awaysheh, F; Bani-Domi, R; Hamadi, S; Idkaidek, N; Rabayah, A, 2020)	1.05
" This study aimed to derive a population pharmacokinetic model of gentamicin and apply it to design optimal dosing regimens in pediatrics."	( Optimizing gentamicin dosing in different pediatric age groups using population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation. Ali, AS; Ghoneim, RH; Lashkar, MO; Thabit, AK, 2021)	1.25
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) to describe the relation between gentamicin concentrations in saliva and plasma."	( Saliva as a sampling matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in neonates: A prospective population pharmacokinetic and simulation study. Bijleveld, Y; Cohen, A; de Haan, TR; Driessen, G; Kruizinga, M; Mathôt, R; Samb, A; Stuurman, R; Tallahi, Y; van Esdonk, M; van Heel, W; van Kaam, A, 2022)	1.16
") gentamicin is common in the treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections, the ability of these regimens to attain pharmacodynamic target indices of interest in blood and dialysate has not been widely reported."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Gentamicin and the Impact of Varying Dwell Times on Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment in Patients with Acute Peritonitis Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis. Farkas, A; Ghanbar, M; Lipman, J; Oikonomou, K; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Sassine, J; Varghese, J; Villasurda, P, 2022)	1.7
" However, the effect of Seraph 100 on achieving pharmacodynamic (PD) targets is not well described."	( Hemoperfusion with Seraph 100 Microbind Affinity Blood Filter Unlikely to Require Increased Antibiotic Dosing: A Simulations Study Using a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Approach. Chung, KK; DeLuca, JP; Kress, AT; Reed, T; Selig, DJ; Stewart, IJ, 2023)	0.91
" For vancomycin and gentamicin, published pharmacokinetic models were used to explore the effect of Seraph 100 on ability to achieve probability of target attainment (PTA)."	( Hemoperfusion with Seraph 100 Microbind Affinity Blood Filter Unlikely to Require Increased Antibiotic Dosing: A Simulations Study Using a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Approach. Chung, KK; DeLuca, JP; Kress, AT; Reed, T; Selig, DJ; Stewart, IJ, 2023)	1.23
" In this period, several new population pharmacokinetic studies have focused on these subpopulations, providing insights into the typical values of the most relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, the variability of these parameters and possible explanations for this variability, although unexplained variability often remains high."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Various Patient Populations and Consequences for Optimal Dosing for Gram-Negative Infections: An Updated Review. de Vroom, SL; Hodiamont, CJ; Mathôt, RAA; Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM, 2022)	1.01
"The aim of this study was to externally validate the predictive performance of published population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in all paediatric age groups, from preterm newborns to adolescents."	( External validation of population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in paediatric population from preterm newborns to adolescents. Črček, M; Grabnar, I; Grosek, Š; Kos, MK; Zdovc, JA, 2023)	1.36
" A sigmoidal maximum effect model was applied to determine the pharmacodynamic parameters (maximal effect, median effective concentration, and Hill factor) of each antibiotic to create a mathematical three-dimensional response surface plot."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	1.13
" Synergistic anti-biofilm potentials were also detected via the simulated pharmacodynamic modeling, with higher anti-biofilm activity in the case of the in vitro observation compared to the simulated anti-biofilm profile."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	1.13
" aeruginosa biofilms and the importance of the mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling in investigating the efficacy of antibiotics in combination as an effective strategy for successful antibiotic therapy to tackle the extensively growing resistance to the currently available antibiotics."	( Mathematical pharmacodynamic modeling for antimicrobial assessment of ceftazidime/colistin versus gentamicin/meropenem combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Badawy, MSEM; Elkhatib, WF; Shebl, RI, 2023)	1.13
"A series of steps were devised using Microsoft Excel to simulate patient data based on study-derived means and variances, pharmacokinetic modelling, random selection of sparse blood samples, introduce random error into the selected concentrations based on assay variability measure, and finally, inputting of the information into an add-in computer program to find the pharmacokinetic estimates using Bayesian forecasting."	( Use of a common spreadsheet program to demonstrate the ability of Bayesian forecasting to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics. Brocks, DR; Wang, M, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

Thirty-six patients with severe aplastic anemia or acute leukemia undergoing bone marrow transplantation or intensive hematologic treatments were randomized to receive gentamicin or tobramycin in combination with carbenecillin. The in vitro and in vivo activities of mezlocillin and ampicillin against Streptococcus faecalis were compared.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" aeruginosa increased approximately 20 times when it was used in combination with ethonium, a derivative of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds."	( [Gentamycin activity in combination with etonium in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Rozhavin, MA; Sologub, VV; Tydel'skaia, IL, 1979)	0.26
"The in vitro effects of Bay k 4999 in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin sisomicin and netilmicin in bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were compared using the checkerboard dilution technique against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and indole-positive-negative Proteus species."	( In vitro efficacy of Bay k 4999, a new ureido-penicillin, in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus strains. Daschner, FD; Langmaack, H; Steffens, A, 1979)	0.51
" Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside when used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics."	( In vitro activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and carbenicillin, alone and in combination with aminoglycosides against Serratia marcescens. Bartlett, M; Crane, JK; Griffin, PS; Miller, MA; Yousuf, M, 1979)	0.26
"To assess the effect of protein binding by human serum on the synergistic interaction of penicillins with gentamicin, time-kill curves were determined for four penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin against 10 blood isolates of enterococci."	( Effect of protein binding on the activity of penicillins in combination with gentamicin against enterococci. Glew, RH; Moellering, RC, 1979)	0.7
"Continuous infusions of gentamicin, amikacin or sisomicin combined with carbenicillin were compared in a randomized study in the treatment of 572 febrile episodes in 281 patients with cancer."	( A randomized comparative trial of three aminoglycosides--comparison of continuous infusions of gentamicin, amikacin and sisomicin combined with carbenicillin in the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients with malignancies. Bodey, GP; Keating, MJ; Rodriguez, V; Valdivieso, M, 1979)	0.79
"The in vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated."	( In vitro activity of sisomicin and netilmicin alone and in combination with nafcillin, oxacillin and methicillin against enterococci. Glotzbecker, C; Watanakunakorn, C, 1978)	0.26
"Gentamicin in combination with cephalothin (Gent-Ceph) or with chloramphenicol (Gent-Chloro) was utilized in the treatment of 55 infections occurring in 49 cancer patients."	( Therapy of infections in neutropenic patients: results with gentamicin in combination with cephalothin or chloramphenicol. Bodey, GP; Burgess, MA; Rodriguez, V; Valdivieso, M, 1976)	1.94
"Ticarcillin was used in combination with either cephalothin or gentamicin as initial empiric antibiotic therapy for 127 patient trials of suspected infection in granulocytopenic cancer patients."	( Ticarcillin in combination with cephalothin or gentamicin as empiric antibiotic therapy in granulocytopenic cancer patients. Fortner, CL; Hahn, DM; Landesman, S; Schimpff, SC; Standiford, HC; Wiernik, PH; Young, VM, 1976)	0.75
"To explore more effective therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 264 recent clinical isolates were tested by agar dilution using gentamicin and tobramycin alone and combined with carbenicillin to seek synergistic effects."	( Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tobramycin or gentamicin alone and combined with carbenicillin. Anderson, EL; Farrar, WE; Gramling, PK; Vestal, PR, 1975)	0.7
"The in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against 30 strains of enterococci was investigated."	( Comparative in vitro activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin against enterococci. Glotzbecker, C; Watanakunakorn, C, 1977)	0.7
"Acute renal failure (ARF) occurred concomitantly with the administration of gentamicin in combination with clindamycin in three patients in whom no other known predisposing cause of ARF could be demonstrated."	( Renal failure following gentamicin in combination with clindamycin. Butkus, DE; de Torrente, A; Terman, DS, 1976)	0.79
"The effectiveness of three semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin was tested against 29 clinical isolates of enterococci."	( Comparative synergistic activity of nafcillin, oxacillin, and methicillin in combination with gentamicin against. Glew, RH; Millering, RS; Wennersten, C, 1975)	0.69
" Staphylococci isolated from the bones of therapeutic failures that had received rifampin alone or in combination with other antibiotics were highly resistant to rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 250 mug/ml), whereas the organisms recovered from animals not receiving rifampin remained sensitive."	( Experimental osteomyelitis. IV. Therapeutic trials with rifampin alone and in combination with gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin. Norden, CW, 1975)	0.47
"Using an experimental endocarditis model, we studied the activity of daptomycin used alone or in combination with gentamicin against an Enterococcus faecium strain that was highly resistant to glycopeptides and susceptible to gentamicin."	( Daptomycin or teicoplanin in combination with gentamicin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to a highly glycopeptide-resistant isolate of Enterococcus faecium. Carbon, C; Caron, F; Cremieux, AC; Gutmann, L; Kitzis, MD; Lemeland, JF; Maziere, B; Saleh-Mghir, A; Vallois, JM, 1992)	0.75
"The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection."	( TLC G-65 in combination with other agents in the therapy of Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP; Swenson, CE, 1992)	0.55
" coli and Klebsiella oxytoca were tested for their synergistic and cumulated killing effect (CKE) with the new penems FCE 22101 or FCE 25199 in combination with gentamicin."	( Synergy and cumulated killing effect of the penems FCE 22101 and FCE 25199 in combination with gentamicin against bacteria isolated from septicaemia. Bergholm, AM; Dornbusch, K, 1991)	0.7
" Monotherapy with ceftazidime is as effective as when used in combination with an aminoglycoside in neutropenia."	( Ceftazidime monotherapy is as effective as ceftazidime combined with gentamicin in the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. Goldstone, AH; Kinsey, SE; Machin, SJ, 1990)	0.51
"The toxic effects on the stria vascularis of treatment with cisplatin alone and combined with the aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, were studied in guinea pigs."	( Toxic effects of cisplatin alone and in combination with gentamicin in stria vascularis of guinea pigs. Ben David, Y; Fradis, M; Kohn, S; Nir, I; Podoshin, L; Robinson, E; Zidan, J, 1991)	0.73
"Treatment of disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in leukopenic mice was evaluated using cefpirome alone and in combination with gentamicin and/or rifampin."	( Comparative therapy with cefpirome alone and in combination with rifampin and/or gentamicin against a disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in leukopenic mice. Baltch, AL; Franke, M; Michelsen, P; Ritz, WJ; Singh, J; Smith, RP; Valdes, JM; Williams, S, 1990)	0.71
" In an attempt to determine whether the regulatory granulopoietic growth factor G-CSF could favorably affect survival when used in combination with antibiotics, we examined survival in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection."	( The beneficial effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in combination with gentamicin on survival after Pseudomonas burn wound infection. Gamelli, RL; O'Reilly, M; Silver, GM, 1989)	0.5
"The kinetics of bacterial killing by meropenem alone and in combination with gentamicin (for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and vancomycin (for Staphylococcus aureus) were studied for two strains of each species."	( The antibacterial activity of meropenem in combination with gentamicin or vancomycin. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Wise, R, 1989)	0.75
" When combined with gentamicin or netilmicin a bactericidal and synergistic killing was observed within 1-8 h in all strains except Str."	( In-vitro activity of the new penems FCE 22101 and FCE 24362 alone or in combination with aminoglycosides against streptococci isolated from patients with endocarditis. Dornbusch, K; Henning, C; Lindén, E, 1989)	0.6
"The in vitro bactericidal activity of tigemonam, alone and in combination with gentamicin, was evaluated against various strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris."	( Bactericidal activity of tigemonam, alone and in combination with gentamicin. Gänger-Farshid, G; Mulert, R; Shah, PM; Stille, W, 1989)	0.74
" Bactericidal synergy between teicoplanin combined with gentamicin and vancomycin combined with gentamicin was always demonstrated in further tests with 16 penicillin tolerant strains."	( Activity of teicoplanin compared with vancomycin alone, and combined with gentamicin, against penicillin tolerant viridans streptococci and enterococci causing endocarditis. Shanson, DC; Tadayon, M, 1986)	0.75
"Seven strains of Streptococcus faecalis, of which two possessed high-level resistance to streptomycin (MIC greater than or equal to 2000 mcg/ml), and two strains of Streptococcus faecium were evaluated with respect to killing-effect and duration of post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of ampicillin and vancomycin in combination with streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin."	( Evaluation of the combination effects of ampicillin or vancomycin combined with streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin or netilmicin against enterococci. Fuursted, K, 1989)	0.67
"Imipenem was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo activities alone and in combination with gentamicin against a clinical isolate of Listeria monocytogenes, and the results were compared with the activities of ampicillin with and without gentamicin."	( In vitro and in vivo studies of imipenem-cilastatin alone and in combination with gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes. Kim, KS, 1986)	0.72
"The in vitro activity of aztreonam combined with tobramycin and with gentamicin was assessed in 78 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 11 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas cepacia from patients with cystic fibrosis."	( In vitro activity of aztreonam combined with tobramycin and gentamicin against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia from patients with cystic fibrosis. Bosso, JA; Matsen, JM; Saxon, BA, 1987)	0.75
"Cefpiramide and cefoperazone alone and in combination with gentamicin were compared for therapeutic efficacy against pseudomonal infections in normal mice and in mice made neutropenic by administration of cyclophosphamide."	( Therapeutic efficacy of cefpiramide and cefoperazone alone and in combination with gentamicin against pseudomonal infections in neutropenic mice. Fu, KP; Gregory, FJ; Hetzel, N; Hung, PP, 1986)	0.74
" At achievable serum concentrations, ampicillin alone killed 60% of strains, whereas combination with streptomycin increased this to 90% and with gentamicin to 100%."	( In vitro activity of ampicillin or vancomycin combined with gentamicin or streptomycin against enterococci. Guze, LB; Harwick, HJ; Kalmanson, GM, 1973)	0.69
"The in vitro bactericidal interactions of penicillin G, cefotaxime, or vancomycin in combination with gentamicin were compared against 20 group G streptococci by the timed kill curve method."	( In vitro bactericidal synergy of gentamicin combined with penicillin G, vancomycin, or cefotaxime against group G streptococci. Bayer, AS; Lam, K, 1984)	0.76
"The bactericidal activity of moxalactam, alone and in combination with gentamicin, was studied with macrobroth two-dimensional checkerboard and killing curve techniques against gentamicin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Bactericidal and synergistic activity of moxalactam alone and in combination with gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Edson, RS; Hermans, PE; Washington, JA; Yu, PK, 1983)	0.72
" Killing curves showed that vancomycin and teicoplanin were bacteriostatic and that synergy was achieved when each was combined with gentamicin."	( The activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin or ampicillin against Streptococcus faecalis. Chen, HY; Williams, JD, 1984)	0.7
" This observation suggests that a new and extremely active cephalosporin is as effective in vivo when used alone as when given in combination with an aminoglucoside and provides rationale for testing the use of single antibiotic therapy for clinical situations for which combinations of antibiotics are currently recommended."	( Treatment of experimental ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis with ceftriaxone alone and in combination with gentamicin. Glauser, MP, 1982)	0.47
"The in vitro activity of ceftriaxone alone and in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin against 50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was studied by the broth dilution method and the time-kill curve method."	( In vitro activity of ceftriaxone alone and in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Watanakunakorn, C, 1983)	0.74
"The in vitro bactericidal interactions of three new extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, or ceftazidime) in combination with gentamicin or amikacin were compared against 40 recent nosocomial bloodstream Enterobacteriaceae isolates by the timed-kill curve technique."	( Enhanced in vitro bactericidal activity of amikacin or gentamicin combined with three new extended-spectrum cephalosporins against cephalothin-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bayer, AS; Eisenstadt, R; Morrison, JO, 1984)	0.71
" This study demonstrated the efficacy of penicillin and clavulanic acid in the treatment of infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis alone or in combination with beta-lactamase-producing aerobic bacteria."	( Antibiotic and clavulanic acid treatment of subcutaneous abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis alone or in combination with aerobic bacteria. Brook, I; Coolbaugh, JC; Walker, RI, 1983)	0.27
"A study on 42 surgical patients was carried out to find out whether cefuroxime may be substituted for gentamicin in combination with metronidazole in the treatment of peritonitis secondary to perforation of appendix."	( Comparison of cefuroxime and gentamicin in combination with metronidazole in the treatment of peritonitis due to perforation of the appendix. Arvilommi, H; Saario, I; Silvola, H, 1983)	0.77
"The in vitro and in vivo activities of mezlocillin and ampicillin, alone and in combination with gentamicin, against Streptococcus faecalis were compared."	( Comparative efficacies of mezlocillin and ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin in the treatment of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis in rabbits. Fass, RJ; Wright, CA, 1984)	0.71
"The stability of the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin stored in combination with carbenicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam was evaluated at four temperatures (25, 4, -8, and -70 degrees C) over a 3-week period."	( Stability of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in combination with four beta-lactam antibiotics. Glew, RH; Pavuk, RA, 1983)	0.91
"The efficacies of mezlocillin and ticarcillin, each alone and in combination with gentamicin, in the therapy of experimental left-sided Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis in rabbits were compared."	( Mezlocillin and ticarcillin alone and combined with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis. Kobasa, WD; Levison, ME, 1984)	0.74
"Since the optimal antimicrobial therapy for infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes, particularly in patients allergic to penicillin, is uncertain, we investigated the in vitro effects of erythromycin, alone and in combination with other antibiotics, on listeriae."	( Effects of erythromycin in combination with penicillin, ampicillin, or gentamicin on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Penn, RL; Steigbigel, RT; Ward, TT, 1982)	0.5
" Brief information on the following reports of drug-drug interactions is given in this article with the intention of giving these reports wider publicity and, possibly, encouraging further observation and research to establish or disprove their validity in a larger and wider range of patients or volunteer subjects."	( Early reports on drug interactions. D'Arcy, PF, 1983)	0.27
"Ninety-four cases of pyelonephritis including 20 who had concurrent bacteremia were treated with cefamandole alone or in combination with either gentamicin or tobramycin."	( Cefamandole alone and combined with gentamicin or tobramycin in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Gentry, LO; Martin, MD; Smythe, J; Wood, BA, 1980)	0.74
"We studied in vitro bactericidal effects of netilmicin combined with other antibiotics, comparing with that obtained with other aminoglycosides combinations."	( [Antibacterial activity of netilmicin in combination with other antibiotics. Comparison with other aminoglycosides (author's transl)]. Chanal, M; Cluzel, M; Roussanne, MC; Sirot, D; Sirot, J, 1982)	0.26
" Clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and ticarcillin, each in combination with gentamicin, are equally effective in therapy for intraabdominal or female genital tract sepsis."	( Prospective, randomized comparative study of clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and ticarcillin, each in combination with gentamicin, in therapy for intraabdominal and female genital tract sepsis. Albritton, WL; Brunton, S; Buckwold, FJ; Gurwith, MJ; Harding, GK; Koss, JC; Marrie, TJ; Ronald, AR, 1980)	0.7
"The activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with gentamicin, oxacillin, rifampicin, fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin was investigated against 36 strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In-vitro antibacterial activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with other antibiotics against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Caillon, J; Drugeon, HB; Juvin, ME, 1994)	0.53
"Sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone and in combination with gentamicin, were evaluated for the treatment of experimental endocarditis in rabbits caused by ampicillin-resistant enterococci."	( Sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone or in combination with gentamicin for therapy of experimental ampicillin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. Donabedian, SA; Perri, MB; Thal, LA; Vazquez, J; Zervos, MJ, 1993)	0.77
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal activity of the new broad spectrum cephalosporins cefepime (FEP) and cefpirome (CPO) alone or in combination with amikacin (AKN), gentamicin (GTN) or ciprofloxacin (CIP) against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae producing a derepressed cephalosporinase."	( [Kinetics of bactericidal activity of cefepime and cefpirome alone or combined with gentamicin, amikacin or ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae hyperproductive in cephalosporinase]. Elkhaïli, H; Jehl, F; Kamili, N; Linger, L; Monteil, H; Pompei, D, 1996)	0.71
" Netilmicin was administered in combination with continuous infusions of amoxicillin, vancomycin, or penicillin against a bacterial biofilm adhering to glass beads."	( Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model. Blaser, J; Schwank, S, 1996)	0.29
"The in vitro activity of DU-6859a (DU) alone and in combination with various antimicrobials was evaluated against multiresistant enterococci including some isolates with defined gyrA mutations."	( Bactericidal activity of the fluoroquinolone DU-6859a alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against multiresistant enterococci. Erdem, I; Korten, V; Murray, BE, 1996)	0.29
"This investigation used checkerboard and time-kill assays to evaluate the in vitro activity of RPR 106972 (45% pristinamycin IB and 55% pristinamycin IIB) alone and in combination with vancomycin or ampicillin +/- gentamicin against multidrug-resistant enterococci."	( In vitro activity of RPR 106972 alone and in combination with vancomycin, ampicillin, and gentamicin against multidrug-resistant enterococci. Messick, CR; Pendland, SL; Woodward, J, 1998)	0.71
" It is concluded that DU-6859a and trovafloxacin are very potent against enterococci, especially when combined with gentamicin."	( In vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin and newer quinolones combined with gentamicin against resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ; Giamarellou, H; Grecka, P; Sambatakou, H, 1998)	0.74
"This in vitro study evaluated the activities of vancomycin, LY333328, and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin, rifampin, and RP59500 against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin."	( Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY333328, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin, and RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by Aeschlimann, JR; Hershberger, E; Moldovan, T; Rybak, MJ, 1999)	0.71
"We examined the efficacy of gentamicin combined with beta-lactam antibiotics against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) in a noncompromised mouse model of pneumonia."	( Efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics combined with gentamicin against penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia in CBA/J mice. Matsumoto, T; Miyazaki, S; Tateda, K; Yamaguchi, K, 1999)	0.85
" Arbekacin may prove useful when used in combination with vancomycin in treating infections caused by gentamicin-resistant MRSA."	( In-vitro activity of arbekacin alone and in combination with vancomycin against gentamicin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chow, JW; Kariyama, R; Kumon, H; You, I; Zervos, MJ, 2000)	0.75
"2%), and gentamicin (8%) when combined with heparin."	( Antibiotic-heparin lock: in vitro antibiotic stability combined with heparin in a central venous catheter. Bernstein, K; Burczynski, FJ; Penner, SB; Sitar, DS; Vercaigne, LM; Wang, GQ, 2000)	0.72
"Killing kinetic experiments were performed with moxifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, vancomycin, clarithromycin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, rifampicin and with moxifloxacin in combination with each of the above drugs against six methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates."	( In-vitro activity of moxifloxacin combined with other antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bottura, P; Capra, R; Maggiolo, F; Migliorino, M; Pravettoni, G; Suter, F, 2000)	0.51
" Our data suggest that once-daily gentamicin in combination with ampicillin or vancomycin demonstrates equivalent bacterial reductions to combination therapy with thrice-daily gentamicin."	( Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and ampicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin once daily or thrice daily against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro infection model. Houlihan, HH; Rybak, MJ; Stokes, DP, 2000)	0.82
"We investigated the activity of LY333328 alone and combined with gentamicin, both in vitro and in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis, against the susceptible strain Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 and its two glycopeptide-resistant transconjugants, BM4316 (VanA) and BM4275 (VanB)."	( Activity of LY333328 combined with gentamicin in vitro and in rabbit experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin-susceptible or -resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Carbon, C; Fantin, B; Garry, L; Lefort, A; Saleh-Mghir, A, 2000)	0.82
"To compare the effectiveness of single daily dosing (SDD) versus conventional dosing of gentamicin when administered with penicillin to treat enterococcal infections."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of single daily dosing versus conventional dosing of gentamicin administered with penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis. Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, YH; Ross, GH; Rotschafer, JC, 2001)	0.76
" When combined with gentamicin (MIC/4 concentration), rapid bactericidal action was observed against all streptococci tested, but not against the staphylococci."	( AZD2563, a new oxazolidinone: bactericidal activity and synergy studies combined with gentamicin or vancomycin against staphylococci and streptococcal strains. Anderegg, TR; Deshpande, LM; Jones, RN, 2002)	0.86
"The in vitro activity of the oxazolidinone linezolid was studied alone and in combination with three antibiotics acting on different cellular targets."	( In vitro activity of linezolid alone and in combination with gentamicin, vancomycin or rifampicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Donnio, PY; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Potel, G, 2003)	0.56
"To study the in vitro interaction of gatifloxacin in combination with gentamicin and with the beta-lactams cefepime, meropenem and piperacillin against clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)."	( In vitro activity of gatifloxacin alone and in combination with cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin and gentamicin against multidrug-resistant organisms. Dawis, MA; France, KA; Isenberg, HD; Jenkins, SG, 2003)	0.77
" coli administration showed a decline in the thiol content of the cell accompanied by high malondialdehyde levels along with lowered activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase with an added effect observed when gentamicin was administered along with it."	( Evaluation of the effect of lipoic acid administered along with gentamicin in rats rendered bacteremic. Malarkodi, KP; Sandhya, S; Varalakshmi, P, 2003)	0.74
"This study tests the usefulness of ceftriaxone combined with ampicillin as an alternative to ampicillin plus gentamicin for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis without high-level resistance to aminoglycosides."	( Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Crespo, M; Gavaldá, J; Gómez, MT; Gomis, X; Len, O; Onrubia, PL; Pahissa, A; Ramírez, JL; Rodríguez, D; Ruíz, I, 2003)	0.78
" faecalis and were treated for 3 days with ampicillin 2 g every 4 h administered as 'human-like' (H-L) pharmacokinetics, plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg every 8 h H-L, or ceftriaxone 2 g every 12 h H-L alone or combined with gentamicin 6 mg/kg every 24 h administered subcutaneously."	( Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Crespo, M; Gavaldá, J; Gómez, MT; Gomis, X; Len, O; Onrubia, PL; Pahissa, A; Ramírez, JL; Rodríguez, D; Ruíz, I, 2003)	0.77
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo activity of linezolid combined with gentamicin using a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis experimental model."	( In vivo efficacy of linezolid in combination with gentamicin for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asseray, N; Batard, E; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Dube, L; Jacqueline, C; Kergueris, MF; Le Mabecque, V; Potel, G, 2004)	0.8
" Human pharmacokinetic regimen simulations were as follows: cefepime, 2 g every 8 h (q8h) (C8) and 12 h (C12), continuous-infusion 2-g loading dose followed by 4 g alone or in combination with gentamicin and tobramycin (1."	( Pharmacodynamics of cefepime alone and in combination with various antimicrobials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model. Huang, V; Rybak, MJ, 2005)	0.52
" Diagnosis was based on the very typical ocular feature combined with a positive blood or vitreous culture."	( [Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis combined with severe general diseases]. Stoffelns, BM, 2005)	0.33
" The honey sample giving the best anti-staphylococcal activity was selected and further investigated for the killing rate on its own and in combination with gentamicin using tube dilution technique."	( Antibacterial activity of Omani honey alone and in combination with gentamicin. Al-Hosni, SA; Al-Jabri, AA; Al-Mahrooqi, ZH; Nsanze, H; Nzeako, BC, 2005)	0.76
"The aim of this study was to report on the clinical and radiographic results 5 years following treatment of intrabony defects with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in combination with deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) (Bio-Oss)."	( Five-year results of guided tissue regeneration in combination with deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects: a case series report. Karring, T; Stavropoulos, A, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study is to investigate whether pulsed ultrasound (US) in combination with gentamicin yields a decreased viability of bacteria in biofilms on bone cements in vivo."	( Effect of pulsed ultrasound in combination with gentamicin on bacterial viability in biofilms on bone cements in vivo. Busscher, HJ; Ensing, GT; Nelson, JL; Pitt, WG; Roeder, BL; van der Mei, HC; van Horn, JR, 2005)	0.8
" In two groups bone cement discs loaded with gentamicin, freshly prepared and aged were used, and in one group unloaded bone cement discs in combination with systemically administered gentamicin."	( Effect of pulsed ultrasound in combination with gentamicin on bacterial viability in biofilms on bone cements in vivo. Busscher, HJ; Ensing, GT; Nelson, JL; Pitt, WG; Roeder, BL; van der Mei, HC; van Horn, JR, 2005)	0.84
" Daptomycin sub-MICs combined with gentamicin concentrations lower than the MIC yielded synergy in 34 (68%) of the 50 strains."	( Activity of daptomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus assessed by time-kill methodology. Appelbaum, PC; Credito, K; Lin, G, 2007)	0.85
" Standard treatment included a two-stage procedure involving externalization of the ventricular catheter in combination with intraventricular and systemic administration of antibiotic medication followed by shunt replacement."	( Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children using systemic and intraventricular antibiotic therapy in combination with externalization of the ventricular catheter: efficacy in 34 consecutively treated infections. Arnell, K; Enblad, P; Sjölin, J; Wester, T, 2007)	0.34
" This study describes the synergistic activity of oritavancin in combination with gentamicin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, or rifampin in time-kill studies against methicillin-susceptible, vancomycin-intermediate, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Assessment by time-kill methodology of the synergistic effects of oritavancin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Arhin, FF; Belley, A; McKay, GA; Moeck, G; Neesham-Grenon, E; Parr, TR, 2008)	0.57
" The purpose of the present study was to quantify the biofilm formation of methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from patients with IE and to evaluate the in vitro activities of daptomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin) or gentamicin while monitoring the isolates for the development of resistance."	( Activities of daptomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in an experimental model of endocarditis. LaPlante, KL; Woodmansee, S, 2009)	0.75
"Vancomycin is often combined with a second antibiotic, most often rifampin or gentamicin, for the treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."	( Vancomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Deresinski, S, 2009)	0.58
"We investigated the activity of tigecycline in combination with gentamicin for the treatment of biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( In vitro activity of tigecycline in combination with gentamicin against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. LaPlante, KL; McConeghy, KW, 2010)	0.85
"The in vitro antimicrobial activities of usnic acid were evaluated in combination with five therapeutically available antibiotics, using checkerboard microdilution assay against methicillin-resistant clinical isolates strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In vitro interaction of usnic acid in combination with antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates determined by FICI and ΔE model methods. Amicosante, G; Bellio, P; Brisdelli, F; Celenza, G; Garbarino, JA; Nicoletti, M; Perilli, M; Piovano, M; Segatore, B; Setacci, D, 2012)	0.38
"The in vitro activity of mastoparan-AF, an amphipathic antimicrobial peptide isolated from the hornet venom of Vespa affinis, alone and in combination with various clinically used antibiotics, was investigated against 21 Escherichia coli isolates/strains."	( In vitro activity of mastoparan-AF alone and in combination with clinically used antibiotics against multiple-antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from animals. Hou, RF; Lin, CF; Lin, CH; Shia, WY; Shyu, CL; Tu, WC, 2012)	0.38
"Topical application of the gentamicin-collagen sponge seems safe and may improve clinical and microbiological outcomes of diabetic foot infections of moderate severity when combined with standard of care."	( Topical application of a gentamicin-collagen sponge combined with systemic antibiotic therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot infections of moderate severity: a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Edmonds, M; Kuss, M; Lipsky, BA; Reyzelman, A; Sigal, F, )	0.73
" This study aims to determine the comparative efficacy of a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post caesarean infection."	( Efficacy of single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Kidenya, BR; Konje, E; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2012)	0.91
" Candidates in "A" will receive a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole 30 to 60 minutes prior to the operation and candidates in "B" will receive the same drugs prior to the operation and continue with gentamicin and metronidazole for 24 hours."	( Efficacy of single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Kidenya, BR; Konje, E; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2012)	0.93
"To study the effects of gentamicin in combination with ascorbic acid on septic arthritis, mice were infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S."	( Gentamicin in combination with ascorbic acid regulates the severity of Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced septic arthritis in mice. Bandyopadhyay, D; Basu, A; Bishayi, B; Dutta, K; Dutta, S; Mal, P, 2012)	2.13
"A rat model of early sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2) was developed."	( A rat model of early sepsis: relationships between gentamicin pharmacokinetics and systemic and renal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide combined with interleukin-2. Chládek, J; Krs, O; Martinkova, J; Senkerik, M; Slizova, D; Springer, D; Studena, S, 2012)	0.63
" Here, an electrochemical sensing platform combined with enzymatic amplification was developed for simple and sensitive assay of UDG activity and its inhibition."	( A highly sensitive electrochemical platform for the assay of uracil-DNA glycosylase activity combined with enzymatic amplification. Jiang, J; Yu, R; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2013)	0.39
"The study aims to investigate the effect to treat acute kidney injury (AKI) with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with vitamin E and to develop a new treatment mode for AKI preclinical study."	( Study on therapeutic action of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell combined with vitamin E against acute kidney injury in rats. Dong, C; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Liu, P; Lv, P; Wu, H; Wu, X; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"3×10(6)cells/kg) combined with vitamin E (80mg/kg) were administered in AKI rats induced by gentamicin intravenously."	( Study on therapeutic action of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell combined with vitamin E against acute kidney injury in rats. Dong, C; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Liu, P; Lv, P; Wu, H; Wu, X; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.61
" Due to structural and mechanistic similarities between vancomycin and telavancin, we investigated the activity of telavancin combined with nafcillin and imipenem compared to the known synergistic combination of telavancin and gentamicin."	( Comparative activities of telavancin combined with nafcillin, imipenem, and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Gandhi, RG; Leonard, SN; Patel, MD; Supple, ME, 2013)	0.8
" This study aimed to determine the comparative efficacy of a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection."	( Single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: a randomized, equivalence, controlled trial. Kidenya, BR; Konje, ET; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2013)	0.97
" Participants in "A" received a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole 30 to 60 minutes prior to the operation, and participants in "B" received the same drugs prior to the operation but continued with for 24 hours."	( Single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: a randomized, equivalence, controlled trial. Kidenya, BR; Konje, ET; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2013)	1
"5% of the strains for meropenem combination with tigecycline."	( Activity of Tigecycline in combination with Colistin, Meropenem, Rifampin, or Gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Labrou, M; Manousaka, S; Michail, G; Pitiriga, V; Pournaras, S; Sakellaridis, N; Tsakris, A, 2013)	0.62
" An in vitro assessment of azithromycin in combination with gentamicin demonstrated inhibition of growth and suggests that clinical trials may be warranted to assess the utility of this combination in treating gonorrhea infections."	( In vitro assessment of dual drug combinations to inhibit growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Papp, JR; Pettus, K; Sharpe, S, 2015)	0.66
" Gentamicin, amikacin or vancomycin was combined with disodium EDTA or l-arginine for 24 h to reproduce the antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) approach."	( In vitro activity of gentamicin, vancomycin or amikacin combined with EDTA or l-arginine as lock therapy against a wide spectrum of biofilm-forming clinical strains isolated from catheter-related infections. Beloin, C; Ghigo, JM; Lebeaux, D; Leflon-Guibout, V, 2015)	1.65
" This study systematically evaluated by in vitro time-kill studies the effect of daptomycin in combination with ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ceftaroline, ertapenem, gentamicin, tigecycline, and rifampin, for a collection of 9 daptomycin-NS enterococci that exhibited a broad range of MICs and different resistance-conferring mutations."	( In vitro activity of daptomycin in combination with β-lactams, gentamicin, rifampin, and tigecycline against daptomycin-nonsusceptible enterococci. Carvalho, M; Charlton, CL; Hindler, JA; Humphries, R; Kelesidis, T; Miller, SA; Nizet, V; Nonejuie, P; Pogliano, J; Sakoulas, G; Wong-Beringer, A, 2015)	0.85
"This paper describes an improved liquid chromatography method combined with pulsed electrochemical detection for the analysis of etimicin sulfate."	( Improved liquid chromatography combined with pulsed electrochemical detection for the analysis of etimicin sulfate. Adams, E; Deng, X; Fan, X; Hu, C; Wang, F; Wu, Y; Yuan, Y; Zhang, M; Zhao, W; Zhu, X, 2016)	0.43
" aureus activity of P128 alone and in combination with standard-of-care antibiotics on planktonic and biofilm-embedded cells."	( Antibiofilm Activity and Synergistic Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms by Bactericidal Protein P128 in Combination with Antibiotics. Desai, S; Nair, S; Poonacha, N; Sharma, U; Vipra, A, 2016)	0.43
"The antibacterial activity of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin against six strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated."	( Bactericidal Effect of Pterostilbene Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Basri, DF; Ghazali, AR; Lee, WX, 2017)	0.93
" Killing kinetics were determined at 2-h intervals from 0 to 6 h after exposure to ampicillin (AMP) or cefotaxime (CTX) combined with GM."	( Enhancement of bactericidal activity against group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility by uptake of gentamicin into cells resulting from combination with β-lactam antibiotics. Ebara, Y; Iwata, S; Moritoki, N; Morozumi, M; Murata, M; Sato, M; Takata, M; Toyofuku, M; Ubukata, K, 2017)	0.66
" Present work was aimed to study the nephroprotective property of the plant extract through urinary enzymes excretion, to confirm its protective effects and to observe the antibacterial activities of gentamicin in combination with the plant extract."	( Nephroprotective property of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and its antibacterial activity in combination with gantamicin. Ahmad, W; Khan, A; Khan, MA; Khan, S; Roohullah, -; Ullah, N, 2017)	0.64
" Gentamicin, an old and inexpensive antibiotic, is recommended in combination with azithromycin for treatment failures cases with the first-line regimen as per the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines."	( In Vitro Synergy Testing of Gentamicin, an Old Drug Suggested as Future Treatment Option for Gonorrhoea, in Combination With Six Other Antimicrobials Against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains. Bala, M; Bhargava, A; Bhatnagar, R; Kakran, M; Singh, V, 2018)	1.69
" The SBPI analysis showed that CAZ-AVI in combination with imipenem achieved higher SBPI values than other CAZ-AVI-based combinations."	( In vitro interaction of ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with different antimicrobials against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Ambretti, S; Campoli, C; Gaibani, P; Giannella, M; Landini, MP; Lewis, RE; Re, MC; Viale, P; Volpe, SL, 2017)	0.46
"Our results indicated that peppermint oil combined with gentamicin showed synergistic activity against both control, ESBL-producing and NDM-1-producing isolates."	( Preliminary Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin Against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing and New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates. Dołęgowska, B; Giedrys-Kalemba, S; Grygorcewicz, B; Kochan, E; Kwiatkowski, P; Pruss, A; Sienkiewicz, M; Wojciuk, B, 2018)	0.95
" (SEO) and to evaluate its antimicrobial properties, both alone and combined with gentamicin towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains."	( Satureja montana L. essential oil and its antimicrobial activity alone or in combination with gentamicin. Aleandri, M; Ammendolia, MG; Comanducci, A; Conte, MP; Crestoni, ME; Filippi, A; Fornarini, S; Fraschetti, C; Goldoni, P; Longhi, C; Maccelli, A; Marazzato, M; Rinaldi, F; Scazzocchio, F; Vitanza, L, 2019)	0.96
"Nebulized gentamicin solution combined with systemic antibiotics appears to be safe and has comparable efficacy to other strategies in eradicating early Pa infections in children with CF."	( Nebulized gentamicin in combination with systemic antibiotics for eradicating early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Morrow, BM; Van Stormbroek, B; Zampoli, M, 2019)	1.32
" In the in vivo EE model, the following antibiotic combinations were evaluated: cloxacillin (2 g/4 h) alone or combined with gentamicin (1 mg/kg/8 h) or daptomycin (6 mg/kg once daily); and daptomycin (6 mg/kg/day) alone or combined with fosfomycin (2 g/6 h)."	( Cloxacillin or fosfomycin plus daptomycin combinations are more active than cloxacillin monotherapy or combined with gentamicin against MSSA in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis. Almela, M; Ambrosioni, J; Cañas, MA; Castañeda, X; Falces, C; Fuster, D; García-de-la-Mària, C; García-González, J; Gasch, O; Hernández-Meneses, M; Llopis, J; Marco, F; Miró, JM; Moreno, A; Pericàs, JM; Quintana, E; Sandoval, E; Soy, D; Téllez, A; Tolosana, JM; Vidal, B, 2020)	0.97
"To investigate the effects of an intratympanic injection of dexamethasone combined with gentamicin on the expression level of serum P0 protein antibodies in patients with Meniere's disease (MD)."	( Effects of an Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone Combined with Gentamicin on the Expression Level of Serum P0 Protein Antibodies in Patients with Meniere's Disease. Cao, W; Feng, T; Geng, Y; Wu, F; Xu, H, 2020)	1.01
" Among them, 68 patients were treated with an intratympanic injection of dexamethasone combined with gentamicin (observation group)."	( Effects of an Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone Combined with Gentamicin on the Expression Level of Serum P0 Protein Antibodies in Patients with Meniere's Disease. Cao, W; Feng, T; Geng, Y; Wu, F; Xu, H, 2020)	1.01
"For patients with MD, dexamethasone combined with gentamicin can reduce the incidence of vertigo, tinnitus, and gait instability, but it has no effect on the efficacy or number of vertigo attacks 6 months after treatment."	( Effects of an Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone Combined with Gentamicin on the Expression Level of Serum P0 Protein Antibodies in Patients with Meniere's Disease. Cao, W; Feng, T; Geng, Y; Wu, F; Xu, H, 2020)	1.05
" Continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin via a 24 h elastomeric infusor, combined with either once-daily gentamicin or ceftriaxone, requires only one nursing encounter daily and is commonly used in New Zealand."	( Outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis. Bhally, H; Briggs, S; Broom, M; Duffy, E; Everts, G; Everts, R; Lowe, B; McBride, S, 2021)	1.07
"A retrospective observational case series from multiple hospitals of patients aged 15 years or over with enterococcal endocarditis diagnosed between July 2013 and June 2019 who received at least 14 days of outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for synergy."	( Outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis. Bhally, H; Briggs, S; Broom, M; Duffy, E; Everts, G; Everts, R; Lowe, B; McBride, S, 2021)	1.03
"Outpatient treatment of enterococcal endocarditis with continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either once-daily gentamicin or ceftriaxone following a period of inpatient treatment is usually effective."	( Outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis. Bhally, H; Briggs, S; Broom, M; Duffy, E; Everts, G; Everts, R; Lowe, B; McBride, S, 2021)	1.06
" Lactuca methanolic extract in combination with two different antibiotics (gentamicin and chloramphenicol)."	( Synergistic antibacterial effects of Ulva lactuca methanolic extract alone and in combination with different antibiotics on multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. El-Sayed, AIM; El-Sheekh, MM; Makhlof, MEM, 2023)	1.14

Bioavailability

The objective was to investigate the ability of a glycosteroid (TC002) to increase the oral bioavailability of gentamicin. In aqueous microenemas containing 20 mg ml-1 phenothiazine, sodium cefoxitin bioavailability increased to 16-62% while gentamic in sulphate bioavailability rose to 74-146%. Simultaneously the absorption rate of Gentamicin from the lungs was found to be increased.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aminoglycoside antibiotics are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, do not penetrate well into the cerebrospinal fluid, are minimally bound to plasma proteins, and are rapidly excreted by the normal kidney."	( Antimicrobial agents--Part II. The aminoglycosides: streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin. Brewer, NS, 1977)	0.49
" However, when the mass of gut wall in each segment is taken into account, absorption rate is highest at the duodenum and decreases distally."	( Transport of the thyroid hormones across the feline gut wall. Hays, MT; Hsu, L; Kohatsu, S, 1992)	0.28
" Although the effects of precipitate formation on drug bioavailability and toxicity have not been fully determined, until such information is available, the use of combinations of drugs that remain in solution during administration is recommended."	( The solubility of antibiotic and corticosteroid combinations. Lee, BL; Matoba, AY; Osato, MS; Robinson, NM, 1992)	0.28
" Bioavailability was 83."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous and subcutaneous injection in obese cats. Clark, CH; Horton, CR; Jernigan, AD; Wilson, RC; Wright, LC, 1991)	0.6
" In the first postoperative period, the drug had a better bioavailability during the rapid elimination phase in the case of 'Palacos'."	( Comparative study of gentamicin release from normal and low viscosity acrylic bone cement. Bunetel, L; Cormier, M; Langlais, F; Segui, A, 1990)	0.6
" However, GM absorption was marked when 90 mg of solid SA or CA was added (the bioavailability of GM was 58% with SA, and 59% with CA)."	( Rectal absorption enhancement of gentamicin in rabbits from hollow type suppositories by sodium salicylate or sodium caprylate. Matsumoto, M; Matsumoto, Y; Murakami, C; Murakoshi, R; Tojima, T; Watanabe, Y, 1989)	0.56
" This study demonstrates that MO can be used in the two types of hollow suppositories as an effective enhancing agent of rectal absorption of poorly absorbed drugs such as GM."	( Enhancing effect of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate on the rectal absorption of gentamicin from hollow-type suppositories in rabbits. Hori, N; Ku, YS; Matsumoto, M; Matsumoto, Y; Naritomi, S; Watanabe, Y, 1989)	0.51
"Intramuscular administration of gentamicin in the paralyzed limb of subjects with spinal cord injury resulted in decreased maximum serum concentration, increased time to maximum serum concentration and decreased absorption rate constant."	( Serum gentamicin levels in traumatic paraplegics following intramuscular administration in non-paralyzed limbs. Hemal, AK; Pathak, CM; Sankaranarayanan, A; Vaidyanathan, S, 1989)	1.04
" The mean systemic bioavailability were (70%) and (30%) after intramuscular and intrauterine administration, respectively."	( Disposition kinetics of gentamicin in normal and endometritic cows using a microbiological assay. el-Komy, AA; el-Sayed, MG; Hatem, ME, 1989)	0.58
" Bioavailability (93."	( Bioavailability of gentamicin in dogs after intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. Duran, SH; Horton, CR; Wilson, RC; Wright, LC, 1989)	0.61
"Acylcarnitines were tested as potential absorption-enhancing agents for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."	( Acylcarnitines: drug absorption-enhancing agents in the gastrointestinal tract. Alexander, J; Engle, K; Fix, JA; Gardner, CR; Leppert, PS; Porter, PA; Selk, SJ, 1986)	0.27
" The duration of the effective bioavailability of the drugs studied varied from 12 to 18 hours."	( Ocular penetration of subconjunctivally injected gentamicin, sisomicin and cephaloridine. Goyal, M; Jain, MR; Jain, V, 1988)	0.53
" Bioavailability was 67."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration in cats. Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD; Kemp, DT; Wilson, RC, 1988)	0.6
" The absolute bioavailability of gentamicin was complete and did not differ from control values using both model-independent (LAGRAN) and model-dependent (ADAPT) analyses."	( Gentamicin bioavailability and single-dose pharmacokinetics in spinal cord injury. Brunnemann, SR; Gray, DR; Segal, JL, 1988)	2
" Intramuscular gentamicin appears to have a bioavailability of approximately 37%."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, given intracardiac and intramuscular injections of gentamicin sulfate. Rolf, LL; Setser, MD; Walker, JL, 1986)	0.83
" The IM bioavailability of gentamicin in channel catfish was estimated to be 60%."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Setser, MD, 1985)	0.89
" In aqueous microenemas containing 20 mg ml-1 phenothiazine, sodium cefoxitin bioavailability increased to 16-62%, while gentamicin sulphate bioavailability increased to 74-146%."	( The use of phenothiazines to enhance the rectal absorption of water-soluble compounds. Alexander, J; Fix, JA; Leppert, PS; Porter, PA, 1984)	0.48
" The increased gentamicin bioavailability in response to sodium salicylate adjuvant activity appeared to be independent of and additive to the increased gentamicin absorption due to high ionic strength conditions."	( Influence of ionic strength on rectal absorption of gentamicin sulfate in the presence and absence of sodium salicylate. Caldwell, LJ; Fix, JA; Leppert, PS; Porter, PA, 1983)	0.87
" Our objective was to determine rate of absorption of gentamicin from the peritoneum into the systemic circulation and vice versa."	( Unidirectional absorption of gentamicin from the peritoneum during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Higgins, JT; Shapiro, RS; Somani, P; Stockard, H, 1982)	0.8
" Intramuscular bioavailability of sisomicin for the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg was greater than 95%."	( Pharmacokinetic study of sisomicin in humans. Chung, M; Schrogie, JJ; Symchowicz, S, 1981)	0.26
" Simultaneously the absorption rate of gentamicin from the lungs was found to be increased."	( Radiation-induced changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Bezek, S; Gregusková, M; Kettner, M; Laginová, V; Navarová, J; Trnovec, T, 1980)	0.82
"The paper presents the demonstration of applicability of the frequency response method in a bioavailability study."	( Frequency response method in pharmacokinetics. Dedík, L; Durisová, M, 1994)	0.29
" The serum levels of the drug from 0 to 180 minutes after applying the drug were determined with thin-layer chromatography-scanning method and the bioavailability of three routes was counted."	( [Studies on the nasal absorption of gentamycin]. Bu, G; Wang, J, 1994)	0.29
" It was found that if the bioavailability of the intravenous route was considered as 100%, the bioavailability of the intranasal route was 80."	( An experimental study on nasal absorption of gentamycin in dogs. Bu, GX; Wang, JQ, 1994)	0.29
"The bioavailability was 56 +/- 11% over a six-hour dwell."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily IP gentamicin in CAPD patients. Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Evans, A; Low, CL; Venezia, RA, )	0.41
"Hydrophilic drugs are often poorly absorbed when administered orally."	( Design of compounds that increase the absorption of polar molecules. Amidon, GL; Axelrod, HR; Babu, S; Bowe, CL; Chan, TY; Choe, SY; Kahne, D; Kakarla, R; Kim, JS; Lee, HJ; Mokhtarzadeh, L; Sofia, MJ; Venkatesan, P; Walker, S, 1997)	0.3
" time was significantly lower following hindlimb injection, in comparison with forelimb injection, at 1, 4, and 8 hr, which may reflect reduced bioavailability of the drug, as would be expected with renal portal perfusion and tubular excretion on first pass through the kidney."	( The effect of the renal portal system on pharmacokinetic parameters in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Barker, IK; Burger, JP; Conlon, PD; Crawshaw, GJ; Holz, P, 1997)	0.3
"The objective was to investigate the ability of a glycosteroid (TC002) to increase the oral bioavailability of gentamicin."	( Intestinal transport of gentamicin with a novel, glycosteroid drug transport agent. Amidon, GL; Axelrod, HR; Choe, S; Hui, YW; Kakarla, R; Kim, JS; Lipka, E; Longley, CB; Sofia, MJ; Weber, SJ, 1998)	0.82
" Bioavailability of gentamicin was determined by HPLC."	( Intestinal transport of gentamicin with a novel, glycosteroid drug transport agent. Amidon, GL; Axelrod, HR; Choe, S; Hui, YW; Kakarla, R; Kim, JS; Lipka, E; Longley, CB; Sofia, MJ; Weber, SJ, 1998)	0.93
"The bioavailability of gentamicin was substantially increased in the presence of TC002 in both rats and dogs."	( Intestinal transport of gentamicin with a novel, glycosteroid drug transport agent. Amidon, GL; Axelrod, HR; Choe, S; Hui, YW; Kakarla, R; Kim, JS; Lipka, E; Longley, CB; Sofia, MJ; Weber, SJ, 1998)	0.92
"Rapid mucociliary clearance of intranasally administered drugs is often a key factor in determining the bioavailability of such therapeutic agents."	( Preparation and evaluation of the in vitro drug release properties and mucoadhesion of novel microspheres of hyaluronic acid and chitosan. Berry, DJ; Brown, MB; Lim, ST; Martin, GP, 2000)	0.31
" From these findings, we concluded that a reduction of CsA bioavailability during ARF is caused by depression in bile excretion and renal function-dependent depression of uptake from intestinal tract via maybe P-gLycoprotein in enterocytes."	( Factors that affect absorption behavior of cyclosporin a in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Hoshino, N; Minouchi, T; Morimoto, J; Shibata, N; Yamaji, A, 2000)	0.55
" Higher efficiency of garasone can be attributed to the advantages of its components: wide-spectrum gentamicin and its high bioavailability for the eyeball tissues and an effective steroid betamethasone."	( [Experience of garasone use in surgical practice]. Karlova, IZ; Neroev, VV; Zaĭtseva, OV, )	0.35
" The bioavailability of an antibacterial agent depends on the target bacterial species, the site of infection and the integrity of the haemato-aqueous barrier."	( Comparative review of topical ophthalmic antibacterial preparations. Adenis, JP; Robert, PY, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of gentamicin was poor when administered as a nasal solution (1."	( In vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan/chitosan microparticulate delivery systems for the nasal delivery of gentamicin in rabbits. Berry, DJ; Brown, MB; Forbes, B; Lim, ST; Martin, GP, 2002)	0.83
" As a class, the aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are commonly used as injectable and topical preparations."	( A novel emulsifier, labrasol, enhances gastrointestinal absorption of gentamicin. Hu, Z; Konishi, T; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tawa, R, 2001)	0.54
"When topical controlled delivery of ophthalmic drugs is realised via erodible inserts, drug bioavailability is maximised, if release is controlled exclusively by insert erosion, since parallel mechanisms which increase the release rate, also increases the dose fraction cleared from the precorneal area by tear fluid draining."	( A study of release mechanisms of different ophthalmic drugs from erodible ocular inserts based on poly(ethylene oxide). Di Colo, G; Zambito, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The influence of a range of clinical characteristics was tested on the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin and the effect of incorporating interindividual variability on bioavailability was examined."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Edwards, G; English, M; Kokwaro, GO; Mohammed, S; Muchohi, SN; Thomson, AH, 2003)	0.79
" When variability in bioavailability was introduced as an alternative model, interindividual variability in CL was 22%, in V 18% and in relative bioavailability 36%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Edwards, G; English, M; Kokwaro, GO; Mohammed, S; Muchohi, SN; Thomson, AH, 2003)	0.58
" Wide variability in the peak concentration may reflect variable absorption rate or bioavailability."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Edwards, G; English, M; Kokwaro, GO; Mohammed, S; Muchohi, SN; Thomson, AH, 2003)	0.58
"034) increase in Cmax, AUC120, and percent absolute bioavailability (F) compared to control 1 (60 mg/kg) alone."	( Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a liposaccharide drug delivery agent: application to the gastrointestinal absorption of gentamicin. Davis-Goff, K; DeCruz, SE; Lynch, TB; Ross, BP; Toth, I, 2004)	0.53
"Focusing on the disposition of cyclosporin A (CsA) in the liver and intestine, effects of gentamicin-induced acute renal failure (ARF) on the decreased oral bioavailability of CsA were evaluated in rats."	( Evaluation of factors to decrease bioavailability of cyclosporin A in rats with gentamicin-induced acute renal failure. Fukumoto, K; Fukushima, K; Inoue, Y; Nishimura, A; Shibata, N; Spiteller, G; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2004)	0.77
"To determine the bioavailability of gentamicin to the lung following inhalation from two jet nebulizers."	( Determination of the bioavailability of gentamicin to the lungs following inhalation from two jet nebulizers. Al-Amoud, AI; Assi, KA; Chrystyn, H; Clark, BJ, 2005)	0.87
"Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is associated with active drug efflux and may influence oral bioavailability of common classes of drugs."	( Antibiotic exposure does not influence MRP2 functional expression in Caco-2 cells. Hirst, BH; Moore, V; Prime-Chapman, H, 2005)	0.33
" The bioavailability (BA) of GM from the microporous calcium silicate preparation, Florite RE 10 mg, was 14."	( Oral solid gentamicin preparation using emulsifier and adsorbent. Ishida, M; Ito, Y; Kusawake, T; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tawa, R, 2005)	0.72
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gentamicin sulphate (5 mg/kg body weight) were studied in 50 female broiler chickens after single intravenous (i."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration in broiler chickens. Abu-Basha, EA; Al-Shunnaq, AF; Idkaidek, NM, 2007)	0.88
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation on rats demonstrated increased bioavailability with microsphere formulation in comparison to the traditional solution form."	( Formulation, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gentamicin sulphate loaded albumin microspheres. D'Souza, MJ; Haswani, DK; Nettey, H; Oettinger, C, 2006)	0.57
" When gentamicin is administered intramuscularly, there is no difference in bioavailability when the dose is administered below the level of the injury but absorption appears to be slower in patients with SCI compared with the non-SCI population."	( Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Ensom, MH; Young, F, 2011)	0.85
" MitoQ has improved bioavailability and can reach most tissues and has been used in Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C human trials, which demonstrated that MitoQ can be safely used in humans."	( Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ reduces gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Antonelli, PJ; Le Prell, CG; Ojano-Dirain, CP, 2014)	0.66
"2-fold increase in the systemic bioavailability of gentamicin from the optimized formulation."	( Solid lipid micro-dispersions (SLMs) based on PEGylated solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS): a novel carrier system for gentamicin. Attama, AA; Kenechukwu, FC; Momoh, MA; Nnamani, PO, 2015)	0.87
" The inability of BSS to protect against gentamicin nephrotoxicity was likely due to the relatively low bioavailability of BSS in rat kidneys."	( β-sitosterol protects against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity but not gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats via the induction of mitochondrial glutathione redox cycling. Chan, WM; Chen, JH; Ko, KM; Leong, PK; Leung, HY; Wong, HS, 2014)	0.9
"The purpose of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the systemic bioavailability of antibiotics from bone cement after implantation."	( Bioavailability of gentamicin and vancomycin released from an antibiotic containing bone cement in patients undergoing a septic one-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) revision: a monocentric open clinical trial. Bösebeck, H; Frommelt, L; Gehrke, T; Kendoff, DO; Stangenberg, P, )	0.46
" The median bioavailability for both antibiotics exceeded 92%, but other pharmacokinetic parameters varied markedly between antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.13
"Gentamicin (GM), one of the most commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics, has been used for treating pneumonia; however, the applicability of GM is limited by its bioavailability and toxic side effects."	( Biphasic release of gentamicin from chitosan/fucoidan nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery. Chen, JK; Chen, JY; Huang, YC; Li, RY, 2016)	2.2
"Increased oxidative stress and disturbance in nitric oxide bioavailability lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complication in renal disease."	( Vascular function and arginine and dimethylarginines in gentamicin-induced renal failure: a possible effect of heme oxygenase 1 inducer hemin. Alp-Yıldırım, FI; Aycan-Ustyol, E; Bekpinar, S; Giris, M; Kabasakal, M; Ozluk, Y; Tepe, O; Unlucerci, Y; Uydes-Dogan, BS; Uysal, M, 2017)	0.7
" Furthermore, one of these formulations was chosen for oral bioavailability studies in rats in comparison to an aqueous solution of GS."	( Nonionic microemulsions for oral and transdermal delivery of gentamicin. Alkrad, JA; Alruby, AS, 2018)	0.72
" The average systemic bioavailability of nebulized gentamicin was estimated to be 5%, with considerable inter-individual variability."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and nebulized gentamicin in critically ill patients. Adier, C; Boisson, M; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Hadzic, M; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2018)	0.99
" Poor solubility and low bioavailability of Q as a bioflavonoid with potent antioxidant activity, limit its therapeutic application."	( Quercetin-loaded F127 nanomicelles: Antioxidant activity and protection against renal injury induced by gentamicin in rats. Beyzaei, H; Bilal, M; Hasanein, P; Kyzas, GZ; Rahdar, A, 2021)	0.84
" Those drug-delivery forms offer convenient self-administration; obviate gastrointestinal-tract absorption and hepatic-first-pass metabolism, thereby improving bioavailability and maintaining sufficient drug concentration within the therapeutic window; and facilitate the transmission of the largest fraction of drug molecules to the target area, thus maximizing therapeutic potential and reducing systemic drug toxicity."	( A Compendium of Compounding Agents and Formulations, Part 3: Gentamicin Sulfate and Benzoyl Peroxide. Riepl, M, )	0.37
" Due to the low local bioavailability of systemic antibiotics and possible off-target effects, localized drug delivery systems are of great importance."	( Electrophoretic deposition of gentamicin and chitosan into titanium nanotubes to target periprosthetic joint infection. Angenendt, K; Chiesa, R; Della Fara, G; Fischer, A; Hamilton, JL; Markovics, A; Radice, S; Sturm, A; Wimmer, MA, 2023)	1.2

Dosage Studied

Full-term infants receiving HFOV should be initiated at gentamicin dosing intervals of 18 hours rather than the traditional 12 hours recommended for this age group. A once daily dosing regimen is more effective and less ototoxic than a thrice daily regimen.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"8 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were given gentamycin intramuscularly injected in individual dosage during 8-10 days."	( [The effect of therapeutic gentamycin doses on the enzyme secretion in urine]. Burchardt, U; Gründig, CA; Peters, JE, 1975)	0.25
" This inhibitory effect may be particularly important when urinary concentrations of gentamicin are reduced either because of a reduction in dosage or because of decreased excretion due to renal insufficiency."	( Inhibition of the antibacterial activity of gentamicin by urine. Minuth, JN; Musher, DM; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1976)	0.74
" In the second group, the dosage of each antibiotic necessary to induce apnea is sought."	( [Neuromuscular inhibition of new aminoglycoside antibiotics]. Baltar, I; Esplugues, J; Marti, JL; Orts, A, 1979)	0.26
" The frequency of infection was significantly lower among the patients on the PEPA program, and dosage escalation of the chemotherapeutic agents was accomplished more often among these patients."	( Protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program for malignant lymphoma. Randomized trial during chemotherapy to induce remission. Bodey, GP; Cabanillas, F; Freireich, EJ; Rodriguez, V, 1979)	0.26
" At moderate and high dosage levels, PC 904'S efficacy was comparable to carbenicillin's but much less than gentamicin's."	( In vitro and in vivo effect of PC 904, a new broad-spectrum penicillin, on ocular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dy-Liacco, J; Mintsioulis, G; Ohno, S; Okumoto, M; Smolin, G, 1978)	0.47
" The maximum concentrations of the two cytotoxic drugs were chosen to be twice the known peak plasma levels of commonly employed dosage schedules."	( Effect of two cancer chemotherapeutic agents on the antibacterial activity of three antimicrobial agents. Moody, MR; Morris, MJ; Moyé, LA; Schimpff, SC; Wiernik, PH; Young, VM, 1978)	0.26
" But this effect is small and does not justify a change in the usual dosage of rifampicin."	( [The use of mycobacteria in the estimation of the concentration of antibiotics, antimycotics and antituberculotics (author's transl)]. Iwainsky, H; Reutgen, H; Sesser, I, 1978)	0.26
" A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact, in terms of patient outcomes, of individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in severely burned patients."	( Individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in burn patients with gram-negative septicemia: a cost--benefit analysis. Bootman, JL; Rowland, C; Wertheimer, AI; Zaske, D, 1979)	0.82
" When a dosage level of 8 mg of gentamicin was exceeded in the combined treatment regimen, all of the infected mice died, and a high concentration of endotoxin could be detected in the mouse sera by the limulus assay."	( The effect of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on the in vivo susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin. Light, B; Riggs, HG, 1979)	0.76
" The satisfactory clinical results were obtained in some cases by increasing its recommended dosage to about 5-8 mg per kg per day."	( [Further study on gentamicin in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Fujii, S; Hirama, Y; Nakazawa, S; Sato, H; Watanabe, O, 1976)	0.59
" The penicillin type shows almost no improvement in bactericidal activity despite increasing the dosage above a certain level."	( [Bactericidal dosie-activity relationships with E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Staph. aureus (author's transl)]. Shah, PM; Stille, W, 1976)	0.26
" calcoaceticus in mice, minocycline was, in general, more active than gentamicin or polymyxin on a dosage basis and significantly more active on a blood-level basis."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of minocycline and other antibiotics against Acinetobacter (Herellea-Mima). Kuck, NA, 1976)	0.49
"9 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were given gentamicin intramuscularly in an appropriate dosage for a period of 10 days."	( [Urinary excretion kinetics of enzymes and proteins in the application of therapeutic doses of gentamycin]. Burchardt, U; Krosch, H; Müller, G; Neef, L; Schinköthe, G, 1978)	0.51
" As regards the influence of gentamicin on cell growth and metabolsim, dose-response relationship were found proving that the antibiotic causes a depression of proliferation, a striking increase in lactate production, an elevated LDH release, and changes in pH behaviour."	( Gentamicin as a bactericidal antibiotic in tissue culture. Fischer, AB, 1975)	1.99
" There was a marked variation in incidence of abscess dependent upon the cephalosporin selected and the dosage tested."	( Therapy for experimental intraabdominal sepsis: comparison of four cephalosporins with clindamycin plus gentamicin. Bartlett, JG; Gorbach, SL; Louie, TJ; Onderdonk, AB, 1977)	0.47
" This variation in penetration reflected individual differences in each dosage group and the increase in percent penetration that was observed during therapy."	( Comparison of four aminoglycoside antibiotics in the therapy of experimental E. coli meningitis. Mandaleris, CD; Sande, MA; Strausbaugh, LJ, 1977)	0.26
" However, the appearance of granular casts was seen in 7 of 10 patients receiving the higher dosage of netilmicin (7."	( Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of netilmicin in gram-negative infections. Coppens-Kahan, L; Daneau, D; Klastersky, J; Meunier-Carpentier, F; Prevost, JM, 1977)	0.26
" A number of studies indicate that serum levels of these agents cannot be predicted reliably on the basis of simple dosage formulae; the major confounding factors being abnormalities of renal function and of extracellular fluid volume in addition to less well defined variables such as fever and anaemia."	( Why monitor serum levels of gentamicin? Barza, M; Lauermann, M, )	0.43
" Despite the use of dosing nomograms, nephrotoxicity still occurs in some patients and the decline in renal function may only become apparent after completion of the antibiotic course."	( Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis and prevention. Cronin, RE, 1979)	0.26
"Netilmicin was found to be less toxic than gentamicin when administered at comparable dosage levels to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)."	( Comparative toxicity of netilmicin and gentamicin in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Igarashi, M; Jerger, J; Levy, JK, 1978)	0.79
" Despite a uniform dosing protocol, a wide range of netilmicin serum levels was obtained."	( Clinical evaluation of netilmicin therapy in serious infections. Fu, KP; Jahre, JA; Neu, HC, 1979)	0.26
" Separate in vitro experiments with gentamicin, however, revealed an inverse dose-response relationship with chemotactic suppression."	( Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Chang, CT; Evans, HE; Glass, L; Khan, AJ; Khan, P; Nair, SR, 1979)	0.53
" The single fatality received a much smaller dosage of gentamicin as compared with the other four patients."	( Ecthyma gangrenosum: survival with individualized antibiotic therapy. Solem, LD; Strate, RG; Zaske, D, 1979)	0.51
" Drug dosage was altered to keep serum levels 1 h after administration between 5 and 10 mug/ml (gentamicin or tobramycin) or 20 and 40 mug/ml (amikacin)."	( Relationship between aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity and auditory toxicity. Lietman, PS; Lipsky, JJ; Smith, CR, 1979)	0.48
"A clinical trial involving forty hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections was conducted to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of four dosage regimens of netilmicin: 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg administered twice daily for 7 or 8 days."	( Comparison of multiple-dose regimens of netilmicin in patients with urinary tract infections. Cox, CE, 1979)	0.26
" The influence of dosage and renal function on serum levels and their relevance to ototoxicity are discussed."	( Suggestions for monitoring patients during treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Lerner, SA; Matz, GJ, )	0.13
"Peak serum levels of gentamicin were varied in rats by administering a standard nephrotoxic dosage of 40 mg/kg per day in one (QD), two, or three (TID) daily doses."	( The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure. Bennett, WM; Gilbert, DN; Parker, RA; Plamp, CE; Porter, GA, 1979)	0.83
" The data indicate that on repetitive dosing the amount of drug in the body would be considerably underestimated if the prolonged terminal elimination phase were not taken into account."	( Multicompartment pharmacokinetics of netilmicin. Follath, F; Spring, P; Vozeh, S; Wenk, M, 1979)	0.26
" In patients with ascites or abnormal extracellular fluid volumes, gentamicin dosage should be based on frequent measurements of serum gentamicin levels and on clinical response."	( Altered gentamicin distribution in ascitic patients. Gill, MA; Kern, JW, 1979)	0.93
" There were 10 animals in each dosage group."	( [Comparative ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in a guinea pig model (author's transl)]. Brummett, RE, 1978)	0.26
" A linear relation between concentrations in the perilymph and dosage of gentamicin was ascertained."	( [Pharmacokinetical, histological, and histochemical investigation on the ototoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin (author's transl)]. Federspil, P; Schätzle, W; Tiesler, E, 1977)	0.71
" In spite of approximately identical serum concentration curves and in vitro activity, especially the low dosage of netilmicin led to more favourable therapeutic results than equal doses of tobramycin."	( [Netilmicin and tobramycin: comparative evaluation of pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy in animal studies (author's transl)]. Abraham, M; Freiesleben, H; Marre, R; Sack, K, 1979)	0.26
" Dosage was 2-2."	( Gentamicin dosage in preterm and term neonates. Assael, BM; Gianni, V; Marini, A; Peneff, P; Sereni, F, 1977)	1.7
" Differences in methods and dosage of administration depending upon age, status of renal function, and route of administration are discussed."	( The pharmacology of newer aminoglycosides, with a consideration of the application to clinical situations. Neu, HC, 1977)	0.26
" The authors recommend further research to document the efficacy of this procedure as this clinical report does not involve a large sample or sufficient experimental controls, such as selection of medication, dosage values, and confirmation of tissue content of the medication."	( Antibiotic iontophoresis in the treatment of ear chondritis. Cofrancesco, C; LaForest, NT, 1978)	0.26
" An identical dosage of tobramycin was associated with only minimal morphological changes and normal concentrations of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and tobramycin in rats. Bennet, WM; Gilbert, DN; Houghton, DC; Plamp, C; Porter, G; Starr, P, 1978)	0.55
" Dose-response data demonstrating linear recovery are included for all four aminoglycosides as well as a comparison of the GLC method with the microbiological method for the assay of gentamicin and amikacin."	( Gas-liquid chromatographic method for the assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum. Gorbach, SL; Mayhew, JW, 1978)	0.45
" The accuracy and safety of this method were confirmed by treating children with this adjusted dosage schedule."	( Dosage schedule of gentamicin for chronic renal insufficiency in children. Hattori, S; Matsuda, I; Takimoto, M; Yoshioka, H, 1978)	0.59
" A total of 72 peak serum gentamicin levels were measured by a microbiological assay and compared with predicted serum levels determined by the dosing nomogram."	( Confirmation of a computer-derived nomogram to predict gentamicin serum concentrations in postsurgical patients. McNeely, DJ; O'Leary, JP; Russell, WL; Yost, RL, 1978)	0.81
"3 mug/ml; 31 to 47% of the drug was excreted within the 8-h dosage interval."	( Clinico-pharmacological studies of sisomicin in ill children. Dugal, R; Hammerberg, S; Marks, MI; Vose, A, 1978)	0.26
" It was rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous administration in mice and showed greater potency than gentamicin on both dosage and plasma concentration bases against several experimental infections."	( Glycocinnamoylspermidines, a new class of antibiotics. V. Antibacterial evaluation of the isopropyl derivative of LL-BM123gamma. Kuck, NA; Redin, GS, 1978)	0.47
" Based on these results we recommend an individual, Sisomicin dosage for each age group."	( [Pharmacokinetic investigations on sisomicin in children (author's transl)]. Patsch, R; Richter, J; Sitka, U; Weingärtner, L, 1978)	0.26
" The linear relationships between the elimination rate constant and creatinine clearance and the elimination half-life and serum creatinine allowed us to establish dosage schedules according to the degree of renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in the presence of normal or impaired renal function. Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Oksenhendler, G, 1978)	0.26
" A clinically useful correlation indicates that the half-life may be approximated as 3 times the serum creatinine concentration and may be used for adjustment of dosage of netilmicin in the treatment of patients with impaired renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in renal insufficiency and haemodialysis. Dugal, R; Pechere, JC; Pechere, MM, )	0.13
"Netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sisomicin were given daily for 15 days to groups of rats at three dosage levels corresponding to 10, 15, or 25 times the dose recommended for humans on a weight basis."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats. Bloch, R; Costello, R; Luft, FC; Maxwell, DR; Sloan, RS; Yum, MN, 1978)	0.64
"This study provides the first morphological evidence of significant structural damage following high doses of enflurane alone and confirms previous findings of transient renal functional abnormalities following high dosage enflurane."	( Enflurane nephrotoxicity and pre-existing renal dysfunction. Cousins, MJ; David, W; Fulton, A; Haynes, G; Whitehead, R, 1978)	0.26
" coli in patients treated with gentamicin in adequate dosage and was associated with leukopenia or undrained purulent collections."	( Simultaneous antibiotic levels in "breakthrough" gram-negative rod bacteremia. Anderson, ET; Hewitt, WL; Young, LS, 1976)	0.54
" Moreover, their combination made it possible to reduce the dosage of the antibiotics and thereby reduce their potential undesirable effect."	( An experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa renal infection in rats. Hatala, M; Konícková, L; Liska, M; Prát, V; Slugen, I, 1975)	0.25
"5% (8/13) in GM 80 mg/day dosage group and 75."	( [Clinical experience with gentamicin in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Hieda, S; Kumazawa, J; Nakamuta, S; Takesue, T, 1976)	0.56
" Gentamicin, sisomicin and amikacin are useful against Serratia infections; but in each case, a higher dosage is needed."	( Comparative evaluation of five aminoglycosides for treatment. Köhler, M; Naumann, P; Reintjens, E; Rosin, H, 1976)	1.17
" These results indicate that it is necessary to monitor gentamicin therapy by laboratory assay to ensure adequate dosage and that peak serum concentrations of 8 mug/ml or more are significantly correlated with successful treatment of pneumonia caused by coliforms and Ps."	( Pneumonia caused by coliforms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Noone, P; Rogers, BT, 1976)	0.5
"Multiple-infusion dosing regimens for gentamicin were established for 84 patients with the use of individually calculated values of elimination kinetic parameters."	( Kinetic model for gentamicin dosing with the use of individual patient parameters. Cipolle, RJ; Sawchuk, RJ; Strate, RG; Wargin, WA; Zaske, DE, 1977)	0.86
" The nephrotoxicity of gentamicin is poor but well established, and may be prevented by checking the initial renal function, adjusting the dosage subsequently, and monitoring the renal function and gentamicin serum levels during therapy."	( [Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Conditions for the use of this antibiotic in the elderly and in the patient with renal insufficiency]. Ganeval, D; Jungers, P; Kleinknecht, D, 1977)	0.9
"Data on 40 patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis treated with appropriate antibiotics in adequate dosage at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center hospitals between January 1961 and June 1975 were analyzed."	( Prognostic factors in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and results of therapy with a penicillin and gentamicin. Baird, IM; Watanakunakorn, C, )	0.35
" Depending upon the dosage of the administered drug, Amikacin (150 mg per kg body weight daily, corresponding to 10 times an average recommended human dose) caused pronounced outer hair cell damage even 1 day after the treatment was stopped."	( Comparative surface studies of ototoxic effects of various aminoglycoside antibiotics on the organ of Corti in the guinea pig. A scanning electron microscopic study. Theopold, HM, )	0.13
" This method can also separate gentamicin C1 from C1a and C2, all of which are present in various ratios in commercial dosage forms."	( High-pressure liquid-chromatographic method for determination of gentamicin in plasma. Chiou, WL; Gadalla, MA; Peng, A; Peng, GW; Smith, V, 1977)	0.78
" Netilmicin levels in serum were above minimum inhibitory concentration values for most susceptible organisms for up to 8 h after dosing in normal individuals and for at least 12 h in uremic patients."	( Netilmicin pharmacokinetics after single intravenous doses to elderly male patients. Baumueller, A; Lau, CC; Madsen, PO; Welling, PG, 1977)	0.26
" The results indicate that gentamicin requirements are underestimated by methods currently employed to calculate dosage for patients with renal failure who receive carbenicillin concurrently."	( Inactivation of gentamicin by penicillins in patients with renal failure. Bullock, WE; Ervin, FR; Nuttall, CE, 1976)	0.9
" The appreciable variability in gentamicin pharmacokinetics among adolescent patients with renal insufficiency necessitates dosage adjustments based on measurements of serum concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin during peritoneal dialysis in children. Baliah, T; Gerbracht, LM; Jusko, WJ; Kim, KH; Yaffe, SJ, 1976)	0.86
"Recent studies that emphasize the unpredictability of gentamicin serum concentrations have cast doubt on the accuracy of commonly used dosing nomograms."	( Gentamicin serum concentrations: pharmacokinetic predictions. Hull, JH; Sarubbi, FA, 1976)	1.95
" Knowledge of serum levels of gentamicin assists the clinician in regulating drug dosage to obtain an optimal therapeutic effect, and yet avoid toxic serum levels."	( Radioimmunoassay as an improved method for measurement of serum levels of gentamicin. Atkins, RC; Casley, D; Johnston, CI; Longmore, P, 1976)	0.78
"Gentamicin sulfate was given to rabbits for four weeks in two dosage regimens, either 4 or 8 mg/kg subcutaneously twice a day."	( Renal glycosuria due to gentamicin in rabbits. Ginsburg, DS; Levin, M; Quintanilla, AP, 1976)	2.01
" Neither drug accumulated in the serum when the dosage regimen was maintained for three to 19 days."	( Administration of tobramycin and gentamicin by the intravenous route every 6 hr in patients with normal renal function. Gross, PA; Setia, U, 1976)	0.54
" A linear relation between concentrations in the perilymph and the dosage of gentamicin was ascertained."	( Pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Federspil, P; Schätzle, W; Tiesler, E, 1976)	0.76
" The toxicity of the additives has already a negative influence on the LD50 for heterozygous Gunn rats when the low dosed Refobacin and Sulmicin vials are given."	( The influence of various aminoglycoside preparations on bilirubin/albumin binding. Ballowitz, L; Hanefeld, F; Schmid, F, 1976)	0.26
" The fact that gentamicin in the applied dosage (about 30% of LD50) provoked more pronounced changes than cephaloridine (about 20% of LD50) could be explained by an in-vitro interference of cephaloridine with the enzymatic activities investigated in this study."	( Renal effects of gentamicin and cephaloridine. Evaluation by renal enzyme excretion studies in rats and comparison with other antibiotics. Moerth, C; Raab, W, 1976)	0.95
"5% of the admixed dosage of these water-soluble antibiotics could be leached from the set cements."	( Mechanical strength of acrylic bone cements impregnated with antibiotics. Lautenschlager, EP; Marks, KE; Marshall, GW; Nelson, CL; Schwartz, J, 1976)	0.26
" Because of this shorter half-life the dosage interval was decreased to 4 hours to prevent extended periods of subtherapeutic serum concentrations."	( Increased dosage requirements of gentamicin in burn patients. Gerding, DN; Sawchuk, RJ; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1976)	0.54
" The predominant factors in the production of methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity appear to be high methoxyflurane dosage and serum inorganic fluoride concentration."	( Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Mazze, RI, 1976)	0.26
" The prophylactic effect upon ototoxicity of the administration of dimercaptopropanol or of dividing up the daily dosage was examined."	( [Ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)]. Federspil, P, 1976)	0.26
"In our study of 54 suspected cases of endophthalmitis, vitreous aspiration was more sensitive in making a culture-proven diagnosis than anterior chamber paracentesis; Staphylococcus epidermidis was a more common cause of endophthalmitis than previously appreciated; and intraocular antibiotics in the recommended dosage are reasonably safe clinically and add a new dimension to the treatment of endophthalmitis."	( Further observations on the diagnosis cause, and treatment of endophthalmitis. Cottingham, AJ; Forster, RK; Norton, EW; Zachary, IG, 1976)	0.26
" Laboratory and clinical data are presented to question the validity of selected advertisements which (1) encourage the use of Keflex for severe respiratory infections in children, (2) recommend the use of Keflex for the treatment of bacterial bronchitis, (3) suggest that high tissue penetration is a unique property of Vibramycin, (4) present pooled susceptability data which do not reflect microbial resistance patterns in the patient's hospital, (5) recommend twice-daily administration of Ancef for urinary tract infections but do not clearly state the potential danger of this regimen for other infections, (6) suggest that gentamicin should be given to adults in only two dosage sizes for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, and (7) lead the reader to assume that only women need to be treated for Trichomonas infections."	( Need for "counter-detailing" antibiotics. Hendeles, L, 1976)	0.41
" Based on the determination of serum levels of Tobramycin and Amoxycillin in newborns general recommendations for the dosage of these new antibiotics are given."	( [Antibiotics in newborns and young infants]. Simon, C, 1975)	0.25
"Indications, side effects, dosage and several pharmacokinetic properties of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, amikacin, and streptomycin are delt with in the first part."	( [Aminoglycoside antibiotics from clinical viewpoint]. Lüthy, R, 1975)	0.48
" Because it has a low therapeutic index, monitoring of serum levels may help to insure adequacy of dosage and avoid toxicity."	( Radioimmunoassay, acetylating radio-enzymatic assay, and microbioassay of gentamicin: a comparative study. Hewitt, WL; Stevens, P; Young, LS, 1975)	0.49
" In a second series of 27 orthotopic liver transplantations in tissue-typed littermate dogs and littermate pigs the standard surgical technique and aftercare were changed with regard to four factors: an end-to-end common bile duct anastomosis was made instead of a gallbladder to duodenum anastomosis; the continuous postoperative bacteriostatic antibiotic therapy was changed to a single 2-day course of bactericidal antibiotics; preoperative selective bowel decontamination combined with postoperative protective isolation was introduced; the dosage of azathioprine used for immunosuppression was reduced."	( Orthotopic liver transplantation: an experimental study on the prevention of infections with Gram-negative organisms. Hendriks, WD; Jerusalem, C; Krom, RA; Popescu, DT; Schalm, SW; Terpstra, JL; Van Der Waay, D, 1975)	0.25
"In patients with impaired renal function, careful adjustment of gentamicin dosage is required to achieve therapeutic yet nontoxic concentrations."	( Prospective comparative study of variable dosage and variable frequency regimens for administration of gentamicin. Goodman, EL; Holmes, R; Hull, AR; Sanford, JP; Van Gelder, J, 1975)	0.71
" time profiles of various dosage regimens recommended for renal impairment were reassessed by applying pharmacokinetic techniques to the patient data in the clinical literature."	( Practical pharmacokinetic techniques for drug consultation and evaluation. IV: Gentamicin blood level versus time profiles of various dosage regimens recommended for renal impairment. Schumacher, GE, 1975)	0.48
" If it is used a high dosage is necessary because the bone levels which we investigated were very low."	( [Gentamicin in orthopedic surgery]. Krämer, J; Maassen, H; Rosin, H, 1975)	1.16
" The dosage of these drugs was much higher than the usual upper limbs, beta-aescin in doses as high as 10 to 20 fold above recommended maximum."	( [Acute renal failure after intracranial injury in three children: analysis of possible causes (author's transl)]. Brandis, M; Brodehl, J; Krohn, HP; Offner, G; Onken, D, 1975)	0.25
" Bactericidal antibiotics in high dosage (penicillins, gentamicin) were superior to bacteriostatic antibiotics."	( [Course and treatment of osteomyelitis in childhood (author's transl)]. Havemann, D; Simon, C; Wiedemann, J, 1975)	0.5
" Gentamicin, at 6 to 50 mg/kg per day, caused pathological changes which were dosage related and affected primarily the proximal tubular cells."	( Protective effect of cephalothin against gentamincin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Barza, M; Dellinger, P; Murphy, T; Pinn, V; Weinstein, L, 1976)	1.17
"Gentamicin sulphate was administered to male Wistar rats by intramuscular injection at varying dosage and for varying periods."	( Renal damage caused by gentamicin: a study of the effects on renal morphology and urinary enzyme excretion. Lovell, D; Thompson, AE; Tighe, JR; Wellwood, JM, 1976)	2.01
" Animals infected with strain SF-195 received 5 days of no therapy, ampicillin, ampicillin-gentamicin, vancomycin, or daptomycin (all at the dosage regimens described above)."	( Comparison of daptomycin, vancomycin, and ampicillin-gentamicin for treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant enterococci. Bayer, AS; Eliopoulos, GM; Grayson, ML; Ramos, MC, 1992)	0.75
" Since elimination rate constant value was significantly reduced, the subsequent dosage will have to be reduced particularly if kidney functions are not normal."	( Disposition kinetics of gentamicin following repeated parenteral administration in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Garg, BD; Garg, SK, 1992)	0.59
"Twenty full term neonates with suspected bacterial infection were randomly assigned to a once daily or a twice daily dosage regimen with gentamicin (4 mg/kg/day)."	( Pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity of daily gentamicin. Heimann, G; Nies, B; Skopnik, H; Tröster, K; Wallraf, R, 1992)	0.74
" It should be noted that while gentamycin in therapeutic dosage was given to pregnant women, it would be accumulated in fetal kidneys and caused damage."	( [Effects of gentamycin on the fetal kidneys]. Jin, ZK, 1992)	0.28
" The results of this study suggest that no additional dosage adjustment of isepamicin during concomitant therapy with piperacillin in hemodialysis patients is necessary."	( Effect of concomitant administration of piperacillin on the dispositions of isepamicin and gentamicin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Affrime, MB; Awni, WM; Halstenson, CE; Heim-Duthoy, KL; Herman, CS; Keane, WF; Kelloway, JH; Teal, MA; Wong, MO, 1992)	0.5
" Longer dosing intervals for aminoglycosides may improve efficacy by allowing time for adaptive resistance to resolve."	( Adaptive resistance following single doses of gentamicin in a dynamic in vitro model. Barclay, ML; Begg, EJ; Chambers, ST, 1992)	0.54
"To investigate the impact of the introduction of a consultative service on the use, efficiency of dosing and clinical toxicology of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin and tobramycin, in a general hospital."	( Prospective audit of an aminoglycoside consultative service in a general hospital. Ioannides-Demos, LL; Li, SC; McLean, AJ; Spelman, DW; Spicer, WJ; Tong, N, 1992)	0.48
"1% and 64% of all aminoglycoside courses during the first and second audits respectively, with clinician acceptance of dosage recommendations at 83."	( Prospective audit of an aminoglycoside consultative service in a general hospital. Ioannides-Demos, LL; Li, SC; McLean, AJ; Spelman, DW; Spicer, WJ; Tong, N, 1992)	0.28
"01) compared with rats dosed with GT alone."	( Epidermal growth factor accelerates renal tissue repair in a model of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Heuson-Stiennon, JA; Laurent, G; Morin, NJ; Nonclercq, D; Toubeau, G, 1992)	0.52
"Seventeen tracheotomy patients were given gentamicin (Gen) into trachea at the dosage of 2 and 4 mg."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intratracheal administration in tracheotomy patients]. Deng, YL; Ding, XH; Gu, CN; Gu, QP; Shan, HW; Zhu, CJ, 1992)	0.87
"3 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) twice daily, a dosage that was not changed during the follow-up period."	( Time course of trough serum gentamicin concentrations in preterm and term neonates. Armijo, JA; de Cos, MA; Gómez, F; Gómez-Ullate, J, 1992)	0.58
" A stepwise reduction in nephroprotection occurred as the dosage interval was prolonged."	( Duration of the protective effect of polyaspartic acid on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Bennett, WM; Gilbert, DN; Kohlhepp, SJ; Kohnen, PW; Leggett, JE; Swan, SK, 1992)	0.52
" These results support the idea that the major significance of the PAE is in its application to dosing regimens."	( In vivo postantibiotic effect of isepamicin and other aminoglycosides in a thigh infection model in neutropenic mice. Caminero, MM; Fuentes Martinez, F; Izquierdo Izquierdo, J; Minguez Minguez, F; Prieto Prieto, J, 1992)	0.28
" However, larger amounts of drug applied as fortified drops on a frequent dosing schedule were more effective by a factor of three."	( Keratotomy model of pseudomonas keratitis: gentamicin chemotherapy. Brockman, EB; Hill, JM; Hobden, JA; Insler, MS; Kaufman, HE; O'Callaghan, RJ; Tarantino, PA, )	0.39
" Ten required a reduction, 1 an increase, and 1 a change in dosage and interval with no net change in total daily dose."	( Disposition of gentamicin administered intravenously to horses with sepsis. Divers, TJ; Rossier, Y; Sweeney, RW, 1992)	0.64
"To investigate the feasibility of predicting gentamicin dosing requirements during continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHD)."	( Gentamicin clearance during continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Cutler, DJ; Ernest, D, 1992)	1.99
" However, due to its minor and variable contribution to total body clearance of gentamicin, prediction of gentamicin dosing requirements based on estimates of CAVHD clearance of gentamicin would be precluded and close monitoring of circulating gentamicin concentrations during CAVHD is necessary."	( Gentamicin clearance during continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Cutler, DJ; Ernest, D, 1992)	1.95
"To evaluate the effectiveness of a gentamicin dosing protocol based on postconceptional age in producing therapeutic serum concentrations and to compare the protocol with commonly used gentamicin dosing guidelines."	( Effectiveness of a gentamicin dosing protocol based on postconceptional age: comparison to published neonatal guidelines. Feuer, WJ; Goldberg, RN; Lopez-Samblas, AM; Torres, CL; Wang, H, 1992)	0.89
"During the initial three months of this study infants were dosed according to physician discretion (group I)."	( Effectiveness of a gentamicin dosing protocol based on postconceptional age: comparison to published neonatal guidelines. Feuer, WJ; Goldberg, RN; Lopez-Samblas, AM; Torres, CL; Wang, H, 1992)	0.61
"The number of therapeutic serum gentamicin concentrations resulting from the dosing guidelines studied were compared."	( Effectiveness of a gentamicin dosing protocol based on postconceptional age: comparison to published neonatal guidelines. Feuer, WJ; Goldberg, RN; Lopez-Samblas, AM; Torres, CL; Wang, H, 1992)	0.9
"Various methods of gentamicin dosing were compared in order to evaluate factors that prevent achievement of therapeutic peak and trough plasma concentrations in every patient."	( Individualized dosage of gentamicin: a programmed pocket calculator is useful only when applied properly. Bircher, J; Burchardi, H; Lotterer, E; Süssner, M; Zielmann, S, 1992)	0.92
" The dose-response curves for nifedipine, with respect to the reduction of contractile force and contracture, were identical."	( The polycationic compound gentamicin inhibits the calcium paradox in guinea-pig hearts. Gödicke, J; Jacobsen, L; Lüllmann, H; Mülder, G, 1992)	0.58
"A simple equation to estimate the initial dosing interval of gentamicin was compared with the "rule of eights" equation in 81 adult patients with stable renal function."	( A simple method to estimate the initial dose of gentamicin. Lackner, TE; Lyss, AP, 1992)	0.78
" These modifications must be taken into account in order to adapt the dosage regimen and determine a withdrawal time for gentamicin."	( Influence of the stage of pregnancy on gentamicin disposition in the ewe. Oukessou, M; Toutain, PL, 1992)	0.76
" Gentamycin administration to premature neonates should be associated with monitoring of serum concentrations of the drug which would make individual adjustment of the dosage possible."	( [Kinetics of gentamycin in premature infants with a low birth weight during the first four days of postnatal life]. Chládek, J; Chládková, J; Kopecká, J; Maresová, J; Martínková, J; Parízková, E; Tilser, I, 1992)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and dosage schemes for each patient basing on the antibiotic blood levels."	( [Gentamicin level in the prostate and its pharmacokinetics in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy]. Dyderski, S; Sokołowski, W, )	1.04
" This permits one to vary the dosage of an inserted gene easily and reversibly without the need of conventional amplification techniques and clonal analysis."	( A novel BK virus-based episomal vector for expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells. De Benedetti, A; Rhoads, RE, 1991)	0.28
" We have several reasons to believe that it is due to inappropriate dosage prescribing."	( Efficacy of dosage schedule for rational dosage prescribing of gentamicin. Tappayuthpijarn, P; Thamlikitkul, V, 1991)	0.52
"The various components required for individualising clinical drug dosage regimens are reviewed, including a study of 3 types of fitting procedures, 2 types of gentamicin pharmacokinetic model and the utility of D-optimal times for obtaining serum gentamicin concentrations."	( Individualising gentamicin dosage regimens. A comparative review of selected models, data fitting methods and monitoring strategies. Foo, KA; Hurst, AK; Iglesias, T; Jelliffe, RW; Rodriguez, J, 1991)	0.82
" These data indicate that dosage adjustments are necessary in subjects with decreased renal function."	( Isepamicin disposition in subjects with various degrees of renal function. Affrime, MB; Awni, WM; Halstenson, CE; Kelloway, JS; Lin, CC; Shapiro, BE; Teal, MA, 1991)	0.28
"To investigate the possible effect of the dosing scheme of aminoglycosides on their concentration in the cochlear tissue, we gave two groups of 12 guinea pigs subcutaneous doses of 45 mg of isepamicin (ca."	( Effect of isepamicin dosing scheme on concentration in cochlear tissue. Claes, J; De Broe, ME; Derde, MP; Govaerts, PJ; Kaufman, L; Marquet, JF; Van de Heyning, PH, 1991)	0.28
" Studies should be performed in peritoneal dialysis patients on the feasibility of dosing gentamicin intermittently, which may be less toxic than continuous intraperitoneal administration."	( Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Bernardini, J; Chong, TK; Piraino, B, 1991)	0.8
" The unnecessary use of antibiotics was the single most common type of misuse in both groups, but errors in dosing collectively accounted for nearly one-half of antibiotic misuse."	( Antibiotic misuse in two clinical situations: positive blood culture and administration of aminoglycosides. Casabar, E; Dunagan, WC; Gray, JL; Lawrenz, C; Medoff, G; Smith, MD; Spitznagel, E; Woodward, RS, )	0.13
" The average target intra-ocular gentamicin concentrations and dosage interval were specified in the computer program, which subsequently allowed calculation of the dose required."	( Intra-ocular concentration-time relationships of subconjunctivally administered gentamicin. Coetzee, JF; du Toit, DF; van Jaarsveld, PP; van Rooyen, MM, 1991)	0.79
" The results suggest that a gentamicin dosage regimen based on the division of newborn patients into subgroups or calculated from individual pharmacokinetic characteristics would decrease the risk of obtaining potentially toxic or subtherapeutic gentamicin concentrations after the use of standard doses."	( Monitoring serum levels of gentamicin to develop a new regimen for gentamicin dosage in newborns. Faura, CC; Feret, MA; Horga, JF, 1991)	0.87
" Additional studies are needed to define specific dosage guidelines in patients of varying ages and disease severity for optimal therapy."	( Serum concentrations of gentamicin in patients with myelomeningocele. McComb, DC; Nahata, MC; Schad, PR, 1991)	0.59
"98 per cent in regard to the substance and its dosage form (gynecological suppositories), respectively."	( [A method of quantitative analysis of gentamicin sulfate]. Likhoded, VA; Mukhamedzianov, RM, 1991)	0.55
" We conclude that early individualized gentamicin dosage over a range of postnatal age is a practical alternative and serum level distributions appear superior."	( Evaluation of bayesian forecasting for individualized gentamicin dosage in infants weighing 1000 g or less. Bryson, SM; Costello, S; Irwin, DB; Lui, K, 1991)	0.8
"For 95 patients with burns the gentamicin dosage regimen necessary to achieve optimal serum concentrations was determined."	( Initial dosage regimens of gentamicin in patients with burns. Chin, T; Kohls, PR; Solem, LD; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, )	0.71
" Ticarcillin and clavulanic acid is a safe and effective alternative to gentamicin and clindamycin in the treatment of secondary bacterial peritonitis and offers advantages in dosing simplicity and freedom from ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects."	( A randomized trial of ticarcillin and clavulanate versus gentamicin and clindamycin in patients with complicated appendicitis. Levine, BA; Sirinek, KR, 1991)	0.76
" Pharmacokinetic data to ensure proper dosing are scant, especially for large snakes."	( A new dosing schedule for gentamicin in blood pythons (Python curtus): a pharmacokinetic study. Hilf, M; Swanson, D; Wagner, R; Yu, VL, 1991)	0.58
" Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days."	( Ototoxic potential of gentamicin in ponies. Marshall, AE; Nostrandt, AC; Pedersoli, WM; Ravis, WR; Robertson, BT, 1991)	0.6
"In order to reduce the dosage of aminoglycoside in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in outpatient clinics and to improve cost benefits, we tried both ofloxacin (OFX) treatment and a combination treatment with OFX and a single dose of aminoglycoside (isepamicin)."	( Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with ofloxacin following an aminoglycoside. Eto, K; Ishii, T; Kumazawa, J; Matsumoto, T; Saito, Y; Sawae, Y; Ueda, S; Yushita, Y, 1991)	0.28
"Serum levels achieved within 90 minutes of equivalent intraosseous (IO) and IV bolus dosing of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin were compared in the weanling pig."	( Intraosseous administration of antibiotics: same-dose comparison with intravenous administration in the weanling pig. Parks, BR; Pender, ES; Pollack, CV; Woodall, BN, 1991)	0.48
" Serum levels of ceftriaxone after IO administration paralleled those after IV dosing but remained significantly lower at all time intervals."	( Intraosseous administration of antibiotics: same-dose comparison with intravenous administration in the weanling pig. Parks, BR; Pender, ES; Pollack, CV; Woodall, BN, 1991)	0.28
" On day 40 after parturition, gentamicin was given to the mares at a dosage similar to that used in foals."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn to 30-day-old foals. Cummings, LE; Guthrie, AJ; Harkins, JD; Short, CR, 1990)	0.89
"Aminoglycoside antibiotics produce varying degrees of ototoxicity, dependent on dosage time, in animals synchronized for rhythm study."	( Gentamicin-induced chronotoxicity: use of body temperature as a circadian marker rhythm. Smolensky, MH; Soulban, G; Yonovitz, A, 1990)	1.72
" This was the first investigation of a once-daily dosing regimen conducted in seriously ill patients with systemic infections."	( Does administration of an aminoglycoside in a single daily dose affect its efficacy and toxicity? Cronberg, S; Nordström, L; Ringberg, H; Tjernström, O; Walder, M, 1990)	0.28
" The phenomenon has implications for effective initial dosing with aminoglycoside antibiotics."	( The inductive role of ionic binding in the bactericidal and postexposure effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics with implications for dosing. Daikos, GL; Jackson, GG; Lolans, VT, 1990)	0.28
" We conclude that gentamicin and probably other aminoglycosides should be given at dose rates about 25% lower than usual and at longer dosing intervals in patients undergoing ECMO therapy."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates undergoing extracorporal membrane oxygenation. Blaschke, TF; Cohen, P; Collart, L; Fischer, AF; Prober, CG, 1990)	2.06
" The significance of these findings to new dosage schemes is discussed."	( Concentration-dependent bacterial killing, adaptive resistance and post-antibiotic effect of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with gentamicin. Gould, IM; Jason, C; Milne, K, 1990)	0.48
" In separate experiments, the potential of teicoplanin to cure endocarditis was assessed, using two dosage regimens: (i) 30 mg/kg per day (mean level in serum, 13 micrograms/ml) for 10 days or (ii) 150 mg/kg per day (mean level in serum, 84 micrograms/ml) for 5 days."	( Efficacy of teicoplanin in two dosage regimens for experimental endocarditis caused by a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Enterococcus faecalis with high-level resistance to gentamicin. Eliopoulos, GM; Moellering, RC; Thauvin-Eliopoulos, C; Yao, JD, 1990)	0.47
" In the seventy one cases of dosage adjustments using this method, those attaining therapeutic levels increased overall from 38% to 67%."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring for gentamicin in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Abdul Rahman, AF; Ismail, R; Sarriff, A, 1990)	0.56
" The results illustrate the value of interspecies comparisons of pharmacokinetic data for estimating appropriate dosage regimes for vertebrates for which no specific data are available."	( Variation in plasma halflife of gentamicin between species in relation to bodyweight and taxonomy. Kirkwood, JK; Merriam, J, 1990)	0.56
"A prospective study was carried out in 40 acutely ill patients to compare the non-kinetic and kinetic approaches to individualization of the dosage regimen of gentamicin."	( Comparison of non-kinetic and kinetic approaches to individualization of gentamicin dosage. el-Sayed, YM; Islam, SI, 1990)	0.71
"The effect of the dosing schedule on aminoglycoside ototoxicity was investigated in the guinea pig."	( Effect of dosing schedule on aminoglycoside ototoxicity: comparative cochlear ototoxicity of amikacin and isepamicin. Bagger-Sjöbäck, D; Harada, Y; Hirakawa, K; Nikaido, M; Nishida, I; Takumida, M, 1990)	0.28
"Gentacycol is a local dosage form of gentamicin based on collagen for implantation to wounds in treatment of patients with infections of soft tissues and prevention of contamination of open injuries of the bones and soft tissues."	( [Tolerance of gentacycol--a local dosage form of gentamicin based on collagen--animal experiments]. Berezhinskaia, VV; Dolgova, GV; Egorenko, GG; Kagan, EZ; Nikitin, AV; Shtegel'man, LA; Svinogeeva, TP, 1990)	0.81
"Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and the predictive performance of the Sawchuk-Zaske dosing method for gentamicin were compared in elderly and young patients with stable normal serum creatinine concentrations."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic dose determination of gentamicin in geriatric patients. Birge, S; Lackner, TE, 1990)	1.97
"5 h for syringe pump) and calculated dosage requirements (10."	( Comparison of two infusion methods for pharmacokinetic monitoring of gentamicin. Crist, KD; Nahata, MC, 1990)	0.51
" Antibiotic therapy was given for 7 days in each case, the individual dose of gentamicin being chosen from the dosage schedule according to Mawer."	( [Clinical efficacy and nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in single-dose parenteral administration of total individually adapted daily dosage]. Huber, G; Riedl, CR; Zinnbauer, B, 1990)	0.77
" In both species, bell-shaped dose-response curves were obtained, indicating that high doses of gentamicin had little or no effect."	( Antinociception induced by intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin in rats and mice. Corrado, AP; Prado, WA; Rego, EM; Tonussi, CR, 1990)	0.74
" The dosage schedule used involved two intraperitoneal administrations of SPLV-entrapped aminoglycosides at three-day intervals."	( Treatment of Brucella canis and Brucella abortus in vitro and in vivo by stable plurilamellar vesicle-encapsulated aminoglycosides. Fountain, AG; Fountain, MW; Lenk, RP; Shen, A; Weiss, SJ, 1985)	0.27
" Drug-localization studies demonstrated that significant fractions of the total dosage were associated with the red-cell membrane."	( The effects of antibiotics on hemolytic behavior of red cells. Lijana, RC; Williams, MC, 1986)	0.27
"Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity is a common clinical problem among hospitalized patients despite close attention to pharmacokinetics and dosing schedules."	( Nitrendipine protects against aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in the rat. Lee, SM; Michael, UF; Pattison, ME, 1987)	0.27
" The maintenance dosage was 125 mg cefazolin and 8 mg gentamicin per liter dialysate."	( Treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. Kuhlmann, U; Machleidt, C; Mettang, T; Staerz, E; Weber, J, 1989)	0.74
" If a PAE is present in vivo, antibiotic levels in tissue at the site of infection may decrease below the MIC without bacterial regrowth in the latter portion of the dosing interval."	( Postantibiotic effect of penicillin plus gentamicin versus Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Hessen, MT; Levison, ME; Pitsakis, PG, 1989)	0.54
"The objectives of this study were to (i) determine which of three simulated dosing regimens (gentamicin alone, simultaneous infusions of gentamicin and piperacillin, or staggered infusions of gentamicin and piperacillin) produced the fastest killing rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum, using the serum bactericidal rate (SBR) assay; and (ii) describe an alternative method of analysis of killing curves, the area under the killing curve (AUKC)."	( Antipseudomonal activity of simulated infusions of gentamicin alone or with piperacillin assessed by serum bactericidal rate and area under the killing curve. Mylotte, JM; Pasko, MT; Tisdale, JE, 1989)	0.75
"The impact of the dosage schedule on the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics was investigated in experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia and septicemia in leukopenic rats."	( Impact of the dosage schedule on the efficacy of ceftazidime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia and septicemia in leukopenic rats. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Michel, BM; Roosendaal, R; van den Berghe-van Raffe, M; Vink-van den Berg, JC, 1989)	0.52
"An assessment of the dosage regimens prescribed for potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin) was undertaken on surgical intensive care unit patients."	( Pharmacokinetic monitoring of nephrotoxic antibiotics in surgical intensive care patients. Crotchett, J; Fischer, RP; Miller-Crotchett, P; Reed, RL; Wu, AH, 1989)	0.49
" Of 11 infants weighing between 1000 and 1500 g on an 18-hour dosing interval, 55% had trough serum gentamicin concentration of 2 mg/L or more."	( Predictors of trough serum gentamicin concentrations in neonates. Johnson, CK; Keyes, PS; Rawlins, TD, 1989)	0.79
"The general strategy in optimization of antibiotic dosage regimens included development of population or common regimens for an "average" patient (the 1st approximation), subpopulation regimens for patients of certain categories on the basis of interactions between the pharmacokinetic parameters and "patient factors" (the 2nd approximation) and individual regimens on the basis of the data of the pharmacokinetic monitoring (the 3rd approximation)."	( [Pharmacokinetic monitoring of antibiotic therapy]. Firsov, AA, 1989)	0.28
" Ribostamycin caused slightly less nephrotoxicity in rats than kanamycin and far less than dibekacin at an equal dosage of 40 mg/kg per day for 14 days."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of ribostamycin and gentamicin in rats evaluated by urinalysis. Inouye, S; Kitasato, I; Niizato, T, 1989)	0.53
"Currently, in certain clinical situations there is an increasing trend towards using dosage regimens involving aminoglycoside antibiotics based on the administration of a single dose of the drug per day instead of administering the same amount in two or three administrations."	( Pharmacokinetic and nephrotoxic study of gentamicin in rabbits using a new dosage regimen. Alonso, MJ; Arévalo, MA; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Macias, MG; Navarro, AS; Sayalero, ML; Trapote, MA, )	0.4
" Initial aminoglycoside dosing in the febrile neutropenic patient should be similar to that in the nonneutropenic patient, with concentrations in serum monitored and doses adjusted accordingly."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and prediction of mortality in febrile neutropenic patients. Bertino, JS; Bianco, TM; Dwyer, PN, 1989)	1.72
"Potentiality of designing individual dosage of sisomicin and gentamicin in regard to "patient factors" was estimated."	( [Individual schedule of administration of aminoglycosides with reference to anatomo-physiological and pathological factors]. Alekseeva, ME; Firsov, AA; Kashina, LB; Lukomskiĭ, GI; Manuĭlov, KK, 1989)	0.52
" Dosage was titrated up to the initial symptoms of vestibular or cochlear intoxication."	( [Long-term results of gentamycin therapy of Menière's disease]. Blessing, RE; Schlenter, WW, 1989)	0.28
" Bile duct ligated and gentamicin injected rats elicited a decline in renal function and tubular cell necrosis after 8 days of treatment whereas equal dosage regimen in sham operated rats exhibited no evidence of renal dysfunction."	( Enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity after experimental biliary obstruction in rats. Andrade, RJ; Gonzalez-Correa, JA; Ibañez, J; Lucena, MI; Sanchez de la Cuesta, F; Torres, D, 1989)	1
" Dosing intervals calculated from EMI and FPIA data were different in 20 pairs of intervals and varied depending on the length of calculated interval."	( Comparison of gentamicin immunoassays using univariate and multivariate analyses. Boyce, EG; Gibson, GA; Lawson, LA; Nachamkin, I, 1989)	0.64
" We compared the relative efficacy and potency of three beta-lactams and two aminoglycosides in lung and thigh-infection models in neutropenic mice by defining the maximum attainable antimicrobial effect at 24 h (Emax) and the total dose required to reach 50% of maximum effect (P50) at several dosing intervals."	( Comparative antibiotic dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals in murine pneumonitis and thigh-infection models. Calame, W; Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Fantin, B; Leggett, JE; Mattie, H; Totsuka, K; Vogelman, B, 1989)	0.28
" When administering combinations of antibiotics non-simultaneous dosing is superior to simultaneous administration."	( [The kinetics of bacterial killing by fluctuating concentrations of antibiotics]. Allerberger, F; Bonatti, H; Dierich, MP; Guggenbichler, JP; Semenitz, E, 1989)	0.28
" Recommendations regarding initial dosing levels of gentamicin in infants on ECMO are made."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DiPiro, JT; Robertson, AF; Southgate, WM, 1989)	0.85
" Salt depletion resulted in an enhanced nephrotoxic response with a shift in the dose-response curve to the left."	( Role of sodium in the protective effect of ticarcillin on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Branch, KR; Branch, RA; Bryant, TD; Ohnishi, A; Sabra, R, 1989)	0.52
" On the basis of the kinetic data, a satisfactory intramuscular dosage regimen for gentamicin sulphate would be at least 6 mg kg-1 body weight repeated at 8 h intervals."	( Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of gentamicin in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis). Garg, BD; Garg, SK, 1989)	0.76
" Serial pharmacokinetic dosing has been proposed as a method to achieve these goals."	( Serial pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a community hospital experience. Hoffa, DE, 1989)	0.28
" No evidence was obtained by hybridization experiments that clinical isolates or spontaneous mutants expressing high-level Gmr carried more than one copy of the Gmr determinant, thus eliminating the possibility that a gene dosage effect was responsible for high-level resistance."	( Genetic analysis of gentamicin resistance in methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Dublin hospitals. Courvalin, P; Foster, TJ; Storrs, MJ, 1988)	0.6
" The data also demonstrated effectiveness with aqueous and solid dosage forms (Witepsol H-15 suppositories)."	( Acylcarnitines: drug absorption-enhancing agents in the gastrointestinal tract. Alexander, J; Engle, K; Fix, JA; Gardner, CR; Leppert, PS; Porter, PA; Selk, SJ, 1986)	0.27
" In the framework of searching for preventive measures of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity, we investigated the influence of dosage regimen on the renal cortical accumulation of gentamicin and netilmicin in humans."	( Once-daily dosing decreases renal accumulation of gentamicin and netilmicin. De Broe, ME; Eestermans, G; Giuliano, RA; Verbist, L; Verpooten, GA, 1989)	0.72
"We assessed the performance of a predictive algorithm for dosing aminoglycoside antibiotics in 75 pediatric patients and Bayesian feedback in 36."	( Aminoglycoside dosing in pediatric patients. Bowman, L; Brater, DC; Carlstedt, BC; Day, RB; Uaamnuichai, M, 1989)	0.28
" The impact of obesity on intrinsic susceptibility to gentamicin nephrotoxicity was assessed by dosing animals for 5 days to ideal body mass plus 40% of excess body mass, the current clinical practice for achieving normal gentamicin concentrations in obese patients."	( Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury. IV. Increased gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the obese overfed rat. Corcoran, GB; Salazar, DE, 1989)	0.76
" Although adequate maintenance dosing requires individualization based on pharmacokinetic analyses, large aminoglycoside doses can be used safely in patients with blunt trauma if appropriate monitoring is employed."	( Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: dosage requirements and nephrotoxicity in trauma patients. Fink, MP; Murphy, SG; Stein, KL; Townsend, PL, 1989)	0.28
" The dose, dosing interval, and duration of therapy were varied, and the resulting antibiotic levels in serum and vegetations were correlated with bacterial clearance from vegetations."	( The importance of pharmacodynamics in determining the dosing interval in therapy for experimental pseudomonas endocarditis in the rat. Ingerman, MJ; Levison, ME; Pitsakis, PG; Rosenberg, AF, 1986)	0.27
" The present investigation may also have relevance for the dosage and duration of gentamicin treatment chosen in clinical situations."	( Biochemical effects of gentamicin on rat kidney cortex. II. Analytical subfractionation after short-term, high-dose treatment. Bergstrand, A; DePierre, JW; Nässberger, L, 1987)	0.81
" In conclusion, if it could be necessary to use habekacin and to prefer this aminoglycoside to gentamicin from an antibacterial activity point of view it is necessary to keep in mind that this drug is potentially nephrotoxic and that the dosage had to be strictly respected."	( [Habekacin: a new aminoglycoside. Study of nephrotoxicity in rats in comparison with gentamicin, netilmicin and amikacin]. Fillastre, JP; Morin, JP; Olier, B; Thomas, N, 1988)	0.72
" During the next three months, pharmacists provided physicians with recommendations for choice of drug, coordinated blood sampling times, and designed individualized dosage regimens for all patients treated with gentamicin or tobramycin."	( Cost-benefit analysis of an aminoglycoside monitoring service. Aggour, T; Bradbury, K; Chodoff, L; Kimelblatt, BJ; Mehl, B, 1986)	0.46
"On the basis of our clinical impression that aminoglycoside serum concentration measurements did not result in dosage changes in many children with normal renal function, data collected during pharmacokinetic consultations were evaluated to identify pediatric patients for whom routine serum concentration monitoring would not be cost effective."	( Identification of children for whom routine monitoring of aminoglycoside serum concentrations is not cost effective. Hendeles, L; Massey, KL; Neims, A, 1986)	0.27
" With early treatment the dose-response relationship between the drug concentration and the diminution in bacterial counts in the vitreous humor was linear with all three drugs."	( Dose response of experimental Pseudomonas endophthalmitis to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem: evidence for resistance to "late" treatment of infections. Barza, M; Davey, PG; Stuart, M, 1987)	0.5
"This article reviews the clinical pharmacokinetics, clinical toxicity and cost-effectiveness analysis of aminoglycosides and of dosing services for aminoglycosides."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics, toxicity and cost effectiveness analysis of aminoglycosides and aminoglycoside dosing services. Bailie, GR; Mathews, A, 1987)	0.27
"PEDA, an integrated program in BASIC for implementation on microcomputers, has been developed for use in clinical practice to assist dosage adjustment for individual patients."	( PEDA: a microcomputer program for parameter estimation and dosage adjustment in clinical practice. Aoyama, T; Higuchi, S; Horioka, M, 1987)	0.27
"The minimum dosage of antibiotics which reduced mortality in rats intraperitoneally inoculated with an Escherichia coli isolate was determined."	( In vivo significance of the inoculum effect of antibiotics on Escherichia coli. Castilla, C; Fernández-Roblas, R; Ponte, C; Santamaría, M; Soriano, F, 1988)	0.27
"Current antimicrobial dosing regimens are designed to maintain active drug levels for most of the dosing interval and are based on 40-y-old observations."	( Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Gudmundsson, S; Leggett, J; Turnidge, J; Vogelman, B, 1988)	0.27
"In continuation of our clinical observations on perioperative prophylaxis by application of Halospor and Gentamicin the dosage of Halospor has been reduced to 2 grams once only."	( [Once again: the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section]. Bellée, H; Fiedler, FB; Link, M, 1988)	0.49
" Each drug was administered single and consecutive 14-day dosage with its alone or in combination with either furosemide or gentamicin."	( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration]. Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)	0.48
"A recently developed Bayesian regression program was compared with three other aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic dosing programs available for clinical use."	( Comparison of a Bayesian program with three microcomputer programs for predicting gentamicin concentrations. Black, JT; Frohna, PA; Garrelts, JC; Godley, PJ, 1988)	0.5
" To obtain adequate serum and tissue concentrations, alteration of antimicrobial dosing may be needed in similar cases."	( Altered gentamicin disposition in a child with a cavernous hemangioma. Gillespie, JB; Kearns, GL; Mallory, SB; McCarthy, RE, 1988)	0.71
"Gentamicin pharmacokinetics was studied in the zone of subcutaneous implantation to rats of Septopal, a dosage form based on polymethylmethacrylate stable in vivo (4."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of implantable gentamycin preparations. I. Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in the implantation area and an evaluation of the prolonged effect of the preparations]. Firsov, AA; Fomina, IP; Navashin, PS; Nazarov, AD; Rudenko, TG, 1988)	1.72
"Gentamicin was given to six sheep at a dosage rate of 80 mg/kg/day divided into three daily doses to cause nephrotoxicity."	( Comparison of serum and renal gentamicin concentrations with fractional urinary excretion tests as indicators of nephrotoxicity. Brown, SA; Garry, FB, 1988)	2.01
"A long-acting dosage form for local use of gentamicin immobilized on polymethylsiloxane, a silicon organic adsorbent was developed."	( [Study of general toxic properties and side effects of polymethylsiloxane and gentamicin immobilized on it]. Cherviak, PI; Kaban, AP; Keĭsevich, LV; Samodumova, IM; Znamenskiĭ, VA, 1988)	0.77
" Gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (IV) at a dosage of 3 mg/kg of body weight."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in laboratory rabbits. Curl, JL; Curl, JS, 1988)	1.51
" In order to determine if PVP-I is safe for treating corneal ulcers and conjunctivitis, we evaluated the ocular toxicity of frequent dosing in a rabbit model."	( Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine: corneal toxicology and epithelial healing in a rabbit model. Burstein, NL; Gaster, RN; Miller, S; York, KK, 1988)	0.27
" These population mean parameter estimates were used to generate dosage regimens to achieve concentrations within the therapeutic range."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; McGovern, EM; Thomson, AH; Way, S; Whiting, B, 1988)	0.56
" The possible nephrotoxic synergism between gentamicin and severe endotoxemia and the lack of major differences in gentamicin concentration in extrarenal tissues indicated that the dosage of gentamicin in endotoxemic cats does not have to exceed the dosage recommended for clinically normal cats."	( Pathologic changes and tissue gentamicin concentrations after intravenous gentamicin administration in clinically normal and endotoxemic cats. Brown, J; Crowell, WA; Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD; Wilson, RC, 1988)	0.82
" Clinical use of immunomodulators may alter conventional use and dosage of antibiotics."	( Synergistic effect of nonspecific immunostimulation and antibiotics in experimental peritonitis. Browder, W; DiLuzio, N; Jones, E; McNamee, R; Sherwood, E; Williams, D, 1987)	0.27
" Results of the study indicated the need to individualize aminoglycoside dosage regimens on the basis of pharmacokinetic disposition of drug, especially in dogs with preexisting subclinical renal dysfunction."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in naturally acquired and experimentally induced disease in dogs. Aucoin, DP; Frazier, DL; Riviere, JE, 1988)	1.72
" After G and N, the creatinine clearance of the neonates was decreased according to the dosage given to the mother."	( In utero aminoglycosides-induced nephrotoxicity in rat neonates. Billerey, C; Coulon, G; Faucourt, A; Mallié, JP; Morin, JP, 1988)	0.27
" A recommended dosage of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hours was calculated; this dosage would induce an average steady state serum gentamicin concentration of 4 micrograms/ml."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration in cats. Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD; Kemp, DT; Wilson, RC, 1988)	0.88
" The object of this study was to determine whether the fluid sequestration and potential total body water increase observed in patients with the diagnosis of pancreatitis affects the pharmacokinetics--and thus dosing requirements--of the water-soluble aminoglycoside gentamicin."	( Gentamicin dosing requirements in patients with acute pancreatitis. Bertino, JS; Bordley, J; Carr, MR; Dick, SP, 1988)	1.9
" Steady-state concentrations at the end of a one-hour infusion (Cmax) and at the end of the dosing interval (Cmin) were calculated for four simulated patients with three dosing schemes each."	( Simulated effect of gentamicin assay errors on calculated pharmacokinetic values. Boyce, EG; Pugh, CB, 1988)	0.6
"Gentamicin was administered to six cats at a dosage of 3 mg/kg of body weight intravenously every 8 h for five days."	( Pharmacokinetic and pathological evaluation of gentamicin in cats given a small intravenous dose repeatedly for five days. Brown, J; Crowell, WA; Hatch, RC; Jernigan, AD, 1988)	1.97
"Individualized dosage regimens have recently been recommended for patients treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics."	( Individualized aminoglycoside dosage regimens in patients with cystic fibrosis. Delage, G; Desautels, L; Lamarre, A; Lapierre, JG; Lasalle, R; Legault, S; Masson, P; Spier, S, 1988)	0.27
"Aminoglycoside (gentamicin, tobramycin) dosage regimens and subsequent serum concentrations were compared in 30 patients treated initially using traditional physician-determined methods and then switched to a pharmacokinetic-based treatment program."	( Prospective comparison of traditional and pharmacokinetic aminoglycoside dosing methods. Ausman, RK; Bubrick, J; Franson, TR; Quebbeman, EJ; Rosenberger, SL; Thomson, R; Whipple, J, 1988)	0.62
" Contractile responses were measured and dose-response curves calculated by a polynomial regression analysis."	( Human myocardial responses to antibiotics: gentamicin, tobramycin and cephalothin. Hendry, PJ; Keon, WJ; Taichman, GC; Taichman, SJ, )	0.39
"The standard gentamicin dosing recommendations for neonates appear to be inappropriate because they fail to consider the influence of neonatal development on gentamicin pharmacokinetics."	( Evaluation of an empirical dosing schedule for gentamicin in neonates. Bloome, MR; Ringer, L; Walker, PC; Warren, AJ, )	0.76
"Twenty-six subtotally nephrectomized dogs were used as a model for subclinical renal dysfunction to evaluate the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin administered according to four different dosage regimens."	( Gentamicin dosing strategies for dogs with subclinical renal dysfunction. Frazier, DL; Riviere, JE, 1987)	1.92
" A total of 56 dosing regimens (37 gentamicin, 19 tobramycin) were predicted from these parameters and the efficacy of this approach was examined by comparing the predicted peak (8 mg/l) and trough (1."	( Usefulness of estimating individual pharmacokinetic data for aminoglycoside therapy in seriously ill patients. Denaro, CP; Ravenscroft, PJ, 1987)	0.55
" Treatment groups consisting of 8 male rats of each strain and four male guinea pigs were dosed subcutaneously for 14 days with either 80 or 100 mg/kg of gentamicin sulfate in saline."	( Comparative ototoxicity of gentamicin in the guinea pig and two strains of rats. Conolly, RB; Rarey, KE; Sullivan, MJ, 1987)	0.77
" The drugs were dosed for 2 weeks; CyA 12."	( Effects of cyclosporin A, gentamicin and furosemide on rat renal function: a lithium clearance study. Dieperink, H; Kemp, E; Leyssac, PP; Starklint, H, )	0.43
" ODMF at 15 and 30 mg base/kg/day produced no signs of vestibular toxicity, while a dosage of 60 mg base/kg/day of ODMF produced vestibular toxicity in 7/10 cats."	( Comparative vestibular toxicity study with 3-O-demethylfortimicin A disulfate and gentamicin sulfate in cats. Cusick, PK; Kesterson, JW; Lehrer, SB; Tekeli, S; Yang, CL, 1987)	0.5
" A dosage regimen was established on a 24 hr interval that would keep peak plasma concentration between 10-13 micrograms/ml and allow trough concentrations of 3-4 micrograms/ml."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, given intracardiac and intramuscular injections of gentamicin sulfate. Rolf, LL; Setser, MD; Walker, JL, 1986)	0.48
" The effect of such dosing on bacterial time-kill curves and on survival was compared with the effect of identical amounts of drug given as a single-bolus injection."	( Antibiotic therapy of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and granulocytopenic mice: comparison of murine and human pharmacokinetics. Brugger, HP; Feller, C; Gerber, AU; Stalder, B; Stritzko, T, 1986)	0.27
" It should be emphasized, however, that the standard dosage of aminoglycosides in patients with cystic fibrosis frequently results in serum concentrations that are lower than anticipated because of a relatively larger volume of drug distribution and a greater urinary excretion rate."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity in infants and children. McCracken, GH, 1986)	0.27
" Every 2 days and at least 5 times during therapy, ODMF serum levels were determined (peak and trough levels) for dosage adjustment."	( [Clinical and bacteriological study of O-demethylfortimicin A sulfate in urinary infection]. Bergogne-Bérézin, E; Delcercq, D; Prokocimer, P; Serieys, C, 1986)	0.27
" Each rat was given gentamicin intraperitoneally in a dosage that induces morphological and functional modifications in the kidneys (20 mg/kg/day for 7 days)."	( [Can gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats be modified by chronic administration of muzolimine?]. Fillastre, JP; Morin, JP; Olier, B; Toutain, H, 1986)	1.11
"Serum gentamicin levels were assayed in patients receiving the aminoglycoside to determine dosage adjustments."	( Measurements of serum gentamicin concentrations by a biological method, fluorescence polarization immunoassay and enzyme multiplied immunoassay. Araj, GF; Khattar, MA; Pazhoor, A; Thulesius, O, 1986)	1.07
" A graded dose-response effect was found between an increasing maximal peak concentration/MIC ratio and clinical response."	( Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. Lietman, PS; Moore, RD; Smith, CR, 1987)	0.27
" Irrespective of dosage interval there was a marked fall in bacteraemia with each of the first two doses."	( Influence of dosage interval on the therapeutic response to gentamicin in mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bathirunathan, N; Mawer, GE; Queiroz, ML, 1987)	0.52
" Individual dosage with control of serum levels is, therefore, recommended."	( [Serum level of antibiotics in burn patients]. Csiba, A; Firr, M; Gráber, H; Novák, J; Syposs, T, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response effects of HAPA-B on offspring were not observed in the postnatal study."	( [Effect of isepamicin (HAPA-B) on reproduction. II. Teratological study in rats (intramuscular administration)]. Kawaguchi, K; Kobayashi, Y; Sasaki, M; Yamada, H; Yamamoto, H, 1986)	0.27
" The mean dosage of vancomycin was higher for the auditory impairment group than for the unimpaired group."	( Auditory brainstem response in young burn-wound patients treated with ototoxic drugs. Gary, LB; Hall, JW; Herndon, DN; Winkler, JB, 1986)	0.27
" Based on pharmacokinetic changes, an adjustment of dosage is indicated for oxytetracycline in the newborn calf as compared to the older calf or adult."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, neomycin and oxytetracycline in newborn calves. Barto, PB; Burrows, GE; Martin, B, 1987)	0.56
" Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of HAPA-B after intramuscular, intravenous and drip intravenous administration depended on dosage levels."	( [Studies on the metabolic fate of isepamicin sulfate (HAPA-B). IV. Intramuscular, intravenous and drip intravenous administration of HAPA-B in dogs]. Endo, S; Morishita, M; Serizawa, K; Shirai, M; Suzuki, T, 1987)	0.27
" Shapes of plasma concentration curves after multiple administrations of HAPA-B were very similar to those after single administrations at all dosage levels tested."	( [Studies on the metabolic fate of isepamicin sulfate (HAPA-B). V. Plasma concentrations of HAPA-B in dogs after multiple administrations]. Endo, S; Morishita, M; Nakanishi, D; Sakai, A; Shirai, M; Somiya, Y; Suzuki, T, 1987)	0.27
"The efficacy of a 5-day treatment with coumermycin A1 (hereafter referred to as coumermycin) (at three dosage regimens), with ciprofloxacin, or with coumermycin plus ciprofloxacin was tested in experimental aortic valve endocarditis induced in rats by a strain of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and was compared with the efficacy of a 5-day treatment with cloxacillin plus gentamicin."	( Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats with coumermycin A1 and ciprofloxacin, alone or in combination. Glauser, MP; Malinverni, R; Perronne, CM, 1987)	0.44
" In an attempt to evaluate gentamicin dosing based on serum creatinine concentrations, two groups of neonates were studied (infants less than 34 weeks n = 8 and greater than 34 weeks n = 14)."	( An evaluation of gentamicin dosing according to renal function in neonates with suspected sepsis. Gorecki, DK; Hindmarsh, KW; Reimche, LD; Remillard, AJ; Rooney, ME; Sankaran, K, 1987)	0.91
" References to indication and dosage of several chemotherapeutics are given on the basis of recent knowledge of liquor metabolism as well as clinical and experimental findings."	( [Acute bacterial meningitis in adults--a therapeutic problem]. Bernasowski, A; Kunze, M, 1986)	0.27
" To control the development of aminoglycoside resistance in hospitals, it may be necessary to restrict the use of more than the one drug to which resistance is developing; to use the antibiotic at the right dosage and, when necessary, in a combination that may prevent the emergence of resistant organisms and plasmids; and to develop measures to control bacterial and R factor transmission."	( Strategies in aminoglycoside use and impact upon resistance. Acar, JF; Bleriot, JP; Goldstein, FW; Menard, R, 1986)	0.27
" We attempted to determine whether acceptable blood levels of gentamicin or tobramycin are obtained with dosage regimens and dosage techniques which are generally recommended."	( Therapeutic monitoring as an aid in rationalizing aminoglycoside dosage techniques in the neonate. Kirsten, GF; Kriegler, A; Müller, GJ; Parkin, DP; Spruyt, LL, 1987)	0.51
" The a priori computer-predicted dosage requirements of the critically ill patients were also compared with the dosages derived from their individualized pharmacokinetic values, and intrapatient variation in the critically ill patients was studied."	( Altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with sepsis. Awang, R; Cerra, FB; Fuhs, DW; Mann, HJ; Ndemo, FA, 1987)	0.27
" In addition, the subtotal Nx rat may thus be a valuable and economical model for assessing the nephrotoxicity of different drug dosage regimens in pre-existing renal disease."	( Dose response studies of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats with experimental renal dysfunction. III. Effects of dosage adjustment method. Hanna, AY; Riviere, JE; Rogers, RA, 1987)	0.58
" Due to the variability in the relationship between dosage and serum drug levels, monitoring through the acquisition of serum drug levels is mandatory."	( Evaluation of a microcomputer program (OPT) for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics: gentamicin and tobramycin. Derkx, FH; Michel, MF; Wagenvoort, JH; Zantvoort, FA, 1987)	0.49
"The absorption and disposition kinetics of gentamicin were compared at two dosage levels (2 and 4 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) in one- and three-month-old foals."	( Gentamicin dosage in foals aged one month and three months. Baggot, JD; Love, DN; Raus, J; Stewart, J, 1986)	1.98
" Antibiotic concentrations in cornea and aqueous humor were measured for 4 hrs following dosing using bioassay and radioimmunoassay."	( Effect of inflammation on antibiotic penetration into the anterior segment of the rat eye. Badenoch, PR; Coster, DJ; McDonald, PJ, 1986)	0.27
"The compliance of nurse practitioners in a neonatal intensive-care center with gentamicin dosage recommendations from a pharmacokinetic consultation service was determined."	( Compliance of neonatal nurse practitioners with gentamicin pharmacokinetic recommendations. Gooch, WM; Higbee, MD; Swenson, E; Walsh, PL, 1986)	0.75
" Since drug uptake kinetics determine the extent of cortical concentrations achieved, dosing strategies may affect cortical accumulation of aminoglycosides."	( Choice of drug and dosage regimen. Two important risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. De Broe, ME; Giuliano, RA; Verpooten, GA, 1986)	0.27
" This may be clinically important in the care of patients and may at least in part explain the large variation in serum concentrations and difficulty in prediction of dosage requirements from routine monitoring."	( Interlot variability in gentamicin and tobramycin concentration and its possible significance. Clotz, M; Hipple, TF; Nahata, MC, 1986)	0.58
"A method is described that utilizes any two serum concentrations obtained during a multiple dosage regimen to estimate aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics."	( Two-point method for determination of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: theoretical and practical considerations. Chow, MS; Hamilton, RA, 1986)	0.27
"The derived pharmacokinetic variable estimates from a Bayesian aminoglycoside dosing program were compared with those from the Sawchuk-Zaske method to determine which variable estimates were the most accurate in fitting the test dose and in predicting subsequent peak and trough serum concentrations."	( Accuracy of Bayesian and Sawchuk-Zaske dosing methods for gentamicin. Brater, DC; Burton, ME; Chow, MS; Day, RB; Platt, DR; Vasko, MR, 1986)	0.52
" Two blood samples were obtained, one immediately before gentamicin dosing and one at 1 hour after dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. Brown, SA; Sojka, JE, 1986)	0.8
" There was a considerable variation in plasma gentamicin concentrations among individuals patients and in the same patient from day to day with each dosage regimen."	( Dosing problems of gentamicin in critically ill patients. Dionigi, RV; Gasati, A; Mapelli, A; Regazzi, BM; Rondanelli, R, 1986)	0.86
"The influence of three different dosage schedules on kidney cortical accumulation of aminoglycosides was studied in rats."	( The effect of dosing strategy on kidney cortical accumulation of aminoglycosides in rats. De Broe, ME; Giuliano, RA; Verpooten, GA, 1986)	0.27
"The effects of different doses and dosage regimens on gentamicin pharmacokinetics and tissue residues were determined."	( Effects of dose and duration of therapy on gentamicin tissue residues in sheep. Brown, SA; Coppoc, GL; Riviere, JE, 1986)	0.78
" In critically ill patients with changing hemofiltration flow rates, measurement of multiple serum aminoglycoside concentrations is necessary to accurately assess dosing requirements and avoid ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration of aminoglycoside antibiotics in critically ill patients. Anandan, JV; Dumler, F; Jayashankar, J; Levin, N; Zarowitz, BJ, )	0.13
" Gentamicin-induced renal dysfunction in nephrectomized dogs was characterized further by administering nonindividualized multiple dosage regimens."	( Increased gentamicin nephrotoxicity in normal and diseased dogs administered identical serum drug concentration profiles: increased sensitivity in subclinical renal dysfunction. Bowman, KF; Dix, LP; Frazier, DL; Riviere, JE; Thompson, C, 1986)	1.58
" The cost of cefoxitin is higher, but this has to be balanced against the costs of monitoring serum gentamicin and creatinine levels, and the need to adjust the gentamicin dosage in 19% of patients when gentamicin-metronidazole was used."	( Cefoxitin versus gentamicin and metronidazole in prevention of post-appendicectomy sepsis: a randomized, prospective trial. Chu, KW; Fan, ST; Lau, WY; Wong, KK; Yeung, C; Yip, WC; Yiu, TF, 1986)	0.83
" Potentially toxic trough concentrations occurred in three of the first nine patients studied, in whom the dose and a 4-hour dosing interval were prescribed on the basis of one-compartment pharmacokinetic calculations (Sawchuck-Zaske method)."	( Individualizing gentamicin dosage in patients with cystic fibrosis: limitations to pharmacokinetic approach. Hendeles, L; Iafrate, RP; Mangos, JA; Stillwell, PC, 1987)	0.62
") data obtained from multiple dosing in man was done using a non-linear least-squares regression program MULTI."	( Three-compartment open model analysis of micronomicin in man. Kaneniwa, N; Mashimo, K; Matsumoto, M; Watanabe, M, 1986)	0.27
"A matched case-control study of the efficacy of gentamicin dosage adjustment through the use of pharmacokinetic analysis of serum drug concentrations in patients treated by appendectomy for perforated or gangrenous appendicitis was performed."	( Matched case-control study of adjusted versus nonadjusted gentamicin dosing in perforated and gangrenous appendicitis. Appleman, MD; Berne, TV; Cheetham, TC; Chenella, FC; Gill, MA; Heseltine, PN; Yellin, AE, 1986)	0.77
"For many drugs estimation of a safe and effective dosage regimen is difficult."	( Computerized drug therapy: application of the hand-held microcomputer to dosage regimen design. Brouwer, KR; Cook, J; Gwilt, PR; Steinke, M, 1985)	0.27
"A programmable calculator procedure for the determination of dosage regimens to achieve desired steady state concentrations is described."	( Design of initial dosage regimen using a programmable calculator. Eldon, MA; Ritschel, WA, 1985)	0.27
" The bactericidal effects of the antibiotic combination were measured in an in vitro kinetic model in which the drug concentrations were varied to simulate those measured in humans after intravenous dosing with ticarcillin (3."	( Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin in the presence of clavulanate potassium. Beale, AS; Boon, RJ; Griffin, KE; Slocombe, B; Stokes, DH; Sutherland, R; White, AR, 1985)	0.27
"The literature reviewed herein clearly demonstrates the poor correlation between drug dosing and the ability to achieve a specific serum drug concentration and between drug dosing and clinical response, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index."	( Comparison of drug dosing methods. Brater, DC; Burton, ME; Vasko, MR, )	0.13
" Nephrotoxicity is usually not seen before the patient has had 5 to 7 days of frequent dosing for treatment of systemic infections; the incidence is 2% to 4%."	( Gentamycin for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis: a review for the dentist. Wynn, RL, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage of aztreonam used most frequently was 1 g three times daily."	( Overall clinical experience with aztreonam in the treatment of obstetric-gynecologic infections. Henry, SA, )	0.13
"The bactericidal effect of gentamicin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was investigated in a computer controlled dynamic in-vitro model, which allows the simultaneous simulation of three different dosing regimens for several days."	( Computer-controlled in-vitro simulation of multiple dosing regimens. Blaser, J; Ledergerber, B; Lüthy, R, 1985)	0.57
"Time-kill curves of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to gentamicin or ticarcillin in vitro were correlated with time-kill curves obtained with various dosage schedules of the same study drugs in granulocytopenic mice."	( In-vivo assessment of in-vitro killing patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Feller-Segessenmann, C; Gerber, AU, 1985)	0.52
"The therapeutic efficacy, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of sisomicin, gentamicin and a new dosage form of kanamycin sulfate as an ampoule solution for intravenous injection were studied clinically."	( [Present-day aminoglycosides in the treatment of suppurative-septic diseases]. Firson, AA; Kolker, II; Lobuseva, AN; Navashin, PS; Pozdniakova, VP, 1985)	0.5
"Several aminoglycoside dosage regimens were studied in a kinetic in vitro model."	( Efficacy of intermittent versus continuous administration of netilmicin in a two-compartment in vitro model. Blaser, J; Stone, BB; Zinner, SH, 1985)	0.27
"The appropriate dosing of gentamicin in the newborn was evaluated."	( Gentamicin dosage recommendations for neonates based on half-life predictions from birthweight. Charlton, CK; Kortas, K; Needelman, H; Thomas, RW, 1986)	2.01
"In a retrospective study of 72 neonates during treatment with gentamicin, poor correlation was found between dosage based on body weight and gentamicin serum concentrations."	( A simplified model for adjustment of gentamicin dosage in newborn infants. Broberger, U; Herngren, L; Wretlind, B, 1986)	0.78
"We assessed the accuracy of a Bayesian method in providing dosing regimens to achieve desired serum aminoglycoside concentrations."	( A Bayesian feedback method of aminoglycoside dosing. Brater, DC; Burton, ME; Chen, PS; Day, RB; Huber, PJ; Vasko, MR, 1985)	0.27
" The inhibitory dose-response curve for gentamicin is logarithmic, while that for ethacrynic acid is linear."	( Inhibitory effects of gentamicin and ethacrynic acid on mammalian microsomal protein synthesis. Buss, WC; Kauten, R; Piatt, MK, 1985)	0.85
" Hematologic, serum chemical, and drug-serum (24-hr postdose) assays were performed at approximate monthly intervals during the dosing period."	( Comparative ototoxicity of netilmicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin in cats. McCormick, GC; Schwartz, E; Szot, RJ; Weinberg, E, 1985)	0.54
"Loading doses and extended dosing intervals were studied in a rabbit model using topically applied gentamicin in a concentration of 13."	( Loading doses and extended dosing intervals in topical gentamicin therapy. Ellis, JG; Gardner, S; Glasser, DB; Pettit, TH, 1985)	0.73
" The existence of these observed differences in pharmacokinetic parameters, however, emphasizes the need to define individual pharmacokinetic profiles and individualize dosing regimens in spinal man."	( Gentamicin disposition kinetics in humans with spinal cord injury. Eltorai, IM; Gordon, SK; Gray, DR; Khonsari, F; Patel, J; Segal, JL, 1985)	1.71
" Monitoring of serum concentrations with dosage adjustment when indicated is necessary for optimal therapy in these patients."	( Altered gentamicin pharmacokinetics during the perioperative period. Akahoshi, MP; Beatty, JD; Kloth, DD; Kong, C; Leach, SH; Tegtmeier, BR; Zaia, JA, )	0.57
"5 mg/Kg/dose) at various dosage intervals and t 1/2e was calculated using a one-compartment open model."	( Gentamicin kinetics in the neonate. James, LS; Miranda, JC; Rosen, TS; Schimmel, MM; Spinelli, W, 1985)	1.71
"0 mg/100 ml in serum, the risk of inadequate therapy is high if standard dosing guidelines are followed."	( Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and gentamicin in abusers of intravenous drugs. Creger, RJ; Ellner, JJ; King, CH, 1985)	0.55
" This decreased fractional excretion of gentamicin implies that the quantity of drug excreted by the diseased kidney cannot be precisely predicted on the basis of glomerular filtration rate alone when drug dosage regimens are designed for patients with renal disease."	( Decreased fractional renal excretion of gentamicin in subtotal nephrectomized dogs. Bowman, KF; Riviere, JE; Rogers, RA, 1985)	0.8
" This pediatric extension set provides accurate and reliable drug delivery at primary infusion flow rates slower than 10 mL/hr when the drug dosage volume is 2-3 mL or less."	( Evaluation of an extension set for intermittent intravenous drug delivery to infants. Erenberg, A; Johnson, GF; Leff, RD; Roberts, RJ, 1985)	0.27
" In 1-month im studies in dogs treated with ODMF at dosages of 1, 4, 8, or 16 mg activity/kg/day, no renal lesions occurred after an ODMF dosage of 1 mg activity/kg/day."	( Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies with 3-O-demethylfortimicin A disulfate, a new aminocyclitol antibiotic. Cusick, PK; Heyman, IA; Kesterson, JW; Kimura, ET; Majors, KR; Pratt, MC; Tekeli, S, 1985)	0.27
" The present study contrasted the dose-response nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in control rats with that of rats with renal insufficiency secondary to subtotal (2/3) surgical nephrectomy."	( Dose-response studies of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats with experimental renal dysfunction. I. Subtotal surgical nephrectomy. Brown, TT; Carver, MP; Riviere, JE; Rogers, RA; Shy-Modjeska, JS, 1985)	0.81
" Subsequent daily doses of gentamicin ranging from 0 to 120 mg/kg elicited a dose-response nephrotoxicity in both control and PVA-pretreated rats after 6 or 12 days of drug."	( Dose-response studies of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats with experimental renal dysfunction. II. Polyvinyl alcohol glomerulopathy. Brown, TT; Carver, MP; Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Riviere, JE, 1985)	0.87
"Gentamicin (GT) was administered IM to 6 healthy mature mare ponies at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours for 7 consecutive days (total, 21 doses)."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at steady-state in ponies: serum, urine, and endometrial concentrations. Carson, RL; Fazeli, MH; Haddad, NS; Pedersoli, WM; Ravis, WR, 1985)	2.04
" From these results, a nomogram for the optimum dosage regimen of MCR was obtained."	( [Clinical studies of intravenous drip infusion of micronomicin. 1. Pharmacokinetics (Part 2). Intravenous Micronomicin Research Group]. Kawaguchi, Y; Koyama, M; Mitsuhashi, S; Saito, I; Watanabe, M, 1985)	0.27
"0 micrograms/ml with a dosing interval of every six hours."	( Increased dosage requirements of tobramycin and gentamicin for treating Pseudomonas pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis. Canafax, DM; Cipolle, RJ; Daniels, CE; Mann, HJ; Warwick, WJ; Zaske, DE, )	0.39
" Expressed as a percentage of the injected amount, the uptake decreased as the aminoglycoside dosage increased."	( Nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides in young and adult rats. Adejuyigbe, O; Provoost, AP; Wolff, ED, 1985)	0.27
" In the 1st experiment, an intracardiac bolus dosage of gentamicin (1 mg/kg) was given to 10 channel catfish."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Setser, MD, 1985)	0.84
" These serum concentrations could be achieved only by starting with a regimen of 5 mg/kg/day in three divided doses in all adult patients, subsequent dosage being determined by the results of rapid serum assay."	( Experience in monitoring gentamicin therapy during treatment of serious gram-negative sepsis. Garfield-Davies, D; Hughes, K; Noone, P; Parsons, TM; Pattison, JR; Slack, RC, 1974)	0.56
" The present results suggest that tobramycin may be more successful in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections than gentamicin at the same dosage (80 mg intramuscularly three to four times daily)."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of tobramycin and gentamicin. Malerczy, V; Mösinger, EU; Simon, VK, 1973)	0.73
" The pharmacokinetic data were used to make dosage regimen recommendations for treatment of hemodialysis patients with these antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and kanamycin during hemodialysis. Danish, M; Jusko, WJ; Schultz, R, 1974)	0.58
" Results of a 24-tube run can be obtained in 1 h, thus allowing modification of gentamicin dosage to advantage."	( Radioimmunoassay for measurement of gentamicin in blood. Ezer, J; Mahon, WA; Wilson, TW, 1973)	0.75
" With the dosage given, gentamicin gave a low serum and a relatively high urine concentration."	( Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections with gentamicin. Bucht, H; Kallings, LO; Lindberg, AA, 1967)	0.8
" Striking bactericidal activity against five strains was achieved by the combination, whereas neither drug alone in low dosage was capable of bactericidal action."	( Combined action of carbenicillin and gentamicin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Jawetz, E; Sonne, M, 1969)	0.52
" We conclude that single agent treatment with ceftriaxone is preferable because of the greater safety and the longer dosing intervals."	( Ceftriaxone versus combined gentamicin and clindamycin for polymicrobial surgical sepsis. Bourneuf, AA; Geheber, CE; Mullins, RJ; Stone, HH; Strom, PR, 1984)	0.56
" The extent of tissue uptake of polymyxin B and colistin limits the usefulness of kinetic values, which are derived from the analysis of serum drug levels, for the purpose of designing dosage schedules."	( The pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of polymyxin B, colistin and gentamicin in calves. Nouws, JF; van Ginneken, CA; Ziv, G, 1982)	0.5
" But in some patients a dosage of 5-7 mg/kg/d of gentamicin is too low, while others show concentrations near to the toxic levels."	( [Pharmacokinetics of combined antibiotic therapy in the newborn infant]. Bergt, U; Heimann, G; Schug, S, 1983)	0.52
"317 patients with suspected or documented infections other than cystitis were randomly assigned to receive gentamicin or tobramycin dosed according to the Sawchuk/Zaske method or a modification of the McHenry method."	( Controlled comparison of gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity. Lucarotti, RL; Matzke, GR; Shapiro, HS, )	0.65
" Its high potency was confirmed by the smaller influence of inoculum size and particularly small value of the minimum dosage required for inducing protective activity."	( Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection induced by muramyl dipeptide analogs substituted in the gamma-carboxyl group and evaluation of N alpha-muramyl dipeptide-N epsilon-stearoyllysine. Azuma, I; Matsumoto, K; Ogawa, H; Osada, Y; Otani, T; Une, T, 1983)	0.27
"Aerobic gram-negative infections are treated with aminoglycosides, but it is difficult to achieve safe yet effective dosages in individual patients using a standard dosing formula."	( Serum aminoglycoside monitoring by enzyme immunoassay, biological, and fluorescence immunoassay procedures. Albritton, WL; Buchanan, AG; Witwicki, E, 1983)	0.27
"Recent developments to optimize open-loop-feedback control of drug dosage regimens, generally applicable to pharmacokinetically oriented therapy with many drugs, involve computation of patient-individualized strategies for obtaining desired serum drug concentrations."	( Open-loop-feedback control of serum drug concentrations: pharmacokinetic approaches to drug therapy. Jelliffe, RW, )	0.13
" There is no general agreement as to which antibiotic or combination of antibiotics to use or what the schedule of dosage administration should be."	( Antimicrobial prophylaxis for contaminated head and neck surgery. Johnson, JT; Myers, EN; Schramm, VL; Sigler, BA; Thearle, PB, 1984)	0.27
" Because of the impaired renal function in ESRD patients, dosage reduction is often recommended to avoid adverse drug reactions, particularly for drugs and active metabolites with extensive renal excretion."	( Drug therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Lee, CS; Marbury, TC, )	0.13
"4 mg/kg gentamicin at randomly assigned 12- or 18-hour dosing intervals."	( Gentamicin disposition and effect on development of renal function in the very low birth weight infant. Berry, PL; Kaplan, SL; Kearns, GL; Landers, S; Rudolph, AJ, 1984)	2.14
" The administration of steroids using three different dosage schedules suppressed the macrophage and glial response, decreased collagen formation, increased the number of pathologically evident bacteria, and decreased host survival."	( Effect of gentamicin and dexamethasone on the natural history of the rat Escherichia coli brain abscess model with histopathological correlation. Blank, NK; Lawrence, MS; Neuwelt, EA, 1984)	0.67
" Serum gentamicin concentration should be assayed about three half-lives after start of infusion and the dosage adjusted for values outside 3-5 micrograms/ml."	( Kinetics and dose calculations of ampicillin and gentamicin given as continuous intravenous infusion during parenteral nutrition in 88 newborn infants. Bentzon, MW; Colding, H; Møller, S, 1983)	0.98
" In contrast, problems may be encountered in urinary infections in patients with renal insufficiency where reduced dosage of the drug is suggested."	( Effect of the pH and osmolality of urine on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. Legakis, NJ; Papapetropoulou, M; Papavassiliou, J, 1983)	0.5
"The efficacy of various dosage schedules of netilmicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been compared using an in vivo model (normal and granulocytopenic mice)."	( [Bolus injection, short infusion or intravenous drip of aminoglycoside antibiotics? In vivo study with netilmicin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Brugger, HP; Feller-Segessenmann, C; Gerber, AU, 1983)	0.27
" Gentamicin dosage adjustment, based on analysis of a single blood sample collected between 8 and 12 hours after dose administration, resulted in satisfactory serum levels in 79% of the neonates."	( Simplified gentamicin dosing in neonates: a time- and cost-efficient approach. Andersen, RD; Leff, RD; Roberts, RJ, )	1.43
" to 36 newborn infants using a dosage schedule and the results were compared with those obtained in an earlier study including 88 infants who received individually calculated dosages."	( Continuous intravenous infusion of ampicillin and gentamicin during parenteral nutrition to 36 newborn infants using a dosage schedule. Andersen, GE; Colding, H; Møller, S, 1984)	0.52
" Concurrently, physicians were instructed in the proper use and dosage of gentamicin via lectures and dosing nomograms provided by the clinical pharmacist."	( Effect of aminoglycoside-use restrictions on drug cost. DeTorres, OH; White, RE, 1984)	0.5
" In spite of therapy with penicillin G and gentamycin in high dosage the patient got centralnervous spasms and died on the second day."	( [Listeriosis: case report and repetitorium]. Franzen, H; Just, I; Ringelmann, R; Stegmüller, B, 1984)	0.27
" The fosfomycin breakpoint for the low dosage of 2-3 times 3 g per infusion daily was defined with 16 micro g/ml and for the high dosage of 2-3 times 5 g fosfomycin per infusion with 64 micro g/ml."	( [Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic: in vitro activity compared with mezlocillin, cefuroxime and gentamicin]. Lindenschmidt, EG; Schassan, HH, 1980)	0.48
" From these data a new dosing regimen and a predicted steady-state peak and trough gentamicin concentration were determined for each neonate."	( Gentamicin dosing in the newborn. Use of a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model to individualize dosing. Dolanski, E; Edgren, B; Karna, P; Sciamanna, D, 1984)	1.94
"There is presently no consensus as to the relative safety of fixed-interval/reduced dose (FI) vs fixed-dose/increased interval (FD) dosage adjustment regimens for use in renal insufficiency."	( Pharmacokinetics and comparative nephrotoxicity of fixed-dose versus fixed-interval reduction of gentamicin dosage in subtotal nephrectomized dogs. Carlton, WW; Carver, MP; Coppoc, GL; Lantz, GC; Riviere, JE; Shy-Modjeska, J, 1984)	0.49
" Although this colorimetric method is not expected to be stability-indicating, it is convenient and should be useful in content uniformity determinations for pharmaceutical dosage forms (e."	( Colorimetric determination of gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin aminoglycosides with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Ryan, JA, 1984)	0.56
"Gentamicin therapy should be guided by serum level monitoring in all age groups, dosage adjustments depending on age related changes in pharmacokinetics."	( Estimation of gentamicin clearance and volume of distribution in neonates and young children. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; Mawer, GE; Samba-Donga, LA; Steedman, DA; Thomson, AH; Whiting, B, 1984)	2.07
" Input variables were age, weight, height, sex, serum creatinine concentration, concomitant drugs and diseases, gentamicin dosage, time of infusion, dosing interval, number of doses on each regimen, and time and reported value of all serum gentamicin concentrations."	( Accuracy of serum gentamicin concentration predictions generated by a personal-computer software system. Hatton, RC; Klapp, D; Lopez, LM; Robinson, JD; Russell, WL, )	0.68
" We propose a dosage schedule of 75 mg of mezlocillin per kg administered every 12 h to preterm (gestational age less than 38 weeks) infants less than or equal to 7 days old, every 8 h to preterm infants greater than 7 days old or term infants less than or equal to 7 days old, and every 6 h to term infants greater than 7 days old."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of mezlocillin in newborn infants. McCraken, GH; Odio, C; Thomas, ML; Threlkeld, N, 1984)	0.27
" Gentamicin was given at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for either 4 or 5 days to Sprague-Dawley rats and resulted in a reversible, polyuric form of acute renal failure."	( The renal concentrating defect after gentamicin administration in the rat. Anderson, RJ; Dillingham, MA; Gordon, JA; Grossfeld, PD; Guggenheim, SJ, 1983)	1.45
"To demonstrate the usefulness of a recently published nomogram method for clinical pharmacokinetics two examples for dosage regimen adjustment (gentamicin and digoxin) are given."	( A simple method for dosage regimen adjustment. Ritschel, WA, )	0.33
" Dosage regimen of gentamicin was prescribed according to Eichenwald and McCracken [1978]."	( Gentamicin monitoring in low-birth-weight newborns. Graninger, W; Popow, C; Rameis, H, 1983)	2.04
" The dosage recommendations for gentamicin in this condition have not been properly determined, nor has the issue of whether one should maintain an increased urine flow been resolved."	( Effect of urine osmolality on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. Danon, A; Gorodischer, R; Sofer, S, 1983)	0.79
" Dose and dosage interval for each patient were determined by one-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis of six postinfusion netilmicin serum samples (0."	( Clinical use of a one-compartment model for determining netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage recommendations. Crossley, KB; Rotschafer, JC; Russillo, NJ; Solem, LD; Strate, RG; Tofte, RW; Zaske, DE, 1983)	0.27
" We conclude that a finite duration of gentamicin treatment at low dosage induces an increased DNA synthesis in vivo in rat kidney cortex."	( Increased renal DNA synthesis in vivo after administration of low doses of gentamicin to rats. Carlier, MB; Laurent, G; Maldague, P; Tulkens, PM, 1983)	0.77
" To prevent accumulation the dosage interval may need to be increased to 18 hours in these babies."	( Incidence of potentially toxic concentrations of gentamicin in the neonate. de Louvois, J; Hurley, R; Mulhall, A, 1983)	0.52
"0 micrograms/ml when the dosage was 120 mg."	( [Clinical studies of intravenous drip infusion of micronomicin. 1. Absorption and excretion]. Koyama, M; Watanabe, M, 1983)	0.27
" There was a little larger difference in AUC between those 2 routes of administration but the differences seemed negligible when the same dosage was used."	( [Clinical studies of intravenous drip infusion of micronomicin. 1. Absorption and excretion]. Koyama, M; Watanabe, M, 1983)	0.27
"Serum drug levels have become a useful tool in the optimization of dosage requirements for several therapeutically important drugs."	( Calculator programs to deal with non-steady state, multiple dosage regimen clinical pharmacokinetics. Ensom, RJ; Nakagawa, RS, 1983)	0.27
"The value of netilmicin, like that of other antibiotics, is influenced by its antimicrobial specificity, dosage and ease of administration, activity in pus and the underlying condition of the host."	( The clinical versatility of aminoglycosides. Jackson, GG, 1984)	0.27
" Biplots were generated from gentamicin dosage regimen nephrotoxicity data."	( Application of biplot methods to the multivariate analysis of toxicological and pharmacokinetic data. Rawlings, JO; Riviere, JE; Shy-Modjeska, JS, 1984)	0.56
"The experiments on rabbits with intraocular infection provided determination of the optimal route and regimen of gentamicin administration in various dosage forms."	( [Relation between pharmacokinetics of an antibiotic in ocular fluids and the method of administration and dosage form of gentamycin]. Iuzhakov, AM; Karanadze, NA; Liudovskaia, LA; Maĭchuk, IuF, 1984)	0.48
" The appreciable variability in gentamicin pharmacokinetics among renal failure patients being peritoneally dialyzed may necessitate dosage adjustments based on rapid and accurate measurement of serum gentamicin concentrations."	( Evaluation of gentamicin pharmacokinetics during peritoneal dialysis. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; Natarajan, L; Oeltgen, PR; Shank, WA, 1982)	0.91
" Because of differences noted in these pharmacokinetic parameters, significant differences were also noted in dosage calculations."	( Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay methods in determining gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosages. Crossley, K; Morlock, C; Rotschafer, JC; Strand, L, 1982)	0.49
"Analytical error is a potential source of inaccuracy and imprecision in the pharmacokinetic dosing of the aminoglycosides."	( A randomized-blinded evaluation of analytical error associated with the enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) of gentamicin. Evans, WE; Karas, J; Melton, ET; Stewart, CF, 1982)	0.48
" In these, general dosage guidelines are almost impossible in newborns; monitoring the serum concentrations is mandatory."	( Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in newborns. Smith, AL, 1982)	0.26
"76 children were treated with clindamycin at a dosage of 40 mg/kg/day for postsurgical wound infections, sepsis, phlegmon, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, mediastinitis, pyoderma and urinary tract infections."	( [Acute infections in pediatric surgery. Clinical experience with clindamycin (author's transl)]. Meier, H; Willital, GH, 1980)	0.26
" Preclinical trials in an animal model could permit earlier detection of promising agents and proper dosage schedules."	( Experimental osteomyelitis: description of a canine model and the role of depot administration of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Fitzgerald, RH, 1983)	0.27
"The influence of dosing intervals on the activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in vivo."	( Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice. Brandel, J; Brugger, HP; Craig, WA; Feller, C; Gerber, AU; Vastola, AP, 1983)	0.78
"The plasma peak, trough, and peak-trough concentrations of netilmicin given to preterm and term infants were measured after different regimens to determine which dosage would provide satisfactory peak and trough concentrations."	( Clinical pharmacology of netilmicin in the newborn. Milner, RD; Phillips, AM, 1983)	0.27
"The dosing frequency of aminoglycoside antibiotics may alter efficacy and toxicity independent of total daily dose."	( Once-daily vs. continuous aminoglycoside dosing: efficacy and toxicity in animal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin. Bloxham, DD; Cash, HA; DiScenna, AO; Groden, DL; Grossniklaus, DA; Jacobs, MR; Klinger, JD; Luthe, MA; Powell, SH; Stern, RC; Thompson, WL, 1983)	0.48
"The provision of pharmacokinetic dosing services has become a cornerstone of clinical pharmacy practice in many institutions."	( Gentamicin and tobramycin dosing guidelines: an evaluation. Burkle, WS; Lucarotti, RL; Matzke, GR, 1983)	1.71
" For both dosage regimens plasma gentamicin levels were monitored during a dosage interval on three separate occasions over a 10 day period."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in very low birth weight preterm infants. French, JN; Hindmarsh, KW; John, E; Nation, RL; Williams, GL, 1983)	0.87
" We describe an aminoglycoside panel consisting of three serum levels drawn across one dosage interval."	( The aminoglycoside panel: a new approach to monitoring aminoglycoside therapy. Gorsky, JE; Latts, JR, 1983)	0.27
"Gentamicin sulfate at dosage levels of 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight was administered twice daily IV to red-tailed hawks."	( Toxicity of gentamicin in red-tailed hawks. Bird, JE; Duke, GE; Walser, MM, 1983)	2.09
" Hearing thresholds were obtained by a noninvasive technique prior to and on the 7th and 21st days after the initiation of a seven-day dosage regimen."	( Ototoxicity of intracisternal gentamicin in cats. Domer, FR; Guth, PS; Norris, CH; Parrish, KL; Tachibana, M, )	0.42
" to expand the dosage interval up to 18 hours (which is about the threefold half-life) in prematures during the first week of life."	( [Determination of serum concentrations of aminoglycosides in the monitoring of therapy in neonates. I. Gentamycin]. Hitzenberger, G; Popow, C; Rameis, H; Simbruner, G; Weninger, M, 1982)	0.26
" However, the optimal duration for which the serum concentration should exceed the MIC or MBC during each dosing interval and the detrimental effect of prolonged subinhibitory drug concentrations have not been evaluated."	( Reappraisal of guidelines for pharmacokinetic monitoring of aminoglycosides. Evans, WE; Yee, GC, )	0.13
" When the dosage was adjusted according to the patient's weight and serum creatinine, some nephrotoxicity occurred, possibly due to drug accumulation."	( Netilmicin treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Baumueller, A; Frimodt-Møller, N; Hoyme, U; Lau, C; Madsen, PO; Maigaard, S; Nielsen, OS; Welling, PG, 1980)	0.26
" For patients with elevated plasma creatinine the dosage was reduced according to the degree of elevation."	( Netilmicin therapy of patients with septicaemia and other severe infections. Brandenhoff, P; Bretlau, P; Gammelgaard, PA; Jensen, SH; Rasmussen, F; Stafanger, G; Thomsen, VF, 1980)	0.26
" The initial dosage of netilmicin was 200 mg twice a day (2."	( Netilmicin 200 mg twice a day for adult patients with life-threatening infections. A preliminary report. Amirak, ID; Noone, P; Perera, MR, 1980)	0.26
" Netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sisomicin were then given to groups of rats at three dosage levels corresponding to 10, 15 or 25 times the recommended human dose on a weight basis daily for 15 days."	( The nephrotoxic potential of netilmicin as determined in a rat model. Luft, FC, 1980)	0.63
" A standard regimen of 45 mg/kg/day with constant intravenous infusion and once daily dosing of each aminoglycoside was used, and in subsequent dogs netilmicin daily dose was increased to an average of 73 mg/kg/day."	( Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in dogs: dependence on drug, dose and regimen. Powell, S; Thompson, WL, 1980)	0.26
"53 microgram/ml for sisomicin at 90 minutes after dosing administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics of cefotetan and an aminoglycoside preparation in combined administration. 1. Individual quantification of cefotetan and sisomicin by bioassay and their absorption, distribution, and excretion in rats when given together]. Ikeda, C; Tachibana, A; Yano, K, 1982)	0.26
" Gentamicin dosage was increased twice over the next eight days to 6 mg/day."	( Infection in a functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt treated with intraventricular gentamicin. Katz, MD; Rapp, RP; Walsh, JW, 1980)	1.4
" Thus, in the dosage used, gentamicin elicits greater impairment in glomerular function than does tobramycin, and by mechanism(s) that are at least partially responsive to suppression of AII generation."	( Pathophysiology of altered glomerular function in aminoglycoside-treated rats. Brenner, BM; Ichikawa, I; Rennke, HG; Schor, N; Troy, JL, 1981)	0.56
"The efficacy and tolerance of netilmicin administered in a simplified dosage schedule (150 mg BID) were evaluated in an open study of 20 patients with acute systemic infections."	( An evaluation of netilmicin, 150 mg BID, in systemic infections. Kosuta, D; Kropec, I; Tambic, T, 1981)	0.26
" Diminished renal function and activity of some hepatic enzymes alter the half-lives of various drugs, making extrapolation from adult dosage impossible."	( Antimicrobial therapy and the neonate. Yaffe, SJ, 1981)	0.26
" In special paragraphs the intrinsic ototoxic potential of the newer aminoglycoside antibiotics, the influence of the dosage and route of administration, of renal function, preexisting hearing disturbances, individual and familial sensitivity, pregnancy, newborn age and the combination with sound exposure, diuretics and cephalosporins are considered."	( Drug-induced sudden hearing loss and vestibular disturbances. Federspil, P, 1981)	0.26
"A pharmacokinetic approach was used for gentamicin dosing in 19 children and young adults with cystic fibrosis."	( Dosing implications of altered gentamicin disposition in patients with cystic fibrosis. Hilman, BC; Kearns, GL; Wilson, JT, 1982)	0.82
"This investigation was designed to compare the enzyme-modified immunoassay (Syva--EMIT) with a radioimmunoassay (New England Nuclear--RIA) and the radiometric assay (Johnston--BACTEC) to determine the optimal assay for use in our aminoglycoside dosing service."	( Evaluation of three gentamicin serum assay techniques. Ferry, D; Gwizdala, C; Matzke, GR; Starnes, R; Wery, J, 1982)	0.59
"We have used an enzyme immunoassay method to measure serum levels of gentamicin in neonates according to gestational age, birth weight, dosage and intervals of intramuscular injections."	( [Relevance and applications of systematic quantitative determinations of gentamicin during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. Aujard, Y; Bingen, E; Lambert-Zechovsky, N; Proux, MC, 1982)	0.73
"The clinical effect of measuring serum gentamicin concentrations and individualizing each patient's dosage regimen was determined 105 burn patients with severe gram-negative sepsis."	( Increased burn patient survival with individualized dosages of gentamicin. Bootman, JL; Solem, LB; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1982)	0.77
" All patients received individualized dosing regimens of the drugs based on pharmacokinetic parameters measured after the initial dose."	( Comparison of gentamicin and tobramycin nephrotoxicity in patients receiving individualized-pharmacokinetic dosing regimens. Compty, C; Heissler, J; Pancorbo, S, )	0.49
" The decrease of food intake at the dosage of 50 mg/kg and more, and the resultant depression of maternal body weight gain at the dosage of 100 mg/kg were observed in dams receiving NTL."	( [Reproduction study on netilmicin. (1) Teratological study in rats (author's transl)]. Furuhashi, T; Komuro, E; Miyoshi, K; Nakayoshi, H; Nomura, A; Uehara, M, 1982)	0.26
" Predetermined criteria for acceptable use were based upon the specific indications for initiating the drug therapy, the dosage regimen, and the precautions taken to avoid toxicity."	( The impact of an educational program on gentamicin use in a teaching hospital. Heller, AH; Johnson, MW; Mitch, WE; Spector, R, 1982)	0.53
"Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin (NTL), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, injected intramuscularly to Beagle dogs were compared with those of gentamicin (GM), and the relationship between NTL dosage administered and plasma level and urinary excretion was examined."	( [Absorption, excretion and metabolism of netilmicin in beagle dogs (author's transl)]. Ohashi, H; Tokiwa, T, 1982)	0.47
"The pharmacokinetics and dosage requirements of gentamicin were studied in 1,640 patients receiving treatment for gram-negative infections."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in 1,640 patients: method for control of serum concentrations. Cipolle, RJ; Mosier, NR; Rotschafer, JC; Solem, LD; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1982)	1.96
" Groups of patients judged nontoxic did not differ from groups judged nephrotoxic in age, sex, weight, initial creatinine clearance, total dose given, duration of treatment, initial aminoglycoside trough serum levels, number of dosage adjustments, concurrent use of furosemide, or concurrent cephalosporins."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in 201 critically ill patients. Cerra, FB; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1982)	0.26
" 3 Complex dosage regimes and non-steady state conditions can be handled."	( OPT: a package of computer programs for parameter optimisation in clinical pharmacokinetics. Bryson, SM; Kelman, AW; Whiting, B, 1982)	0.26
" The results indicate that twice daily dosage with 150 mg intramuscularly, either alone or in combination with other antibiotic therapy, was highly effective."	( The use of netilmicin in a district general hospital. Mummery, RV, 1982)	0.26
" Dosage schedules based on pharmacokinetics are proposed for gestationally premature babies, mature newborns, and older children."	( Pharmacokinetic assessment of netilmicin in newborns and older children. Bergan, T; Michalsen, H, 1982)	0.26
"Four methods for calculating gentamicin sulfate dosage requirements were evaluated in 96 patients and compared with an individualized method."	( Gentamicin dosing errors with four commonly used nomograms. Lesar, TS; Rotschafer, JC; Solem, LD; Strand, LM; Zaske, DE, 1982)	2
" In contrast to previous recommendations, but relying on well known pharmacokinetic data which show prolonged urinary excretion of aminoglycosides, netilmicin was administered according to the following dosage schedule: Intramuscular injections of 3 mg/kg in cases where renal function was unimpaired, and of 2 mg/kg where it was reduced, were administered at dosage intervals of 1 to 4 days."	( [Netilmicin in refractory urinary tract infections. Good therapeutic effect in spite of long dosage intervals]. Brunner, FP; Follath, F; Mauracher, E; Thiel, G; Wenk, M, 1982)	0.26
" The dosage of gentamicin was carefully monitored by serum concentration assays."	( Renal function of neonates during gentamicin treatment. Bergmark, J; Hiesche, K; Jagenburg, R; Tessin, I; Trollfors, B, 1982)	0.9
" These wide variations in kinetic variables in elderly patients and the need to obtain narrow ranges in serum concentrations required measuring serum concentrations and individually calculating each patient's dosage requirement early in the treatment course."	( Wide interpatient variations in gentamicin dose requirements for geriatric patients. Cipolle, RJ; Irvine, P; Rotschafer, J; Strand, LM; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1982)	0.55
"The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tissue accumulation observed upon multiple dosing of aminoglycosides in hospitalized patients could be identified in appropriate single-dose studies in normal volunteers."	( Two-compartment comparison of gentamicin and tobramycin in normal volunteers. Adelman, M; Evans, E; Schentag, JJ, 1982)	0.55
"Present methods for dosing gentamicin are based on usual doses or desired peak concentrations."	( Analog computer monitoring and evaluation of a dosing nomogram for gentamicin based on the c'min-method: Part I. Banarer, M; Diaz, D; Margary, JB; Otero, JD; Ritschel, WA, 1980)	0.79
" This report describes a practical method based on the use of a conventional, hand-held programmable calculator to derive first-order kinetic constants from serum drug level data obtained after intermittent intravenous doses of the agent and explains how to apply these data to design more optimal dosage regimens."	( A method for the bedside application of first-order pharmacokinetics in therapeutic management. Green, TP; Mirkin, BL, 1980)	0.26
"Wide interpatient variations were demonstrated in gentamicin elimination rate and dosage requirements for 249 gynecology patients with normal renal function."	( Increased gentamicin dosage requirements: rapid elimination in 249 gynecology patients. Cipolle, RJ; Dickes, WF; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1981)	0.92
"Present methods for dosing gentamicin are based on usual doses or desired peak concentrations."	( Analog computer monitoring and evaluation of a dosing nomogram for gentamicin based on the C'min-method, part II. Banarer, M; Diaz, D; Margary, JB; Otero, JD; Ritschel, WA, 1980)	0.79
"General one-compartment model equations for computing peak drug concentrations following uniform and nonuniform dosing are discussed."	( Mathematical considerations in the estimation of peak drug concentrations under uniform and nonuniform dosing conditions. Hull, JH, )	0.13
" Similar equilibration kinetics were observed with blood of rabbits after being intravenously dosed with gentamicin."	( Pharmacokinetics of drugs in blood. I. Unusual distribution of gentamicin. Chen, ML; Chiou, WL; Huang, SM; Lee, MG, )	0.58
" Gentamicin was instilled undiluted 6-hourly in a dosage of 40 mg into the trachea."	( [Prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory tract infection in ventilated patients by endotracheal administration of aminoglycosides (author's transl)]. Exner, M; Marx, M; Vogel, F; Werner, H, 1981)	1.17
" The criteria specified the indication for each drug, performance data, and dosage adjustments with SDA results."	( Effect of pharmacist intervention on the use of serum drug assays. Birmingham, PH; Cohen, SS; Levin, B, 1981)	0.26
" There were no statistical differences between the gentamicin- and amikacin-treated patients in age, sex, weight, base-line creatinine clearance, concurrent cephalosporins or diuretics, treatment duration, site of infection, normalized (amikacin/gentamicin dosing ratio of 3:1) total dose, mortality, or tissue accumulation."	( Amikacin and gentamicin accumulation pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. Cerra, FB; French, MA; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.88
"Three programs are presented which have been developed to simulate conditions encountered in the pharmacokinetic adjustment of dosage regimens."	( A package of computer programs designed to simulate pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug therapy. Sullivan, TJ; Wunderley, DJ, 1980)	0.26
" Measuring serum concentrations and adjusting a patient's dosage regimen are imperative to ensure therapeutic serum concentrations."	( Effect of obesity on gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Cipolle, RJ; Lesar, T; Sketris, I; Zaske, DE, 1981)	0.58
" Some high-dose studies in rats have also suggested that the slope of the nephrotoxicity dose-response curve of netilmicin was less steep than the slopes of other aminoglycosides."	( Nonparallel nephrotoxicity dose-response curves of aminoglycosides. Barnett, D; Christensen, EF; Gordon, LL; Hottendorf, GH; Madissoo, H, 1981)	0.26
" From a pharmacokinetic point of view, the dosage of netilmicin required may be the same in CF as in non-CF patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in children with and without cystic fibrosis. Bergan, T; Michalsen, H, 1981)	0.26
"A one-compartment, open-linear, pharmacokinetic model for gentamicin dosing has been developed at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Service Systems (MIEMSS)."	( Predicting serum gentamicin levels in adult trauma patients. Caplan, ES; Majerus, TC, 1980)	0.85
" It emerged from the study that if Gentamicin is to be given intra-peritoneally, the dosage should be higher than that recommended for the intramuscular or intravenous route and that levels should be monitored because of interpatient variation in response."	( Intraperitoneal gentamicin in appendiceal peritonitis in children: a pharmacokinetic study. Constantinides, C; Daikos, GC; Giamarellou, H; Pappis, C; Petrikkos, G, 1981)	0.89
" From data recorded on the form, pharmacists calculate ideal body weight, creatinine clearance, predicted rate of elimination, half-life, volume of distribution, serum peak (Cmax) and serum trough (Cmin) concentrations, dosing interval, and maintenance dose."	( Aminoglycoside monitoring program. Clayman, AE; Miller, PB; Stein, GE; Vakoutis, J, 1981)	0.26
" As groups, the patients given gentamicin and tobramycin did not differ in age, weight, creatine clearance, total dose given, duration of treatment, initial aminoglycoside through serum levels, number of dosage adjustments, concurrent use of furosemide, or concurrent cephalosporins."	( Comparative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and tobramycin: pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in 201 patients. Cerra, FB; Plaut, ME; Schentag, JJ, 1981)	0.84
"Most clinical schemes used to adjust gentamicin dosage regimens in renal insufficiency assume that the volume of distribution remains constant."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetic changes in induced acute canine nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis. Carlton, WW; Coppoc, GL; Hinsman, EJ; Riviere, JE, 1981)	1.98
" Since the drugs were administered at different dosages, a blinded investigator was employed to assess treatment response, while an unblinded investigator was responsible for making dosage adjustments based on each patient's renal function and clinical response."	( Comparative clinical trial of sisomicin and gentamicin in serious systemic gram-negative infections. Danzig, M; Lorber, R; Malfitan, VA, 1981)	0.52
" The purpose was not to expose patients to potentially toxic high peak concentrations of drug while maintaining these concentrations during the current therapeutic dosing intervals of 8 to 12 hr."	( Pharmacokinetic study of sisomicin in humans. Chung, M; Schrogie, JJ; Symchowicz, S, 1981)	0.26
"Plasma and tissue drug concentrations were compared in eastern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus) and pigeons (Columba livia) given gentamicin by IM administration at the dosage of 10 mg/kg, and in greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) and hybrid rosybill ducks (Netta sp) given the same antibiotic at a dosage of 5 mg/kg."	( Gentamicin tissue concentration in various avian species following recommended dosage therapy. Bush, M; Carpenter, JW; Locke, D; Neal, LA, 1981)	1.91
"Pharmacokinetic-based adjustment of individual aminoglycoside dosage regimens is currently being utilized in the clinical setting in an attempt to avoid toxicity and/or enhance efficacy."	( Aminoglycoside dosage in pediatric patients:considerations regarding pharmacokinetic-based dose adjustment in patients requiring high versus low dose therapy. Leff, RD; Roberts, RJ, 1981)	0.26
" This relationship provides a basis for formulating gentamicin dosage in pediatric patients with renal failure."	( Determining gentamicin dosage in infants and children with renal failure. McCracken, GH; Nelson, JD; Sirinavin, S, 1980)	0.89
"A method for determining a gentamicin dosage was applied to a patient in a community hospital setting."	( Determining the "proper" gentamicin dosage in a hospital setting. Curry, RW; Dallman, JJ; Robinson, JD, 1980)	0.86
"Wide interpatient variations were demonstrated in gentamicin elimination rate and dosage requirements for 242 surgery patients with normal renal function."	( Gentamicin dosage requirements: wide interpatient variations in 242 surgery patients with normal renal function. Cipolle, RJ; Strate, RJ; Zaske, DE, 1980)	1.96
" A parenteral preparation of gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (IV) at the dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the horse. Belmonte, A; Pedersoli, WM; Purohit, RC; Ravis, WR, 1980)	0.88
" This dosage of cefuroxime was protective when given for only two consecutive days starting on the first to third days of gentamicin treatment, but enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxocity when started on the sixth or subsequent days."	( Effect of timing of cefuroxime dosage on its protection of rats against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Atkinson, RM; Capel-Edwards, K; Foord, RD; Harman, IW; Patterson, GG; Pratt, DA; Wheeldon, JM, 1980)	0.7
"Recent developments of clinical pharmacology show that in particular circumstances the determination of the plasmatic levels of drugs seems to be the best way to insure the best dosage schedules for each patient."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics: the pharmacological monitoring of plasmatic levels in therapy. Bonora, MR; Guaglio, R; Rondanelli, R; Terzoni, PA, 1980)	0.26
"KW-1062, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was tested for the evaluation of audiotoxicity in administration at higher dosage and compared with the audiotoxicity of gentamicin."	( [Animal test for evaluation of ototoxicity and safety of KW-1062 (author's transl)]. Akiyoshi, M; Hara, T, 1980)	0.46
" These parameters were used to simulate changes in serum concentrations and half-lives that would occur during a standard 6-hour dosing interval with continuous dosing."	( A model for dosing gentamicin in children and adolescents that adjusts for tissue accumulation with continuous dosing. Crom, WR; Evans, WE; Feldman, S; Rivera, G; Taylor, RH; Yee, GC, )	0.46
"Pharmacokinetic parameters play an important part in the design of an optimal dosage schedule for a drug."	( The pharmacokinetic basis of optimal antibiotic dosage. Brockmeier, D; von Hattingberg, HM, 1980)	0.26
" The prophylactic regimens significantly reduced the infectious complications, as evidenced by fewer infections, less total antibiotic dosage and shorter hospitalization."	( Short term chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal operations. Bergan, T; Christiansen, E; Fuglesang, J; Giercksky, KE; Johnson, JA, 1980)	0.26
" The kinetic model developed can be used to determine gentamicin dosing for hemodialysis patients and to determine an average elimination rate constant for a given dialysis apparatus."	( Prediction of serum gentamicin concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Bloom, P; Goetz, DR; Hoag, S; Pancorbo, S, 1980)	0.83
" Furthermore, many of these assessments have used only one or two dose levels and have not described a dose-response comparison among antibiotics."	( Comparative low-dose nephrotoxicities of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Gordon, LL; Hottendorf, GH, 1980)	0.53
" Dibekacin and gentamicin show reproducibly higher renal cortical tissue concentrations than tobramycin in both the acute infusion studies and multiple dosing studies."	( Dibekacin intrarenal distribution characteristics and renal cortical elution kinetics. Comparison with gentamicin and tobramycin. Bryant, HH; Carter, GG; Herbst, DV; Stout, RL; Walker, G; Whelton, A, )	0.7
"Wide interpatient variation in gentamicin elimination rates and dosage requirements was demonstrated in 67 obstetric patients with normal serum creatinine levels."	( Rapid gentamicin elimination in obstetric patients. Cipolle, RJ; Koszalka, MF; Malo, JW; Strate, RG; Zaske, DE, 1980)	1.03
" Elimination of netilmicin was prolonged in newborn infants with renal failure and requires dosage adjustment."	( Netilmicin use in pediatric patients. Chindasilpa, V; Hamilton, LR; Riff, LJ; Schauf, V, 1980)	0.26
" The enchancement of killing by pretreatment with cell wall-active antibiotics was present in a dose-response fashion to 1/16th the MIC."	( Interactions between antibiotics and human neutrophils in the killing of staphylococci. Isturiz, R; Malech, HL; Metcalf, JA; Molavi, A; Root, RK, 1981)	0.26
" The method appeared to be more precise than empirical dosing at achieving the target AUC even though the final recommended dose had more variability than the starting dose."	( Experience of once-daily aminoglycoside dosing using a target area under the concentration-time curve. Barclay, ML; Begg, EJ; Buttimore, RC; Duffull, SB, 1995)	0.29
"The AUC method was practical, and more appropriate for once-daily dosing than the conventional method of aiming for target peak and trough concentrations."	( Experience of once-daily aminoglycoside dosing using a target area under the concentration-time curve. Barclay, ML; Begg, EJ; Buttimore, RC; Duffull, SB, 1995)	0.29
"Little has been reported on serum levels attained using once-daily aminoglycoside regimens and their relation to dosage administered and renal function."	( Easier monitoring of aminoglycoside therapy with once-daily dosing schedules. Büller, HR; Koopmans, RP; Kuijper, EJ; Prins, JM; Speelman, P, 1995)	0.29
" Serial pharmacokinetic dosing has been proposed as a method to accomplish this goal."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring can avoid iatrogenic alterations caused by 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP)-gentamicin interaction. Chen, WL; Hwei, DZ; Perng, MY; Yu, MD, 1994)	0.5
" Nephrotoxicosis from these dosage regimens also was compared, and microbiologic effects, including postantibiotic effects, were determined with various concentrations of gentamicin against an equine clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses. Derksen, FJ; Godber, LM; Hauptman, JG; Stein, GE; Walker, RD, 1995)	0.69
"Ligenten gel is a combined dosage form containing gentamicin (a broad spectrum antibiotic), lidocaine (an anesthetic) and ethonium (an antiseptic)."	( [Ligenten--a combination drug with anesthetic and antibacterial action for local use in urology and gynecology]. Darenkov, AF; Kotliarova, GA; Lebed', SV; Makarov, OV; Perepanova, TS; Savchenko, TN; Strachunskiĭ, LS; Tsibina, LV; Vasil'ev, MM; Zharov, EV, 1994)	0.54
" the number of dosing intervals) and to compare the number of serum concentrations outside the therapeutic range as an indicator of potential toxicity between the treatment groups."	( Prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation of a gentamicin loading dose in neonates. Sankaran, K; Semchuk, W; Shevchuk, YM; Wallace, SM, 1995)	0.54
" The pharmacy department provides an aminoglycoside-monitoring program and convenient dosing guidelines."	( Rationale and experience in treating suspected hospital-based mixed infections. Billeter, M, )	0.13
" The mean +/- SD (micrograms/mL) of concentration at the end of the 30-minute infusion (Cmax), concentration 30 minutes after the end of the infusion (Cpk), and concentration at the end of the dosing interval for 6 versus 2 mg/kg were: 35."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of gentamicin in surgical intensive care unit patients with open fractures. Bjornson, HS; Healy, DP; Miyagawa, CI; Sangha, KS, 1995)	0.56
" A once daily dosing regimen of gentamicin is more effective and less ototoxic than a thrice daily regimen."	( Intravenous administration of gentamicin once daily versus thrice daily in adults. Adawi, M; Raz, R; Romano, S, 1995)	0.86
" This unique infection model is useful for designing initial drug dosage regimens and may be predictive of drug efficacy against infective endocarditis."	( Bactericidal activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, and gentamicin alone and in combination against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of endocarditis. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ, 1994)	0.53
" Serum levels of cefoperazone-sulbactam measured at one and three hours after dosing were consistent with earlier findings in normal volunteers."	( Comparison of cefoperazone plus sulbactam with clindamycin plus gentamicin as treatment for intra-abdominal infections. Bowen, K; Cayavec, P; Danko, LS; Greenberg, RN; Johnson, SB; Kearney, PA; Montazemi, R; Strodel, WE, 1994)	0.53
" Dosage regimens for gentamicin were calculated on the basis of median kinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin following single dose intravenous administration in normal and febrile goats. Ahmad, AH; Bahga, HS; Sharma, LD, 1994)	0.93
" After the conditioning period, gentamicin was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, IM, every 8 hours for 8 days, and the respective diet was continued."	( Effects of dietary protein conditioning on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in healthy male dogs. Allen, TA; Behrend, EN; Fettman, MJ; Grauer, GF; Greco, DS; Jaenke, RS, 1994)	0.83
"Aminoglycosides are widely used, and clinicians continue to seek newer and better methods for initial dosing of these agents."	( Evaluating new and traditional methods for aminoglycoside dosing in patients with various degrees of renal function. Chandler, MH; Tsubaki, T, )	0.13
" The measured serum gentamicin concentrations, patient demographic information, dosage interval, and SCr were entered into a pharmacokinetics program for analysis."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in adults with bacterial endocarditis. García-Beltran, L; Pascual-Mostaza, C; Pou-Clavé, L; Rosell-Rovira, ML, 1994)	2.05
" The purpose of this study was to determine whether gentamicin serum concentration-time data from the same patients assayed by FPIA and LA would produce the same estimates for half-life, elimination rate constant, distribution volume, drug clearance, dosage interval, and dose."	( Comparison of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and latex agglutination methods. Ehresman, D; Lakatua, DJ; Madaras-Kelly, KJ; Mihalovic, S; Rotschafer, JC; Zittel, D, 1994)	0.9
" Creatinine clearance (CLcr) was estimated by applying the Cockcroft-Gault equation using total body weight (TBW), ideal body weight (IBW), and dosage weight (DW) and with Salazar-Corcoran equations using fat-free body mass (FBM) in 100 obese and 100 nonobese patients."	( Creatinine-clearance estimates for predicting gentamicin pharmacokinetic values in obese patients. Chandler, MH; Leader, WG; Tsubaki, T, 1994)	0.55
" The medical records of patients who had received a gentamicin dosage consultation at a Veterans Affairs medical center between June 1989 and May 1991 were reviewed."	( Two-versus three-sample method for estimating gentamicin pharmacokinetic values. Davis, RL; Lavezo, LA, 1994)	0.8
" We evaluated the utility of BIA in the pharmacokinetic characterization and dosing of water soluble drugs."	( Characterization of drug disposition and dosing using bioelectrical impedance. Peterson, EL; Robert, S; Zarowitz, BJ, )	0.13
" (with dosage reduction in case of renal dysfunction)."	( Once-daily gentamicin versus once-daily netilmicin in patients with serious infections--a randomized clinical trial. Büller, HR; Kuijper, EJ; Prins, JM; Speelman, P; Tange, RA, 1994)	0.68
"A novel, in vitro, pharmacodynamic comparison of single and divided daily dosing regimens of aminoglycosides is described."	( Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing assessed by MIC reversion time with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Davidson, RJ; Hoban, DJ; Karlowsky, JA; Zhanel, GG, 1994)	0.29
" Gentamicin dosage adjustments were recommended based on three blood samples (one pre- and two postdose concentrations) collected between the third and sixth doses from each patient in the TDM group, utilizing pharmacokinetic principles and the Sawchuk-Zaske method."	( Challenges in comparing treatment outcome from a prospective with that of a retrospective study: assessing the merit of gentamicin therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric oncology. Bryson, SM; Einarson, TR; Greenberg, ML; Ho, KK; Leson, CL; Thiessen, JJ, 1994)	1.41
" The authors applied a solution of gentamycin at a concentration of 40 mg/ml to 15 dogs at a dosage of 5 mg/kg for each through three routes of administration, ie, the intravenous, intramuscular and intranasal."	( An experimental study on nasal absorption of gentamycin in dogs. Bu, GX; Wang, JQ, 1994)	0.29
" These findings favour bolus iv gentamicin dosing over infusion dosing, provided appropriate attention is paid to any potential toxicity associated with high peak concentrations."	( Bactericidal effect of gentamicin trough concentration provides a rationale for administration of bolus doses and maintenance of trough levels. Bastone, EB; Ioannides-Demos, LL; McLean, AJ; Spicer, WJ, 1994)	0.88
" A once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin is at least as effective as and is less nephrotoxic than more frequent dosing."	( Once versus thrice daily gentamicin in patients with serious infections. Büller, HR; Kuijper, EJ; Prins, JM; Speelman, P; Tange, RA, 1993)	0.87
" The prototype has allowed us to experiment with different presentation methods, greatly improving the clinical acceptance of the dosing programs."	( A graphical user interface to facilitate patient-specific drug dosing. Jelliffe, RW; Jiang, Z; Sittig, DF, 1993)	0.29
" Aztreonam was administered at a dosage of 2 g every 8 hours and gentamicin at 5 mg/kg for the first 24 hours and then adjusted by serum monitoring to a peak of 6 to 8 micrograms/mL and a trough of less than 2 micrograms/mL; all patients received 900 mg of clindamycin every 8 hours."	( Superiority of aztreonam/clindamycin compared with gentamicin/clindamycin in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma. Boucher, BA; Charland, SL; Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Hess, MM; Rodman, JH; Wilson, RS; Wilson, SE, 1994)	0.78
"We report an alternative dose-finding approach for the selection of optimal prophylactic aminoglycoside dosage in specific (sub)populations of patients."	( Selection of optimal prophylactic aminoglycoside dosage in cancer patients: population pharmacokinetic approaches. Jiménez, NV; López, R; Ordovás, JP; Poveda, JL; Ronchera, CL, 1994)	0.29
" It may be important to take account of the PAE when designing dosing regimens."	( Postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on staphylococci. Isaksson, B; Maller, R; Nilsson, LE; Nilsson, M, 1993)	0.29
" These findings indicate grounds for preferring bolus intravenous gentamicin dosing with appropriate attention to potential toxicity."	( Bactericidal effect of gentamicin peak concentration provides a rationale for administration of bolus doses. Bastone, EB; IoannidesDemos, LL; Li, SC; McLean, AJ; Spicer, WJ, 1993)	0.83
"Aminoglycosides (AG) are excellent antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli infections, but their use implies potential ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity if an excessive dosage is prescribed."	( [Surveillance of therapy with aminoglycosides at a specialized hospital]. Aguilar-Orozco, G; Córdova-Rodríguez, C; León-Hernández, AC; Macías-Hernández, AE; Muñoz-Barrett, JM; Olivares-Durán, EM, )	0.13
"In three groups (each n = 12) of unselected hospitalized patients treated either with digoxin, theophylline, or gentamicin routinely performed TDM measurement of trough steady-state plasma levels (+ peak levels in case of gentamicin) was combined with a pharmacokinetic study at steady state (multiple blood sampling during one dosing interval)."	( Generation of pharmacokinetic data during routine therapeutic drug monitoring: Bayesian approach vs. pharmacokinetic studies. Bühl, K; Drewelow, B; el Desoky, E; Engel, G; Harings-Kaim, A; Klotz, U; Meinshausen, J, 1993)	0.5
" Thus, the timing of dosing is an important factor in the kinetics and the subchronic toxicity of gentamicin administration in mice, and the manipulation of feeding schedule can modify the rhythm of the toxicity by changing the rhythm of gentamicin kinetics."	( Influence of feeding schedule on chronopharmacological aspects of gentamicin in mice. Nakano, S; Ogawa, N; Ohdo, S; Song, J, 1993)	0.74
" The amino-glycoside is renally excreted; therefore, dosage modifications are required in patients on hemodialysis."	( Heterogeneity in gentamicin clearance between high-efficiency hemodialyzers. Agarwal, R; Cronin, RE, 1994)	0.63
" Based on these results, a dosage regimen of 5 to 10 mg/kg of gentamicin, intramuscularly, every 8 hours for up to 3 days, was considered to be safe and could be used against many of the common bacterial infections in budgerigars."	( Pharmacokinetics and potential use of gentamicin in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Itoh, N; Okada, H, 1993)	0.8
" We conclude that dialyzer characteristics and the rate of dialysis (K/V urea) should be taken into consideration when determining the dosage of gentamicin in patients on hemodialysis."	( Gentamicin clearance during hemodialysis: a comparison of high-efficiency cuprammonium rayon and conventional cellulose ester hemodialyzers. Agarwal, R; Toto, RD, 1993)	1.93
" Thus, the new approach with the physiologically-based model provides better accuracy for stable pharmacokinetic prediction for longer stretches of time upon administration, which is especially important for the correct establishment of dosing intervals."	( Use of gentamicin physiologically-based model for individual dosing. Kuleshov, SE; Manuilov, KK; Navashin, SM, 1993)	0.74
"Poor empiric dosing of aminoglycosides continues to be a problem in many hospitals."	( Development and implementation of simplified aminoglycoside empiric dosing guidelines. Baker, A; Jewesson, P; Mamdani, F; Reesor Nimmo, C, )	0.13
" An intramuscular amikacin dosage of 15 to 20 mg/kg body weight either two or three times per day is recommended for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of gentamicin and amikacin in the cockatiel. Ramsay, EC; Vulliet, R, )	0.42
" After measurement of body composition parameters by BIA, previously derived gentamicin dosing equations were used to predict gentamicin volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination rate constant (k) (BIA method)."	( Determination of gentamicin pharmacokinetics by bioelectrical impedance in critically ill adults. Horst, HM; Mlynarek, M; Peterson, EL; Robert, S; Zarowitz, BJ, 1993)	0.85
"Burn patients have altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics, which often result in subtherapeutic serum concentrations when these drugs are administered by conventional dosing (CD) methods."	( Aminoglycoside dosing in burn patients using first-dose pharmacokinetics. Harper, DJ; Hollingsed, TC; Jennings, JP; Morris, SE; Saffle, JR, 1993)	0.29
" Unique population models are required for the initial dosage selection for spinal cord-injured patients."	( Comparison of population pharmacokinetic models for gentamicin in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied patients. Brunnemann, SR; Gilman, TM; Segal, JL, 1993)	0.54
"This study was designed to develop a population-specific dosing nomogram for gentamicin in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients using the population pharmacokinetic program nonparametric expectation maximization (NPEM)."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.74
"Observational clinical gentamicin dosing data were collected, entered into the USC*PACK database program PASTRX, and downloaded into the population pharmacokinetic program NPEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.82
" The population parameter values in the form of a dosing nomogram were then used prospectively to dose gentamicin in 15 patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.73
" Application of population-specific dosing nomograms can improve initial dosing regimens such that conventional therapeutic concentrations can be achieved early in therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics: development of a medical intensive care unit-specific gentamicin dosing nomogram. Kisor, DF; Watling, SM, 1993)	0.51
" Gentamicin dosing guidelines have been developed over the past 20 years to accommodate a slower renal elimination rate of gentamicin in the neonatal population."	( Determination of a gentamicin loading dose in neonates and infants. Borgmann, J; Bowman, L; Semchuk, W, 1993)	1.52
" Several animal studies indicating effectiveness of penicillins for enterococcal endocarditis have used dosing regimens resulting in sustained serum levels."	( Aminoglycoside resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Eliopoulos, GM, 1993)	0.29
" These findings indicate that bolus intravenous dosing with gentamicin could maximize bactericidal activity."	( Kill kinetics and regrowth patterns of Escherichia coli exposed to gentamicin concentration-time profiles simulating in vivo bolus and infusion dosing. Bastone, EB; Ioannides-Demos, LL; Li, SC; McLean, AJ; Spicer, WJ, 1993)	0.76
" The use and assay of aminoglycosides, together with microbiologists' and pharmacists' advice on dosage and potential toxicity were examined in a teaching hospital group during an eight week period."	( Audit of prescription and assay of aminoglycosides in a UK teaching hospital. Barrass, C; Drayan, S; Felmingham, D; Grüneberg, RN; Milmoe, M; Ridgway, GL; Shrimpton, SB; Wilson, AP, 1993)	0.29
"A total of 34 patients with intractable chronic respiratory tract infections were treated with isepamicin and/or piperacillin in different dosage regimens."	( The administration regimen of isepamicin in patients with chronic respiratory tract infection. Hara, K; Kobayashi, H; Koga, H; Kohno, S; Konno, M; Nasu, M; Saito, A; Shimizu, K; Soejima, R, )	0.13
" The gentamicin dosing interval did not significantly affect (q."	( Effect of gentamicin dosing interval on therapy of viridans streptococcal experimental endocarditis with gentamicin plus penicillin. Almirante, B; Crespo, E; Fernández, F; Gavaldà, J; Laguarda, M; Pahissa, A; Pou, L, 1995)	1.21
" These results suggest that tobramycin might be conveniently used with once-daily dosing for the treatment of infections due to sensitive pathogens."	( In vitro postantibiotic effect and postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement of tobramycin. Cassetta, MI; Conti, S; Fallani, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 1995)	0.29
" Gentamicin dosage regimens in critically ill adult patients on total parenteral nutrition should be formulated on the basis of larger volumes of distribution and to attain therapeutic serum concentrations higher doses may be required."	( Expanded gentamicin volume of distribution in critically ill adult patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Abad, J; Jiménez, NV; Ordovás, JP; Ronchera-Oms, CL; Tormo, C, 1995)	1.62
" We propose individual dosage depending on hearing threshold and intensity of symptoms."	( [27 years experiences with transtympanic aminoglycoside treatment of Menière's disease]. Lange, G, 1995)	0.29
"5 h was independent of the dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered isepamicin in men. Affrime, M; Cayen, M; Korduba, C; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E, 1995)	0.29
"We attempted to determine the effects of prior antineoplastic chemotherapy and age on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in children (age 1-18 yrs) with cancer and in controls, and to establish a protocol for gentamicin dosing and monitoring to ensure rapid attainment of therapeutic serum concentrations in these patients."	( The effects of age and chemotherapy on gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in pediatric oncology patients. Bryson, SM; Einarson, TR; Greenberg, ML; Ho, KK; Leson, CL; Thiessen, JJ, )	0.62
" Netilmicin was given to two additional groups at a higher dosage (6 mg/kg every 24 h intramuscularly) alone or in combination with vancomycin (15 mg/kg BID intravenously) for 12 days."	( Vancomycin or vancomycin plus netilmicin for methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus aortic valve experimental endocarditis. Donta, I; Giamarellou, H; Karayiannakos, P; Pefanis, A; Perdikaris, G, 1995)	0.53
" Isepamicin was administered once daily with the daily dosage stratified according to the severity of infection: 15 mg/kg isepamicin for severe potentially systemic infections (53 patients) or 8 mg/kg isepamicin for less severe and localised infections (56 patients)."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of isepamicin in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Giamarellou, H; Pefanis, A; Petrikkos, G; Tsagaraki, C, 1995)	0.29
"The pharmacodynamic characteristics of isepamicin and other aminoglycosides, both in terms of efficacy and toxicity, explain why once-daily administration of these agents should be the optimal dosing regimen."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Craig, WA, 1995)	0.29
" It is completely eliminated via the renal route; consequently dosing in patients with renal insufficiency has to be adjusted according to the degree of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of isepamicin. Affrime, MB; Barr, WH; Colucci, R; Cutler, D; Elliott, M; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E; Zampaglione, N, 1995)	0.29
" Therefore, in adult patients with a wide range of infections requiring aminoglycoside therapy, once-daily dosing with isepamicin is as effective as twice- daily dosing with amikacin."	( Overview of the efficacy of isepamicin in the adult core clinical trial programme. Carbon, C, 1995)	0.29
"5 mg/kg of body weight twice daily or amikacin the same dosage regimen for the treatment of various infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic paediatric patients were compared in a prospective randomised trial."	( A randomised comparison of isepamicin and amikacin in the treatment of bacterial infections in paediatric patients. Principi, N; Viganò, A, 1995)	0.29
"The effect of dosing regimen on nephrotoxicity, high frequency ototoxicity, efficacy and serum kinetics was studied in a prospective, randomised clinical study."	( Nephrotoxicity, high frequency ototoxicity, efficacy and serum kinetics of once versus thrice daily dosing of netilmicin in patients with serious infections. Blaser, J; König, C; Lüthy, R; Simmen, HP; Thurnheer, U, 1995)	0.29
"To evaluate whether once-daily gentamicin dosing is as effective as the traditional 8-hour regimen for the treatment of postpartum endometritis."	( A comparison of once-daily and 8-hour gentamicin dosing in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Del Priore, G; Eichmann, MA; Frederiksen, MC; Garfinkel, J; Jackson-Stone, M; Shim, EK, 1996)	0.85
" The dosing regimens were compared by analyzing the number of hours that patients were febrile, the length of hospital stay, occurrence of complications, pharmacy costs, and nursing time required to administer the regimens."	( A comparison of once-daily and 8-hour gentamicin dosing in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Del Priore, G; Eichmann, MA; Frederiksen, MC; Garfinkel, J; Jackson-Stone, M; Shim, EK, 1996)	0.57
"In patients with postpartum endometritis, once-daily gentamicin dosing provides consistently high peak serum levels of gentamicin, requires less nurse tasking time, costs less, and is as effective as the 8-hour dosing regimen."	( A comparison of once-daily and 8-hour gentamicin dosing in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Del Priore, G; Eichmann, MA; Frederiksen, MC; Garfinkel, J; Jackson-Stone, M; Shim, EK, 1996)	0.81
"In the past few decades aminoglycosides have usually been administered as multiple daily dosing regimens."	( [Dosing aminoglycosides once a day]. Blaser, J, 1996)	0.29
" Antibiotic dosing was adjusted for renal dysfunction."	( Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Daoud, EG; Flexner, C; Goodman, SN; Hartert, TV; Heldman, AW; Kowalski, TE; Lietman, PS; Petty, BG; Pompili, VJ; Ray, SC; Sisson, SD; Tidmore, WC; vom Eigen, KA, 1996)	0.29
" The fully implemented program resulted in a 40% decrease in the request for gentamicin and tobramycin serum concentrations as compared with historic ordering patterns for conventional aminoglycoside dosing regimens."	( Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing: impact on requests and costs for therapeutic drug monitoring. Chow, MS; Finocchiaro, S; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Udeh, E; Wu, AH, 1996)	0.52
" CLcr was estimated by the modified equation (which normalized body weight to 72 kg) and by the standard equation using ABW, IBW, and dosing body weight (DBW)."	( Comparison of creatinine clearance estimation methods in patients with trauma. Chandler, MH; Davis, GA, 1996)	0.29
"Once-daily dosing has been suggested as an alternative method of dosing aminoglycosides that would reduce their toxicity while maintaining efficacy."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
"Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to either the once-daily dosing group (4 mg/kg) or the pharmacokinetic dosing group (initial dose of 2 mg/kg every 12 hours)."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
"Once-daily dosing and pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides appear to have equal efficacy and toxicity."	( Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Hawa, Z; Koo, J; Rajkumar, V; Tight, R, 1996)	0.29
" These data show synergistic bactericidal activity of both new extended cephalosporins combined with AKN, GTN or CIP at concentrations achievable in biological fluid with adaptative dosage regimen."	( [Kinetics of bactericidal activity of cefepime and cefpirome alone or combined with gentamicin, amikacin or ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae hyperproductive in cephalosporinase]. Elkhaïli, H; Jehl, F; Kamili, N; Linger, L; Monteil, H; Pompei, D, 1996)	0.52
" However, bioelectrical impedance equations do not yield more accurate dosing estimates than do standard dosing methods, and large dosing errors are possible in patients with aberrant physiology."	( Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements for drug pharmacokinetics. Zarowitz, BJ, 1996)	0.29
" A therapeutic dosage of gentamicin resulted in a twofold increase in the mean urine GGT-to-creatinine ratio that was not associated with clinically significant nephrotoxicity."	( Evaluation of urine gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio as a diagnostic tool in an experimental model of aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in the dog. King, VL; O'Brien, TD; Polzin, DJ; Rivers, BJ; Walter, PA, )	0.43
" The dosing interval of gentamicin did not significantly affect (q."	( Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum. Almirante, B; Capdevila, JA; Cardona, PJ; Crespo, E; Gavaldà, J; Laguarda, M; Pahissa, A; Pigrau, C; Pou, L, 1996)	0.82
" Gentamicin dosage requirement in the newborn piglets would therefore have to be adjusted, in order to take into consideration the observed differences in the man values of these latter pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in newborn and 42-day-old male piglets. Giroux, D; Martineau, GP; Sirois, G, 1995)	2.64
" Milk samples from individual cows were collected every day after each milking during and after dosing until GT concentration in the milk was below the safe level of < or = 30 ng/mL."	( Depletion of gentamicin in the milk of Holstein cows after single and repeated intramammary and parenteral treatments. Frobish, RA; Jackson, J; Pedersoli, WM, 1995)	0.66
" The results indicate potential for the localized treatment of PVE, which is cost-effective, easy to manufacture and permits dosage variability."	( Prevention of prosthetic valve endocarditis by impregnation of gentamicin into surgical pledgets. Goh, KS; Khor, E; Lee, CN; Tay, LF, 1996)	0.53
"The objectives of this study were to determine if a standardized gentamicin dosing protocol would improve clinical effectiveness, yield higher peak serum concentrations, and improve the success rate of attaining peaks in the desired range when compared with empiric dosing practices used by prescribers."	( Standardized gentamicin dosing enhances peak serum concentrations. Austin, TW; Bombassaro, AM; Chase, H; Doig, GS; Girotti, MJ; Sharad, S, 1996)	0.9
" The dosage was adjusted during therapy for 57% of the patients because of low levels, and for 43% of the patients because of toxic levels."	( Aminoglycoside prescription, therapeutic monitoring and nephrotoxicity at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. Bahnassy, AA; Eltahawy, AT, 1996)	0.29
"Current data indicate that once-daily aminoglycoside therapy is as efficacious as traditional multiple daily dosing and equally or less toxic."	( Once-daily aminoglycoside therapy: potential ototoxicity. Krieff, D; Singer, C; Smith, C, 1996)	0.29
" A secondary objective of the study was to evaluate the use of two SGC drawn after the first dose in designing individualized dosage regimens, despite the many changes in gentamicin disposition that occur over the first week of life."	( Optimal gentamicin therapy in preterm neonates includes loading doses and early monitoring. Isemann, BT; Johnson, CJ; Kotagal, UR; Luckhaupt, EJ; Mashni, SM, 1996)	0.92
"Sonography was performed before and during the onset and progression of nephrotoxicosis induced by administration of a toxic dosage of gentamicin."	( Gray-scale sonographic characterization of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicosis in a canine model. Finlay, DE; Holm, JC; King, VL; Letourneau, JG; O'Brien, TD; Polzin, DJ; Ritenour, ER; Rivers, BJ; Walter, PA, 1996)	0.5
" However, the dosage and combinations to be used require further study."	( Treatment of endocarditis with teicoplanin: a retrospective analysis of 104 cases. Gaya, H; Wilson, AP, 1996)	0.29
" However, the most favorable aminoglycoside dosing regimen for treating enterococcal endocarditis remains controversial."	( Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model. Blaser, J; Schwank, S, 1996)	0.29
"There is no established dosing schedule for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing regimens, and accepted guidelines for monitoring therapy are lacking."	( Validation and nephrotoxicity of a simplified once-daily aminoglycoside dosing schedule and guidelines for monitoring therapy. de Blok, K; Prins, JM; Speelman, P; van Ketel, RJ; Weverling, GJ, 1996)	0.29
"30 adult, female, mixed-breed dogs, allotted to 3 groups of 10 dogs each as: toxic dosage of gentamicin, therapeutic dosage of gentamicin, and saline solution sham equivalent in volume to that of the toxic dosage of gentamicin."	( Estimation of arcuate artery resistive index as a diagnostic tool for aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in dogs. Finlay, DE; King, VL; Letourneau, JG; O'Brien, TD; Polzin, DJ; Ritenour, ER; Rivers, BJ; Walter, PA, 1996)	0.51
"Significant differences in resistive index measurements were not observed, despite clinicopathologic and renal biopsy results compatible with severe acute tubular necrosis in dogs of the toxic dosage group."	( Estimation of arcuate artery resistive index as a diagnostic tool for aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in dogs. Finlay, DE; King, VL; Letourneau, JG; O'Brien, TD; Polzin, DJ; Ritenour, ER; Rivers, BJ; Walter, PA, 1996)	0.29
"Bacterial killing did not differ between gentamicin given at a dosage of 6 mg/kg once daily, compared with 2 mg/kg every 8 hours in guinea pigs infected with E coli."	( Bacterial killing by use of once daily gentamicin dosage in guinea pigs with Escherichia coli infection. Bartholow, S; Campbell, BG; Rosin, E, 1996)	0.83
"Gentamicin dosage regimens with high peak concentration and long dosing interval are as efficacious as divided dosage regimens."	( Bacterial killing by use of once daily gentamicin dosage in guinea pigs with Escherichia coli infection. Bartholow, S; Campbell, BG; Rosin, E, 1996)	2.01
" Inputs were demographic and drug dosing information."	( Statistical approach to neural network model building for gentamicin peak predictions. Brier, ME; Smith, BP, 1996)	0.54
"Single daily dosage of netilmicin is generally accepted in systemic infections, due to biphasic bactericidal activity and prolonged postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides."	( Pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity of a single daily dose of netilmicin in the treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis. Anding, K; Böhler, J; Krumme, B; Pelz, K; Schollmeyer, P, 1996)	0.29
"The performance of dosage guidelines for starting gentamicin therapy was evaluated prospectively in 50 patients with suspected or proven Gram-negative septicaemia and the results were compared with results from similar group of 50 patients for whom the guidelines were not followed."	( Antimicrobial practice. Development of guidelines for gentamicin dosing. Alcock, S; Duncan, N; Jodrell, D; Silverstein, B; Thomson, AH, 1996)	0.8
" Although the use of steroids as adjunctive therapy for bacterial meningitis has been found to be beneficial, the dosage of dexamethasone administered in our cases may not be enough to suppress the synthesis and release of the cytokines."	( [Two cases of severe bacterial meningitis with paranasal sinusitis followed by cerebrovascular disease--pathophysiology and treatment of cerebrovascular disease]. Matsukura, S; Miyazato, M; Nagata, N; Ohi, T; Sugimoto, S, 1996)	0.29
" The impact of once-daily dosing for meningitis has not been studied."	( Once-daily gentamicin therapy for experimental Escherichia coli meningitis. Ahmed, A; Hickey, SM; McCracken, GH; París, MM; Shelton, SL; Trujillo, M; Wubbel, L, 1997)	0.69
" In the second part of the study a subsequent cohort of 35 patients was treated with doxycycline at the same dosage for 30 days (cohort 2)."	( Treatment of human brucellosis with doxycycline and gentamicin. Escribano, J; Espinosa, A; Fernández, JA; Geijo, P; Martínez-Alfaro, E; Navarro, E; Sánchez, L; Solera, J, 1997)	0.55
" Herein we report our results of intratympanic gentamicin therapy in 21 patients using two different dosing protocols, twice weekly and twice daily (b."	( Intratympanic gentamicin for treatment of intractable Meniere's disease: a preliminary report. Oas, JG; Rauch, SD, 1997)	0.91
" Specific physiologic criteria of sepsis may be used to identify critically ill patients who will most likely benefit from aggressive initial aminoglycoside dosing when these drugs are used to treat gram-negative infections."	( Aminoglycoside levels in critically ill surgical patients: the implications of physiologic criteria of sepsis. Asensio, JA; Belzberg, H; Berne, TV; Cornwell, EE; Demetriades, D; Henriques, G; Kern, JW, 1997)	0.3
" Various empiric methods and nomograms have shown a significant incidence of error in predicting individualized gentamicin dosage regimens."	( [Individualized monitoring of the therapy with gentamycin using pharmacokinetic methods. Which method to choose?]. Carvalho, A; Ceia, F; Costa, M; Falcão, F; Fonseca, C; Freitas, O; Luís, AS; Parrinha, A; Pereira, TA; Rodrigues, MJ, )	0.34
" It may be important to take the PAE into account when evaluating dosing intervals."	( Postantibiotic effect of ceftriaxone and gentamicin alone and in combination on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus viridans. Buxbaum, A; Georgopoulos, A, )	0.4
" In the present study, data including age, sex, height, weight, serum creatinine concentration, dose, dosing interval, and time of measurement were collected from 240 patients with various diseases being treated with gentamicin in a general hospital setting."	( Application of a neural network for gentamicin concentration prediction in a general hospital population. Corrigan, BW; Jamali, F; Mayo, PR, 1997)	0.76
"Cohort study of neonates treated with gentamicin, according to a standard dosing protocol."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Carlos, RQ; Gal, P; Ransom, JL; Schall, SA; Smith, M; Williams, BS, 1997)	2.01
"Gentamicin dosing should be altered in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus to reflect the impact of higher volume of distribution and lower clearance."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Carlos, RQ; Gal, P; Ransom, JL; Schall, SA; Smith, M; Williams, BS, 1997)	3.18
" Once-daily dosing may offer a more effective, safer and economic use for this important antibiotic."	( Gentamicin once a day. MacConnachie, AM, 1996)	1.74
" This method would cause a delay in ampicillin dosing in the treatment of serious bacterial infections and unnecessarily complicate nursing procedures."	( Effect of time and temperature on inactivation of aminoglycosides by ampicillin at neonatal dosages. Bednarek, FJ; Daly, JS; Dodge, RA; Glew, RH; Keroack, MA; Whalen, M, )	0.13
"The objective of this study was to confirm the variation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin in neonates and to establish guidelines for a dosage regimen."	( [Monitoring of gentamycin serum concentration in neonates. Usefulness in adjustment of dosage]. García-Delgado, R; Marco-Macián, A; Sánchez-Romero, A; Tébar-Gil, R, 1997)	0.52
" However, the dosage should be administered at different intervals according to the age groups in order to allow the trough levels (Cmin) to come down to values which are considered to be therapeutic."	( [Monitoring of gentamycin serum concentration in neonates. Usefulness in adjustment of dosage]. García-Delgado, R; Marco-Macián, A; Sánchez-Romero, A; Tébar-Gil, R, 1997)	0.3
"7 h, was independent of the dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered isepamicin in man. Affrime, M; Cayen, MN; Korduba, C; Lin, CC; Radwanski, E, )	0.13
" The rationale for single, daily-dose aminoglycoside therapy is to produce an optimal ratio between aminoglycoside peak concentrations (Cmax) and pathogen minimal inhibitory concentration to maximize bacterial killing and to produce an aminoglycoside-free period during the 24-hour dosing interval."	( Wide variation in single, daily-dose aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in patients with burn injuries. Guay, DR; Hoey, LL; Rotschafer, JC; Tschida, SJ; Vance-Bryan, K, )	0.13
" Renal dysfunction is significantly more frequent in cirrhotic patients treated with netilmicin but with careful attention to dosage and fluid management the clinical effect is likely to be relatively modest."	( A prospective randomized trial of ceftazidime versus netilmicin plus mezlocillin in the empirical therapy of presumed sepsis in cirrhotic patients. Burroughs, AK; Chin, JK; Greenslade, L; Kibbler, CC; McCormick, PA; McIntyre, N, 1997)	0.3
" Therefore, the same dose per unit time as that for children (including infants) needs to be administered to neonates at dosing intervals that may be prolonged according to renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in neonates. Sato, Y, 1997)	0.3
"The influence of the gentamicin dosing regimen was studied in experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis."	( Influence of gentamicin dosing interval on the efficacy of penicillin-containing regimens in experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. Marangos, MN; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, 1997)	0.99
"001) were found between Vss, half-life, CL, and Cmax values for both dosage groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at traditional versus high doses: implications for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. Bertino, JS; Demczar, DJ; Nafziger, AN, 1997)	0.62
"Aminoglycosides have been reported to produce a curare-like neuromuscular blockade in animals at serum concentrations higher than those obtained with traditional dosing (1-2 mg/kg every 8 h) in humans."	( Does once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides affect neuromuscular function? Brown, G; Wong, J, 1996)	0.29
"Nine mechanically ventilated ICU patients on once-daily dosing of gentamicin 6 mg/kg/day were assessed for respiratory muscle strength by measuring maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP)."	( Does once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides affect neuromuscular function? Brown, G; Wong, J, 1996)	0.53
"The effect of gentamicin (6 mg/kg/day) on respiratory muscle function was not statistically, nor clinically significant, and weaning from mechanical ventilation does not seem to be inhibited by once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides as detectable by measurement of MIP."	( Does once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides affect neuromuscular function? Brown, G; Wong, J, 1996)	0.65
"The effect of timing of gentamicin dosing relative to food access periods was evaluated in experimental animals."	( Time-restricted feeding schedules modify temporal variation of gentamicin experimental nephrotoxicity. Beauchamp, D; Bergeron, MG; Gourde, P; Grenier, L; Guimont, C; Labrecque, G; LeBrun, M; Tardif, D; Thibault, L, 1997)	0.84
"A retrospective cost analysis compared hospital costs of standard gentamicin dosing and once-daily regimens in 1127 patients."	( Pharmacoeconomic impact of once-daily aminoglycoside administration. Hitt, CM; Klepser, ME; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, )	0.37
" Blood samples were collected at specified times after dosing and assayed for isepamicin by a validated radioimmunoassay method."	( Pharmacokinetics of isepamicin following a single administration by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injections. Affrime, M; Batra, V; Cayen, M; Cutler, D; Korduba, C; Lin, CC; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E, 1997)	0.3
" All 1-2 mg/l samples and three of the > 2 mg/l samples (taken at the wrong time) reverted to <1 mg/l with dosage adjustment."	( Audit of once-daily dosing gentamicin therapy in neutropenic fever. Cooke, RP; Gover, PA; Grace, RJ, 1997)	0.59
" After dosage adjustment, 81% of the peak concentrations were within the therapeutic range and trough concentrations rose to levels regarded as toxic in 7% of patients."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: a 6-year follow-up audit. Azman, M; Haq, AH; Ismail, R; Rahman, AF, 1997)	0.58
" Furthermore, our physicians are now able to choose more appropriate dosage regimens for their patients because the majority of gentamicin concentrations attained even at the first monitoring were within the therapeutic range."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: a 6-year follow-up audit. Azman, M; Haq, AH; Ismail, R; Rahman, AF, 1997)	0.79
"Peritoneal lavage in horses with localized nonseptic peritonitis or for the prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions should not necessitate alteration of the dosage of gentamicin to maintain predictable serum concentrations."	( Effects of postoperative peritoneal lavage on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses after celiotomy. Brumbaugh, GW; Chaffin, MK; Easter, JL; Hague, BA; Honnas, CM; Kemper, DL; Nguyen, J, 1997)	0.73
" Standard renal clearance techniques were used to assess the dose-response relationship between acute gentamicin infusion and the magnitude of hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria in the anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rat."	( Acute gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria and hypermagnesiuria in the rat: dose-response relationship and role of renal tubular injury. Garland, HO; Harpur, ES; Old, S; Parsons, PP, 1997)	0.99
"The efficacy, safety, and antibiotic-related charges for once-daily gentamicin with twice-daily clindamycin were compared with those of thrice-daily dosing of these antibiotics."	( A randomized, prospective study comparing once-daily gentamicin versus thrice-daily gentamicin in the treatment of puerperal infection. Anderson, WE; Laurent, SL; Mitra, AG; Whitten, MK, 1997)	0.78
"33 mg/kg intravenously and clindamycin 800 mg intravenously every 8 hours (conventional dosing interval arm)."	( A randomized, prospective study comparing once-daily gentamicin versus thrice-daily gentamicin in the treatment of puerperal infection. Anderson, WE; Laurent, SL; Mitra, AG; Whitten, MK, 1997)	0.55
"Once-daily gentamicin dosing with twice-daily clindamycin dosing is as efficacious and safe as the thrice-daily dosing of gentamicin and clindamycin for peripartum uterine infection."	( A randomized, prospective study comparing once-daily gentamicin versus thrice-daily gentamicin in the treatment of puerperal infection. Anderson, WE; Laurent, SL; Mitra, AG; Whitten, MK, 1997)	0.94
" Vancomycin monotherapy regimens were similar in bacterial kill regardless of dosing frequency."	( Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin alone and in combination with gentamicin at various dosing intervals against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected fibrin-platelet clots in an in vitro infection model. Houlihan, HH; Mercier, RC; Rybak, MJ, 1997)	0.54
"Fifty-two children suffering from different types of malignancies were included and evaluated for the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin thrice or single daily dosage protocols."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of gentamicin thrice and single daily dosage in pediatric cancer patients. Ben Arush, MW; Elhasid, R; Kassis, E; Krivoy, N; Postovsky, S, )	0.63
" No patient required a dosage change due to lack of clinical response."	( Routine monitoring of gentamicin serum concentrations in pediatric patients with normal renal function is unnecessary. Logsdon, BA; Phelps, SJ, 1997)	0.61
" The aim of this study was to compare two dosage regimens, thrice-a-day (TID) and once-a-day (OD) with regard to efficacy, safety and tissue toxicity."	( [Aminoglycoside treatment I. Administration of gentamicin once versus three times daily]. Eliasen, P; Friis, HM; Hansen, EF; Lomholdt, JD; Lund, ES; Wandall, EP, 1997)	0.55
"The aim of this study was to get a general view of the habitual practice of the usage of aminoglycosides in Danish medical departments, regarding choice of drug, dosage regimen and monitoring of drug-related toxicity, as this antimicrobial agent is commonly used in Danish hospitals against severe infections in spite of the potential for nephro- and ototoxicity."	( [Aminoglycoside treatment II: Dosage regimes at the departments of internal medicine in Denmark]. Eliasen, P; Friis, HM; Hansen, EF; Lomholdt, JD; Lund, ES; Wandall, EP, 1997)	0.3
" The dosage of beta-lactamase during the exponential growth phase has revealed that the strain BS3 produces a maximal amount of this enzyme."	( [Thermophilic bacteria resistant to antibiotics in traditional public baths]. Filali, FR; Frere, JM; Zaid, A; Zekhnini, Z, 1997)	0.3
"1 kg; dosing weight [DW], 66."	( Evaluation of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in postpartum patients using Bayesian forecasting. Cropp, CD; Davis, GA; Ensom, MH, 1998)	0.3
" As a result, the standard garamycin dosage regime has to be adjusted in order to obtain an adequate peak serum concentration, which is well correlated with the efficacy of garamycin therapy."	( [Gentamycin distribution volume in a mechanically ventilated patient-- pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects]. Krimerman, SH; Nicola, S; Seligmann, H, 1998)	0.3
" Few basic science studies exist regarding the vestibular and cochlear toxicities and dosage and administration schedules, however."	( Dose-related vestibular and cochlear effects of transtympanic gentamicin. Damm, KJ; Gruenwald, L; Ogata, Y; Slepecky, N; Wanamaker, HH, 1998)	0.54
") have been progressively employed for the design of dosing schedules of antimicrobial agents."	( Postanitbiotic and sub-MIC effects of azithromycin and isepamicin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Fuentes, F; Gomez-Lus, ML; Izquierdo, J; Martín, MM; Prieto, J, 1998)	0.3
" Our findings were similar the results previously reported in Caucasians, and thus strongly indicated the necessity of gentamicin dosage adjustment among Thai neonates according to their PCA."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in Thai neonates: recommendation for a dosing guideline. Chotinarumon, S; Kanthawatana, S; Uruwannakul, K, 1998)	1.95
"We compared pharmacokinetic parameters derived from three aminoglycoside serum concentration sampling methods and evaluated their effects on recommended aminoglycoside dosing regimens in 60 critically ill surgery patients."	( Effect of pharmacokinetic sampling methods on aminoglycoside dosing in critically ill surgery patients. Baghaie, AA; Cerra, FB; Mann, HJ; Wittbrodt, ET, )	0.13
"5 mg/liter) by simulating bolus versus infusion administration and bolus dosing with altered drug clearance."	( Initial concentration-time profile of gentamicin determines efficacy against Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047. Brien, JA; Ioannides-Demos, LL; Liolios, LL; Rayner, CR; Spicer, WJ, 1998)	0.57
" Saliva may be used as a noninvasive method of measuring gentamicin serum concentrations to guide dosage adjustments in patients administered the drug once-daily."	( Clinical relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin and gentamicin in the saliva of children. Aladjem, M; Berkovitch, M; Bistritzer, T; Burtin, P; Chen-Levi, Z; Dagan, T; Freedom, R; Koren, G, 1998)	0.78
" Pharmacokinetic data indicated that 24-hour dosing resulted in higher peak levels compared with 8-hour dosing (20."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients. Bass, KD; Haase, GM; Larkin, SE; Paap, C, 1998)	0.59
"These data confirm that once-daily dosing of gentamicin is a safe method of treatment that provides equivalent pharmacokinetics compared with traditional dosing and enhances bactericidal effect based on higher peak levels, avoids toxicity, and allows cost savings."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients. Bass, KD; Haase, GM; Larkin, SE; Paap, C, 1998)	0.85
"5 mg/kg Q 12 h) gentamicin dosage regimen."	( Gentamicin therapy in preterms: a comparison of two dosage regimens. George, SA; Krishnan, L, 1997)	2.09
"The pharmacokinetic interaction of Netilmicin and Piperacillin has been studied as well as the potential protective effect that Piperacillin exert on nephrotoxicity caused by Netilmicin, when both antibiotics are administered to rabbits by single and multiple dosage regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of netilmicin and protective effect of piperacillin regarding nephrotoxicity caused by netilmicin. Arévalo, M; Lanao, JM; López, FG; Sánchez Navarro, A; Santos Navarro, M; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, )	0.13
" Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing of intravenous gentamicin achieves peak serum levels up to five times higher than conventional dosing."	( Intraocular penetration of gentamicin after once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. Cwik, MJ; Fiscella, RG; Gieser, J; Gilmartin, C; Labib, S; Phillpotts, B; Shapiro, MJ; Solomon, MJ, 1998)	0.85
" An adjustment in dosing was made for anyone more than 20% over his or her ideal body weight."	( Intraocular penetration of gentamicin after once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. Cwik, MJ; Fiscella, RG; Gieser, J; Gilmartin, C; Labib, S; Phillpotts, B; Shapiro, MJ; Solomon, MJ, 1998)	0.6
" Alternate antibiotics may be equally effective and allow similar dosing in the chronic hemodialysis population."	( Cefazolin in chronic hemodialysis patients: a safe, effective alternative to vancomycin. Feintzeig, ID; Fogel, MA; Gavin, JP; Hunt, WA; Kim, RC; Nussbaum, PB, 1998)	0.3
"The purpose of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer, to identify possible relationships between clinical covariates and population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates and to examine the relevance of existing dosage nomograms in light of the population model developed in these patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer. Elliott, HL; Jodrell, DI; Rosario, MC; Sharp, CA; Thomson, AH, 1998)	0.81
"In the context of published nomograms this analysis indicated that both the traditional approach and the new, 'once daily' approach should achieve satisfactory concentrations in cancer patients although serum concentration monitoring is required to confirm optimal dosing in individual patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer. Elliott, HL; Jodrell, DI; Rosario, MC; Sharp, CA; Thomson, AH, 1998)	0.59
" By using the six hour post-dose level we were able to compare dosage recommendations made using methods known as ALADDIN, DOSECALC and the Australian Antibiotic Guidelines nomogram (AAGN)."	( Monitoring of serum aminoglycoside levels with once-daily dosing. Paterson, DL; Peters, M; Robson, JM; Wagener, MM, 1998)	0.3
"Clinical laboratory investigations used to aid antimicrobial chemotherapy of serious infection include routine sensitivity testing and, in the case of those drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, routine assays for therapeutic monitoring to assist with dosage individualization."	( Assays for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic investigations of aminoglycosides: quality aspects. White, LO, 1998)	0.3
" The optimized population model allowed us to simulate drug serum levels at 8 and 12h, as well as the area under the curve of gentamicin and its variability in patients with high distribution volumes when dosage regimens based on a single daily dose administration are implemented."	( Influence of diagnostic and treatment factors in the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin. Aguado, JM; Antón, J; González, P; Lanao, JM; Romano, S; Tejada, P, 1998)	0.73
" Current limitations are the necessity for repeated treatments and a lack of clear dosing guidelines."	( Kinetics of gentamicin uptake in the inner ear of Chinchilla langier after middle-ear administration in a sustained-release vehicle. Balough, BJ; Brooker, CR; Goto, M; Hoffer, ME; O'Leary, MJ; Wester, D, 1998)	0.68
" While cytotoxicity assays have proven useful for establishing relative toxicity and structure function relationships within groups of fungal toxins, a drawback of in vitro bioassays is their susceptibility to variation depending on endpoint, target cell, and dosing strategy."	( Cytotoxicity of nephrotoxic fungal toxins to kidney-derived LLC-PK1 and OK cell lines. Armstrong, CL; Bondy, GS, 1998)	0.3
" All reported reactions were associated with once-daily dosing regimens of gentamicin (lot numbers 170704, 180031, 180133, and 180191) produced by Fujisawa USA, Inc."	( Endotoxin-like reactions associated with intravenous gentamicin--California, 1998. , 1998)	0.78
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and cost of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis."	( The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis. Heine, RP; Sunyecz, JA; Wiesenfeld, HC, 1998)	0.79
" Cost savings of 44% were achieved with once-daily dosing of gentamicin, compared with traditional thrice-daily dosing."	( The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis. Heine, RP; Sunyecz, JA; Wiesenfeld, HC, 1998)	0.8
"Once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis achieves therapeutic peak levels without drug accumulation."	( The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis. Heine, RP; Sunyecz, JA; Wiesenfeld, HC, 1998)	0.87
"Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing protocols in neonates were studied."	( Evaluation of gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing protocols in 195 neonates. Austin, ML; Frye, RF; Murphy, JE, 1998)	2.1
" The percent length damage could be varied from 15 to 100% by changing the dosage of gentamicin, with exposures as short as 30 min."	( Round window administration of gentamicin: a new method for the study of ototoxicity of cochlear hair cells. Durham, D; Girod, DA; Husmann, KR; Morgan, AS, 1998)	0.81
"An individualized weight-based gentamicin dosing program is used at this community hospital to achieve stable serum drug levels with optimal clinical outcomes."	( Utilizing collaborative practice to achieve quality outcomes in gentamicin administration. Coppin, K; Richardson, B, )	0.66
"The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of toxic trough serum gentamicin levels in neonates in the first week of life, with different dosage intervals."	( Gentamicin dosage intervals in neonates: longer dosage interval--less toxicity. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW, 1998)	1.97
"A starting gentamicin dosage interval of 12 h in infants of any gestational age, or a starting dosage interval of 24 h for infants of less than 30 weeks gestational age, leads to most having toxic trough serum gentamicin levels."	( Gentamicin dosage intervals in neonates: longer dosage interval--less toxicity. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW, 1998)	2.13
" Performance of dosing regimens was based on target serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) established prospectively as a peak of 5 to 10 microgram/mL and a trough of	( Once- versus twice-daily gentamicin dosing in neonates >/=34 Weeks' gestation: cost-effectiveness analyses. Gresores, A; Hall, DM; Kawato, K; Reiter, PD; Stolpman, NM; Thureen, PJ, 1999)	0.85
" Based on a cost-effectiveness analysis, ODD was the dominant dosing strategy in all categories analyzed."	( Once- versus twice-daily gentamicin dosing in neonates >/=34 Weeks' gestation: cost-effectiveness analyses. Gresores, A; Hall, DM; Kawato, K; Reiter, PD; Stolpman, NM; Thureen, PJ, 1999)	0.61
"We compared the dose-response relationships and the neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium and rocuronium after chronic isepamicin therapy for 7 days in 56 anesthetized rabbits."	( Rabbits treated with chronic isepamicin are resistant to mivacurium and rocuronium. Chung, CW; Jun, JH; Kim, KS; Lee, KH; Shim, JC, 1999)	0.3
"We studied the dose-response relationships and the neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium and rocuronium during chronic isepamicin therapy in rabbits."	( Rabbits treated with chronic isepamicin are resistant to mivacurium and rocuronium. Chung, CW; Jun, JH; Kim, KS; Lee, KH; Shim, JC, 1999)	0.3
"A standard gentamicin dosage regimen intended to result in fewer trough concentrations of >2 microg/mL was studied."	( Standard gentamicin dosage regimen in neonates. Langlass, TM; Mickle, TR, 1999)	1.11
" Serum levels measured pre- and post-infusion were used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and optimum dosage regimens for individual patients."	( Establishing a clinical pharmacokinetic service for gentamicin in a community hospital. Gesy, K; Gorecki, DK; Wallace, SM, 1984)	0.52
" Gentamicin concentrations were measured in 110 episodes and they were all below the 24 hour line indicating that there was no need to change the dosing interval."	( Once daily ceftriaxone and gentamicin for the treatment of febrile neutropenia. Das, S; Goodbourne, C; Lilleyman, JS; Price, C; Ronghe, M; Saha, V; Tomlinson, RJ, 1999)	1.51
"We developed a simplified gentamicin dosing protocol for all neonates using a loading dose and once-daily dosing that would have an equal or lower incidence of toxicity and an equal or improved effectiveness compared with a regimen with no loading dose that included use of divided daily dosing."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in newborn infants. Cohen, RS; Glasscock, GF; Kim, EH; Lundergan, FS, 1999)	0.99
"A loading dose followed by once-daily dosing was shown to result in SDL in the safe and therapeutic range in all term neonates in this study."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in newborn infants. Cohen, RS; Glasscock, GF; Kim, EH; Lundergan, FS, 1999)	0.69
"We compared the pharmacokinetics of two methods for dosing gentamicin for the treatment of postpartum endometritis with the goal of achieving adequate peak serum concentrations (>12 mg/L) and prolonged trough levels below 2 mg/L."	( Single daily dosing of gentamicin: pharmacokinetic comparison of two dosing methodologies for postpartum endometritis. Abate, B; Gonik, B; Liu, C; Reyes, M, 1999)	0.86
" Both dosing regimens ensure adequate aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic parameters and avoid the need for monitoring serial serum drug concentrations, provided the expected clinical response is also achieved."	( Single daily dosing of gentamicin: pharmacokinetic comparison of two dosing methodologies for postpartum endometritis. Abate, B; Gonik, B; Liu, C; Reyes, M, 1999)	0.61
" To determine the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. Begg, EJ; Duffull, SB; Kirkpatrick, CM, 1999)	0.88
"Nine hundred and fifty-seven patients were dose-individualized for gentamicin using SeBA-GEN, a Bayesian dosing method."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. Begg, EJ; Duffull, SB; Kirkpatrick, CM, 1999)	0.86
" The lower of total body weight (TBW) and lean body weight (LBW), termed dosing weight (DWT), was a slightly better predictor of V d (r2=0."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. Begg, EJ; Duffull, SB; Kirkpatrick, CM, 1999)	0.63
"The mean population values of V d and CL of gentamicin dosed once daily are similar to those described by others in relation to multiple daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. Begg, EJ; Duffull, SB; Kirkpatrick, CM, 1999)	0.89
"Ten chinchillas underwent left middle ear instillation of one of three agents using variable dosing schedules: gentamicin (n = 6), streptomycin (n = 2), and saline (n = 2) as control."	( Middle ear instillation of gentamicin and streptomycin in chinchillas: morphologic appraisal of selective ototoxicity. Chen, JM; Harrison, RV; Hirakawa, H; Kakigi, A; Mount, RJ, 1999)	0.81
" A dosing regimen is suggested using the pharmacokinetic parameters defined by the present study and population estimate of volume of distribution."	( Characterization of gentamicin pharmacokinetics in patients hemodialyzed with high-flux polysulfone membranes. Amin, NB; Anandan, JV; Dunfee, TP; Padhi, ID; Patel, RV; Touchette, MA, 1999)	0.63
" Single daily dosing of gentamicin was associated with clinically significant ototoxicity in 12% of our patients."	( Toxicity of single daily dose gentamicin in stem cell transplantation. Bruton, J; Champlin, R; Ippoliti, C; Van Besien, K; Warkentin, D, 1999)	0.9
"It is suggested that the safe dosage of local concentration of gentamicin be 1 mg."	( [The toxicity of gentamicin on corneal cells in culture]. Kang, F; Zhang, S; Zhu, S, 1997)	0.88
" Patients were randomized in four groups with respect to the following isepamicin dosing regimens: (i) 15 mg/kg od for 5 days or (ii) 10 days, (iii) 25 mg/kg on the first day followed by 15 mg/kg od for 4 days or (iv) 9 days."	( Isepamicin in intensive care unit patients with nosocomial pneumonia: population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study. Beaucaire, G; Cougnard, J; Minozzi, C; Petitjean, O; Ponsonnet, D; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
"14 horses were treated with each dosage of gentamicin (i."	( Drug disposition and dosage determination of once daily administration of gentamicin sulfate in horses after abdominal surgery. Papich, MG; Redding, WR; Tudor, RA, 1999)	0.8
" Mean pharmacokinetic variables for gentamicin administration at a high or low dosage (i."	( Drug disposition and dosage determination of once daily administration of gentamicin sulfate in horses after abdominal surgery. Papich, MG; Redding, WR; Tudor, RA, 1999)	0.81
" faecalis clinical isolate, the animals received IFN-gamma, antibiotic or a combination of both agents, subcutaneously, at determined dosing regimens."	( Influence of adjunctive interferon-gamma on treatment of gentamicin- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection in mice. Bow, L; Bui, KQ; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Onyeji, CO; Quintiliani, R, 1999)	0.55
" In this group of patients, the initial dosage of 15 mg/kg appeared to be adequate, but the dosage interval should be determined by monitoring residual isepamicin concentrations in plasma."	( Pharmacokinetics of isepamicin during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Allaouchiche, B; Boulétreau, P; Breilh, D; Chassard, D; Ducint, D; Jaumain, H; Malbec, I; Saux, MC, 1999)	0.3
"Postoperative renal dysfunction in rats is induced by ketorolac dosed concurrently with gentamicin."	( Renal dysfunction associated with the perioperative use of diclofenac. Cousins, MJ; Eckstein, RP; Jordan, V; Kim, H; Lin, Y; Mather, LE; Power, I; Xu, M, 1999)	0.53
" Numerous in-vitro and animal experiments and several clinical trials favour a once-daily dosage regimen of aminoglycosides, which provides a more rapid concentration-dependent bacterial killing and is probably less toxic than two or three dosage regimens."	( [Once-daily dosage of aminoglycosides--a therapeutic simplification and an economical benefit]. Berild, D; Digranes, A; Sjursen, H, 1999)	0.3
"Gentamicin monitoring and the selection of the initial dosage are generally based on the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin (GPP) and patient characteristics and/or clinical data (PC)."	( Relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin and patient characteristics and/or clinical data in patients with solid organ tumours. Aldaz, A; Brugarolas, A; Giráldez, J; Ortega, A, 1999)	2
" Although the volume of distribution Vd decreased when given at nighttime, it was independent of the dosing time."	( Administration-time differences in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin intravenously delivered to human beings. Choi, JS; Kim, CK; Lee, BJ, 1999)	0.55
" In the present study, we show that electrically evoked fast and slow effects in the anesthetized guinea pig are both blocked by either intramuscular or intracochlear gentamicin, with similar time courses and/or dose-response curves."	( Gentamicin blocks both fast and slow effects of olivocochlear activation in anesthetized guinea pigs. Brown, MC; Liberman, MC; Sewell, WF; Yoshida, N, 1999)	1.94
" These findings validate the current NCCLS guideline for predicting synergistic activity against enterococci in strains with usual susceptibility to ampicillin, and suggest that a therapeutic level less than maximal recommended dosing is sufficient when using gentamicin in this setting."	( Synergistic effect of gentamicin plus ampicillin on enterococci with differing sensitivity to gentamicin: a phenotypic assessment of NCCLS guidelines. Boschman, CR; Dressel, DC; Noskin, GA; Peterson, LR; Postelnick, MJ; Stosor, V; Tornatore-Reuscher, MA; Zembower, T, 1999)	0.8
" Thus, daily dosing of gentamicin was found to be safe, effective, and cost efficient in the treatment of open fractures when combined with a cephalosporin and aggressive operative debridement and stabilization."	( Once daily, high dose versus divided, low dose gentamicin for open fractures. Bjornson, SH; Cockrin, J; Kirk, PG; Levy, MS; Ruhnke, CJ; Sorger, JI; Tang, P, 1999)	0.87
" The pharmacokinetics of drugs like aminoglycosides eliminated through the kidneys may be impaired and require a different than usual dosage regimen."	( Influence of mild hypothermia after hypoxia-ischemia on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn pigs. Hoem, NO; Lindgren, CG; Melby, K; Porter, H; Satas, S; Thoresen, M; Whitelaw, A, 2000)	0.53
"To compare the efficacy of once daily gentamicin administration to the conventional twice daily dosage schedule by estimation of serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) in neonates."	( Randomized controlled trial of once vs. twice daily gentamicin therapy in newborn. Jana, AK; Jeyaseelan, L; Job, V; Kanagasabapathy, AS; Kuruvilla, KA; Selvakumar, R; Solomon, R, 1999)	0.83
" There is statistically significant evidence to show that the effect of once daily and twice daily dosage is similar."	( Randomized controlled trial of once vs. twice daily gentamicin therapy in newborn. Jana, AK; Jeyaseelan, L; Job, V; Kanagasabapathy, AS; Kuruvilla, KA; Selvakumar, R; Solomon, R, 1999)	0.55
"We review the literature on gentamicin, including single daily dosing and "switch" therapy."	( Gentamicin for the practicing urologist: review of efficacy, single daily dosing and "switch" therapy. Krieger, JN; Santucci, RA, 2000)	2.04
" Dosing strategies, such as single daily dosing and switch therapy, have renewed enthusiasm for this time-honored drug."	( Gentamicin for the practicing urologist: review of efficacy, single daily dosing and "switch" therapy. Krieger, JN; Santucci, RA, 2000)	1.75
" Once daily dosing and switch therapy offer the potential to increase effectiveness and convenience while decreasing toxicity and costs."	( Gentamicin for the practicing urologist: review of efficacy, single daily dosing and "switch" therapy. Krieger, JN; Santucci, RA, 2000)	1.75
"25 mg gentamycin on the 3rd and 7th day after insertion of the new microcatheter at the niche of the round window membrane, while a second group of 7 patients was treated by a gentamycin dosage of 1 microliter/h continuously applied by a minipump over a period of 10 days."	( [Round window microcatheter administered microdose of gentamycin: an alternative in the treatment of tinnitus in patients with Menière's disease]. Arenberg, IK; Hoffer, ME; Marks, S, 2000)	0.31
" The infected animals received sc administrations of G-CSF, antibiotic or a combination of both agents at determined dosing regimens."	( Modulation of efficacies and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in neutropenic mice with multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection. Bow, L; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Onyeji, CO, 2000)	0.31
" Although DB/GB and betaxolol equally delayed or prevented the onset of glaucoma in the second eye, a less frequent dosing schedule for DB/GB suggests demecarium bromide in combination with a topical corticosteroid may be preferable to betaxolol in preventing PCAG in dogs."	( The efficacy of topical prophylactic antiglaucoma therapy in primary closed angle glaucoma in dogs: a multicenter clinical trial. Herrmann, MK; Miller, PE; Schmidt, GM; Swanson, JF; Vainisi, SJ, )	0.13
"The kinetic profile of gentamicin in premature infants has been studied to enable the development of optimized dosage schedules for neonatal intensive-care units and to stress the relationship between the pharmacokinetic parameters and several demographic, developmental and clinical factors which might be associated with changes in gentamicin disposition."	( The kinetic profile of gentamicin in premature neonates. Afonso, E; Almeida, AM; Falcão, AC; Leitão, F; Martins, V; Rocha, MJ; Santos, J, 2000)	0.93
"Once-daily dosing regimens of aminoglycosides are routinely used in critically ill trauma patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in critically ill trauma patients on once-daily regimens. Barletta, JF; Erstad, BL; Johnson, SB; Nix, DE; Nix, LC, 2000)	0.31
" Individualized dosing of critically ill trauma patients on the basis of at least two serum-aminoglycoside concentrations seems indicated when using once-daily dosing regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in critically ill trauma patients on once-daily regimens. Barletta, JF; Erstad, BL; Johnson, SB; Nix, DE; Nix, LC, 2000)	0.31
"In the present work we set out to apply pharmacodynamic concepts derived from dose-response curves (Potency and Efficacy) to characterize the gene transfer efficiency of a vector:DNA complex."	( Pharmacodynamic approach to study the gene transfer process employing non-viral vectors. Aliño, SF; Crespo, A; Escrig, E; Guillem, VM; Revert, F, 2000)	0.31
" PRs were more likely among patients receiving single daily dosing (SDD) than multiple daily dosing gentamicin (20/73 [27%] vs."	( Pyrogenic reactions associated with single daily dosing of intravenous gentamicin. Arduino, M; Boghossian, N; Buchholz, U; Fontanilla, E; Jarvis, WR; Kool, J; Mascola, L; Murthy, R; Pegues, C; Peterson, C; Pon, D; Richards, C; Schwartz, W, 2000)	0.76
"Reassessment of the acceptable amounts of endotoxin in gentamicin and other parenteral products should be considered when dosing intervals used in clinical practice change."	( Pyrogenic reactions associated with single daily dosing of intravenous gentamicin. Arduino, M; Boghossian, N; Buchholz, U; Fontanilla, E; Jarvis, WR; Kool, J; Mascola, L; Murthy, R; Pegues, C; Peterson, C; Pon, D; Richards, C; Schwartz, W, 2000)	0.79
"The objective of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of an extended interval aminoglycoside dosing guideline implemented in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)."	( Use of higher dose extended interval aminoglycosides in a neonatal intensive care unit. Fuller, L; Menke, JA; Ohler, KH, 2000)	0.31
"To evaluate traditional nomogram (TN) versus individualized pharmacokinetic gentamicin dosing practices in neonatal intensive care units, focusing on achieving target therapeutic concentrations (peak > 8 microg/ml, trough < 2 microg/ml), number of dosing changes, number of concentrations obtained, and evidence of nephrotoxicity."	( A multicenter evaluation of gentamicin therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cole, E; Cuthrell, C; Gal, P; Glover, ML; Potter, D; Ransom, JL; Rubino, CM; Schoening, S; Shaffer, CL, 2001)	0.83
"Sixty-seven percent of patients receiving pharmacokinetic dosing had initial peak concentrations of 8 microg/ml or greater compared with 7% of patients receiving TN dosing (p<0."	( A multicenter evaluation of gentamicin therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cole, E; Cuthrell, C; Gal, P; Glover, ML; Potter, D; Ransom, JL; Rubino, CM; Schoening, S; Shaffer, CL, 2001)	0.6
"Compared with TN dosing, administering gentamicin loading doses and performing initial pharmacokinetic analysis resulted in rapid attainment of desired concentrations and fewer dosage adjustments, and allowed for a decrease in the number of gentamicin concentrations."	( A multicenter evaluation of gentamicin therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cole, E; Cuthrell, C; Gal, P; Glover, ML; Potter, D; Ransom, JL; Rubino, CM; Schoening, S; Shaffer, CL, 2001)	0.87
" There was no correlation between the cumulative gentamicin dosage and the hearing loss."	( Continuous intratympanic infusion of gentamicin via a microcatheter in Menière's disease. Michel, O; Neugebauer, P; Schoendorf, J, 2001)	0.84
"To undertake population pharmacokinetic modeling and to determine the safety and efficacy of once daily (OD) gentamicin dosing in children with severe urinary tract infections (UTI)."	( Randomized, controlled trial comparing once daily and three times daily gentamicin in children with urinary tract infections. Buttery, JP; Carapetis, JR; Cranswick, NE; Grimwood, K; Hogg, GG; Jaquiery, AL; Kohn, S; Starr, M; Woods, S, 2001)	0.76
"An open, randomized, controlled trial comparing OD with three times daily (TD) gentamicin dosing in hospitalized children ages 1 month to 12 years with UTI."	( Randomized, controlled trial comparing once daily and three times daily gentamicin in children with urinary tract infections. Buttery, JP; Carapetis, JR; Cranswick, NE; Grimwood, K; Hogg, GG; Jaquiery, AL; Kohn, S; Starr, M; Woods, S, 2001)	0.77
"With age-appropriate dosing and measurement of serum trough concentrations before the second dose, OD gentamicin is safe and effective for the treatment of UTI requiring parenteral treatment in children aged 1 month to 12 years."	( Randomized, controlled trial comparing once daily and three times daily gentamicin in children with urinary tract infections. Buttery, JP; Carapetis, JR; Cranswick, NE; Grimwood, K; Hogg, GG; Jaquiery, AL; Kohn, S; Starr, M; Woods, S, 2001)	0.76
" This study verifies that when using EIA dosing with HD gentamicin, sampling within 90 minutes after the beginning of the infusion provides information that leads to overestimation of peak serum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration and inaccurate calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( A dose-ranging study of gentamicin pharmacokinetics: implications for extended interval aminoglycoside therapy. Bertino, JS; McNamara, DR; Menhinick, AM; Nafziger, AN, 2001)	0.86
"Aminoglycoside therapy dosed by either IPM or physicians' directions."	( Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. Bertino, AS; Destache, CJ; Nafziger, AN; Streetman, DS, 2001)	0.31
" Now, for the establishment of a toxicity screening approach using 5/6 NX rats, our concept, "Differential toxicity synchronized with renal dysfunction process could be identified using 5/6 NX rats" was examined by dosing gentamicin."	( Differential toxicity expression of gentamicine in five-sixths nephrectomized rats assigned to three progressive stages of renal dysfunction--establishment of a new screening approach. Barata, K; Harada, E; Hokao, R; Imai, S; Maekawa, A; Takahashi, S; Yoshida, M, 2001)	0.77
" The validated procedure was used to determine gentamicin concentrations in porcine tissue after dosing with gentamicin at a level of 5 mg/kg body mass."	( Sample preparation for residue determination of gentamicin and neomycin by liquid chromatography. Niedzielska, J; Posyniak, A; Zmudzki, J, 2001)	0.82
" A once-daily dosage regimen has replaced multiple dosing of gentamicin in most intensive care units."	( Gentamicin dosing in critically ill patients. Bonde, J; Christrup, LL; Hansen, M; Jarløv, JO; Kampmann, JP, 2001)	1.99
" In contrast, a higher dosing regimen of vancomycin (i."	( Consequences of VanE-type resistance on efficacy of glycopeptides in vitro and in experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis. Carbon, C; Courvalin, P; Fantin, B; Lafaurie, M; Lefort, A; Perichon, B, 2001)	0.31
" Gentamicin therapy was started at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day under individual dose or dosage interval adjustments to achieve target levels."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily gentamicin in infants and children. Fleer, A; Kimpen, JL; Kramer, WL; Rademaker, CM; Schobben, AF; Uijtendaal, EV; van Dijk, A; van Vught, AJ, 2001)	1.5
" Cumulative drug dose-response curves were obtained for three different muscles in 24 rabbits."	( Neuromuscular blocking effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotics arbekacin, astromicin, isepamicin and netilmicin on the diaphragm and limb muscles in the rabbit. Hashimoto, Y; Kato, M; Liu, M, 2001)	0.31
"To study the intravitreal antibiotic concentrations and the efficacy of an intravitreal dosing regimen to treat patients with postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis."	( Intravitreal vancomycin and gentamicin concentrations in patients with postoperative endophthalmitis. Beekhuis, WH; Gan, IM; Swart, W; van Dissel, JT; van Meurs, JC, 2001)	0.6
"This dosing regimen resulted both in adequate intravitreal vancomycin and gentamicin levels for over a week as well as in negative second cultures."	( Intravitreal vancomycin and gentamicin concentrations in patients with postoperative endophthalmitis. Beekhuis, WH; Gan, IM; Swart, W; van Dissel, JT; van Meurs, JC, 2001)	0.84
" It was also found that the use of the dosing schedule of gentamicin with the dose intervals 36 or 48 h should guarantee adequate Cmax and Cmin without the need of routine monitoring of each patient in the premature neonate group."	( [Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic monitoring of gentamicin serum concentration in neonates]. Kaminska, E; Piekarczyk, A; Prokopczyk, J; Sosnowska, K; Taljanski, W; Zimak, J, )	0.63
"To compare trough and peak serum gentamicin concentrations in neonatal patients using two dosing regimens."	( Gentamicin dosing in neonatal patients. Elias-Jones, A; Gooding, N; Shenoy, M, 2001)	2.03
" Preliminary results necessitated a change to a further dosage schedule (regimen 3), where data was again collected."	( Gentamicin dosing in neonatal patients. Elias-Jones, A; Gooding, N; Shenoy, M, 2001)	1.75
" Therefore the dosage interval in this group of neonates will be increased from 18 hourly to 24 hourly dosing, and regimen reaudited."	( Gentamicin dosing in neonatal patients. Elias-Jones, A; Gooding, N; Shenoy, M, 2001)	1.75
" Patient demographics, type of infection, dosing regimen, length of therapy, peak and trough serum concentrations, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urine output were reviewed."	( Safety of intravenous bolus administration of gentamicin in pediatric patients. Nahata, MC; Robinson, RF, 2001)	0.57
"Traditional gentamicin dosing every 8-24 h depending on age and weight in neonates does not provide the ideal concentration-time profile to both optimize the concentration-dependent killing by aminoglycosides and minimize toxicity."	( An extended interval dosing method for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, BA; Duffull, SB; Kirkpatrick, CM; Oddie, SJ; Stickland, MD, 2001)	0.96
" The standard daily dosing (SDD) in infants and children is twice or three times daily depending on age."	( Once daily dosing of gentamicin in infants and children. Miron, D, 2001)	0.63
" The mode of dosing did not affect the volume of distribution; however, the t1/2 was significantly longer in the ODD groups."	( Once daily dosing of gentamicin in infants and children. Miron, D, 2001)	0.63
" Once daily dosage can achieve the equivalent efficacy compared to a twice-daily dosage regimen."	( Gentamicin in neonatal infection: once versus twice daily dosage. Ayudhya, DP; Chotigeat, U; Narongsanti, A, 2001)	1.75
"To compare the effectiveness of single daily dosing (SDD) versus conventional dosing of gentamicin when administered with penicillin to treat enterococcal infections."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of single daily dosing versus conventional dosing of gentamicin administered with penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis. Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, YH; Ross, GH; Rotschafer, JC, 2001)	0.76
"A 24-hour in vitro pharmacodynamic model was employed to simulate SDD and 3 times/day dosing of gentamicin, in conjunction with continuously infused penicillin, against Enterococcus faecalis."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of single daily dosing versus conventional dosing of gentamicin administered with penicillin against Enterococcus faecalis. Hovde, LB; Ibrahim, YH; Ross, GH; Rotschafer, JC, 2001)	0.75
" It was difficult, using pharmacokinetic studies, to adjust the dosage regimen of gentamicin to achieve appropriately therapeutic levels in both serum and dialysate."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.61
"The ISPD 1996 recommended dosage of continuous IP cefazolin could be appropriate for the treatment of CAPD-related peritonitis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.38
"Sixteen patients were identified in whom once daily gentamicin dosing was used as part of an antibiotic prophylaxis regimen in patients with types II and III open tibial shaft fractures."	( Once daily high-dose gentamicin to prevent infection in open fractures of the tibial shaft: a preliminary investigation. King, C; May, CG; Pearsall, AW; Russell, GV, 2001)	0.88
"Our investigation suggests that this dosing regimen might be safe as prophylaxis against infection in open tibial shaft fractures and that it warrants further study."	( Once daily high-dose gentamicin to prevent infection in open fractures of the tibial shaft: a preliminary investigation. King, C; May, CG; Pearsall, AW; Russell, GV, 2001)	0.63
"The cytotoxicity of the selected systemic and intravitreally dosed drugs tamoxifen, toremifene, chloroquine, 5-fluorouracil, gentamicin and ganciclovir was studied in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro."	( Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of selected systemic and intravitreally dosed drugs in the cultures of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line and of pig primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. Diehl, H; Engelke, M; Huhtala, A; Mäenpää, H; Mannerström, M; Mäntylä, E; Mäntylä, M; Marselos, M; Pappas, P; Salminen, L; Tähti, H; Toimela, T; Uusitalo, H; Zorn-Kruppa, M, 2002)	0.52
" The dose-response curves for each test did not deviate significantly from parallelism."	( Antinociceptive potency of aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium chloride: a comparative study on models of phasic and incisional pain in rats. Machado Filho, EB; Prado, WA, 2002)	0.31
"There remain concerns about the safety of once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides (AGs) in the elderly."	( Risk factors for nephrotoxicity in elderly patients receiving once-daily aminoglycosides. Hite, Y; Kopyt, M; Raveh, D; Rudensky, B; Sonnenblick, M; Yinnon, AM, 2002)	0.31
"Several dosing schedules for gentamicin have been recommended for very low birth weight infants during the early neonatal period."	( Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in very low birth weight infants. Agarwal, G; Pildes, RS; Pyati, S; Rastogi, A, 2002)	0.94
"Fifty-eight very low birth weight infants (600 to 1500 g), prescribed gentamicin for treatment of suspected sepsis during the first week after birth, were randomized to receive either the new dosing schedule [every 48 h (q48h)] or the existing dosing schedule [every 24 h (q24h)]."	( Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in very low birth weight infants. Agarwal, G; Pildes, RS; Pyati, S; Rastogi, A, 2002)	0.88
"The q48h dosing schedule of gentamicin given to very low birth weight infants during the first week after birth achieved therapeutic serum gentamicin concentrations and potentially higher peak to MIC ratios for microorganisms in all infants."	( Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in very low birth weight infants. Agarwal, G; Pildes, RS; Pyati, S; Rastogi, A, 2002)	0.94
"There is no uniformity in the current recommendations of dosing regimen of gentamicin for neonates."	( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily gentamicin dosing regimens in infants > or = 2500 g. Agarwal, G; Pildes, RS; Pyati, S; Rastogi, A; Wilks, A, 2002)	0.81
" Thus, none of the study group infants, versus six of the control group infants, needed a dosing adjustment at 48 hours (p=0."	( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily gentamicin dosing regimens in infants > or = 2500 g. Agarwal, G; Pildes, RS; Pyati, S; Rastogi, A; Wilks, A, 2002)	0.58
" The recommended dosing interval based on the Hartford Hospital nomogram and one-serum concentration at 6 h was correct in only 62% of all cases."	( Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients. Bruining, HA; Buijk, SE; Gyssens, IC; Mouton, JW; Verbrugh, HA, 2002)	0.31
" A pharmacodynamic analysis was conducted using data from a previous prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study which compared two dosage regimens of gentamicin plus metronidazole for prophylaxis in connection with elective colorectal surgery."	( Antibiotic pharmacodynamics in surgical prophylaxis: an association between intraoperative antibiotic concentrations and efficacy. Ariano, RE; Harding, GK; Silverman, RE; Zelenitsky, SA, 2002)	0.51
"To evaluate the accuracy of four once-daily aminoglycoside dosing nomograms in producing the desired gentamicin peak concentration (Cmax) target of 20 microg/ml in patients with varying degrees of renal function."	( Evaluation of four once-daily aminoglycoside dosing nomograms. Bertino, JS; Jones, M; Wallace, AW, 2002)	0.53
" With a pharmacokinetic analysis program and the patient-specific pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax and minimum concentration (Cmin) were determined with use of the recommended doses and dosing intervals of the four nomograms."	( Evaluation of four once-daily aminoglycoside dosing nomograms. Bertino, JS; Jones, M; Wallace, AW, 2002)	0.31
"Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing using the four nomograms resulted in inaccurate dosing, and because of the large variability in human pharmacokinetics, dosing nomograms such as these should be abandoned in favor of individualizing dosages with therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Evaluation of four once-daily aminoglycoside dosing nomograms. Bertino, JS; Jones, M; Wallace, AW, 2002)	0.31
"Although it is well known that ethacrynic acid (EA) can enhance gentamicin (GM) ototoxicity, there has been no systematic study of the relationship between dosing parameters and inner ear pathology."	( Chinchilla models of selective cochlear hair cell loss. Ding, D; Jiang, H; McFadden, SL; Salvi, RJ; Woo, JM, 2002)	0.55
" The vancomycin dosing schedule may have played a role in the persistently positive cultures."	( Peritoneal dialysis catheter replacement: "save the patient and not the catheter". Piraino, B, )	0.13
"Because of a lack of data supporting traditional dosing regimens for aminoglycosides, especially in extremely low-birth-weight infants, the authors developed revised dosing guidelines."	( Gentamicin and tobramycin in neonates: comparison of a new extended dosing interval regimen with a traditional multiple daily dosing regimen. Avent, ML; Istre, GR; Kinney, JS; Whitfield, JM, 2002)	1.76
" In an in vivo rabbit model of Pseudomonas keratitis, COL-1 demonstrated neither clinical nor microbicidal efficacy and appeared to have a very narrow dosage range, outside of which it appeared to be toxic to the ocular surface."	( The use of antimicrobial peptides in ophthalmology: an experimental study in corneal preservation and the management of bacterial keratitis. Mannis, MJ, 2002)	0.31
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of gentamicin and clindamycin given once daily versus the more common 8-hour dosing regimen for the treatment of postpartum endometritis."	( Gentamicin and clindamycin therapy in postpartum endometritis: the efficacy of daily dosing versus dosing every 8 hours. Haddad, B; Leidwanger, C; Livingston, JC; Llata, E; Mabie, B; Rinehart, E; Sibai, B, 2003)	2
"Once-daily dosing with gentamicin and clindamycin in women with postpartum endometritis has a similar success rate as the standard every 8-hour dosing schedule."	( Gentamicin and clindamycin therapy in postpartum endometritis: the efficacy of daily dosing versus dosing every 8 hours. Haddad, B; Leidwanger, C; Livingston, JC; Llata, E; Mabie, B; Rinehart, E; Sibai, B, 2003)	2.07
" Protein kinase C (PKC) alpha activity was increased in gentamicin-treated cells, peaking 15 min after dosing (+138."	( Gentamicin-induced cytotoxicity involves protein kinase C activation, glutathione extrusion and malondialdehyde production in an immortalized cell line from the organ of corti. Bertolaso, L; Bindini, D; Capitani, S; Corbacella, E; Falgione, D; Lanzoni, I; Martini, A; Parmeggiani, A; Previati, M; Vitali, C, )	1.82
"Once-daily dosing (ODD) of gentamicin is advocated as an effective and safe treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections in adults."	( [Once-daily gentamicin dosing versus thrice-daily dosing in infants with acute pyelonephritis]. Calvo Rey, C; Cilleruelo Pascual, ML; García Díaz, B; García García, ML; García Lacalle, C; Maderuelo Sánchez, AI; Nebreda Pérez, V, 2003)	0.99
"To evaluate whether individualized pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides can reduce nephrotoxicity and improve the outcome of patients with gram-negative sepsis."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
" In the study group (pharmacokinetic dosing) of 43 patients, plasma aminoglycoside levels were determined 1 hour after initiation of drug infusion and 8 to 16 hours later to estimate the elimination half-life and volume of distribution, from which the subsequent dosage schedule was calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
"These results suggest that individualized pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides reduces the incidence of nephrotoxicity and allows the use of greater doses of aminoglycosides."	( Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Alkan, M; Almog, Y; Bartal, C; Danon, A; Reisenberg, K; Schlaeffer, F; Sidi, A; Smoliakov, R, 2003)	0.32
"The objective of the present study was to determine pharmacokinetic variables and to characterize a new initial dosing regimen of arbekacin (ABK) for preterm and term newborn infants."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing of arbekacin in preterm and term newborn infants. Matsuzaki, T; Suzuki, K; Tanikawa, K, 2003)	0.32
" The new initial dosing regimen was determined based on these data."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing of arbekacin in preterm and term newborn infants. Matsuzaki, T; Suzuki, K; Tanikawa, K, 2003)	0.32
" The new dosing regimen is 5 mg/kg every 48 h, 5 mg/kg every 24 h, and 4 mg/kg every 24 h for PE, PL, and T, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing of arbekacin in preterm and term newborn infants. Matsuzaki, T; Suzuki, K; Tanikawa, K, 2003)	0.32
"With the new dosing regimen, more infants achieved serum ABK levels within the optimal range than the conventional one."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing of arbekacin in preterm and term newborn infants. Matsuzaki, T; Suzuki, K; Tanikawa, K, 2003)	0.32
"To examine the safety and efficacy of once-daily (OD) gentamicin treatment compared with conventional 8-hourly dosing (TDS) for urinary tract infection (UTI)."	( Treatment of urinary tract infection with gentamicin once or three times daily. Balakrishnan, A; Chao, SM; Chong, CY; Ng, W; Tan, AS; Tan-Kendrick, A, 2003)	0.83
"To develop a gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates younger than 10 days."	( A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Cole, C; DiCenzo, R; Forrest, A; Guillet, R; Slish, JC, 2003)	1.41
" The following dosing algorithm was designed to reach a therapeutic 24-hour area under the curve (87."	( A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Cole, C; DiCenzo, R; Forrest, A; Guillet, R; Slish, JC, 2003)	1.04
"This dosing algorithm provides a new approach for determining initial gentamicin dosing regimens in neonates; however, clinical validation is required."	( A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Cole, C; DiCenzo, R; Forrest, A; Guillet, R; Slish, JC, 2003)	1.27
"Thirty-six chicks were given muscular injection of gentamicin at dosage of 100 mg/kg."	( [Beta-actin changes during hair cell regeneration in the chick basilar papilla]. Huang, X; Lei, L; Wang, J, 2001)	0.56
"Although fitting orders to renal function avoids overdosage and therefore iatrogenic risk, dosage adjustment is rarely made."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
" Although no adjustment to renal function was required, 28% of the residents decreased the dosage of amlodipine and ordered an underdose."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
"Considering the iatrogenic risk related to the lack of dosage adjustment, attention should be drawn to increasing residents' awareness of dosage adjustment in renal impairment and to providing them with better information on patients' renal function."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
" Those infants suspected of having invasive non-CNS bacterial infection were assigned to treatment with ampicillin 50 mg/kg twice daily and either ODD (once daily dosing) or twice daily dosing (TDD) of gentamicin 5 mg/kg/day (17 and 18 patients, respectively)."	( [Tolerability of once-daily-dosing of intravenous gentamicin in preterm neonates born at 32-37 weeks of gestation]. Felszer, C; Hasanein, J; Miron, D; Reich, D; Steinfeld, M, 2003)	0.76
" This suggests that gentamicin serum concentrations and subsequent dosage adjustments can be determined on day 2 of life."	( The effect of postnatal age on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Davis, EM; Hoie, EB; Knight, JA; Manouilov, K, 2003)	0.93
"There is no uniformity in the current recommendations of dosing regimen of gentamicin for neonates."	( Once daily gentamicin dosing in full term neonates. Alsaedi, SA, 2003)	0.94
" Six infants (12%) in the protocol group, versus 20 infants (40%) of the control group, required a dosing adjustment."	( Once daily gentamicin dosing in full term neonates. Alsaedi, SA, 2003)	0.71
" Initial dosing interval was 12 hours in all of the conventional mechanical ventilation infants and 13 of the 15 HFOV infants."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation: a case-controlled study. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM, 2003)	1.76
" Full-term infants receiving HFOV should be initiated at gentamicin dosing intervals of 18 hours rather than the traditional 12 hours recommended for this age group."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation: a case-controlled study. Bhatt-Mehta, V; Donn, SM, 2003)	2.01
" The remaining birds were treated with gentamicin sulfate at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, IM, once daily for 5 days."	( Depletion of gentamicin and its major components from various tissues of turkeys. Gabor, N; Kormoczy, P; Shem-Tov, M; Suth, M, 2003)	0.96
" At 72 h, ABK or VAN alone produced equivalent bacterial reductions regardless of dosing frequency and GEN resistance."	( Efficacies of vancomycin, arbekacin, and gentamicin alone or in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infective endocarditis model. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Chun, HS; Kang, MW; Lee, DG; Shin, WS; Yim, DS; Yoo, JH, 2003)	0.58
"Based on recent safety and efficacy data, combined with the known pharmacokinetic parameters of aminoglycosides in the newborn, once-daily gentamicin should be preferable to the many other dosing regimens currently in use."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing for the preterm and term newborn: proposal for a simple regimen that achieves target levels. Arnold, A; Forbes, P; Hansen, A; O'Rourke, E, 2003)	0.91
"We combined a review of the published English language literature with pharmacokinetic analysis of our own data prior to initiation of this new regimen to design the following dosing regimen: <35 weeks gestation: 3 mg/kg q 24 hours, > or =35 weeks gestation: 4 mg/kg q 24 hours."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing for the preterm and term newborn: proposal for a simple regimen that achieves target levels. Arnold, A; Forbes, P; Hansen, A; O'Rourke, E, 2003)	0.71
" In the chinchilla, co-administration of GM and EA can produce hair cell lesions ranging from a small loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the base of the cochlea to complete destruction of all hair cells, depending on dosing parameters."	( Time course of efferent fiber and spiral ganglion cell degeneration following complete hair cell loss in the chinchilla. Ding, D; Jiang, H; McFadden, SL; Salvi, RJ, 2004)	0.32
" Early results suggest that these antibiotics may have a role as adjunct therapy to primary repair of injured globes without significant side effects at the dosage used."	( Prophylaxis of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis with or without combined intraocular antibiotics: a prospective, double-masked randomized pilot study. Peyman, GA; Rafati, N; Soheilian, M, 2001)	0.31
"Conventional interval dosing (CID) and extended interval dosing (EID) of gentamicin were compared in preterm infants."	( Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in preterm infants. Brodsky, NL; Hurt, H; McGuire, MK; Mercado, MC, 2004)	0.85
"Transtympanic administration of gentamicin is reported to be a useful treatment for vertigo in such conditions as Meniere's disease, and determining appropriate clinical dosage of gentamicin is difficult."	( Inner ear changes with intracochlear gentamicin administration in Guinea pigs. Okuda, T; Shimogori, H; Sugahara, K; Yamashita, H, 2004)	0.88
" It may be important to select the protocol that delivers a stable dosage of gentamicin to treat patients with Meniere's disease safely and effectively."	( Inner ear changes with intracochlear gentamicin administration in Guinea pigs. Okuda, T; Shimogori, H; Sugahara, K; Yamashita, H, 2004)	0.83
" From these results, we expected that the polymeric discs containing LM or GM would be a good dosage form as a topically implantable device which can get rid of lag period from PLGA matrix."	( Effect of lactide/glycolide monomers on release behaviors of gentamicin sulfate-loaded PLGA discs. Cho, SH; Khang, G; Kim, JM; Kim, MS; Kim, YS; Lee, HB; Yoo, JY, 2004)	0.56
" Understanding of the mechanism of antibiotic release from PMMA allows differentiated dosing during systemic application."	( [MRSA-infections-treatment with intraoperatively produced gentamycin-vancomycin PMMA beads]. Ahlhelm, F; Anagnostakos, K; Kelm, J; Regitz, T; Schmitt, E; Schneider, G, 2004)	0.32
"To analyse the pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended-interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates using population pharmacokinetics."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.78
" The optimized population model allowed us to simulate gentamicin serum levels and their variability, in this kind of patient, when extended-interval dosage administration regimens were implemented."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.8
"According to our pharmacokinetic population model, initial doses of gentamicin of 10 mg/kg, and dosage intervals between 36-48 h, appear to be appropriate to achieve target peak and trough serum levels of 15-20 and <0."	( Pharmacokinetic basis for the use of extended interval dosage regimens of gentamicin in neonates. Calvo, MV; Carbajosa, MT; Domínguez-Gil, A; Lanao, JM; Martín-Suárez, A; Mesa, JA; Miguelez, F, 2004)	0.79
" The mean population values of CL and V1 of gentamicin dosed once daily are in agreement with those described by others."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in hospitalized patients receiving once-daily dosing. Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Xuan, D, 2004)	0.87
"[1] To quantify the random and predictable components of variability for aminoglycoside clearance and volume of distribution [2] To investigate models for predicting aminoglycoside clearance in patients with low serum creatinine concentrations [3] To evaluate the predictive performance of initial dosing strategies for achieving an aminoglycoside target concentration."	( Quantitative justification for target concentration intervention--parameter variability and predictive performance using population pharmacokinetic models for aminoglycosides. Holford, N; Kirkpatrick, C; Matthews, I, 2004)	0.32
"Aminoglycoside demographic, dosing and concentration data were collected from 697 adult patients (> or =20 years old) as part of standard clinical care using a target concentration intervention approach for dose individualization."	( Quantitative justification for target concentration intervention--parameter variability and predictive performance using population pharmacokinetic models for aminoglycosides. Holford, N; Kirkpatrick, C; Matthews, I, 2004)	0.32
" twice daily dosing (TDD) to establish the appropriate dosage for Thai neonates."	( Once versus twice daily dose of gentamicin therapy in Thai neonates. Janthep, P; Jirapradittha, J; Kiatchoosakun, P; Kosalaraksa, P; Taksaphan, S, 2004)	0.61
" Seven studies (n = 218) describing the multiple daily dosing technique (delivery three times per day for >or=4 d), two studies (n = 84) describing the weekly dosing technique (weekly injections for four total doses), eight studies (n = 253) of the low-dose technique (one to two injections with retreatment for recurrent vertigo), four studies (n =156) of continuous microcatheter delivery, and six studies (n =269) of the titration technique (daily or weekly doses until onset of vestibular symptoms, change in vertigo, or hearing loss) were entered into the model."	( Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for Ménière's disease: a meta-analysis. Anderson, JP; Chia, SH; Gamst, AC; Harris, JP, 2004)	0.68
" Serum peak and trough gentamicin levels did not correlate with the development of vestibulotoxicity, nor did observance of recommended "safe" dosage ranges."	( Permanent gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Black, FO; Pesznecker, S; Stallings, V, 2004)	1.04
" Improved results are expected over time as research in this area answers questions about dosage and delivery techniques, as well as identifying new applications and pharmaceuticals."	( Transtympanic perfusion: indications and limitations. Light, JP; Silverstein, H, 2004)	0.32
" If IV therapy is chosen, use of once-daily dosing may allow outpatient management instead of hospital admission."	( Treatment of urinary tract infections among febrile young children with daily intravenous antibiotic therapy at a day treatment center. Bergeron, S; Brunet, S; Chevalier, I; Gauthier, M; Sterescu, A; Taddeo, D, 2004)	0.32
" Eleven (GMFF-group) animals received the same dose of GM but 2 days prior were dosed with FF (10 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks."	( Flavanoid of Drynaria fortunei protects against gentamicin ototoxicity. Johnson, F; Li, F; Long, M; Luft, B; Qiu, D; Smouha, EE, 2004)	0.58
" The 'Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic' nomogram is a valid approach to dosage estimation, but only when used in patients with normal renal function."	( Comparison of gentamicin dose estimates derived from manual calculations, the Australian 'Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic' nomogram and the SeBA-GEN and DoseCalc software programs. Batty, KT; Cooper, JA; Ilett, KF; Mohan, M; Wojnar-Horton, RE, 2004)	0.68
" Human therapeutic dosing regimens for nafcillin, daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and gentamicin were simulated."	( Impact of high-inoculum Staphylococcus aureus on the activities of nafcillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin, alone and in combination with gentamicin, in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. LaPlante, KL; Rybak, MJ, 2004)	0.75
"Histological evaluation of vestibular and cochlear damage was performed on Mongolian gerbils after a known dosage of gentamicin in different delivery vehicles."	( Direct round window application of gentamicin with varying delivery vehicles: a comparison of ototoxicity. Pack, A; Sheppard, WM; Slepecky, N; Wanamaker, HH; Yamamoto, S, 2004)	0.81
"To compare umbilical cord and maternal serum peak gentamicin concentration, gentamicin elimination, and clinical outcomes between women who received once-daily compared with standard, thrice-daily dosing for clinical chorioamnionitis."	( High compared with standard gentamicin dosing for chorioamnionitis: a comparison of maternal and fetal serum drug levels. Chin, A; Hankins, GD; Locksmith, GJ; Shattuck, KE; Vu, T, 2005)	0.88
"2 microg/mL) compared with standard dosing (7."	( High compared with standard gentamicin dosing for chorioamnionitis: a comparison of maternal and fetal serum drug levels. Chin, A; Hankins, GD; Locksmith, GJ; Shattuck, KE; Vu, T, 2005)	0.62
" The dosage of medication and the dosage interval will affect serum concentration that results therapeutic or damage."	( The design and evaluation of clinical decision support systems in the area of pharmacokinetics. Chang, IC; Hung, WF; Hwang, HG; Sung, ML; Yen, D, )	0.13
"The ability of six extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocols to achieve desired peak and trough concentrations in neonates was evaluated using simulated calculations based on pooled patient data."	( Prediction of gentamicin peak and trough concentrations from six extended-interval dosing protocols for neonates. Murphy, JE, 2005)	0.96
" The data collected, including weight, dosage, dosing interval, and measured serum or plasma gentamicin concentrations, were used to determine gentamicin clearance, elimination-rate constant, and distribution volume."	( Prediction of gentamicin peak and trough concentrations from six extended-interval dosing protocols for neonates. Murphy, JE, 2005)	0.91
"Simulated calculations based on pooled patient data found that six gentamicin dosing protocols for neonates would likely yield acceptable peak concentrations and a trough concentration of < or = 1 mg/L for at least 50% of patients."	( Prediction of gentamicin peak and trough concentrations from six extended-interval dosing protocols for neonates. Murphy, JE, 2005)	0.93
" These methods were validated for use in several residue depletion studies (reported elsewhere) to monitor the depletion of gentamicin in tissues under various dosing conditions."	( LC/MS/MS measurement of gentamicin in bovine plasma, urine, milk, and biopsy samples taken from kidneys of standing animals. Chiesa, OA; Heller, DN; Moulton, K; Nochetto, CB; Peggins, JO; Smith, ML, 2005)	0.84
" The result would be improved dosage regimens and the better, safer care of patients receiving gentamicin."	( The influence of weight with assay error on gentamicin pharmacokinetics using the Bayesian and nonlinear least square regression analysis in appendicitis patients. Burm, JP, 2005)	0.81
" The result would be improved dosage regimens and better, safer care of patients receiving gentamicin."	( The influence of assay error weight on gentamicin pharmacokinetics using the Bayesian and nonlinear least square regression analysis in appendicitis patients. Burm, JP, 2005)	0.82
" Human therapeutic dosing regimens for daptomycin (6 and 8 mg/kg of body weight), vancomycin, and gentamicin were simulated."	( Short-course gentamicin in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Rybak, MJ; Tsuji, BT, 2005)	0.91
" The introduction of a gentamicin monitoring form was prompted by unsatisfactory initial dosing and subsequent monitoring and adjustment of gentamicin doses."	( Improved compliance with a gentamicin prescribing policy after introduction of a monitoring form. Boxall, EM; Chadwick, PR; Cullen, MM; Rogers, MS, 2005)	0.94
" The dosing of the drugs were scheduled for both treatment groups as follows: 1 drop of each solution was alternately instilled every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes (as loading dose), then 1 drop with 5-minute interval between 2 bottles instilled hourly for day 1-3, tapering to every 2 hours on day 4-6, and every 4 hours on day 7-14."	( Clinical evaluation of ophthalmic lomefloxacin 0.3% in comparison with fortified cefazolin and gentamicin ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of presumed bacterial keratitis. Erjongmanee, S; Kasetsuwan, N; Pariyakanok, L; Phusitphoykai, N; Puangsricharern, V, 2004)	0.54
"An 80-year-old male who presented with mild renal failure received two different gentamicin dosing regimens, 60 mg every 8 h for septicemia and a high dose of 400 mg with extended interval for suspected endocarditis."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of high-dose gentamicin in an elderly patient: a case report. Abdulmalik, K; Al-Lanqawi, YM; Capps, P, )	0.62
"The Hartford nomogram may be a valid tool for estimating the dosage interval after a 5-mg."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of high-dose gentamicin in an elderly patient: a case report. Abdulmalik, K; Al-Lanqawi, YM; Capps, P, )	0.4
" The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a once-daily dose of gentamicin compared with conventional thrice-daily dosing in malnourished children."	( Extended-interval gentamicin administration in malnourished children. Ahmed, T; Alam, NH; Chowdhury, AK; Fuchs, GJ; Khan, AM, 2006)	0.88
"Since gentamicin is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for culture-proven or suspected sepsis in neonates, interest has increased in refining dosing regimens for improved efficacy and decreased toxicity."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing of 4 Mg/Kg/dose in neonates. Jirapradittha, J; Kiatchoosakun, P; Kosalaraksa, P; Taksaphan, S; Tassniyom, S, 2005)	1.2
"To report aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic observations in a consecutive series of patients receiving intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), including treatment impact of patient-specific dosing regimens."	( Aminoglycosides in intermittent hemodialysis: pharmacokinetics with individual dosing. Dager, WE; King, JH, 2006)	0.33
" Analysis included pharmacokinetic parameters in stage 5 CKD, ARF, impact of the dialysis prescription, and treatment results of individualized dosing regimens lasting more than 4 days."	( Aminoglycosides in intermittent hemodialysis: pharmacokinetics with individual dosing. Dager, WE; King, JH, 2006)	0.33
" Appropriate dosing and therapeutic monitoring of aminoglycosides are important because these agents have a narrow therapeutic index."	( Providing guidelines and education is not enough: an audit of gentamicin use at The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Buising, K; Leong, CL; Richards, M; Robertson, M; Street, A, 2006)	0.57
" Doses were considered 'concordant' if the dose given was within the recommended dosing range +/-20 mg."	( Providing guidelines and education is not enough: an audit of gentamicin use at The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Buising, K; Leong, CL; Richards, M; Robertson, M; Street, A, 2006)	0.57
" Sixty-six per cent of gentamicin initial dosing was not in accordance with existing hospital guidelines."	( Providing guidelines and education is not enough: an audit of gentamicin use at The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Buising, K; Leong, CL; Richards, M; Robertson, M; Street, A, 2006)	0.88
" Dosage or duration of aminoglycosides use did not relate to SNHL."	( Ototoxic drugs and sensorineural hearing loss following severe neonatal respiratory failure. Cheung, PY; Etches, PC; Peliowski, A; Robertson, CM; Tyebkhan, JM, 2006)	0.33
", control (CG), once daily dosing (ODD), and pharmacokinetic dosing (TCI) groups."	( Evaluation of target concentration intervention strategy of gentamicin therapy in a malnourished patient population of south India. Karthikeyan, VP; Rajendran, SD; Rao, YM, 2005)	0.57
"The results of our study indicated that once daily dosing of gentamycin was superior to multiple daily dosing in treating the lower respiratory tract infection in the study population."	( Evaluation of target concentration intervention strategy of gentamicin therapy in a malnourished patient population of south India. Karthikeyan, VP; Rajendran, SD; Rao, YM, 2005)	0.57
" 24 hour concentrations of > 1 mg/L were considered high, and an indication to extend the dosing interval."	( "Random" gentamicin concentrations do not predict trough levels in neonates receiving once daily fixed dose regimens. Boyle, EM; Brookes, I; Nye, K; Riordan, FA; Watkinson, M, 2006)	0.75
" Dosage tailored to gestation with monitoring of trough concentrations remains management of choice."	( "Random" gentamicin concentrations do not predict trough levels in neonates receiving once daily fixed dose regimens. Boyle, EM; Brookes, I; Nye, K; Riordan, FA; Watkinson, M, 2006)	0.75
" Amoxicillin peak and trough concentrations after the second dose and the time the concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC), reached with the current dosage regimen, were evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing of amoxicillin in (pre)term neonates. Degraeuwe, PL; Nieman, FH; Pullen, J; Stolk, LM; van Tiel, FH; Zimmermann, LJ, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to ascertain the most suitable dosing schedule for gentamicin in patients receiving hemodialysis."	( Development of a semimechanistic model to describe the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients receiving hemodialysis. Dang, L; Duffull, S, 2006)	0.79
" The current dosage regimen, 25 or 50 mg/kg every 8 or 12 hours, did not result in effective plasma concentrations for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in 17 (31%) of the 55 neonates."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing of flucloxacillin in preterm and term neonates. de Rozario, L; Degraeuwe, PL; Pullen, J; Stolk, LM; van Tiel, FH; Zimmermann, LJ, 2006)	0.33
" The appropriate dosing regimens given in accordance with the characteristics of the patients are 5 mg/kg/48 h and 4 mg/kg/24 or 36 h for neonates<32 weeks and >or=32 weeks of GA, respectively."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in premature newborns. Barcia, E; García, B; Molina, IT; Pérez, F, 2006)	0.62
" These pharmacokinetics data were used to calculate a new dosage schedule for preterm infants."	( [Use of aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamycin in extremely premature infants--administration schedule and suggested dosage based on pharmacokinetic studies in plasma]. Emilova, Z; Popivanova, A; Pramatarova, T; Slŭncheva, B; Svinarov, D; Vakrilova, L, 2006)	0.33
" In a case of gentamicin monitoring and dose-adjustment, a systematic analytical error in some centers led to a dosing recommendation that differed from that of the organizers."	( Pitfalls in TDM of antibiotic drugs: analytical and modelling issues. Eerland, JJ; Harteveld, AR; Neef, C; Touw, DJ; Uges, DR, 2006)	0.69
"The aim of this study was to evaluate dosing schedules of gentamicin in patients with end-stage renal disease and receiving hemodialysis."	( Dosing of gentamicin in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis. Dang, L; Duffull, S; Johnson, DW; Teigen, MM, 2006)	0.98
" Enhancement of bactericidal activity was evaluated by calculating and comparing the areas under the bactericidal curve (AUBC) for each dosing regimen against each isolate."	( Serum bactericidal activities of high-dose daptomycin with and without coadministration of gentamicin against isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species. DeRyke, CA; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Sutherland, C; Zhang, B, 2006)	0.55
"At our institution, patients who receive once-daily dosing of gentamicin have serum concentrations determined 3 and 6 hours after dose administration."	( Extent of agreement in gentamicin concentration between serum that is drawn peripherally and from central venous catheters. Boodhan, S; Dupuis, LL; Maloney, AM, 2006)	0.88
" Cefotaxime and vancomycin assays were carried out with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/UV method, whereas gentamicin was dosed using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)."	( Development of a ready-to-use antibiotic conservation solution for arterio-venous grafts. Augé, C; Gourdier, B; Reiter-Chenel, V; Rey, JB, )	0.34
" Severe obese patients need higher dosage of antibiotics."	( [Use of antibiotics in colorectal surgery in Denmark]. Frimodt-Møller, N; Jensen, TG; Madsen, H; Pedersen, C; Qvist, N; Salomon, S, 2007)	0.34
"We have confirmed that the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) dosing guideline for vancomycin in CAPD and APD patients produces adequate serum concentrations of the antibiotics in the vast majority."	( Single UK centre experience on the treatment of PD peritonitis--antibiotic levels and outcomes. Ashman, N; Blunden, M; Fan, SL; Zeitlin, D, 2007)	0.34
"The exposure of human osteoblasts and endothelial cells to polyhexanide at concentrations with questionable antibacterial activity resulted in severe cell damage whereas exposure to high dosed gentamicin did not."	( Effect of polyhexanide and gentamycin on human osteoblasts and endothelial cells. Eulert, J; Hendrich, C; Ince, A; Jakob, F; Löhr, JF; Schütze, N, 2007)	0.53
" The purpose of this study was to determine safe, effective, simplified dosing regimens of gentamicin for treatment of neonatal sepsis in developing countries."	( Determination of extended-interval gentamicin dosing for neonatal patients in developing countries. Aranda, J; Choi, Y; Coffey, P; Darmstadt, GL; Edwards, D; Hossain, MM; Jana, AK; Miller-Bell, M; Saha, SK; Sridhar, S; Thomas, N; Willis, J, 2007)	0.84
"Safe, therapeutic gentamicin dosing regimens were identified for treatment of neonatal sepsis in developing country settings."	( Determination of extended-interval gentamicin dosing for neonatal patients in developing countries. Aranda, J; Choi, Y; Coffey, P; Darmstadt, GL; Edwards, D; Hossain, MM; Jana, AK; Miller-Bell, M; Saha, SK; Sridhar, S; Thomas, N; Willis, J, 2007)	0.95
" The daily dosage of gentamicin amounted to 240 mg and that of vitamin E to 2800 mg."	( Does vitamin E prevent gentamicin-induced ototoxicity? Davitashvili, O; Kevanishvili, Z; Kharkheli, E; Maglakelidze, T; Schacht, J, 2007)	0.97
" The purpose of this paper is to review the concepts pertinent to drug removal by hemodialysis and discuss the issues related to these new dialysis techniques and how they may have a impact on drug removal and the design of dosing regimens."	( Drug dosing considerations in alternative hemodialysis. Decker, BS; Mueller, BA; Sowinski, KM, 2007)	0.34
"To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli method) for calculating the initial gentamicin dosage regimen in a Kuwaiti population."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait. Abdel-hamid, M; Abulmalek, K; Al-Lanqawi, Y; Capps, P; Matar, K; Phillips, D; Sharma, P; Thusu, A, 2007)	0.82
"5-2 for trough), whereas empirical dosing and the rule of eights showed the lowest percentages of patients within the peak plus trough target range (25 and 37%, respectively)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait. Abdel-hamid, M; Abulmalek, K; Al-Lanqawi, Y; Capps, P; Matar, K; Phillips, D; Sharma, P; Thusu, A, 2007)	0.63
"The results show that a large number of patients (37-63%) were outside the target ranges in all initial gentamicin dosing methods evaluated in this study."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait. Abdel-hamid, M; Abulmalek, K; Al-Lanqawi, Y; Capps, P; Matar, K; Phillips, D; Sharma, P; Thusu, A, 2007)	0.84
" A control group (saline, group 1, n = 5) was compared with dogs that were administrated gentamicin by intramuscular injection, at dosage of 20 mg/kg, once daily for 9 days (groups 2-5, n = 5 per group)."	( Effect of silymarin and vitamin E on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs. Avizeh, R; Esmailzadeh, S; Givi, ME; Morovvati, H; Shahriari, A; Varzi, HN, 2007)	0.83
"The intratympanic application of a low dosage of gentamicin is increasingly favored as treatment for Ménière's disease."	( Treatment of Ménière's disease by low-dosage intratympanic gentamicin application: effect on otolith function. Clarke, AH; Helling, K; Schönfeld, U, 2007)	0.84
"A proper dosing regimen is fundamental when antibiotics with a low therapeutic index, as aminoglycosides (AMG), are used."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in neonatal intensive care unit: experience in 68 newborns. Del Zompo, M; Fanos, V; Martinelli, V; Mussap, M; Stronati, M; Testa, M, 2007)	0.63
" Further investigation of this new approach in routine clinical care and optimal dosage design is warranted."	( Evaluation and comparison of simple multiple model, richer data multiple model, and sequential interacting multiple model (IMM) Bayesian analyses of gentamicin and vancomycin data collected from patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Jelliffe, RW; Macdonald, I; Staatz, CE; Thomson, AH, 2008)	0.55
" The purpose of this study was to characterize gentamicin pharmacokinetics, dialytic clearance, and removal by hemodialysis and to develop appropriate dosing strategies."	( Influence of hemodialysis on gentamicin pharmacokinetics, removal during hemodialysis, and recommended dosing. Hamburger, RJ; Lucksiri, A; Magner, SJ; Mueller, BA; Scott, MK; Sowinski, KM, 2008)	0.89
"In clinical situations where gentamicin is used as the primary therapy in a patient receiving hemodialysis with a CAHP hemodialyzer, conventional doses after each dialysis session are not as efficient at achieving treatment targets as predialysis dosing with larger doses."	( Influence of hemodialysis on gentamicin pharmacokinetics, removal during hemodialysis, and recommended dosing. Hamburger, RJ; Lucksiri, A; Magner, SJ; Mueller, BA; Scott, MK; Sowinski, KM, 2008)	0.93
"Commonly used dosage protocols for antimicrobial agents may alter the rate of gastric emptying."	( Effect of erythromycin and gentamicin on abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. Constable, PD; Hajikolaee, MR; Nouri, M; Omidi, A, )	0.43
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily for 1, 3 or 5 days to the known nephrotoxicants gentamicin, bacitracin, vancomycin and cisplatin, or the known hepatotoxicants ketoconazole, 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate and 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane."	( Validation of putative genomic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in rats. Fielden, MR; Gu, YZ; Smith, RJ; Snyder, RD; Wang, EJ, 2008)	0.57
"The development of two nomograms to predict dosing intervals for gentamicin in neonates based on one gentamicin concentration is described."	( Two nomograms for determining extended-dosing intervals for gentamicin in neonates. Murphy, JE; Roether, AM, 2008)	0.83
"Pooled data from three retrospective studies on neonates age seven days or younger were used to create nomograms that would predict dosing intervals for gentamicin."	( Two nomograms for determining extended-dosing intervals for gentamicin in neonates. Murphy, JE; Roether, AM, 2008)	0.79
"5- and 1-mg/L nomograms predicted correct dosing intervals for 81-92% of neonates for postinfusion hours between 15 to 21 and 86-93% for postinfusion hours of 13 and 21, respectively."	( Two nomograms for determining extended-dosing intervals for gentamicin in neonates. Murphy, JE; Roether, AM, 2008)	0.59
" Our results show that brushite-coated titanium alloy surfaces supported the function of osteoblasts and the expression of extracellular matrix even in the presence of highly dosed gentamycin."	( In vitro investigation of orthopedic titanium-coated and brushite-coated surfaces using human osteoblasts in the presence of gentamycin. Eulert, J; Hendrich, C; Ince, A; Löhr, JF; Schütze, N; Thull, R, 2008)	0.35
" A retrospective review at our institution has found single day dosing of ceftriaxone and metronidazole (CM) to be a more simple and cost-effective antibiotic strategy."	( Single daily dosing ceftriaxone and metronidazole vs standard triple antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis in children: a prospective randomized trial. Andrews, WS; Holcomb, GW; Murphy, JP; Ostlie, DJ; Sharp, RJ; Sharp, SW; Snyder, CL; Spilde, TL; St Peter, SD; Tsao, K, 2008)	0.35
" 04 12-149), children found to have perforated appendicitis at appendectomy were randomized to either once daily dosing of CM (2 total doses per day) or standard dosing of AGC (11 total doses per day)."	( Single daily dosing ceftriaxone and metronidazole vs standard triple antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis in children: a prospective randomized trial. Andrews, WS; Holcomb, GW; Murphy, JP; Ostlie, DJ; Sharp, RJ; Sharp, SW; Snyder, CL; Spilde, TL; St Peter, SD; Tsao, K, 2008)	0.35
"Once daily dosing with the 2-drug regimen (CM) offers a more efficient, cost-effective antibiotic management in children with perforated appendicitis without compromising infection control when compared to a traditional 3-drug regimen."	( Single daily dosing ceftriaxone and metronidazole vs standard triple antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis in children: a prospective randomized trial. Andrews, WS; Holcomb, GW; Murphy, JP; Ostlie, DJ; Sharp, RJ; Sharp, SW; Snyder, CL; Spilde, TL; St Peter, SD; Tsao, K, 2008)	0.35
" Several dosing schedules for gentamicin have been recommended for this neonatal population."	( [Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in the newborn]. Ferrandis Rodríguez, P; González Santacruz, M; Jiménez Cobo, B; Tapia Collados, C; Tarazona Fargueta, JL, 2008)	0.96
"To compare gentamicin serum levels, efficacy and toxicity of two dosing schedules in term and preterm newborns."	( [Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in the newborn]. Ferrandis Rodríguez, P; González Santacruz, M; Jiménez Cobo, B; Tapia Collados, C; Tarazona Fargueta, JL, 2008)	1.06
" Group A (N=100) was prescribed a multiple-daily dosing regimen and Group B (N=100) on a once-daily dosing regimen."	( [Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in the newborn]. Ferrandis Rodríguez, P; González Santacruz, M; Jiménez Cobo, B; Tapia Collados, C; Tarazona Fargueta, JL, 2008)	0.67
"Once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin in preterm and term newborns is safe and effective, with a reduced risk of serum drug concentrations falling outside the therapeutic range."	( [Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in the newborn]. Ferrandis Rodríguez, P; González Santacruz, M; Jiménez Cobo, B; Tapia Collados, C; Tarazona Fargueta, JL, 2008)	0.97
"To develop and validate a 48-hour gentamicin dosing regimen for infants born at <28 weeks' gestation."	( Observational trial of a 48-hour gentamicin dosing regimen derived from Monte Carlo simulations in infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation. Caserta, M; Dicenzo, R; Guillet, R; Thingvoll, ES, 2008)	0.91
"Using previously published pharmacokinetic data, we performed Monte Carlo simulations for several candidate gentamicin dosing regimens."	( Observational trial of a 48-hour gentamicin dosing regimen derived from Monte Carlo simulations in infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation. Caserta, M; Dicenzo, R; Guillet, R; Thingvoll, ES, 2008)	0.84
"5 microg/mL, infants in the 48-hour group required fewer adjustments of their dosing regimens compared with the 24-hour group (26."	( Observational trial of a 48-hour gentamicin dosing regimen derived from Monte Carlo simulations in infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation. Caserta, M; Dicenzo, R; Guillet, R; Thingvoll, ES, 2008)	0.63
" Monte Carlo simulations on the basis of pharmacokinetic modeling are useful to optimize drug dosing in premature infants."	( Observational trial of a 48-hour gentamicin dosing regimen derived from Monte Carlo simulations in infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation. Caserta, M; Dicenzo, R; Guillet, R; Thingvoll, ES, 2008)	0.63
"The need to investigate novel dosing regimens and combinations is essential in combating poor treatment outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis."	( Evaluation of daptomycin pharmacodynamics and resistance at various dosage regimens against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with reduced susceptibilities to daptomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Leonard, SN; Rose, WE; Rybak, MJ, 2008)	0.35
"In this study, approximately 40 endogenous metabolites were identified and quantified by (1)H NMR in urine samples from male rats dosed with two proximal tubule toxicants, cisplatin and gentamicin."	( Integrated pathway analysis of rat urine metabolic profiles and kidney transcriptomic profiles to elucidate the systems toxicology of model nephrotoxicants. Aslamkhan, AG; Brennan, RJ; Perlina, A; Troth, SP; Vu, H; Xu, EY; Xu, Q, 2008)	0.54
"To explore nurses' ability to calculate doses of gentamicin for neonates and children using a new simple dosing chart compared with the BNFc."	( A simplified gentamicin dosing chart is quicker and more accurate for nurse verification than the BNFc. Taylor, Z; Thompson, J; Tuthill, D; Wong, E, 2009)	0.98
"Two gentamicin dosing charts (paediatric and neonatal) devised by a multidisciplinary group to simplify dose calculation and selection of frequency were compared with the BNFc using four questions (two neonatal, two paediatric) asking ward nurses to calculate gentamicin doses."	( A simplified gentamicin dosing chart is quicker and more accurate for nurse verification than the BNFc. Taylor, Z; Thompson, J; Tuthill, D; Wong, E, 2009)	1.28
" Traditional dosing regimens for gentamicin have called for 3 times daily dosing, but recent insights into the pharmacodynamics of the drug have led to multiple studies of once-daily dosing regimens."	( Once-daily dosing of gentamicin in obstetrics and gynecology. Theiler, RN; Ward, K, 2008)	0.95
" >24 hours) dosing may be applicable to neonates."	( Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin for treatment of neonatal sepsis in developed and developing countries. Batra, M; Darmstadt, GL; Law, K; Law, P; Miller-Bell, M, 2008)	0.64
"To facilitate optimal dosing regimen design, we previously developed a mathematical model using time-kill study data to predict the responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to various pharmacokinetic profiles of meropenem and levofloxacin."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: identifying dosing regimens to suppress resistance development. Kabbara, S; Ledesma, KR; Lim, TP; Nikolaou, M; Tam, VH; Vo, G, 2008)	0.35
" This may have an impact on the gentamicin volume of distribution and clearance and thus dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in hemodialysis patients: a comparative study between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Al-Homrany, MA; El Sherif, AK; Irshaid, YM; Omar, HA, 2009)	0.96
" Stabilizing matrices placed on the round window membrane for sustained passive delivery of compounds offer more controlled dosing profiles than transtympanic injections."	( State-of-the-art mechanisms of intracochlear drug delivery. Borkholder, DA, 2008)	0.35
"To establish safe dosing protocols for the treatment of patients with Meniere's disease with intratympanic gentamicin."	( Dependence of hearing changes on the dose of intratympanically applied gentamicin: a meta-analysis using mathematical simulations of clinical drug delivery protocols. Gill, RM; Plontke, SK; Salt, AN, 2008)	0.79
" Dosing in the cochlea was compared with changes of hearing sensitivity for 568 patients reported in 19 publications."	( Dependence of hearing changes on the dose of intratympanically applied gentamicin: a meta-analysis using mathematical simulations of clinical drug delivery protocols. Gill, RM; Plontke, SK; Salt, AN, 2008)	0.58
" Comparison of hearing sensitivity changes with gentamicin dosing revealed a flat curve with a near-zero mean for lower doses, suggesting that hearing changes with doses over this range were probably unrelated to the applied drug."	( Dependence of hearing changes on the dose of intratympanically applied gentamicin: a meta-analysis using mathematical simulations of clinical drug delivery protocols. Gill, RM; Plontke, SK; Salt, AN, 2008)	0.83
"To examine the effects of computerized requests for pharmacist-to-dose (PTD), an advanced clinical decision support tool for dosing guidance, on antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin and aminoglycosides, describe PTD request utilization, and identify factors that may prolong this process."	( Effects of a pharmacist-to-dose computerized request on promptness of antimicrobial therapy. Gatz, J; Lewis, DA; Martin, CA; Smith, KM; Vincent, WR; Winstead, PS, )	0.13
"Pharmacists completed pharmacist-to-dose consultations for dosing guidance of vancomycin and aminoglycosides within a median of 30 minutes."	( Effects of a pharmacist-to-dose computerized request on promptness of antimicrobial therapy. Gatz, J; Lewis, DA; Martin, CA; Smith, KM; Vincent, WR; Winstead, PS, )	0.13
" A total of 287 (77%) of the patients received gentamicin treatment (median duration, 14 days); dosage was adjusted according to daily serum creatinine and trough serum gentamicin levels."	( Severity of gentamicin's nephrotoxic effect on patients with infective endocarditis: a prospective observational cohort study of 373 patients. Bruun, NE; Buchholtz, K; Hassager, C; Larsen, CT, 2009)	0.99
" To date, the use of these formulas in determining drug dosage and estimating drug elimination has not been thoroughly investigated."	( Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and modified Cockcroft-Gault formulas in predicting aminoglycoside elimination. Bookstaver, PB; Johnson, JW; McCoy, TP; Stewart, D; Williamson, JC, 2008)	0.35
"The 6-variable MDRD performs better than the CG(m) formula in predicting aminoglycoside clearance and may be considered as a tool in aminoglycoside dosing recommendations."	( Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and modified Cockcroft-Gault formulas in predicting aminoglycoside elimination. Bookstaver, PB; Johnson, JW; McCoy, TP; Stewart, D; Williamson, JC, 2008)	0.35
" Based on these data, the majority of critically ill patients would not be predicted to achieve the PD target under current dosing regimens."	( Suboptimal aminoglycoside dosing in critically ill patients. Bies, R; Bigos, KL; Capitano, B; Lee, H; Rea, RS; Smith, R, 2008)	0.35
" Cl and t(1/2) are influenced by development, and this must be taken into consideration when planning a dosage regimen with aminoglycosides in the neonate."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in the neonate: a review. Pacifici, GM, 2009)	0.35
" Bioluminescence-based invasion assays using lux+ Salmonella exhibited inoculum dose-response correlation, distinguished invasion-competent from invasion-incompetent Salmonella, and discriminated relative Salmonella invasiveness in accordance with environmental conditions that induce invasion gene expression."	( Stably integrated luxCDABE for assessment of Salmonella invasion kinetics. Flentie, KN; Gammon, ST; Lui, F; Manglik, A; Marpegan, L; McKinney, JS; Piwnica-Worms, D; Qi, M; Razia, Y, )	0.13
" The objective of this study was to evaluate this basic dogma by examining the ototoxic differences between single-dose and 19-day daily dosing of gentamicin over a 60-day period."	( Ototoxic effects of single-dose versus 19-day daily-dose gentamicin. Blakley, BW; Blakley, L; Gooi, A; Hochman, J; Wellman, M, 2008)	0.79
"Dosing of gentamicin in neonates in Christchurch has been carried out since 2000 using a locally developed extended-interval dosing protocol."	( Eight years' experience of an extended-interval dosing protocol for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McMurtrie, MJ; Robertshawe, B; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2009)	0.99
"The aims of this study were to analyse the database to determine what percentage of neonates achieved target values for C(max), C(min) and AUC, and to use the pharmacokinetic values of gentamicin to simulate new dosing protocols."	( Eight years' experience of an extended-interval dosing protocol for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McMurtrie, MJ; Robertshawe, B; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2009)	0.78
" Clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V) and half-life (t(1/2)) were estimated, and used to produce new predictive dosing protocols that were tested and compared with the results of the original protocol."	( Eight years' experience of an extended-interval dosing protocol for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McMurtrie, MJ; Robertshawe, B; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2009)	0.59
" The number achieving target C(max) and C(min) values was improved markedly by prolonging the dosing intervals, but not by altering the predictive equations."	( Eight years' experience of an extended-interval dosing protocol for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McMurtrie, MJ; Robertshawe, B; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2009)	0.59
"Extending the dose interval improved the success in achieving target C(max) and C(min), while revision of the dosing equation did not."	( Eight years' experience of an extended-interval dosing protocol for gentamicin in neonates. Begg, EJ; Darlow, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McMurtrie, MJ; Robertshawe, B; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2009)	0.59
" It is planned to use them at Kuwait Hospitals to help provide more individualized patient dosing information to physicians."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gentamicin. Estimation of initial dosing parameters in hospitalized patients at Al-Amiri Hospital Kuwait. Abudlmalek, K; Al-Anezi, K; Al-Lanqawi, Y; Capps, P; Sharma, P; Thusu, A, 2009)	0.64
" DAS was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight once daily for 6 days."	( Diallyl sulfide enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Arumugam, M; Kalayarasan, S; Manikandan, R; Prabhu, PN; Sriram, N; Sudhandiran, G, 2009)	0.57
" Using a combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), a global, nontargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on urine and kidney samples collected after one, five, and twenty-eight dosing days."	( Discovery of metabolomics biomarkers for early detection of nephrotoxicity. Boudonck, KJ; Keresztes, L; Mitchell, MW; Német, L; Nyska, A; Rosenstock, M; Shinar, D, 2009)	0.35
" Patch formulation for topical delivery can be advantageously used as an alternative to conventional topical dosage forms."	( Design and evaluation of a bioadhesive patch for topical delivery of gentamicin sulphate. Abdelbary, GA; El-Gendy, NA; El-Komy, MH; Saafan, AE, 2009)	0.59
" Advantages such as superior volume control, excellent metabolic control, and hemodynamic tolerance by critically ill patients are well documented, but an understanding of drug dosing for CRRT is still a bit of a mystery."	( Drug dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy. Churchwell, MD; Mueller, BA, )	0.13
" Based on predictions from the developed model, preterm neonates do not reach targeted peak and trough gentamicin concentrations after a standard dosage regimen of 4 mg/kg given once daily, suggesting a need for higher loading doses and prolonged dosing intervals in this patient population."	( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study. Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)	0.85
" The specificity of acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine was evaluated by dosing rats with valproic acid (VPA)."	( Differences in immunolocalization of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 in kidneys of gentamicin-, cisplatin-, and valproic acid-treated rats: potential role of iNOS and nitrotyrosine. Bonventre, JV; Brown, RP; Espandiari, P; Goering, PL; Hanig, JP; Keenan, J; Kilty, CG; Sadrieh, N; Shaw, M; Vaidya, VS; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.58
" Once-daily gentamicin dosage (4-5 mg/kg) was administered, and trough SGC was recorded with corresponding creatinine concentrations."	( Serum gentamicin concentrations in encephalopathic infants are not affected by therapeutic hypothermia. Borooah, M; Chakkarapani, E; Liu, X; Stone, J; Thoresen, M, 2009)	1.21
" Our findings suggest that PEGylation of N-WASP181-200 is a useful strategy for reducing dosage of the concomitant with which to decrease renal accumulation in the kidney, leading to prevention of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of PEGylation of N-WASP181-200 on the inhibitory potency for renal aminoglycoside accumulation. Fujii, K; Nagai, J; Sawada, T; Takano, M; Yumoto, R, 2009)	0.35
" Single daily dosing with GM, regardless of the total daily dose, produced less nephrotoxicity than multiple dosing."	( A prospective comparative study of gentamicin- and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with normal baseline renal function. Sweileh, WM, 2009)	0.63
" The once-a-day dosing regimen gave better results both in efficacy and toxicity, except for patients with creatinine clearance lower than 60 mL/min, where the incidence of potential toxicity was above 25%."	( Evaluation of various gentamicin dosage regimens in geriatric patients: a simulation study. Bourguignon, L; De Saint-Martin, JB; Ducher, M; Goutelle, S; Maire, P, 2010)	0.68
"To compare the clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic profiles and safety of once-daily dosing (ODD) and multiple daily dosing (MDD) of gentamicin in hospitalized Indian children."	( Efficacy and safety of a single daily dose of gentamicin in hospitalized Indian children: a quasi-randomized trial. Chandra, J; Mathur, NN; Rehan, HS; Singh, V; Tiwari, S, 2009)	0.82
"The study supports extended-interval (single daily) dosing in hospitalized Indian children due to its efficacy and safety with the added advantage of needing fewer injections."	( Efficacy and safety of a single daily dose of gentamicin in hospitalized Indian children: a quasi-randomized trial. Chandra, J; Mathur, NN; Rehan, HS; Singh, V; Tiwari, S, 2009)	0.61
"7% were at inefficient rates, even when the recommended aminoglycoside dosage for was given."	( [Monitoring aminoglycosides in an Intensive Care Unit]. Buguet-Brown, ML; Commandeur, D; Danguy des Déserts, M; Drouillard, I; Eyrieux, S; Giacardi, C; Le Noël, A; Nguyen, VB, 2010)	0.36
"To determine the pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	0.8
"Sequential sample of 644 critically ill neonates less than 7 days old without evidence of renal dysfunction who received gentamicin, dosed by using a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval dosing protocol, on the first day of life for suspected sepsis between February 2003 and January 2008, and who had subsequent gentamicin plasma concentrations measured during their first week of life."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	0.79
" Gentamicin dosing and its pharmacokinetic parameters were noted for each patient."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	1.49
"This simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates was effective in achieving therapeutic peak plasma concentrations of gentamicin in most of the patients and, as a high proportion of patients had acceptable trough concentrations, may minimize the potential for toxicity."	( Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates. Commers, AR; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Liu, M; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2009)	0.84
"Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin has several advantages over conventional multiple-daily dosing for the treatment of sepsis."	( Simplified dosing of gentamicin for treatment of sepsis in Bangladeshi neonates. Aranda, J; Chowdhury, NA; Coffey, P; Darmstadt, GL; Edwards, D; Hossain, MM; Miller-Bell, M; Saha, SK; Shirin, M, 2009)	0.97
" The aim of this study is to examine a model of gentamicin pharmacokinetics and to develop an intraperitoneal drug dosing regime that maximises bacterial killing and minimises toxicity."	( Optimising intraperitoneal gentamicin dosing in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD) study. D'Intini, V; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM, 2009)	0.91
" Gentamicin dosing will be based on the present Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital guidelines, which reflect the current International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis Treatment Recommendations."	( Optimising intraperitoneal gentamicin dosing in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD) study. D'Intini, V; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM, 2009)	1.56
"The study will develop improved dosing recommendations for intraperitoneally administered gentamicin in PD patients with peritonitis."	( Optimising intraperitoneal gentamicin dosing in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis (GIPD) study. D'Intini, V; Fassett, RG; Healy, H; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM, 2009)	0.87
"To evaluate an existing once-daily gentamicin dosing guideline in children with febrile neutropenia resulting from antineoplastic therapy and, if necessary, to develop a new simulated dosing guideline that would achieve pharmacokinetic targets more reliably after the first dose."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in children with febrile neutropenia resulting from antineoplastic therapy. Atenafu, EG; Boodhan, S; Dupuis, LL; Inparajah, M; Naqvi, A; Sibbald, C; Wong, C, 2010)	1.03
"Demographic data, gentamicin dosing information, blood sampling times, and plasma gentamicin concentrations were noted."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in children with febrile neutropenia resulting from antineoplastic therapy. Atenafu, EG; Boodhan, S; Dupuis, LL; Inparajah, M; Naqvi, A; Sibbald, C; Wong, C, 2010)	1.08
"The initial gentamicin dosing guidelines were not effective in achieving C(max)."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in children with febrile neutropenia resulting from antineoplastic therapy. Atenafu, EG; Boodhan, S; Dupuis, LL; Inparajah, M; Naqvi, A; Sibbald, C; Wong, C, 2010)	1.13
" Nanostructures administered in vivo either at multiple dosage of 5 microg g(-1) or single dosage of 15 microg g(-1) in AJ-646 mice infected with Salmonella resulted in significant reduction of viable bacteria in the liver and spleen."	( Antibacterial efficacy of core-shell nanostructures encapsulating gentamicin against an in vivo intracellular Salmonella model. Brenseke, B; Kasimanickam, R; Pothayee, N; Ranjan, A; Riffle, JS; Seleem, MN; Sriranganathan, N; Tyler, RD, 2009)	0.59
" One hundred twenty-six patients were required to have 95% confidence that daily gentamicin is at worst 15% inferior to 8-hour dosing with an alpha of ."	( Daily compared with 8-hour gentamicin for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis: a randomized controlled trial. Benitz, W; Caughey, AB; El-Sayed, YY; Fuh, K; Lyell, DJ; Pullen, K; Zamah, AM, 2010)	0.88
"To estimate an appropriate once-daily gentamicin dose and dosing interval for non-critical care pediatric patients older than 3 months of age without cystic fibrosis."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients without cystic fibrosis. McDade, EJ; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Wagner, JL, 2010)	1.02
"One hundred fourteen non-critical care pediatric patients older than 3 months of age without cystic fibrosis who received multiple-daily dosing regimens of gentamicin between September 2007 and April 2008."	( Once-daily gentamicin dosing in pediatric patients without cystic fibrosis. McDade, EJ; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Wagner, JL, 2010)	0.95
" There is obviously a need to change the dosing regimen in terms of those with extended intervals, particularly for neonates of the lowest gestational age, along with pharmacokinetic measurements."	( [Aminoglycoside trough levels in neonates]. Bozinović-Prekajski, N; Pejović, B; Ranković-Janevski, M, )	0.13
" At a higher dosage range, the highest anti-biofilm activity was achieved by LCS with liposomal particle size of 800 nm."	( Liposome combined porous beta-TCP scaffold: preparation, characterization, and anti-biofilm activity. Ding, J; Li, J; Shi, J; Xu, YQ; Zhu, CT, 2010)	0.36
" This study implemented CDSS in an environment independent of CPOE, introduced to prescribers via academic detailing, to address the dosing of renally cleared drugs."	( Clinical decision support implemented with academic detailing improves prescribing of key renally cleared drugs in the hospital setting. Adams, RJ; Belcher, TW; Cheney, PC; Farmer, CJ; Govis, SM; Roberts, GW; Walsh, SA, )	0.13
"The rate of dosing conformity and management for key renally cleared drugs in hospitalized patients, before and after GFR+ implementation."	( Clinical decision support implemented with academic detailing improves prescribing of key renally cleared drugs in the hospital setting. Adams, RJ; Belcher, TW; Cheney, PC; Farmer, CJ; Govis, SM; Roberts, GW; Walsh, SA, )	0.13
"Improvements were seen in dosing conformity for enoxaparin (from 68% to 86%, p=0."	( Clinical decision support implemented with academic detailing improves prescribing of key renally cleared drugs in the hospital setting. Adams, RJ; Belcher, TW; Cheney, PC; Farmer, CJ; Govis, SM; Roberts, GW; Walsh, SA, )	0.13
"Clinical decision support implemented with academic detailing improved dosing conformity and management of key renally cleared drugs in a hospitalized population."	( Clinical decision support implemented with academic detailing improves prescribing of key renally cleared drugs in the hospital setting. Adams, RJ; Belcher, TW; Cheney, PC; Farmer, CJ; Govis, SM; Roberts, GW; Walsh, SA, )	0.13
"The objective of this study was to establish the feasibility of long-term gentamicin dosing to achieve stop codon readthrough and produce full-length dystrophin."	( Gentamicin-induced readthrough of stop codons in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Al-Dahhak, R; Banwell, B; Barohn, RJ; Bien-Willner, R; Campbell, KJ; Dasouki, M; Flanigan, KM; Hayes, J; King, W; Kota, J; Lewis, S; Mahan, JD; Malik, V; Mendell, JR; Rodino-Klapac, LR; Sahenk, Z; Serrano-Munuera, C; Shilling, CJ; Sivakumar, K; Viollet, L; Walker, CM; Wall, C; Watts, V, 2010)	2.03
"5mg/kg) for 6 months: Cohort 3 (n = 12) dosed weekly and Cohort 4 (n = 4) dosed twice weekly."	( Gentamicin-induced readthrough of stop codons in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Al-Dahhak, R; Banwell, B; Barohn, RJ; Bien-Willner, R; Campbell, KJ; Dasouki, M; Flanigan, KM; Hayes, J; King, W; Kota, J; Lewis, S; Mahan, JD; Malik, V; Mendell, JR; Rodino-Klapac, LR; Sahenk, Z; Serrano-Munuera, C; Shilling, CJ; Sivakumar, K; Viollet, L; Walker, CM; Wall, C; Watts, V, 2010)	1.8
"The objective of the present prospective pharmacokinetic study was to describe the variability of plasma gentamicin concentrations in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) necessitating extended daily diafiltration (EDD-f) using a population pharmacokinetic model and to subsequently perform Monte Carlo dosing simulations to determine which dose regimen achieves the pharmacodynamic targets the most consistently."	( Using population pharmacokinetics to determine gentamicin dosing during extended daily diafiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Field, J; Kirkpatrick, CM; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Tallot, M; Visser, A; Whitbread, R, 2010)	0.83
" Currently, no literature describes the appropriate dosing of aminoglycoside antibiotics for infants and children with congenital heart disease."	( Gentamicin dosing for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Bork, SJ; Moffett, BS; Mott, AR, 2010)	1.8
" We employed an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPDM) to compare efficacies of GEN against CA-MRSA with two dosing regimens [thrice-daily (TD), once-daily (OD)]."	( Once-daily gentamicin administration for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: preliminary reports for the advantages for optimizing pharmacodynamic index. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Kim, SH; Kim, SW; Kwon, JC; Lee, DG; Park, C; Park, SH; Shin, WS; Yoo, JH, 2010)	0.75
" Experiments were performed over 48 hours in triplicate for each strain and dosing regimen."	( Once-daily gentamicin administration for community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: preliminary reports for the advantages for optimizing pharmacodynamic index. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Kim, SH; Kim, SW; Kwon, JC; Lee, DG; Park, C; Park, SH; Shin, WS; Yoo, JH, 2010)	0.75
" Because of their nephrotoxicity, this class of antibiotics are frequently underprescribed and giving at an insufficient dosage when prescribed."	( [A priori prediction of gentamicin peak concentrations: Use of a simple and practical tool]. Cancel, D; Fontaine, PA; Lemaitre, F; Mignaval, F; Nowak, C; Riché, A, 2011)	0.68
" The nephrotoxin gentamicin was given to rats once on each of three days and the animals were killed during dosing or over the following 42 days."	( Comparative profile of commercially available urinary biomarkers in preclinical drug-induced kidney injury and recovery in rats. Espandiari, P; Rosenzweig, BA; Rouse, RL; Sadrieh, NK; Stewart, SR; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.71
"Six extended-interval gentamicin dosing regimens were comparatively evaluated in premature and full-term neonates."	( Comparative evaluation of six extended-interval gentamicin dosing regimens in premature and full-term neonates. Fullas, F; Padomek, MT; Thieman, CJ; Van Gorp, AE, 2011)	0.94
"Data regarding six physician-ordered dosing regimens of gentamicin for neonates in a hospital neonatal intensive care unit were collected and analyzed."	( Comparative evaluation of six extended-interval gentamicin dosing regimens in premature and full-term neonates. Fullas, F; Padomek, MT; Thieman, CJ; Van Gorp, AE, 2011)	0.87
"5-2 μg/mL were not significant among dosing subgroups within each age group."	( Comparative evaluation of six extended-interval gentamicin dosing regimens in premature and full-term neonates. Fullas, F; Padomek, MT; Thieman, CJ; Van Gorp, AE, 2011)	0.62
" Critically ill neonates constitute a unique challenge in dosing owing to the pathologic alterations that accompany severe illness and the rapidly changing conditions of these patients."	( Tolerability and outcomes of kinetically guided therapy with gentamicin in critically ill neonates during the first week of life: an open-label, prospective study. Chládek, J; Chládková, J; Martínková, J; Pokorná, P; Selke-Krulichová, I; Vobruba, V; Záhora, J, 2010)	0.6
"The main objective of this study was to analyze the kinetically guided dosage adjustment of gentamicin in neonates critically ill during the first week of life based on plasma concentrations after the first dose and to identify the impact of covariates (eg, fluid intake, body fluid retention) with respect to gestational age (GA)."	( Tolerability and outcomes of kinetically guided therapy with gentamicin in critically ill neonates during the first week of life: an open-label, prospective study. Chládek, J; Chládková, J; Martínková, J; Pokorná, P; Selke-Krulichová, I; Vobruba, V; Záhora, J, 2010)	0.82
" Dosing was individualized to reach target ranges for the C(trough,3) (0."	( Tolerability and outcomes of kinetically guided therapy with gentamicin in critically ill neonates during the first week of life: an open-label, prospective study. Chládek, J; Chládková, J; Martínková, J; Pokorná, P; Selke-Krulichová, I; Vobruba, V; Záhora, J, 2010)	0.6
" The kinetically guided maintenance dosing of gentamicin based on plasma concentrations after the first dose should be optimized, taking into account actual body weight."	( Tolerability and outcomes of kinetically guided therapy with gentamicin in critically ill neonates during the first week of life: an open-label, prospective study. Chládek, J; Chládková, J; Martínková, J; Pokorná, P; Selke-Krulichová, I; Vobruba, V; Záhora, J, 2010)	0.86
"To compare hearing test results in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who were or were not treated with extended interval gentamicin dosing and/or standard vancomycin dosing."	( Are gentamicin and/or vancomycin associated with ototoxicity in the neonate? A retrospective audit. Begg, EJ; Borrie, TL; Darlow, BA; Lynn, AM; Robertshawe, BJ; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2011)	1.13
"A database of otoacoustic emissions (OAE), over a 5-year period of NICU admissions, was combined with databases of gentamicin and vancomycin dosing to compare patients treated or not treated with these antibiotics."	( Are gentamicin and/or vancomycin associated with ototoxicity in the neonate? A retrospective audit. Begg, EJ; Borrie, TL; Darlow, BA; Lynn, AM; Robertshawe, BJ; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2011)	1.14
"The clinical evidence base for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity outcomes with once-daily dosing (ODD) of gentamicin in children is suboptimal."	( Once-daily gentamicin in infants and children: a prospective cohort study evaluating safety and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in minimizing toxicity. Best, EJ; Cohn, R; Gazarian, M; Palasanthiran, P; Wilkinson, M, 2011)	0.97
" Dosing of aminoglycosides is typically based on total body weight."	( Simplified estimation of aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in underweight and obese adult patients. Bertino, JS; Nafziger, AN; Pai, MP, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to determine Cmax and Cmin in serum of cerebral coma ICU patients when a dosage of gentamicin of 5 mg/kg body weight was administered once daily; to evaluate the rationality of mentioned dose; and to identify factors associated with these concentrations."	( Rationality of administered gentamicin dose in cerebral coma patients treated in an intensive care unit. Janušonis, T; Kregždytė, R; Mačiulaitis, R; Milašius, A; Sveikata, A, 2011)	0.88
" The selection and magnitude of the PK/PD index were, however, shown to be sensitive to differences in PK in subpopulations, uncertainty in MICs, and investigated dosing intervals."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of antibiotics predicted by a semimechanistic PKPD model: a step toward model-based dose optimization. Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Nielsen, EI, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this randomized study was to investigate the effects of once versus twice daily gentamicin dosing on renal function and measures of infectious disease in a population with infective endocarditis (IE)."	( Once versus twice daily gentamicin dosing for infective endocarditis: a randomized clinical trial. Bruun, NE; Buchholtz, K; Hassager, C; Larsen, CT; Schaadt, B, 2011)	0.9
" No difference in infection parameters was demonstrated between the two dosing regimens."	( Once versus twice daily gentamicin dosing for infective endocarditis: a randomized clinical trial. Bruun, NE; Buchholtz, K; Hassager, C; Larsen, CT; Schaadt, B, 2011)	0.68
"A twice daily gentamicin dosing regimen is neither less nephrotoxic nor more efficient than a once daily regimen in the treatment of IE patients."	( Once versus twice daily gentamicin dosing for infective endocarditis: a randomized clinical trial. Bruun, NE; Buchholtz, K; Hassager, C; Larsen, CT; Schaadt, B, 2011)	1.04
"SCI is associated with many physiological changes that can affect disposition of drugs such as aminoglycosides; therefore, dosing of aminoglycosides in this population can be challenging."	( Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Ensom, MH; Young, F, 2011)	0.37
"Determining appropriate aminoglycoside dosage in patients with SCI is challenging because such patients exhibit physiological changes that lead to their having different aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic values than the general population."	( Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Ensom, MH; Young, F, 2011)	0.37
" This study aimed to describe the dosage regimen and the approach to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for both antibiotics in units that participate in a UK neonatal network."	( Variation in gentamicin and vancomycin dosage and monitoring in UK neonatal units. Heath, PT; Kadambari, S; Lewis, S; Nichols, A; Sharland, M; Turner, MA, 2011)	0.74
"Questionnaires were sent to all units across the Extended Neonatal Network, requesting details of each unit's dosing regimen and TDM practice."	( Variation in gentamicin and vancomycin dosage and monitoring in UK neonatal units. Heath, PT; Kadambari, S; Lewis, S; Nichols, A; Sharland, M; Turner, MA, 2011)	0.74
" Ten different gentamicin dosing regimens were used, depending on gestational age and weight."	( Variation in gentamicin and vancomycin dosage and monitoring in UK neonatal units. Heath, PT; Kadambari, S; Lewis, S; Nichols, A; Sharland, M; Turner, MA, 2011)	1.09
"There is significant variation in gentamicin and vancomycin dosing regimens and TDM guidance across a UK network of neonatal units."	( Variation in gentamicin and vancomycin dosage and monitoring in UK neonatal units. Heath, PT; Kadambari, S; Lewis, S; Nichols, A; Sharland, M; Turner, MA, 2011)	1.02
"The renal safety of gentamicin has been questioned even when dosed once daily."	( Short-term gentamicin therapy and risk of renal toxicity in patients with bacteraemia. Hønge, BL; Nielsen, H; Schønheyder, HC; Spanggaard, MH, 2011)	1.08
"To characterize the extent that serum gentamicin concentrations are associated with hearing loss indicated by otoacoustic emission (OAE) screen failure in critically ill neonates receiving gentamicin in accordance with a high-dose, extended-interval dosing protocol."	( Otoacoustic emission screen results in critically ill neonates who received gentamicin in the first week of life. Commers, AR; Cooper, AC; Finkelstein, M; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2011)	0.87
"Gentamicin was dosed intravenously to achieve a target calculated gentamicin peak serum concentration (C(max)) of 7-10 μg/ml and a target trough serum concentration (C(min)) of less than 2 μg/ml."	( Otoacoustic emission screen results in critically ill neonates who received gentamicin in the first week of life. Commers, AR; Cooper, AC; Finkelstein, M; Hoff, DS; Lipnik, PG; Tollefson, LM; Wilcox, RA, 2011)	2.04
" Agreement between plasma gentamicin concentrations determined from blood samples from ports and finger lancet punctures was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and comparison of simulated dosage adjustments."	( A reliable and safe method of collecting blood samples from implantable central venous catheters for determination of plasma gentamicin concentrations. Boodhan, S; Brandão, LR; Chang, A; Chen, J; Dupuis, LL; Lavoratore, S; Nanji, M; Sekharan, S; Skolnik, JM, 2011)	0.88
" Recent evidence supports daily rather than three-times-daily dosing of gentamicin for greater efficacy and decreased fetal toxicity."	( Evidence for the clinical management of chorioamnionitis. Fishman, SG; Gelber, SE, 2012)	0.61
"US and European guidelines recommend a daily divided gentamicin dose (3 mg/kg in two or three equally divided doses) for the treatment of infective endocarditis caused by staphylococci or enterococci, but once-daily dosing (3 mg/kg/day) is recommended for streptococcal endocarditis."	( A survey on the use of gentamicin in infective endocarditis. Alfandari, S; Béraud, G; Couet, W; Elsendoorn, A; Godet, C; Le Moal, G; Roblot, F; Roblot, P; Tattevin, P, 2012)	0.94
" There is, however, a lack of understanding of how this phenomenon influences the effect of different dosing schedules."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for gentamicin and its adaptive resistance with predictions of dosing schedules in newborn infants. Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Mohamed, AF; Nielsen, EI, 2012)	0.64
" For the other primary outcome measures relating to gentamicin pharmacokinetics 'once a day' dosing of gentamicin was superior."	( One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates. Ahmed, M; Hagan, R; Rao, SC; Srinivasjois, R, 2011)	0.87
" In vivo study: Seven BALB/c mice were dosed with ceftriaxone (400 mg kg(-1) ) and then inoculated with a dilution of 1/100 of human faeces (HFc)."	( High-level resistance to gentamicin: genetic transfer between Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food of animal origin and human microbiota. Ceci, M; Confalonieri, A; Delpech, G; Pourcel, G; Sánchez Bruni, SF; Solana, MV; Sparo, M; Urbizu, L, 2012)	0.68
" The authors discuss the results obtained with a low dosage transtympanic administration of gentamicin in a series of 29 patients followed up for two years."	( [Transtympanic gentamicin in Ménière's disease: evaluation of the quality of life]. Chiappetta, A; Comacchio, F; Fernandez, S; Martinez-Monche, G; Staffieri, A, 2001)	0.88
" A dose-response kill curve and lethal G418 (geneticin) concentrations were established: 125-1,000μg/ml G418 were progressively more toxic for schistosomules of Schistosoma mansoni with toxicity increasing with antibiotic concentration and with duration of exposure."	( An antibiotic selection marker for schistosome transgenesis. Brindley, PJ; Folley, AE; Rinaldi, G; Skinner, DE; Suttiprapa, S; Tort, JF, 2012)	0.38
" Our guidelines include precise indications (severe sepsis, shock, drug resistance), dosing regimens (once-daily 20 mg/kg/day amikacin, 5 mg/kg/day gentamicin), durations of treatment, drug monitoring timing, and target C(max) concentrations (40 mg/l amikacin, 20 mg/l gentamicin)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of aminoglycosides in acute myeloid leukaemia patients. Alfandari, S; Allorge, D; Berthon, C; Blondiaux, N; Cliquennois, E; Gay, J; Herbaux, C; Mareville, J; Pasquier, F, 2012)	0.58
"To assess the utility of imaging in planning intratympanic (IT) gentamicin (Gent) treatment in Ménière's disease (MD), we compared the dosage and outcomes of ITGent with the severity and extent of endolymphatic hydrops (EH), as evaluated by three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR) sequence in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit, after IT gadolinium administration."	( Variability in the perilymphatic diffusion of gadolinium does not predict the outcome of intratympanic gentamicin in patients with Ménière's disease. Barbieri, F; Beltramello, A; Fiorino, F; Pizzini, FB, 2012)	0.83
" However, the optimal aminoglycoside or the optimal dosage remains uncertain."	( The optimal aminoglycoside and its dosage for the treatment of severe Enterococcus faecalis infection. An experimental study in the rabbit endocarditis model. Asseray, N; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Dubé, L; Jacqueline, C; Potel, G, 2012)	0.38
" A tourniquet was tightened on the affected limb and gentamicin was administered in a dosage of 0,5 mg/kg every twelve hours via an intravenous catheter placed in the saphenous vein."	( Regional intravenous gentamicin administration for treatment of postoperative tarso-metatarsal infection in a dog--a case report. Maticić, D; Musulin, A; Stejskal, M; Vnuk, D, )	0.7
"Current dosing recommendations for administration of gentamicin to septic patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) on continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) at a filtration rate of 45 ml/kg/h are missing."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill septic patients. Brozmanova, H; Duricova, J; Grundmann, M; Kacirova, I; Martinek, A; Petejova, N; Urbanek, K; Zahalkova, J, 2012)	2.07
"To describe gentamicin pharmacokinetics and to find an optimal dosing regimen in patients on CVVH."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill septic patients. Brozmanova, H; Duricova, J; Grundmann, M; Kacirova, I; Martinek, A; Petejova, N; Urbanek, K; Zahalkova, J, 2012)	2.2
"Relationship between vestibulotoxicity and gentamicin dose or dosing profile; indications for prescribing gentamicin."	( Gentamicin ototoxicity: a 23-year selected case series of 103 patients. Ahmed, RM; Chan, RC; Halmagyi, GM; Hannigan, IP; MacDougall, HG, 2012)	2.08
" Gentamicin dosage complied with contemporary or current Australian antibiotic guidelines in under half the patients."	( Gentamicin ototoxicity: a 23-year selected case series of 103 patients. Ahmed, RM; Chan, RC; Halmagyi, GM; Hannigan, IP; MacDougall, HG, 2012)	2.73
" Previously, we developed a gentamicin-releasing coating for cementless titanium hip prostheses and derived an appropriate dosing of this coating by adjusting the amount of gentamicin in the coating to match the antibacterial efficacy of clinically employed gentamicin-loaded bone cement."	( A gentamicin-releasing coating for cementless hip prostheses-Longitudinal evaluation of efficacy using in vitro bio-optical imaging and its wide-spectrum antibacterial efficacy. Busscher, HJ; Dijkstra, RJ; Neut, D; Thompson, JI; van der Mei, HC, 2012)	1.39
"Extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing is increasingly used in neonates; however, guidance on how to monitor concentrations and adjust dosages accordingly is limited."	( Validation of a dosage individualization table for extended-interval gentamicin in neonates. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Yusuf, K, )	0.37
"To prospectively validate the use of a 22-hour gentamicin concentration dosing table for the individualization of extended-interval dosing in the neonatal population by examining the peak and trough concentrations achieved through its use."	( Validation of a dosage individualization table for extended-interval gentamicin in neonates. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Yusuf, K, )	0.62
"A prospective observational study was carried out on gentamicin concentrations achieved using a 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table for determining dosing intervals in neonates."	( Validation of a dosage individualization table for extended-interval gentamicin in neonates. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Yusuf, K, )	0.62
"Use of the 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table resulted in dosing intervals that provided appropriate peak (mean 10."	( Validation of a dosage individualization table for extended-interval gentamicin in neonates. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Yusuf, K, )	0.64
"Use of a 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table to individualize extended-interval gentamicin dosages in neonates resulted in appropriate peak and trough concentrations in all neonates studied."	( Validation of a dosage individualization table for extended-interval gentamicin in neonates. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Yusuf, K, )	0.65
" These systems overcome the drawbacks of traditional drug dosage form, and offer more effective and favorable methods to optimize drug delivery in optimum dose to specific sites or to prolong delivery duration."	( pH-controlled delivery of gentamicin sulfate from orthopedic devices preventing nosocomial infections. Amador, G; Brouillaud, B; Durrieu, MC; Héroguez, V; Jacqueline, C; Pichavant, L, 2012)	0.68
" The aim of this study is to describe gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance (Cl(dial)) in SDHD patients and simulate gentamicin exposure after six dosing regimens to help guide future dosing."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short-daily hemodialysis. Chambers, M; Decker, BS; Kraus, MA; Moe, SM; Mohamed, AN; Sowinski, KM, 2012)	2.09
" The model was used to simulate gentamicin concentrations after six dosing regimens including pre- and postdialysis as well as daily and every-other-day dosing."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short-daily hemodialysis. Chambers, M; Decker, BS; Kraus, MA; Moe, SM; Mohamed, AN; Sowinski, KM, 2012)	2.11
" Predialysis every-other-day dosing may be recommended during SDHD."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short-daily hemodialysis. Chambers, M; Decker, BS; Kraus, MA; Moe, SM; Mohamed, AN; Sowinski, KM, 2012)	1.82
" In all evaluated cases, gentamicin was administered according to a standardized dosing protocol based on gestational age and weight."	( Development of criteria for gentamicin monitoring in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pallotto, E; Sandritter, TL; Stach, LM, 2012)	0.98
"When adhering to a weight-based gentamicin dosing protocol, the SCr level and urine output are the best indicators for identifying neonatal patients at risk for supratherapeutic gentamicin trough levels."	( Development of criteria for gentamicin monitoring in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pallotto, E; Sandritter, TL; Stach, LM, 2012)	0.96
" These included a new dosing and monitoring schedule, and standardised assay sampling and drug administration timing which maximised local capabilities."	( Using Six Sigma to improve once daily gentamicin dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring performance. Delaney, T; Egan, S; Fennell, JP; Hickey, M; Kelly, S; Kirke, C; McCullagh, E; McLean, C; Murphy, J; Murphy, PG; Pate, M; Wall, N; Whiriskey, A, 2012)	0.65
" A 66% improvement in accuracy of dosing was observed (p≤0."	( Using Six Sigma to improve once daily gentamicin dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring performance. Delaney, T; Egan, S; Fennell, JP; Hickey, M; Kelly, S; Kirke, C; McCullagh, E; McLean, C; Murphy, J; Murphy, PG; Pate, M; Wall, N; Whiriskey, A, 2012)	0.65
" It is vital to adapt dosing guidance and monitoring requirements so that they are capable of being implemented in the clinical environment as a matter of routine."	( Using Six Sigma to improve once daily gentamicin dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring performance. Delaney, T; Egan, S; Fennell, JP; Hickey, M; Kelly, S; Kirke, C; McCullagh, E; McLean, C; Murphy, J; Murphy, PG; Pate, M; Wall, N; Whiriskey, A, 2012)	0.65
"To evaluate an extended interval dosing (EID) regimen of gentamicin in neonates ≤28-week gestation."	( Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28-week gestation. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Taylor, R; Yusuf, K, 2012)	0.92
" The dosing interval was based on a 22 h level after the first dose of 5mg/kg."	( Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28-week gestation. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Taylor, R; Yusuf, K, 2012)	0.67
"In the EID group, based on the 22 h level, dosing interval was 36 h in 20 neonates and 48 h in 13 neonates."	( Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28-week gestation. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Taylor, R; Yusuf, K, 2012)	0.67
"In neonates ≤ 28-week gestation, an EID regimen from day one of life, using a single level 22 h after the first dose for dosing interval, achieves therapeutic peak and trough levels and more optimum peak levels as compared to a TID regimen."	( Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28-week gestation. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Taylor, R; Yusuf, K, 2012)	0.67
"Empiric dosing of gentamicin has not been evaluated in critically ill neonates with unrepaired congenital heart disease (CHD)."	( Use of 4-mg/kg/24-hour empiric aminoglycoside dosing in preoperative neonates with congenital heart disease. Moffett, BS; Rossano, JW, 2012)	0.71
"To determine whether an empiric gentamicin dosing regimen for neonates achieves acceptable serum trough concentrations in neonatal patients with unrepaired CHD receiving alprostadil."	( Use of 4-mg/kg/24-hour empiric aminoglycoside dosing in preoperative neonates with congenital heart disease. Moffett, BS; Rossano, JW, 2012)	0.66
"Current empiric gentamicin dosing regimens may not be appropriate for critically ill neonates with unrepaired CHD."	( Use of 4-mg/kg/24-hour empiric aminoglycoside dosing in preoperative neonates with congenital heart disease. Moffett, BS; Rossano, JW, 2012)	0.72
"Obese patients may be at a greater risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) with the use of certain antimicrobial agents that are dosed by weight."	( Effects of obesity and sex on antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and acute kidney injury: validation of a preclinical model. Chen, WZ; Cui, H; El-Fawal, HA; Garba, A; Mousa, SA; Pai, MP; Zaffo, B, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetics of this dosage in foals and the ages at which this higher dose should be used have not previously been investigated."	( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single daily dose of gentamicin sulfate in healthy foals. Alhamhoom, Y; Arnold, RD; Burton, AJ; Giguère, S; Warner, L, 2013)	0.63
" A continuous culture system for Staphylococcus aureus is used to simulate the pharmacokinetics of periodic antibiotic dosing alone and in combination with lytic phage."	( Synergistic action of gentamicin and bacteriophage in a continuous culture population of Staphylococcus aureus. Kirby, AE, 2012)	0.69
" Its dosage is difficult to adapt to hemodialyzed ICU patients."	( Gentamicin in hemodialyzed critical care patients: early dialysis after administration of a high dose should be considered. Badin, J; Dupuis, A; Pinsard, M; Robert, R; Veinstein, A; Venisse, N, 2013)	1.83
" To this end, rats were treated with a subtoxic dosage of the experimental nephrotoxin uranyl nitrate (UN) in the drinking water for 21 weeks, or plain water (as control), and then with low-dose gentamicin for 7 days."	( Increased urinary excretion of albumin, hemopexin, transferrin and VDBP correlates with chronic sensitization to gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Ferreira, L; González-Buitrago, JM; López-Hernández, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Morales, AI; Vicente-Vicente, L, 2013)	0.79
" Directed doses of gentamicin require the monitoring of plasma concentrations of gentamicin to determine the 24-h area under the time course of plasma gentamicin concentrations (AUC) and a dosage prediction program, for example TCIWorks or Aladdin."	( Comparing dose prediction software used to manage gentamicin dosing. Begg, EJ; Brett, J; Chin, PK; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Kumar, SS; Marriott, DJ; Ray, JE; Williams, KM; Wong, C, 2013)	0.97
"To compare the directed dosage of gentamicin calculated by TCIWorks, Aladdin and an Excel-based program, with an established program, Abbottbase."	( Comparing dose prediction software used to manage gentamicin dosing. Begg, EJ; Brett, J; Chin, PK; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Kumar, SS; Marriott, DJ; Ray, JE; Williams, KM; Wong, C, 2013)	0.92
" The pathological reaction mainly consisted of infiltration of inflammatory cells, destruction of acini, accumulation of lymphocyte cells and the severity of the changes was dosage and time-dependent."	( Treatment with gentamicin on a murine model of protothecal mastitis. Chang, R; Han, B; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Su, J; Yang, Q; Zheng, B, 2013)	0.74
" Nonsense read-through drugs are a potential form of treatment for PKU, although the high dosage of aminoglycosides used is not appropriate in a clinical setting."	( In vitro read-through of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) nonsense mutations using aminoglycosides: a potential therapy for phenylketonuria. Christodoulou, J; Ho, G; Reichardt, J, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) receiving hypothermia and to identify an empiric gentamicin dosing strategy in this population that optimizes achievement of target peak and trough concentrations."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Meng, L; Verotta, D, 2013)	2.11
" Using the developed model, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the probability of achieving target peak (> 6 mg/L) and trough (< 2 mg/L) gentamicin concentrations for various potential dosing regimens."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Meng, L; Verotta, D, 2013)	2.03
" A prolonged 36-hour dosing interval will be needed to achieve target gentamicin trough concentrations in this population."	( Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Meng, L; Verotta, D, 2013)	2.07
" The aminoglycoside dosage currently applied in Indonesia is derived from studies done in Caucasian populations."	( Lack of a relationship between the serum concentration of aminoglycosides and ototoxicity in neonates. Dwijayanti, A; Louisa, M; Rundjan, L; Setiabudy, R; Simanjuntak, E; Suwento, R; Yasin, FH, 2013)	0.39
"Neonates with an elevated trough concentration >2 mg l(-1) decreased from 38 to 4% with implementation of a Q36-h dosing interval (P<0."	( Every 36-h gentamicin dosing in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Lee, S; Lucas, SS; Meng, L; Sun, Y; Verotta, D, 2013)	0.78
"A 5 mg kg(-1) every 36-h gentamicin dosing strategy in neonates with HIE receiving therapeutic hypothermia improved achievement of target trough concentration <2 mg l(-1), while still providing high peak concentration exposure."	( Every 36-h gentamicin dosing in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Frymoyer, A; Guglielmo, BJ; Lee, S; Lucas, SS; Meng, L; Sun, Y; Verotta, D, 2013)	1.08
" The majority of physicians, however, adopted a dosage of 3-5 mg/kgy/day, the standard dosage approved overseas."	( [Results of a questionnaire survey on the use of gentamicin sulfate injection]. Mikamo, H; Ohnishi, K, 2013)	0.64
" Based on these findings, we propose changes in gentamicin dosing interval and trough level monitoring to minimize the risk of potentially toxic levels in cooled newborns."	( Factors associated with permanent hearing impairment in infants treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Gill, H; Jary, S; Liu, X; Sabir, H; Smit, E; Thoresen, M, 2013)	0.65
" Only clarithromycin and the combination clarithromycin-rifampin were predicted to achieve concentrations in bronchoalveolar cells and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid above the MPC for the entire dosing interval."	( Mutant prevention concentration and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi. Berghaus, LJ; Giguère, S; Guldbech, K, 2013)	0.39
" The literature supports dosing ranges for amikacin and tobramycin of 30-35 and 7-15 mg/kg/day, respectively, given once daily, with subsequent doses determined by therapeutic drug concentration monitoring."	( Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: V. Aminoglycosides. Ampofo, K; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Waters, CD; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2013)	0.39
" The prolonged half-life of gentamicin may need to be considered in dosing regimens for preterm SGA infants in the initial week of life."	( Impact of small-for-gestational age (SGA) status on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Edwards, D; Lulic-Botica, M; Natarajan, G; Sheer, T; Thomas, RL, 2014)	0.95
" We reviewed each admission and looked through the case notes in detail to document information about gentamicin administration, dosage and elevated gentamicin levels in the blood."	( Gentamicin use in neonates: should we have a change of practice? Furness, J; Krishnamoorthy, SS; Nair, A; Sanderson, J, 2013)	2.05
" Dosage and/or interval of administration of the medication may need modification in this group to minimise toxicity."	( Gentamicin use in neonates: should we have a change of practice? Furness, J; Krishnamoorthy, SS; Nair, A; Sanderson, J, 2013)	1.83
" Here, we used a mouse model of aniridia to test the hypothesis that manipulation of Pax6 dosage through a mutation-independent nonsense mutation suppression strategy would limit progressive, postnatal damage in the eye."	( Postnatal manipulation of Pax6 dosage reverses congenital tissue malformation defects. Gregory-Evans, CY; Gregory-Evans, K; Metcalfe, AL; Wang, X; Wasan, KM; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
" The introduction of a laponite interlayer barrier further enhanced the temporal separation between release of the two drugs, resulting in a more physiologically appropriate dosing of rhBMP-2."	( Tunable staged release of therapeutics from layer-by-layer coatings with clay interlayer barrier. Braatz, RD; Hammond, PT; Min, J, 2014)	0.4
" Conversely paediatric studies have shown lower rates and extended interval dosing may have reduced toxicity further."	( Aminoglycoside toxicity in neonates: something to worry about? Heath, PT; Kent, A; Sharland, M; Turner, MA, 2014)	0.4
" Frailty could be considered in the development of dosing guidelines for drugs that undergo significant excretion through glomerular filtration."	( The impact of frailty on pharmacokinetics in older people: using gentamicin population pharmacokinetic modeling to investigate changes in renal drug clearance by glomerular filtration. Carroll, PR; Hilmer, SN; Johnston, C; Kirkpatrick, CM; Matthews, ST; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)	0.64
" Analysis with two different alleles of Polycomb, Pc1 and Pc3, revealed that maternal reduction in Polycomb gene dosage has a positive influence on the inheritance of induced expression."	( Reduction in maternal Polycomb levels contributes to transgenerational inheritance of a response to toxic stress in flies. Galili, M; Mizrachi, E; Snir, O; Soen, Y; Stern, S; Zaltsman, I, 2014)	0.4
"Our institution's gentamicin dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) practices for newborns were suspected to be very heterogeneous."	( Impact of clinical decision support guidelines on therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in newborns. Bonnabry, P; Coehlo, A; Combescure, C; Corbelli, R; Desmeules, J; Fonzo-Christe, C; Gervaix, A; Guignard, B; Pfister, R; Posfay-Barbe, KM; Rimensberger, P; Rollason, V; Zaugg, C, 2014)	0.96
" Clinical benefits of better gentamicin dosing and TDM practices were evident."	( Impact of clinical decision support guidelines on therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in newborns. Bonnabry, P; Coehlo, A; Combescure, C; Corbelli, R; Desmeules, J; Fonzo-Christe, C; Gervaix, A; Guignard, B; Pfister, R; Posfay-Barbe, KM; Rimensberger, P; Rollason, V; Zaugg, C, 2014)	0.92
"To determine dose and eligibility criteria for once-daily dosing (ODD) of gentamicin in critically ill pediatric patients."	( Dose derivation of once-daily dosing guidelines for gentamicin in critically ill pediatric patients. Atenafu, EG; Bitnun, SA; Cox, P; Papaioannou, V; Parshuram, C; Pong, S; Richardson, S; Schwartz, S; Seto, W; Trope, A; Zakova, M, 2014)	0.88
"Retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit or Cardiac Critical Care Unit at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) who received traditionally dosed intravenous (IV) gentamicin (January 2008 to June 2010)."	( Dose derivation of once-daily dosing guidelines for gentamicin in critically ill pediatric patients. Atenafu, EG; Bitnun, SA; Cox, P; Papaioannou, V; Parshuram, C; Pong, S; Richardson, S; Schwartz, S; Seto, W; Trope, A; Zakova, M, 2014)	0.84
"Differences were examined between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in the response of 16 urinary biomarkers (measured using several assay platforms) to renal injury produced by gentamicin administered subcutaneously for 10 days at a dosage of 75 mg/kg."	( Comparison between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in the response of urinary biomarkers to injury induced by gentamicin. Gautier, JC; Guffroy, M; Gury, T; Harpur, E; Hoffman, D; Khan-Malek, R; Masson, R; Pettit, S, 2014)	0.8
"The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation recently deemed the use of extended-interval dosing (EID) of aminoglycosides acceptable for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations."	( A survey of extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing practices in United States adult cystic fibrosis programs. Prescott, WA, 2014)	0.4
" More than 95% of programs reported frequently or always using this dosing method."	( A survey of extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing practices in United States adult cystic fibrosis programs. Prescott, WA, 2014)	0.4
"This study indicates that the use of EID of aminoglycosides across United States adult CF programs has increased considerably since the publication of the CF pulmonary exacerbation guidelines and now appears to be the most common method for dosing aminoglycosides in adults with CF."	( A survey of extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing practices in United States adult cystic fibrosis programs. Prescott, WA, 2014)	0.4
"Based on an integrated analysis of gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin, a semi-physiological function for GFR mediated clearance was derived that can potentially be used to establish evidence based dosing regimens of renally excreted drugs in children."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetic modeling of gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin clearance from neonates to adults: towards a semi-physiological function for maturation in glomerular filtration. Allegaert, K; Brussee, JM; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoog, M; Knibbe, CA; Mulla, H; Sherwin, CM; van den Anker, JN, 2014)	0.95
" To explore the relationship between hear loss and its dosage correlation change and significance."	( [Gentamicin on inner hair cells ribbon synapses CaV1.3 calcium ion channel protein expression]. Liu, K; Sun, J; Wang, X, 2014)	1.31
"This observational study conducted in a large cohort of newborns confirms the importance of body weight and gestational age for dosage adjustment."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin in a large cohort of premature and term neonates. Buclin, T; Csajka, C; Fuchs, A; Giannoni, E; Guidi, M; Werner, D; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.68
"Extended interval dosing (EID) of gentamicin most commonly involves dosing every 24 hours, but patients with impaired renal function may require a longer dose interval."	( Gentamicin and renal function: lessons from 15 years' experience of a pharmacokinetic service for extended interval dosing of gentamicin. Begg, EJ; Buffery, PJ; Chin, PK; Plajer, SM; Vella-Brincat, JW, 2015)	2.14
" A higher proportion of infants in the TH group required dosage adjustment (8/15 vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborns with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Kwan, E; McDougal, A; Osiovich, H; Ting, JY, 2015)	0.74
"5 mg/kg/dose, appropriate dosing interval can be determined and the duration of exposure to toxic gentamicin level can be reduced."	( Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborns with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Kwan, E; McDougal, A; Osiovich, H; Ting, JY, 2015)	0.96
"Several nomograms have been proposed to facilitate the determination of initial gentamicin dosing regimens in clinical settings."	( Predictive performance of gentamicin dosing nomograms. An, H; Han, H; Lee, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.93
" In IE patients, synergistic combination dosing nomograms, based on the American Heart Association dosing interval guidelines, were evaluated."	( Predictive performance of gentamicin dosing nomograms. An, H; Han, H; Lee, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.7
"Gentamicin dosing nomograms performed poorly in attaining the target peak serum concentrations."	( Predictive performance of gentamicin dosing nomograms. An, H; Han, H; Lee, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2014)	2.15
"Gentamicin dosing nomograms performed poorly in achieving the target peak serum concentrations."	( Predictive performance of gentamicin dosing nomograms. An, H; Han, H; Lee, H; Lee, J; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yoon, S; Yu, KS, 2014)	2.15
" Gentamicin dosing and samples were collected per routine care."	( Predictive performance of a gentamicin population pharmacokinetic model in neonates receiving full-body hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Capparelli, E; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Frymoyer, A; Rattray, B; Sampson, MR; Smith, PB, 2014)	1.61
" Larger sample sizes, use of data from multiple institutions, and external evaluation in development of popPK models in neonates may improve generalizability of dosing recommendations arising from single-institution studies."	( Predictive performance of a gentamicin population pharmacokinetic model in neonates receiving full-body hypothermia. Bonifacio, SL; Capparelli, E; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Frymoyer, A; Rattray, B; Sampson, MR; Smith, PB, 2014)	0.7
" In 2010, the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines (Antibiotic) were revised to recommend the use of computerised methods to individualise dosing of gentamicin and optimise therapy, rather than traditional nomogram approaches."	( Does the availability of therapeutic drug monitoring, computerised dose recommendation and prescribing decision support services promote compliance with national gentamicin prescribing guidelines? Baysari, M; Day, RO; Diasinos, N; Kumar, S, 2015)	0.81
" Doctors feared inducing toxicity in patients, but limited the dose rather than altering the dosing interval according to renal function."	( Does the availability of therapeutic drug monitoring, computerised dose recommendation and prescribing decision support services promote compliance with national gentamicin prescribing guidelines? Baysari, M; Day, RO; Diasinos, N; Kumar, S, 2015)	0.61
" On the basis of clinical presentation and diagnosis, a once-daily dosage regimen of 7 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h is proposed for intravenous gentamicin, followed by therapeutic drug monitoring in order to avoid toxicity and ensure efficacy with minimal blood sampling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and dosing optimization for infants. Barcia, E; García, B; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Peña-Cabia, S; Romano-Moreno, S; Rueda-Naharro, A, 2015)	0.9
"To evaluate a simplified gentamicin extended-interval dosing regimen in a large cohort of preterm and term newborns, we conducted a retrospective cohort study over a 4-year period."	( Gentamicin trough levels using a simplified extended-interval dosing regimen in preterm and term newborns. Barfield, CP; Guy, KJ; König, K; Lim, A; Miller, A; Saker, S, 2015)	2.16
"This study demonstrates that simplified gentamicin dosage regimens are feasible."	( Gentamicin trough levels using a simplified extended-interval dosing regimen in preterm and term newborns. Barfield, CP; Guy, KJ; König, K; Lim, A; Miller, A; Saker, S, 2015)	2.13
"Aminoglycoside clearance depends on kidney function, but the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines for antibiotics (version 14, 2010) recommend initial dosing based on weight without consideration of kidney function."	( Assessment of aminoglycoside dosing and estimated glomerular filtration rate in determining gentamicin and tobramycin area under the curve and clearance. Larmour, I; Lim, AK; Mathanasenarajah, G, 2015)	0.64
"To determine the performance of current guideline dosing in achieving target area-under-the-curve and examine the relative precision of the estimated glomerular filtration rate equations compared with traditional Cockroft-Gault creatinine clearance in predicting aminoglycoside clearance."	( Assessment of aminoglycoside dosing and estimated glomerular filtration rate in determining gentamicin and tobramycin area under the curve and clearance. Larmour, I; Lim, AK; Mathanasenarajah, G, 2015)	0.64
" Conformity with antibiotic guideline dosing was achieved if the discrepancy between prescribed and recommended dose was less than 15%."	( Assessment of aminoglycoside dosing and estimated glomerular filtration rate in determining gentamicin and tobramycin area under the curve and clearance. Larmour, I; Lim, AK; Mathanasenarajah, G, 2015)	0.64
"Conformity with guideline dosing was not associated with achieving target area-under-the-curve."	( Assessment of aminoglycoside dosing and estimated glomerular filtration rate in determining gentamicin and tobramycin area under the curve and clearance. Larmour, I; Lim, AK; Mathanasenarajah, G, 2015)	0.64
"Current guideline dosing may be suboptimal for achieving target area-under-the-curve."	( Assessment of aminoglycoside dosing and estimated glomerular filtration rate in determining gentamicin and tobramycin area under the curve and clearance. Larmour, I; Lim, AK; Mathanasenarajah, G, 2015)	0.64
" So, it seems possible that bicarbonate could help reduce aminoglycoside dosage at the same time that it might help lessen the damage to auditory ciliary cells in humans."	( Bicarbonate enhances the in vitro antibiotic activity of kanamycin in Escherichia coli. Bustamante, VH; Gutiérrez-Huante, M; Martínez, H; Puente, JL; Sánchez, J, 2015)	0.42
" A dosing paradigm may be used to deliver a lower therapeutic antimicrobial concentration during the nighttime rest period when the studied adverse effects are of highest risk."	( Circadian variation of gentamicin toxicity in rats. McKinney, W; Smolensky, MH; Yonovitz, A, 2015)	0.73
"We consider dosing regimens designed to cure patients by eradicating colony forming units (CFU) such as bacteria."	( Stochastic process pharmacodynamics: dose timing in neonatal gentamicin therapy as an example. Hlatky, L; Radivoyevitch, T; Sachs, R; Siranart, N, 2015)	0.66
" Due to dosage adjustment and appropriate monitoring, most therapeutic courses with cisplatin produce no or minimal kidney damage."	( Sub-nephrotoxic cisplatin sensitizes rats to acute renal failure and increases urinary excretion of fumarylacetoacetase. Blanco-Gozalo, V; García-Sánchez, O; González-Buitrago, JM; López-Hernández, FJ; López-Novoa, JM; Morales, AI; Pescador, M; Sánchez-Juanes, F; Sevilla, MA; Vicente-Vicente, L, 2015)	0.42
"In the heterogeneous group of preterm and term neonates, gentamicin and tobramycin are mainly dosed according to empirical guidelines, after which therapeutic drug monitoring and subsequent dose adaptation are applied."	( Novel model-based dosing guidelines for gentamicin and tobramycin in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; de Cock, RF; de Hoog, M; Knibbe, CA; Mouton, JW; Simons, SH; Valitalo, PA; van den Anker, JN, 2015)	0.93
" The proposed dosing guideline (4."	( Novel model-based dosing guidelines for gentamicin and tobramycin in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; de Cock, RF; de Hoog, M; Knibbe, CA; Mouton, JW; Simons, SH; Valitalo, PA; van den Anker, JN, 2015)	0.68
"The proposed neonatal dosing guideline for gentamicin and tobramycin results in improved attainment of target concentrations and should be prospectively evaluated in clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this treatment."	( Novel model-based dosing guidelines for gentamicin and tobramycin in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; de Cock, RF; de Hoog, M; Knibbe, CA; Mouton, JW; Simons, SH; Valitalo, PA; van den Anker, JN, 2015)	0.95
" In the 50 remaining patients, a change in dosing was performed in 14 patients, leading adequate peak plasma level in 2 patients."	( Standard dosing of amikacin and gentamicin in critically ill patients results in variable and subtherapeutic concentrations. Aubert, C; Barbar, S; Bastide, S; Elotmani, L; Lefrant, JY; Lloret, S; Molinari, N; Muller, L; Nucci, B; Polge, A; Pradel, G; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Saissi, G, 2015)	0.7
" In four studies comparing once-daily with thrice-daily dosing of gentamicin, there were fewer failures with once-daily dosing."	( Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis. Mackeen, AD; Ota, E; Packard, RE; Speer, L, 2015)	0.65
"To assess the performance of a gentamicin dosing table for the individualization of extended-interval dosing (EID) in a neonatal population >7 days old."	( Performance of a dosage individualization table for extended interval gentamicin in neonates beyond the first week of life. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2016)	0.95
"A prospective observational study was carried out on gentamicin concentrations achieved using a dosing table in neonates >7 days old."	( Performance of a dosage individualization table for extended interval gentamicin in neonates beyond the first week of life. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2016)	0.92
"Use of this dosing table to individualize extended-interval gentamicin dosages in neonates >7 days old resulted in appropriate peak and trough concentrations in all neonates studied."	( Performance of a dosage individualization table for extended interval gentamicin in neonates beyond the first week of life. Akierman, A; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2016)	0.91
" Clinical decision support (CDS) tools have been effective in reducing gentamicin and vancomycin dosing errors."	( A pre-postintervention study to evaluate the impact of dose calculators on the accuracy of gentamicin and vancomycin initial doses. Cavell, G; Hamad, A; Hinton, J; Wade, P; Whittlesea, C, 2015)	0.87
"Extended interval dosing of gentamicin therapy in neonates does not increase the incidence of hearing loss."	( Gentamicin extended interval regimen and ototoxicity in neonates. El-Barbary, MN; Ibrahim, AA; Ismail, RI, 2015)	2.15
" The risk of toxicity is reduced by extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides, defined as 5 - 7 mg/kg given intravenously in intervals of 24 hours or greater based on serum drug concentrations."	( Variable pharmacokinetics of extended interval tobramycin or gentamicin among critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Barns, B; Block, C; Burrill, S; Chuk, AC; Fu, J; Katrych, O; Kousar, N; Lahey, T; Rickrode, G; Saeed, F; Saunders-Hao, P, 2015)	0.66
"We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of extended-interval dosing of gentamicin and tobramycin in 9 critically ill patients on continuous venovenous hemofiltration at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center between April 2007 and September 2011."	( Variable pharmacokinetics of extended interval tobramycin or gentamicin among critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Barns, B; Block, C; Burrill, S; Chuk, AC; Fu, J; Katrych, O; Kousar, N; Lahey, T; Rickrode, G; Saeed, F; Saunders-Hao, P, 2015)	0.9
"Extended interval aminoglycoside dosing during continuous venovenous hemofiltration yields unpredictable half-lives and drug levels among high-risk critically ill patients."	( Variable pharmacokinetics of extended interval tobramycin or gentamicin among critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Barns, B; Block, C; Burrill, S; Chuk, AC; Fu, J; Katrych, O; Kousar, N; Lahey, T; Rickrode, G; Saeed, F; Saunders-Hao, P, 2015)	0.66
" Cumulative dosing data and diagnosis of neonatal sepsis or SIRS were obtained from OHSU's electronic health record system, and the data processed to obtain risk ratios."	( Effect of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome on neonatal hearing screening outcomes following gentamicin exposure. Cross, CP; Garinis, AC; Liao, S; Srikanth, P; Steyger, PS; Urdang, ZD, 2015)	0.63
"Since 2001, the frequency of AG administration and dosing declined, but the incidence of AG-AKI remained constant."	( Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Recovery with the Use of Aminoglycosides: A Large Retrospective Study. Ammann, H; Bernier-Jean, A; Bouchard, J; Brunette, V; Lavergne, V; Paquette, F; Pichette, V; Troyanov, S, 2015)	0.42
"5% icodextrin PD-bags were dosed with gentamicin 20 mg/L (n = 9), vancomycin 1,000 mg/L (n = 9), cefazolin 500 mg/L (n = 9) and ceftazidime 500 mg/L (n = 9) as for intermittent dosing."	( Stability of Antibiotics for Intraperitoneal Administration in Extraneal 7.5% Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Bags (STAB Study). Lipman, J; Naicker, S; Ranganathan, D; Ratanjee, SK; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC, )	0.4
" equi pneumonia, but nephrotoxicity indicates that an alternative dosing interval or route (such as nebulization) will be needed before LG is adequately safe for clinical use."	( Use of Liposomal Gentamicin for Treatment of 5 Foals with Experimentally Induced Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia. Berghaus, LJ; Bordin, AI; Brake, CN; Burton, AJ; Cohen, ND; Coleman, MC; Giguère, S; Rocha, JN, )	0.47
" The goal of this study was to find the most reasonable dosing regimen for gentamicin in ESRD patients receiving haemodialysis."	( Gentamicin dosing strategy in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: evaluation using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Derendorf, H; He, Y; Liu, Y; Sy, SK; Xia, H; Zhuang, L, 2016)	2.11
" The model was utilized to assess dosing regimens of gentamicin in ESRD patients receiving haemodialysis, taking both efficacy and safety into account."	( Gentamicin dosing strategy in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: evaluation using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Derendorf, H; He, Y; Liu, Y; Sy, SK; Xia, H; Zhuang, L, 2016)	2.13
" Simulation based on the PK/PD model showed that pre-dialysis and post-dialysis dosing would bring comparable benefit to the ESRD patient regardless of whether the PK/PD target (fCmax/MIC >8-fold) was achieved, while the post-dialysis dosing resulted in a significantly lower trough concentration."	( Gentamicin dosing strategy in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: evaluation using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Derendorf, H; He, Y; Liu, Y; Sy, SK; Xia, H; Zhuang, L, 2016)	1.88
"Our study supports the original FDA label with regard to the dosing regimen of gentamicin in ESRD patients, which offers adequate clinical benefit as well as an acceptable safety profile."	( Gentamicin dosing strategy in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: evaluation using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Derendorf, H; He, Y; Liu, Y; Sy, SK; Xia, H; Zhuang, L, 2016)	2.1
" The most optimal dosing regimen was evaluated based on simulations of the final model."	( Altered gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term neonates undergoing controlled hypothermia. Bijleveld, YA; Cools, F; de Haan, TR; de Jonge, RC; Dijk, PH; Dijkman, KP; Groenendaal, F; Mathot, RA; Nuytemans, DH; Rijken, M; van der Lee, HJ; van Heijst, A; van Kaam, AH; van Straaten, HL; Zecic, A; Zonnenberg, IA, 2016)	0.87
"As per international guidelines, IP cefalothin or cefazolin 15 mg/kg once daily was dosed with gentamicin in a 6-hour dwell to patients with PD-peritonitis during routine care."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.35
" The median duration that the unbound antibiotic concentration was above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was approximately 13% (plasma) and 25% (IP) for cefalothin, and 100% (plasma and IP) for cefazolin, of the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.13
" However, with once-daily IP dosing, in contrast to cefazolin, there is a risk of subtherapeutic plasma and PD effluent cefalothin concentrations, so more frequent dosing may be required."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.13
"Current gentamicin dosing algorithms in adult populations target a high peak concentration (Cmax) assuring efficacy and a drug-free period (concentration <0."	( Extended-Interval Dosing of Gentamicin Aiming for a Drug-Free Period in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. Sprij, A; Touw, DJ; van Maarseveen, EM, 2016)	1.16
" Gentamicin dosing was guided by drug concentration monitoring targeting Cmax values >8 mg·L and estimated trough concentrations <0."	( Extended-Interval Dosing of Gentamicin Aiming for a Drug-Free Period in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. Sprij, A; Touw, DJ; van Maarseveen, EM, 2016)	1.64
"Extended interval dosing of gentamicin resulted in high target attainment rates in neonates admitted to a level II unit."	( Extended-Interval Dosing of Gentamicin Aiming for a Drug-Free Period in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. Sprij, A; Touw, DJ; van Maarseveen, EM, 2016)	1.02
" It is necessary to review the usefulness of plasma drug monitoring and gentamicin dosage in this group of newborns."	( [Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn: ¿Is it necessary to systematically monitor plasmatic levels?]. Antúnez, F; Galarraga, F; Gesuele, J; Giachetto, G; Grosso, P; Guzzo, F; Nanni, L; Speranza, N; Telechea, H, 2016)	1.58
"Gentamicin dosing is highly variable and remains complicated in the neonatal population."	( Extended-interval gentamicin administration in neonates: a simplified approach. Castro-Alcaraz, S; El-Chaar, GM; Kohn, N; Supaswud-Franks, T; Venugopalan, L, 2016)	2.21
" The study dose resulted in maximum gentamicin levels in the goal range and a 50% reduction in dosage modifications."	( Extended-interval gentamicin administration in neonates: a simplified approach. Castro-Alcaraz, S; El-Chaar, GM; Kohn, N; Supaswud-Franks, T; Venugopalan, L, 2016)	1.04
"2 mM of gentamicin and reducing the dosage level by half every 2 h over a 24 h period."	( Pharmacokinetic profile that reduces nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in a perfused kidney-on-a-chip. Kim, BC; Kim, S; Labuz, JM; LesherPerez, SC; Leung, B; Takayama, S; Yamanishi, C, 2016)	1.12
" The rationale for the new dosing guidelines is discussed."	( [Two cases of neonatal meningitis after new gentamicin dosing guidelines]. Blaabjerg, AS; Fenger-Grøn, J; Kofoed, PE; Møller, JK, 2016)	0.7
" The GS dosage could be adjusted by changing the layer number of films."	( Direct Loading and Tunable Release of Antibiotics from Polyelectrolyte Multilayers To Reduce Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. Chen, H; Jin, T; Liu, H; Wang, B; Xu, Q; Ye, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Blood and 16-h urine samples were collected on Days -7, -3, 2, 4, 7, and at the end of the dosing period."	( Evaluation of novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in Cynomolgus monkeys treated with gentamicin. Boitier, E; Detilleux, P; Filali-Ansary, A; Gautier, JC; Guizon, I; Gury, T; Joos, T; Léonard, JF; Li, B; Palazzi, X; Poetz, O; Qu, Z; Slaoui, M; van den Berg, BHJ; Veeranagouda, Y; Wang, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, T; Zhou, X, 2016)	0.66
" The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (n = 18) that did not receive any treatment, gentamicin group (n = 18) that received gentamicin at a dosage of 100 mg/kg for six consecutive days intraperitoneally, sham group (n = 54) that received gentamicin for six consecutive days, and an experimental group (n = 54) that received gentamicin for six consecutive days."	( Effect of Different Times of Intraperitoneal Injections of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium on Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Abedi, A; Azarnia, M; Foroutan, T; Golestani, S; Jamali Zahvarehy, M, 2016)	0.85
" In addition, we use the model to perform Monte Carlo simulations to explore the efficacy of several dosage regimens."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Mexican Children With Severe Malnutrition. Camacho Vieyra, GA; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo Goytia, G; Peregrina, NB; Pérez, AG; Pérz-Guillé, MG, 2016)	0.72
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate optimal dosage regimens, using the final pharmacokinetic model, based on the probability of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Mexican Children With Severe Malnutrition. Camacho Vieyra, GA; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo Goytia, G; Peregrina, NB; Pérez, AG; Pérz-Guillé, MG, 2016)	0.72
" The pharmacodynamic parameters based on a wide range of concentrations below and above the MIC provide information that could support improving future dosing strategies to treat gonorrhoea."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" This study supports the fact that GBP microemulsion obviously can not only reduce the dosage of some classes of antibiotics, but also reduce the frequency of the antibiotic use in vitro."	( Polyprenols of Ginkgo biloba Enhance Antibacterial Activity of Five Classes of Antibiotics. Chen, H; Tao, R; Wang, C; Ye, J; Zhou, H, 2016)	0.43
" Dosing in humans was empirically established and we still know remarkably little about where gentamicin enters the inner ear, where it reaches in the inner ear and what time course it follows after local applications."	( Perilymph pharmacokinetics of locally-applied gentamicin in the guinea pig. Gill, RM; Hartsock, JJ; King, E; Kraus, FB; Plontke, SK; Salt, AN, 2016)	0.91
" Moreover, with the increase of the injection dosage of pAd-CTRP6, the suppressive effect was gradually strengthened."	( [C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 6 (CTRP6) is involved in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats]. Feng, S; Li, R; Tian, X; Wang, H; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhou, M, 2016)	0.67
"The aim of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of gentamicin in neonates with suspected or proven Gram-negative sepsis and determine the optimal dosage regimen in relation to the bacterial MICs found in this population."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Considerations for Gentamicin in Newborns with Suspected or Proven Sepsis Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria. Bijleveld, YA; de Haan, TR; Hodiamont, CJ; Mathôt, RA; van den Heuvel, ME, 2017)	0.93
"The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia is described, and the adequacy of initial dosing of once-daily gentamicin assessed at Queensland's largest Children's Hospital."	( Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Neutropenia. Bialkowski, S; Clark, J; Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Staatz, CE, 2016)	2.18
"Data were retrospectively collected from all pediatrics with febrile neutropenia admitted over a 2-year period who had at least 2 gentamicin concentration-time measurements (a paired set within 1 dosing interval)."	( Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Neutropenia. Bialkowski, S; Clark, J; Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Staatz, CE, 2016)	2.08
"Based on a log-linear method of analysis, current dosing seems to be consistently producing gentamicin exposure below predefined pharmacokinetic targets, suggesting that an increase in the recommended starting dose of gentamicin may be required."	( Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Neutropenia. Bialkowski, S; Clark, J; Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Staatz, CE, 2016)	2.1
" Thirty-five studies have developed a population pharmacokinetic model of gentamicin and 15 studies have made dosing recommendations based on Monte Carlo simulation."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling, Monte Carlo simulation and semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic modelling as tools to personalize gentamicin therapy. Hennig, S; Llanos-Paez, CC; Staatz, CE, 2017)	0.89
" In conclusion, an end volume-based and standardized addition of gentamicin to boar ejaculates can be a helpful alternative to prevent insufficient dosage of antibiotics in liquid preserved boar semen without affecting semen quality."	( Dose rates of antimicrobial substances in boar semen preservation-time to establish new protocols. Brüning, S; Grobbel, M; Grossfeld, R; Jung, M; Riesenbeck, A; Schaefer, J; Schulze, M, 2017)	0.69
"Published nomograms to monitor extended-interval dosing (EID) gentamicin therapy were based on a fixed dose of 5 or 7 mg/kg."	( Estimating drug-free period using a graphical method: an alternative way to monitor extended-interval dosing of gentamicin therapy. Ab Rahman, AF; Ali, AM; Md Sahak, N, 2017)	0.91
"Empirical gentamicin dosing based on serum creatinine (SCr) levels in premature and term neonates was evaluated."	( Empirical gentamicin dosing based on serum creatinine levels in premature and term neonates. Alabsi, S; Antolik, TL; Cunningham, KJ; Reimer, RA, 2017)	1.26
"This study aimed to determine whether daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight in the treatment of chorioamnionitis is effective."	( Daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis: a pilot study. Carey, J; Guan, X; Kesavan Nasir, M; Kim, J; Martingano, D; Renson, A; Singh, S, 2018)	1.08
"We conducted a prospective observational study and followed all women receiving treatment for chorioamnionitis which included gentamicin daily dosing calculated using 5 mg/kg ideal body weight."	( Daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis: a pilot study. Carey, J; Guan, X; Kesavan Nasir, M; Kim, J; Martingano, D; Renson, A; Singh, S, 2018)	1.03
" Of the patients receiving daily dosing (n = 80) compared to traditional dosing (n = 80), 96% (95% CI 95."	( Daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis: a pilot study. Carey, J; Guan, X; Kesavan Nasir, M; Kim, J; Martingano, D; Renson, A; Singh, S, 2018)	0.83
"Daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight is effective in successful treatment of chorioamnionitis without development endometritis and/or neonatal sepsis across different ethnicities."	( Daily dosing of gentamicin using ideal body weight for the treatment of intrapartum chorioamnionitis: a pilot study. Carey, J; Guan, X; Kesavan Nasir, M; Kim, J; Martingano, D; Renson, A; Singh, S, 2018)	1.17
" Each RFA formula was examined against standard dosing tables for gentamicin."	( No role for patient body weight on renal function assessment for drug dosing. Ariano, RE; Davis, JC; Poncsak, KR; Vercaigne, LM; Zelenitsky, SA, 2017)	0.69
"Based on the use of gentamicin as a surrogate guide for renally adjusted drugs, these results support dosing interval selection based on a normalized body weight method and a formula reagent adjustment factor of 90% within the Cockcroft-Gault formula."	( No role for patient body weight on renal function assessment for drug dosing. Ariano, RE; Davis, JC; Poncsak, KR; Vercaigne, LM; Zelenitsky, SA, 2017)	0.78
" Gentamicin dosing was also calculated for each infant, including the total daily dose based on body mass (mg/kg/day), as well as the total number of treatment days."	( Effect of gentamicin and levels of ambient sound on hearing screening outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit: A pilot study. Coopersmith, N; Cross, CP; Durham, H; Ettinger, O; Galati, J; Garinis, AC; Hart, C; Liao, S; Lubianski, T; MacArthur, C; Mace, JC; McEvoy, C; McEvoy, L; Middaugh, JL; Moneta, L; Nold, C; Riddle, A; Steyger, PS; Vigo, N; Wood, AM, 2017)	1.77
" DPOAE referrals were significantly greater for infants receiving >2 days of gentamicin dosing compared to fewer doses (p = 0."	( Effect of gentamicin and levels of ambient sound on hearing screening outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit: A pilot study. Coopersmith, N; Cross, CP; Durham, H; Ettinger, O; Galati, J; Garinis, AC; Hart, C; Liao, S; Lubianski, T; MacArthur, C; Mace, JC; McEvoy, C; McEvoy, L; Middaugh, JL; Moneta, L; Nold, C; Riddle, A; Steyger, PS; Vigo, N; Wood, AM, 2017)	1.09
"To ensure the safe and effective dosing of gentamicin in children, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Gentamicin in Pediatric Oncology Patients To Facilitate Personalized Dosing. Hennig, S; Lawson, R; Llanos-Paez, CC; Staatz, CE, 2017)	0.99
" This simple regimen of gentamicin 5 mg/kg for the first three days should be considered for all neonates as it potentially minimises the risk of dosing errors and bacterial breakthrough infection."	( A simple high-dose gentamicin regimen showed no side effects among neonates. Blaabjerg, AS; Dalegaard, MC; Fenger-Gron, J; Kofoed, PE, 2017)	1.09
"Extended-interval dosing (EID) regimens of gentamicin have been validated for treating confirmed or suspected early- and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants in the first week of life."	( Extended-interval Dosing of Gentamicin in Premature Neonates Born at <32 Weeks' Gestation and >7 Days of age. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Dobry, J; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2017)	1.01
" Dosing interval was based on the serum drug concentration at 22 hours after the administration of the first dose of 5 mg/kg."	( Extended-interval Dosing of Gentamicin in Premature Neonates Born at <32 Weeks' Gestation and >7 Days of age. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Dobry, J; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2017)	0.75
" In the EID group, dosing intervals were 24 hours in 30 infants, 36 hours in 6 infants, and 48 hours in 3 infants."	( Extended-interval Dosing of Gentamicin in Premature Neonates Born at <32 Weeks' Gestation and >7 Days of age. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Dobry, J; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2017)	0.75
"In infants born at <32 weeks' gestation and >7 days of age, an EID gentamicin regimen, with a dosing interval based on a single concentration measurement at 22 hours after the administration of the first dose, achieved therapeutic peak and trough levels and performed significantly better than did a TID regimen in reaching target peak and trough levels."	( Extended-interval Dosing of Gentamicin in Premature Neonates Born at <32 Weeks' Gestation and >7 Days of age. Akierman, AR; Alshaikh, B; Dersch-Mills, D; Dobry, J; Sundaram, A; Yusuf, K, 2017)	0.99
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gentamicin dosing based on Cmax after the first dose on gentamicin target attainment in critically ill patients."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	0.99
"From gentamicin-treated critically ill patients, dosing information, clinical parameters, and serum concentrations were collected prospectively."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	1.26
"Gentamicin dosing based on Cmax after the first dose increased %Cther and decreased %Csubther, but did not result in therapeutic Cmax in half of the patients."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. de Jong, MD; Hodiamont, CJ; Janssen, JM; Juffermans, NP; Mathôt, RA; van Hest, RM, 2017)	2.18
" However, the best dosing regimen to produce the safest optimal prophylactic effect remains to be determined."	( Experience With Prophylactic Gentamicin During Penile Prosthesis Surgery: A Retrospective Comparison of Two Different Doses. Bianco, F; Gheiler, E; Gheiler, V; Klopukh, B; Lopez, I; Nehrenz, GM; Perito, P; Xie, D, 2017)	0.75
" Our center implemented a standardized intrapartum gentamicin computerized provider order entry and dosage form dispensing system intended to improve treatment initiation efficiency in hospitalized obstetric patients."	( Quality and Clinical Outcomes Associated with a Gentamicin Use System Change for Managing Chorioamnionitis. Choi, B; Le, J; Paradyse, AR; Sauberan, JB, 2017)	0.96
" Thus, the model is generalizable, and can be used to deconvolute the underlying degree and time course of drug-induced PT injury and renal dysfunction from a small number of urinary biomarkers, and may provide a tool to determine optimal dosing regimens that minimize renal injury."	( Multiscale Mathematical Model of Drug-Induced Proximal Tubule Injury: Linking Urinary Biomarkers to Epithelial Cell Injury and Renal Dysfunction. Gebremichael, Y; Hallow, KM; Helmlinger, G; Lu, J; Mettetal, J; Shankaran, H, 2018)	0.48
" In addition, a clear dose-response trend was observed between gentamicin exposure and the impaired activity, and a similar phenomenon was observed between gentamicin exposure and damage to hair cells."	( Sound shock response in larval zebrafish: A convenient and high-throughput assessment of auditory function. Guo, N; Li, Q; Lin, J; Liu, X; Zhang, Y, )	0.37
" Sublingual placement of an accurate Pharmaceutical Dosage Form is an attractive alternative."	( Dual delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs from chitosan/diatomaceous earth composite membranes. Chen, J; López-Cebral, R; Oliveira, JM; Peng, G; Reis, RL; Reys, LL; Silva, SS; Silva, TH, 2018)	0.48
" The β-lactams showed a U-shape dose-response relationship in biofilm prevention."	( In vitro synergism and anti-biofilm activity of ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis. Hartung, A; Klinger-Strobel, M; Makarewicz, O; Pletz, MW; Stein, C; Thieme, L, 2018)	0.72
" An appropriate method for calculating ideal body weight for dosing gentamicin in pediatric patients has not been validated."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	0.99
" Simulation was performed to estimate dosing based on adjustments in body weight."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	0.75
" Simulation demonstrated increased doses per body weight for traditional and once-daily dosing when using FFM for gentamicin dosing."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	0.96
"FFM should be used to adjust ABW for empirically dosing gentamicin in pediatric patients aged 2-18 years."	( The "Ideal" Body Weight for Pediatric Gentamicin Dosing in the Era of Obesity: A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Galati, M; Kam, C; Moffett, BS; Palazzi, DL; Revell, PA; Schmees, L; Stitt, GA, 2018)	1
"A consistent approach to the dosing of aminoglycosides across the modern body size distribution has been elusive."	( Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Area Improves Estimation of Aminoglycoside Clearance across Body Size. Crass, RL; Derstine, BA; Lichty, M; Pai, MP; Ross, BE; Su, GL; Sullivan, JA; Wang, SC, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, delivery time of antibiotic dosage is tunable through the application of a novel modular approach."	( Micelle-Coated, Hierarchically Structured Nanofibers with Dual-Release Capability for Accelerated Wound Healing and Infection Control. Albright, V; Cheng, J; Jayaraman, A; Palanisamy, A; Stack, M; Sukhishvili, SA; Wang, H; Xu, M; Zhang, B, 2018)	0.48
" We investigated the influence of hypothermia treatment on gentamicin pharmacokinetics and suggested the appropriate dosing recommendations for gentamicin in neonates with HIE receiving hypothermia treatment."	( Effect of hypothermia treatment on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An, SH; Choi, DW; Lee, SY; Park, JH, 2018)	1
" Modified gentamicin dosing regimens are required to avoid potential toxicity related to higher concentrations during hypothermia treatment."	( Effect of hypothermia treatment on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. An, SH; Choi, DW; Lee, SY; Park, JH, 2018)	1.16
"Optimal dosing for nebulized gentamicin is unknown."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and nebulized gentamicin in critically ill patients. Adier, C; Boisson, M; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Hadzic, M; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2018)	1.03
" Data collection included the following: patient demographics, serum creatinine, albumin, hematocrit, gentamicin dosing and serum concentrations, urine output, and ECMO circuit parameters."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gentamicin in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Arikan, AA; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Morris, J; Munoz, FM, 2018)	0.97
" Simulation identified dosage of 4-5 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours for neonates and infants as an acceptable empiric dosing regimen."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gentamicin in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Arikan, AA; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Morris, J; Munoz, FM, 2018)	0.75
" Serum creatinine is a marker of gentamicin clearance and should be used to adjust gentamicin dosing in pediatric ECMO patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Gentamicin in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Arikan, AA; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Morris, J; Munoz, FM, 2018)	1.03
" This is due to the fact that cefazolin is stocked in the hospital ER, while gentamicin is commonly not due to weight-based dosing requirements precluding a standard dose."	( Administration of intravenous antibiotics in patients with open fractures is dependent on emergency room triaging. Eccles, J; Harper, KD; Quinn, C; Ramsey, F; Rehman, S, 2018)	0.71
" This prolonged subtherapeutic dosage drives pathogen antibiotic resistance."	( An Additive to PMMA Bone Cement Enables Postimplantation Drug Refilling, Broadens Range of Compatible Antibiotics, and Prolongs Antimicrobial Therapy. Cyphert, EL; Hurley, SK; Learn, GD; Lu, CY; von Recum, HA, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of this study was to compare renal function, renal recovery and mortality in a large cohort of patients with bacteraemia, who were empirically treated with regimens with and without a short course (≤ 3 days) of once daily dosing of gentamicin."	( The effect of short-course gentamicin therapy on kidney function in patients with bacteraemia-a retrospective cohort study. Arpi, M; Boel, J; Carlsen, S; Gjørup, I; Jarløv, JO; Søborg, C, 2018)	0.96
"This retrospective cohort study conducted at 330 neonatal intensive care units (2002-2014) included inborn infants exposed to gentamicin with available hearing screen results, and excluded infants with incomplete dosing data and major congenital anomalies."	( Evaluation of Gentamicin Exposure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Hearing Function at Discharge. Benjamin, DK; Bretzius, OM; Brown, N; Clark, RH; Fitz-Henley, JA; Gonzalez, D; Gray, KD; Hornik, CP; Puia-Dumitrescu, M; Smith, PB; Ssengonzi, R; Wechsler, CS, 2018)	1.05
"Gentamicin dosing and duration of treatment were not associated with increased odds of failed hearing screen at the time of discharge from initial neonatal intensive care unit stay."	( Evaluation of Gentamicin Exposure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Hearing Function at Discharge. Benjamin, DK; Bretzius, OM; Brown, N; Clark, RH; Fitz-Henley, JA; Gonzalez, D; Gray, KD; Hornik, CP; Puia-Dumitrescu, M; Smith, PB; Ssengonzi, R; Wechsler, CS, 2018)	2.28
"Weight-based gentamicin dosing may warrant closer perioperative monitoring of renal function, and merits larger investigations to further elucidate risks and benefits."	( Potential Association of Weight-Based Gentamicin with Increased Acute Kidney Injury in Urologic Prosthetic Surgery. Anele, UA; Klausner, AP; Krzastek, SC; Moore, RH; Roseman, JT, 2019)	1.15
"Our study demonstrates the usefulness of TDM-based dosing adjustment of AG antibiotics in achieving nontoxic trough concentrations, particularly in critically ill patients, as they are prone to a renal impairment."	( Interest of therapeutic drug monitoring of aminoglycosides administered by a monodose regimen. Aouam, K; Ben Aicha, S; Ben Fadhel, N; Ben Fredj, N; Ben Romdhane, H; Boughattas, N; Chaabane, A; Chadly, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The primary objective was to determine if initial empirical intravenous dosing of gentamicin improved patient's outcomes in pyelonephritis/urosepsis compared with alternative IV antibiotic management."	( The use of initial dosing of gentamicin in the management of pyelonephritis/urosepsis: A retrospective study. Czarniak, P; Parsons, R; Ryanto, S; Skinner, M; Sunderland, B; Travers, K; Wong, M, 2019)	1.03
"Treatment with vancomycin and gentamycin requires strict monitoring of its serum concentration for proper dosage optimization."	( Insufficient harmonization of antibiotics assays - Polish experience with an external quality assessment program in the years 2011-2018. Bednarczuk, G; Ćwiklińska, A; Fijałkowska, A; Kortas-Stempak, B; Kowalski, R; Lewandowski, K; Lizakowski, M; Pikul, P, 2019)	0.51
" After implementation, the time was significantly shorter until the correct dosage was given."	( A clinical decision support system to improve adequate dosing of gentamicin and vancomycin. Becker, ML; Mulder, IJ; Pereboom, M; van der Hoeven, RTM; Verweij, SL, 2019)	0.75
" To show clinical relevance, we use quantitative systems pharmacology computational models for in vitro-in vivo translation of the experimental results and to identify favorable dosing regimens for one of the tested drugs."	( Translational Assessment of Drug-Induced Proximal Tubule Injury Using a Kidney Microphysiological System. Cirit, M; Himmelfarb, J; Kelly, EJ; Maass, C; Sorensen, NB; Stokes, CL, 2019)	0.51
" We developed a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to optimize gentamicin dosing in pediatrics."	( Optimizing Gentamicin Dosing in Pediatrics Using Monte Carlo Simulations. Abouelkheir, M; Algahtani, S; Alkoraishi, A; Alsultan, A; Elsharawy, Y; Mansy, W; Neely, MN; Osman, R, 2019)	1.13
"33%, despite a 48-hour dosing interval."	( Individualization of treatment with gentamicin in neonates based on drug concentration in the blood serum. Hurkacz, M; Królak-Olejnik, B; Nowakowska, JM; Paluszyńska, D, 2019)	0.79
" The dosage of gentamicin in newborns according to the Neofax® recommendations does not ensure achieving the intended serum antibiotic concentrations."	( Individualization of treatment with gentamicin in neonates based on drug concentration in the blood serum. Hurkacz, M; Królak-Olejnik, B; Nowakowska, JM; Paluszyńska, D, 2019)	1.14
" Due to pharmacokinetic variability in paediatric patients, appropriate dosing of gentamicin in the paediatric population is challenging."	( A review of population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in paediatric patients. Crcek, M; Kerec Kos, M; Zdovc, J, 2019)	0.99
"Based on our review, the authors agree on a prolonged dosing interval for preterm and term newborns (up to 48 hours)."	( A review of population pharmacokinetic models of gentamicin in paediatric patients. Crcek, M; Kerec Kos, M; Zdovc, J, 2019)	0.77
" These results will be used to inform individualized initial dosing strategies and serve as a prior PK model for Bayesian updating and forecasting as individual clinical observations become available."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Gentamicin in Pediatrics. Gobburu, JVS; Ivaturi, V; Sherwin, C; Wang, H, 2019)	0.78
"1 mol/L) and catalyst dosage (1."	( Template-free microspheres decorated with Cu-Fe-NLDH for catalytic removal of gentamicin in heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. Cheshmeh Soltani, RD; Ghasemi, M; Gholami, P; Khataee, A, 2019)	0.74
" By applying various antibiotic combinations against a single pathogen in multiple chambers, the IMS could identify the optimal drug combination and the minimum effective dosage by evaluating the fractional inhibitory concentration index."	( An integrated microfluidic system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing with antibiotic combination. Chien, CC; Kuo, FC; Lee, GB; Lee, MS; Lee, WB; You, HL, 2019)	0.51
" Sera samples from the control group, dosed by intramuscular injection, resulted in expected sera concentrations of gentamicin, but no gentamicin was detected in the sera of groups rectally dosed with the test formulations."	( Feasibility Study for the Rectal Route of Administration for Gentamicin Evaluated in the Neonatal Minipig Model. Lai, M; Lal, M; McAdams, DH; Quintanar-Solares, M, 2020)	1.01
" Patients aged 1 month to 18 years old who received amikacin, gentamicin, or vancomycin between October 2012 to March 2016 and had at least 2 serum drug concentrations done within the same dosing interval were included."	( A Retrospective Review of the Efficiency of First-Dose Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Vancomycin in the Pediatric Population. Chan, JW; Chua, JM; Chua, WBB; Lee, Q; Lim, WXS; Poh, BH; Sultana, R, 2020)	1.02
"Although aminoglycosides are routinely used in neonates, controversy exists regarding empiric dosing regimens."	( Optimizing gentamicin conventional and extended interval dosing in neonates using Monte Carlo simulation - a retrospective study. Bergenwall, M; Elligsen, M; Findlater, C; Iaboni, DC; Ng, E; Seto, W; Walker, SAN, 2019)	0.9
" Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to determine optimal dosing recommendations for each CART-identified sub-group."	( Optimizing gentamicin conventional and extended interval dosing in neonates using Monte Carlo simulation - a retrospective study. Bergenwall, M; Elligsen, M; Findlater, C; Iaboni, DC; Ng, E; Seto, W; Walker, SAN, 2019)	0.9
"This study provides initial gentamicin dosing recommendations that optimize target attainment for conventional and EID regimens in neonates weighing ≤ 1200 g."	( Optimizing gentamicin conventional and extended interval dosing in neonates using Monte Carlo simulation - a retrospective study. Bergenwall, M; Elligsen, M; Findlater, C; Iaboni, DC; Ng, E; Seto, W; Walker, SAN, 2019)	1.2
"There are many therapeutic options for Meniere's disease (MD); intratympanic (IT) gentamicin has been proposed for intractable cases although controversy about dosage and method exists."	( Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin administration for unilateral Meniere's disease using a method based on clinical symptomatology: Preliminary results. Alicandri-Ciufelli, M; Cassandro, C; Cassandro, E; Chiarella, G; de Vincentiis, M; Gioacchini, FM; Ralli, M; Scarpa, A; Viola, P, )	0.67
"While the developed preterm model for the prediction of PK behaviour in preterm patients is not intended to replace clinical studies, it can potentially help with deciding on first-time dosing in this population and study design in the absence of clinical data."	( Preterm Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Part II: Applications of the Model to Predict Drug Pharmacokinetics in the Preterm Population. Abduljalil, K; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Pan, X; Pansari, A, 2020)	0.56
" Future studies are needed to define optimal dosing in paediatric patients with ARC."	( Augmented renal clearance of aminoglycosides using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling with Bayesian estimation in the paediatric ICU. Avedissian, SN; Bradley, J; Kim, Y; Le, J; Rhodes, NJ; Valdez, JL, 2020)	0.56
"This retrospective review and simulation compared target attainment among 4 arms: historical dosing according to SOC, via nomogram for initial dosing (SOC-initial) and via clinician judgment in response to measured concentrations (SOC-adjusted), and simulated dosing using the CDSS, incorporating a neonatal pharmacokinetic model for initial dosing (CDSS-initial) and incorporating maximum a posteriori-Bayesian analysis in response to measured concentrations (CDSS-adjusted)."	( Simulated Comparison of a Bayesian Clinical Decision Support System Versus Standard of Care For Achieving Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Targets in Neonates. Faldasz, JD; Myers, SR; Yu, CZ, 2020)	0.77
"44 kg dosing weight."	( Simulated Comparison of a Bayesian Clinical Decision Support System Versus Standard of Care For Achieving Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Targets in Neonates. Faldasz, JD; Myers, SR; Yu, CZ, 2020)	0.77
" Sterilization being an essential pre-requisite for the dosage form was carried out using ethylene oxide."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gentamicin sulphate-loaded PLGA nanoparticle-based film for the treatment of surgical site infection. Dhal, C; Mishra, R, 2020)	0.84
" In 2009, SAPG introduced national guidance to standardize dosage regimens, reduce calculation errors and improve the monitoring of these antibiotics."	( Development and evaluation of a national gentamicin and vancomycin quality improvement programme. Bennie, M; Cockburn, A; Seaton, RA; Semple, Y; Sneddon, J; Thomson, AH, 2020)	0.82
" Single and multiple dosing schemes based on the half-life of ampicillin were applied."	( In vivo synergism of ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis assessed in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Hartung, A; Makarewicz, O; Pletz, MW; Thieme, L, 2020)	0.84
"Ampicillin and ceftriaxone exhibited strain-specific synergistic interactions in the larvae under both dosing regimens, while the other two combinations showed additive effects."	( In vivo synergism of ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis assessed in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Hartung, A; Makarewicz, O; Pletz, MW; Thieme, L, 2020)	0.84
" This is the first study to develop a scheme for differentiation between additive and synergistic effects in larvae and apply a multiple-antibiotic dosing scheme based on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin."	( In vivo synergism of ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftaroline and ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis assessed in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Hartung, A; Makarewicz, O; Pletz, MW; Thieme, L, 2020)	0.84
" The objectives of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetics model (POPPK) for gentamicin, designed for patients undergoing dialysis, and to investigate the best dosing scheme for different MIC clinical breakpoints using Monte Carlo simulations."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in haemodialysis patients: modelling, simulations and recommendations. Allard, J; Allot, V; Essig, M; Franck, B; Marquet, P; Monchaud, C; Rérolle, JP; Saint-Marcoux, F; Woillard, JB, 2020)	1.06
"Appropriate dosing of gentamicin in critically ill neonates is still debated."	( Dose Optimization of Gentamicin in Critically Ill Neonates. Al Jufairi, M; Elsegai, OAM; Qader, AM; Sridharan, K, 2020)	1.19
" The demographic characteristics, dosage regimen and gentamicin concentrations were recorded for each neonate."	( Dose Optimization of Gentamicin in Critically Ill Neonates. Al Jufairi, M; Elsegai, OAM; Qader, AM; Sridharan, K, 2020)	1.13
" Data extracted included study year, authors, aim, setting, population, dosing protocols, and outcome results."	( The Use of Gentamicin for Treatment of Urogenital and Extragenital Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review of Efficacy Data. Burmeister, P; Smith, AJ; Su, S; Wilby, KJ, 2020)	0.95
"The Dutch Pediatric Formulary (DPF) increasingly bases its guidelines on model-based dosing simulations from pharmacokinetic studies."	( External Validation of Model-Based Dosing Guidelines for Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin in Critically Ill Neonates and Children: A Pragmatic Two-Center Study. de Hoop, M; de Wildt, SN; Hartman, SJF; Orriëns, LB; Poel, T; Zwaag, SM, 2020)	0.79
" The first therapeutic drug monitoring concentration for each patient was collected, as was clinical and dosing information."	( External Validation of Model-Based Dosing Guidelines for Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin in Critically Ill Neonates and Children: A Pragmatic Two-Center Study. de Hoop, M; de Wildt, SN; Hartman, SJF; Orriëns, LB; Poel, T; Zwaag, SM, 2020)	0.79
"This study illustrates the need to validate model-based dosing advice in the real-world setting as both sub- and supratherapeutic concentrations of vancomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin were very prevalent."	( External Validation of Model-Based Dosing Guidelines for Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin in Critically Ill Neonates and Children: A Pragmatic Two-Center Study. de Hoop, M; de Wildt, SN; Hartman, SJF; Orriëns, LB; Poel, T; Zwaag, SM, 2020)	0.99
"To review insights gained from a 21-year experience with gentamicin-induced vestibulotoxicity including differences in vestibulotoxicity between single daily dosing (SDD) and multiple daily dosing (MDD) regimens."	( Gentamicin Vestibulotoxicity: Further Insights From a Large Clinical Series. Carr, SD; Dillon, W; Douglas-Jones, P; Fu, TS; Gold, W; Ilan, O; Leis, J; Pothier, DD; Rutka, JA; Syed, IM, 2020)	2.25
" This is in contrast to the majority of medicines that require rigorous characterizations of trace impurities and are dosed as single components."	( Unraveling the Gentamicin Drug Product Complexity Reveals Variation in Microbiological Activities and Nephrotoxicity. Andrews, LD; Bulman, ZP; Cirz, R; Hildebrandt, D; Kane, T; Park, M; Rosario, Z; Wlasichuk, K, 2020)	0.91
"Based on the study, we propose specific mg/kg dose reductions with decreasing CKD-EPI values for the obese population, and extension of the dosing interval beyond 24 h when CKD-EPI drops below 50 mL/min/1."	( Dose recommendations for gentamicin in the real-world obese population with varying body weight and renal (dys)function. Becker, ML; Brüggemann, RJM; Knibbe, CAJ; Smit, C; van Dongen, EPA; van Schip, AM, 2020)	0.86
" CMC-MCC could efficiently protect the loaded-GM against the acidic environment of the stomach and enhance the sustainability of drug dosing with controlling the releases in the GIT circumstances."	( Green one-pot synthesis of multicomponent-crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose as a safe carrier for the gentamicin oral delivery. Ghorbani, M; Javanbakht, S; Nazeri, MT; Shaabani, A, 2020)	0.77
"To achieve both hearing preservation and vertigo control, the best treatment option among the pharmacologic interventions compared may be IT steroid plus high-dose betahistine, considering that IT gentamicin may have good performance to control vertigo but may be detrimental to hearing preservation with high cumulative dosage and short interval between injections."	( Pharmacologic and surgical therapies for patients with Meniere's disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ahmadzai, N; Bonaparte, J; Cheng, W; Esmaeilisaraji, L; Fitzpatrick, E; Hutton, B; Kilty, S; Lin, V; Schramm, D; Skidmore, B; Wolfe, D, 2020)	0.75
" Whenever a laboratory-derived minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was not available to guide dosing decisions, a surrogate target MIC was assumed in 77% of hospitals."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of commonly used anti-infective agents: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of Australian hospital practices. Alffenaar, JW; Cotta, MO; Daveson, K; Imani, S; Lau, C; Marriott, D; Penm, J; Roberts, JA; Sandaradura, I; Tabah, A; Trethewy, N; van Hal, S; Williams, P, 2020)	0.56
" Data extracted included study year, authors, aim, setting, population, dosing protocols, and outcome results."	( Safety of Single-Dose Oral Cefixime, Intramuscular Ceftriaxone, or Intramuscular Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dresser, J; Wilby, KJ, 2021)	0.85
"To determine the rate of and predictors for guideline-discordant preoperative gentamicin dosing in urologic surgery and to assess the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients who receive the recommended high-dose prophylaxis."	( Guideline-Discordant Preoperative Gentamicin Dosing and the Risk of Gentamicin Associated Nephrotoxicity in Urologic Surgery. Aaron, JG; Anderson, CB; Barone, JC; Kubin, CJ; Kurtzman, JT; Li, G; Margolin, EJ, 2021)	1.13
"5 mg/kg dosing weight."	( Guideline-Discordant Preoperative Gentamicin Dosing and the Risk of Gentamicin Associated Nephrotoxicity in Urologic Surgery. Aaron, JG; Anderson, CB; Barone, JC; Kubin, CJ; Kurtzman, JT; Li, G; Margolin, EJ, 2021)	0.9
" In this study, physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling was used to support and/or guide dosing decisions and to predict the antibacterial effect in preterm neonates."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Preterm Neonates to Guide Gentamicin Dosing Decisions and Predict Antibacterial Effect. Abduljalil, K; Cusumano, J; Hanna, N; Neeli, H; Taft, DR, 2021)	0.83
"Treatment regimens requiring multiple daily dosing for enterococcal endocarditis are challenging to deliver in the outpatient setting."	( Outpatient continuous-infusion benzylpenicillin combined with either gentamicin or ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis. Bhally, H; Briggs, S; Broom, M; Duffy, E; Everts, G; Everts, R; Lowe, B; McBride, S, 2021)	0.86
"Investigate if auditory loss occurs in horses treated using the recommended IV daily dosage of gentamicin for 7 consecutive days."	( Gentamicin-induced sensorineural auditory loss in healthy adult horses. Aleman, MR; Chigerwe, M; Costa, LRR; Crowe, CM; Scalco, R; True, A, 2021)	2.28
" Follow-up studies are needed to investigate if other dosing protocols present a similar risk."	( Gentamicin-induced sensorineural auditory loss in healthy adult horses. Aleman, MR; Chigerwe, M; Costa, LRR; Crowe, CM; Scalco, R; True, A, 2021)	2.06
" The time-dependency of gentamicin clearance precludes using a constant dosage regimen over the filter's life span."	( Elimination of three doses of gentamicin over three consecutive days using a polyacrylonitrile-derived filter: An in vitro assessment. Baud, FJ; Carli, P; Houzé, P; Lamhaut, L; Pilmis, B; Raphalen, JH; Seif, V, 2021)	1.22
"The use of once daily dosing of aminoglycosides in pediatrics is increasing but studies on dose optimization targeting the pediatric population are limited."	( Optimizing gentamicin dosing in different pediatric age groups using population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation. Ali, AS; Ghoneim, RH; Lashkar, MO; Thabit, AK, 2021)	1.01
"Once daily dosing is a reasonable option in pediatrics that allows target attainment while maintaining trough gentamicin level below the limits of toxicity."	( Optimizing gentamicin dosing in different pediatric age groups using population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation. Ali, AS; Ghoneim, RH; Lashkar, MO; Thabit, AK, 2021)	1.22
" The objective of this study was to determine the extent of high trough (≥ 2 mg/l) and therapeutic peak serum gentamicin concentrations (5-12 mg/l) using our current gentamicin regimen and to adjust the dosing regimen accordingly and reassess."	( Gentamicin Dosing in Neonates with Normal Renal Function: Trough and Peak Levels. Cartwright, DW; Davies, MW; Koorts, P; O'Connor, K; Whitfield, K, 2021)	2.28
" Dosing recommendations of various therapeutic agents including antimicrobials were not specifically available for the neonates undergoing TH."	( Pharmacometric approach to assist dosage regimen design in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lewis, LE; Mahadevan, R; Mallayasamy, S; Matcha, S; Raj, EA; Rajesh, V; Raju, AP, 2022)	0.72
" With the help of a generalizable model, an optimal dosage regimen was designed considering the important covariates of the identified model."	( Pharmacometric approach to assist dosage regimen design in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lewis, LE; Mahadevan, R; Mallayasamy, S; Matcha, S; Raj, EA; Rajesh, V; Raju, AP, 2022)	0.72
" A dosage nomogram was designed using pharmacometric simulations to maintain gentamicin concentrations below 10 μg/mL at peak and below 2 μg/mL at trough."	( Pharmacometric approach to assist dosage regimen design in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lewis, LE; Mahadevan, R; Mallayasamy, S; Matcha, S; Raj, EA; Rajesh, V; Raju, AP, 2022)	0.95
" Using the model, a dosing nomogram for gentamicin was designed."	( Pharmacometric approach to assist dosage regimen design in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lewis, LE; Mahadevan, R; Mallayasamy, S; Matcha, S; Raj, EA; Rajesh, V; Raju, AP, 2022)	0.99
" Nomogram, proposed in the study, will aid the clinicians to individualize gentamicin dosing regimen for neonates considering the birth weight and serum creatinine."	( Pharmacometric approach to assist dosage regimen design in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Lewis, LE; Mahadevan, R; Mallayasamy, S; Matcha, S; Raj, EA; Rajesh, V; Raju, AP, 2022)	0.95
"To evaluate amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery."	( Evaluation of amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for use in antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Agaram, R; da Silva Neto, MJJ; MacKay, G; MacLeod, M; Thomson, AH; Watson, DG, 2021)	1.14
" Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analysis with NONMEM followed by Monte Carlo simulation of different dosage regimens was used to estimate the PTA for potential organisms associated with surgical site infections (SSIs)."	( Evaluation of amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for use in antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Agaram, R; da Silva Neto, MJJ; MacKay, G; MacLeod, M; Thomson, AH; Watson, DG, 2021)	0.88
" An additional 500 mg amoxicillin every 4 h was sufficient to achieve the PTA for most relevant organisms but 2 hourly dosing was required for patients at risk of infective endocarditis."	( Evaluation of amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for use in antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Agaram, R; da Silva Neto, MJJ; MacKay, G; MacLeod, M; Thomson, AH; Watson, DG, 2021)	0.88
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of gentamicin in neonates is recommended for safe and effective dosing and is currently performed by plasma sampling, which is an invasive and painful procedure."	( Saliva as a sampling matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in neonates: A prospective population pharmacokinetic and simulation study. Bijleveld, Y; Cohen, A; de Haan, TR; Driessen, G; Kruizinga, M; Mathôt, R; Samb, A; Stuurman, R; Tallahi, Y; van Esdonk, M; van Heel, W; van Kaam, A, 2022)	1.23
" However, DE could mitigate the GM-inflicted liver and kidney damage, in a dose-response pattern, due to its high content of phenolics and flavonoids."	( The potential antioxidant bioactivity of date palm fruit against gentamicin-mediated hepato-renal injury in male albino rats. Abdeen, A; Abdelkader, A; Abdullah, O; Aboubaker, M; Alsanie, WF; Baioumy, B; Elkomy, A; Elnoury, HA; Gaber, A; Habotta, OA; Ibrahim, SF; Samir, A, 2021)	0.86
"Fosfomycin offers potential as an affordable regimen with a simple dosing schedule for neonatal sepsis."	( Randomised controlled trial of fosfomycin in neonatal sepsis: pharmacokinetics and safety in relation to sodium overload. Berkley, JA; Correia, E; Egondi, T; Ellis, S; Gastine, S; Kane, Z; Kipper, K; Murunga, S; Nyaoke, B; Obiero, CW; Omollo, R; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thitiri, J; Walker, AS; Williams, P, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling and simulations were used to compare single-agent (EUCAST MIC) and combination (chequerboard MIC) target attainment with standard dosing regimens."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) assessment of ampicillin and gentamicin in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. Berkley, JA; Correia, E; Ellis, S; Gastine, S; Kane, Z; Kipper, K; Murunga, S; Nyaoke, B; Obiero, C; Readman, J; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thitiri, J; van den Anker, J; Williams, P, 2022)	0.95
" Simulations showed that feasible dosing strategies would be insufficient to cover resistant strains."	( Simultaneous pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) assessment of ampicillin and gentamicin in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. Berkley, JA; Correia, E; Ellis, S; Gastine, S; Kane, Z; Kipper, K; Murunga, S; Nyaoke, B; Obiero, C; Readman, J; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thitiri, J; van den Anker, J; Williams, P, 2022)	0.95
"Considering the aminoglycosides' characteristics in terms of efficacy and toxicity, multiple dosing recommendations and nomograms have been suggested over several decades."	( Aminoglycosides' dosing and monitoring practices in critically ill patients in Quebec hospitals. Duong, A; Marsot, A; Simard, C; Thirion, DJG; Williamson, D, 2022)	0.72
" Rats were randomly assigned to one of three dose levels of gentamicin (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or a vehicle control group and dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection for either four or ten days."	( Evaluation of Renal Biomarkers, Including Symmetric Dimethylarginine, following Gentamicin-Induced Proximal Tubular Injury in the Rat. Coyne, MJ; Cross, J; Drake, C; Hamlin, DM; Leissinger, MK; Mack, R; McCrann, DJ; Murphy, RE; Schultze, AE; Strong-Townsend, M; Yerramilli, M, 2022)	1.19
" For aminoglycosides, we recommend extended interval dosing and initiating Seraph 100 at least 30 min to 1 h after completion of infusion to avoid the possibility of interference with maximum concentrations."	( Hemoperfusion with Seraph 100 Microbind Affinity Blood Filter Unlikely to Require Increased Antibiotic Dosing: A Simulations Study Using a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Approach. Chung, KK; DeLuca, JP; Kress, AT; Reed, T; Selig, DJ; Stewart, IJ, 2023)	0.91
" Gentamicin dosing schemes still need refinement, especially for subpopulations where pharmacokinetics can differ from pharmacokinetics in the general adult population: obese patients, critically ill patients, paediatric patients, neonates, elderly patients and patients on dialysis."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Various Patient Populations and Consequences for Optimal Dosing for Gram-Negative Infections: An Updated Review. de Vroom, SL; Hodiamont, CJ; Mathôt, RAA; Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM, 2022)	1.92
"To describe cefiderocol CSF and plasma PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) data from two different dosing regimens [2 g IV q6h (regimen 1) and 2 g IV q8h (regimen 2)] during treatment of CRAB meningitis."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
" Estimated free plasma and CSF concentrations exceeded the MIC of the isolate for 100% of the dosing interval."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
"Cefiderocol, when given as 2 g q8h and 2 g q6h, attained CSF concentrations that exceeded the organism-specific MIC and the CLSI susceptible breakpoint (≤4 mg/L) for 100% of the dosing interval."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
" Our objective was to review risk factors for AKI and dosage of antibiotics."	( Nephrotoxicity Related to Antibiotic-Loaded Spacers in a 2-Stage Revision for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Benito, J; Corces, A; Higuera, CA; Judd, H; Pannu, TS; Villa, JM, 2023)	0.91
" The doses or dosing intervals of antimicrobials administered to horses undergoing anesthesia may need to be adjusted to ensure maintenance of safe and effective plasma concentrations."	( Potassium penicillin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in healthy conscious and anesthetized horses. Bogers, SH; Council-Troche, RM; Davis, JL; Wilson, KE, 2023)	1.21
" A subgroup analysis to identify the appropriate dosage of gentamicin was also performed."	( AUA-recommended Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Primary Penile Implantation Results in a Higher, Not Lower, Risk for Postoperative Infection: A Multicenter Analysis. Alkhayal, A; Alrabeeah, KA; Andrianne, R; Barham, DW; Burnett, AL; Gross, K; Gross, MS; Hammad, M; Hatzichristodoulou, G; Hotaling, JM; Hsieh, TC; Jones, A; Jones, JM; Lentz, A; Levy, J; Miller, J; Modgil, V; Osmonov, D; Park, SH; Pearce, I; Perito, P; Pyrgidis, N; Sadeghi-Nejad, H; Sempels, M; Simhan, J; Suarez-Sarmiento, A; Swerdloff, D; van Renterghem, K; Warner, JN; Yafi, FA; Ziegelmann, M, 2023)	1.15
" Likewise, de-indexation of eGFR to body surface area (BSA) has been recommended by regulatory guidance for drug dosing in renal impairment."	( Removing race and body surface area indexation for estimated kidney function based drug dosing: Aminoglycosides as justification of these principles. Abdelnabi, M; Pai, MP; Sitaruno, S, 2023)	0.91
" Confirmation of these results for other drugs can support the harmonization of dosing by kidney function."	( Removing race and body surface area indexation for estimated kidney function based drug dosing: Aminoglycosides as justification of these principles. Abdelnabi, M; Pai, MP; Sitaruno, S, 2023)	0.91
" This study aimed to optimize the dosing strategy of gentamicin in intermittently hemodialyzed patients by simulating concentration-time profiles during pre- and postdialysis dosing, based on a published pharmacokinetic model."	( Gentamicin Administration in Dialysis Patients: Before or After Hemodialysis? Colin, PJ; Grit, GF; Toren-Wielema, ML; Touw, DJ, 2023)	2.6
"In nonseptic patients, postdialysis dosing resulted in a TA of 35% for C max of >8 mg/L, 100% for <20 mg/L and AUC 24 h >70 mg·h/L, and 45% for <120 mg·h/L."	( Gentamicin Administration in Dialysis Patients: Before or After Hemodialysis? Colin, PJ; Grit, GF; Toren-Wielema, ML; Touw, DJ, 2023)	2.35
"Postdialysis dosing resulted in a low TA of C max >8 mg/L; however, predialysis dosing ensured a high TA of C max >8 mg/L and acceptable TA of C max <20 mg/L, AUC 24 h >70 mg·h/L, and AUC 24 h <120 mg·h/L, which could increase the efficacy of gentamicin."	( Gentamicin Administration in Dialysis Patients: Before or After Hemodialysis? Colin, PJ; Grit, GF; Toren-Wielema, ML; Touw, DJ, 2023)	2.53
" aeruginosa to develop tolerance which may result in therapeutic failures if inappropriate dosing regimens are used to treat keratitis."	( Ciprofloxacin resistance and tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular isolates. Khan, M; Ma, K; Wan, I; Willcox, MD, 2023)	0.91
" In several trials, cells dosed with NAC and cisplatin demonstrated a 22."	( Designing a Prolonged Method of Therapeutic Delivery to Support Rehabilitation From Ototoxic Damage in a Schwann Cell Model. Echanique, KA; Hoffman, LF; Hong, MK; Kita, AE, 2023)	0.91
"When dosed at their respective therapeutic ranges, cisplatin is more likely than gentamicin to induce damage to the Schwann cell model."	( Designing a Prolonged Method of Therapeutic Delivery to Support Rehabilitation From Ototoxic Damage in a Schwann Cell Model. Echanique, KA; Hoffman, LF; Hong, MK; Kita, AE, 2023)	1.14
" The doses and duration of SAP used varied from one single preoperative dosage as standard practice in Bolzano, Italy (98%) to 1-day 4 doses in Norway (83% of the 40,709 TKAs reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register)."	( The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement and systemic antibiotic prophylactic use in 2,971,357 primary total knee arthroplasties from 2010 to 2020: an international register-based observational study among countries in Africa, Europe, North America, and O Armaroli, C; Armstrong, R; Ashforth, JA; Brand, C; Bülow, E; Chang, RN; Christen, B; Dale, H; De Steiger, R; Dragomirescu, D; Fenstad, AM; Frampton, C; Furnes, O; Gjertsen, JE; Grimberg, A; Hakulinen, E; Hallan, G; Harries, D; Illgen, R; Leta, TH; Lie, SA; Lindberg-Larsen, M; Lutro, O; Lygre, SHL; Mäkelä, K; Molinari, M; Mullen, K; Nelissen, RGHH; Paxton, EW; Pedersen, AB; Picus, R; Prentice, HA; Rolfson, O; Shapiro, J; Steinbrück, A; Stoica, IC; Van Steenbergen, LN; Vorovenci, AE; W-Dahl, A; Wilkinson, JM; Willis, J; Wooster, K; Wu, Y; Wyatt, M, 2023)	0.91